CHAPTER 𝐕

FOURIER SERIES

1- Piecewise Continuous

A function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to be sectionally or piecewise continuous in an interval

[𝑎, 𝑏] if this interval can be subdivided into a finite number of subintervals in each

of which the function 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous and has finite right and left hand limits.

Such a function 𝑓(𝑥) has only a finite number of discontinuities.

For example; the function

This function has four discontinuities at 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , 𝑥4

2- Periodic Function

A function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to be periodic with period 𝑙 if for all 𝑥, 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑙) = 𝑓(𝑥),

𝑙 is positive constant.

For example the functions 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 and 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 are periodic functions with period 2𝜋.

1
3- Fourier Series

Let 𝑓(𝑥) be a piecewise continuous on an interval [𝐶, 𝐶 + 2𝐿] and periodic with

period 2𝐿 , then the Fourier series or Fourier expansion of 𝑓(𝑥) is defined by

∞
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) ≈ + ∑ (𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)
2 𝐿 𝐿
𝑛=1

Where 𝑎0 , 𝑎𝑛 and 𝑏𝑛 are Fourier coefficients defined as:

1 𝐶+2𝐿
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝐿 𝐶

1 𝐶+2𝐿 𝑛𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐿 𝐶 𝐿

2
 1 𝐶+2𝐿 𝑛𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐿 𝐶 𝐿

Where 𝐶 is any real number.

In a special case when 𝐶 = −𝐿, we have

1 𝐿
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝐿 −𝐿

1 𝐿 𝑛𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐿 −𝐿 𝐿

1 𝐿 𝑛𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐿 −𝐿 𝐿

Note that:

The value of the function 𝑓(𝑥) at a discontinuous point 𝑥 = 𝑥0 ∈ (−𝐿, 𝐿) is

given by

𝑓(𝑥0 + 𝜀) + 𝑓(𝑥0 − 𝜀)
𝑓(𝑥0 ) = lim
𝜀→0 2

4- Odd and Even Functions

If 𝑓(𝑥) is an even function in (−𝐿, 𝐿) , (𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)), then

2 𝐿
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝐿 0

2 𝐿 𝑛𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐿 0 𝐿

𝑏𝑛 = 0

3
Hence, Fourier series of an even function contains only cosine terms.

But If 𝑓(𝑥) is an odd function in (−𝐿, 𝐿) , (𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)), then

𝑎0 = 0

𝑎𝑛 = 0

4
 2 𝐿 𝑛𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐿 0 𝐿

Hence, Fourier series of an odd function contains only sine terms.

5- Half Range Fourier Sine Or Cosine Series

If the function 𝑓(𝑥) is defined on a half range (0, 𝐿), we can complete the

definition of this function in the remaining range (−𝐿, 0) to be even function and

hence it has Fourier cosine series or to be odd function and hence it will have

Fourier sine series.

6- Theorem (Parseval Identity)

If the Fourier series corresponding to 𝑓(𝑥) converges uniformly to 𝑓(𝑥) in

(−𝐿, 𝐿), prove that

1 𝐿 (𝑎0 )2
∫ (𝑓(𝑥))2 𝑑𝑥 = + ∑∞ 2 2
𝑛=1((𝑎𝑛 ) + (𝑏𝑛 ) ) (Parseval Identity)
𝐿 −𝐿 2

Where the integral in the left side is assumed to be exist.

Proof

If
∞
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) ≈ + ∑ (𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)
2 𝐿 𝐿
𝑛=1

Multiplying both sides by 𝑓(𝑥) and integrating term by term with respect to 𝑥

from 𝑥 = −𝐿 to 𝑥 = 𝐿, we get

5
 𝐿
2 𝑎0 𝐿
∫ (𝑓(𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 +
−𝐿 2 −𝐿
𝐿 𝑛𝜋 𝐿 𝑛𝜋
+ ∑∞
𝑛=1 (𝑎𝑛 ∫−𝐿 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑑𝑥) + 𝑏𝑛 ∫−𝐿 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝐿 𝐿

Since,

1 𝐿
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝐿 −𝐿

1 𝐿 𝑛𝜋 1 𝐿 𝑛𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, 𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐿 −𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 −𝐿 𝐿

Then
∞
1 𝐿 2
(𝑎0 )2
∫ (𝑓(𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 = + ∑ ((𝑎𝑛 )2 + (𝑏𝑛 )2 )
𝐿 −𝐿 2
𝑛=1

Example (1)

Find the Fourier series of the function

0 −5<𝑥 <0
𝑓(𝑥) = { , with period 10
3 0<𝑥<5
How should 𝑓(𝑥) be defined at ±5 and 𝑥 = 0 in order that the Fourier series will

converge to 𝑓(𝑥) for −5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5.

Solution:

Period 2𝐿 = 10 ⟹ 𝐿 = 5

1 5 1 0 5
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = {∫ 0 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 3 𝑑𝑥 } = 3
5 −5 5 −5 0

1 5 𝑛𝜋 1 0 𝑛𝜋 5
𝑛𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = {∫ 0𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 3𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 }
5 −5 5 5 −5 5 0 5

6
 3 5 𝑛𝜋 5 3
= ( ) ( ) (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥| = (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛0) = 0
5 𝑛𝜋 5 0 𝑛𝜋

1 5 𝑛𝜋 1 0 𝑛𝜋 5
𝑛𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = {∫ 0𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 3𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 }
5 −5 5 5 −5 5 0 5

3 5 𝑛𝜋 5 −3
= ( ) ( ) (−𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥| = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠0)
5 𝑛𝜋 5 0 𝑛𝜋

3 0 𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
= (1 − (−1) ) = { 6
𝑛
𝑛𝜋 𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑
𝑛𝜋
Hence, Fourier series corresponding to the function 𝑓(𝑥) is given by
∞
3 𝑛𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) ≈ + ∑ 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
2 5
𝑛=1

3 𝜋 3𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) ≈ + 𝑏1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑏3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + ⋯ … ..
2 5 5
3 6 𝜋 1 3𝜋 1 5𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) ≈ + [𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + ⋯….]
2 𝜋 5 3 5 5 5
∞
3 6 1 𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) ≈ + ∑ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑛 − 1) 𝑥
2 𝜋 (2𝑛 − 1) 5
𝑛=1

7
 1 1 3
𝑓(−5) = lim [𝑓(−5 − 𝜀) + 𝑓(−5 + 𝜀)] = (3 + 0) =
𝜀→0 2 2 2
1 1 3
𝑓(5) = lim[𝑓(5 − 𝜀) + 𝑓(5 + 𝜀)] = (3 + 0) =
2 𝜀→0 2 2
1 1 3
𝑓(0) = lim[𝑓(0 − 𝜀) + 𝑓(0 + 𝜀)] = (0 + 3) =
2 𝜀→0 2 2

Example (2)

Expand 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 , 0 < 𝑥 < 2𝜋 in a Fourier series if the period is 2𝜋 , then

deduce that
∞
1 𝜋2
∑ 2=
𝑛 6
𝑛=1

Solution:

The function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 is defined in the interval (0,2𝜋) and 𝐿 = 𝜋, then

2𝜋
1 2𝜋 2 1 𝑥3 8𝜋 2
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ( | =
𝜋 0 𝜋 3 0 3

1 2𝜋 2
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0
8
Integrating by parts twice, we get

𝑥2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
1
2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥
𝑛
1
2 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
𝑛2

1
0 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥
𝑛3

2𝜋
1 𝑥2 2𝑥 2 4
𝑎𝑛 = [ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 − 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥| ] = 2 , 𝑛 ≠ 0
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑥=0
𝑛

And

1 2𝜋 2
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0

Integrating by parts twice, we get

𝑥2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥
1
2𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
𝑛
1
2 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥
𝑛2
1
0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
𝑛3

2𝜋
1 𝑥2 2𝑥 2 4𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = [− 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 + 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥| ] = −
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑥=0
𝑛

Hence
∞
4𝜋 2 1 𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) ≈ + 4 ∑ ( 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥)
3 𝑛 𝑛
𝑛=1

9
At 𝑥 = 0, we have

𝑓(0 + 𝜀) + 𝑓(0 − 𝜀)
𝑓(0) = lim
𝜀→0 2
1
= (0 + 4𝜋 2 ) = 2𝜋 2
2
Hence
∞
2
4𝜋 2 1
2𝜋 = +4∑ 2
3 𝑛
𝑛=1
∞
1 𝜋2
∑ 2=
𝑛 6
𝑛=1

Example (3)

Expand the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 , −𝜋 < 𝑥 < 𝜋, in Fourier series, with period 2𝜋.

then deduce the value of the sum

∞
(−1)𝑛+1
∑
𝑛2
𝑛=1

Solution:

Since the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 , −𝜋 < 𝑥 < 𝜋, is even, with period 2𝜋, then 𝐿 = 𝜋.

Hence,

2 𝜋
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0
2 𝜋 2𝜋2
𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ,
𝜋 3

2 𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0

10
 2 𝜋 2
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0

Integrating by parts, we get

𝑥2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
1
2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥
𝑛
1
2 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
𝑛2
1
0 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥
𝑛3
Then
𝑥=𝜋
2 𝑥2 2𝑥 2
𝑎𝑛 = [ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 − 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥|
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑥=0

4
= (−1)𝑛
𝑛2

And

𝑏𝑛 = 0

Hence, Fourier series for the function 𝑓(𝑥) is given as

11
 ∞
𝑎0
𝑓(𝑥) ≈ + ∑ (𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 + 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥)
2
𝑛=1
∞
2
𝜋2 (−1)𝑛
𝑥 = + 4 ∑ ( 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥)
3 𝑛
𝑛=1

2
𝜋2 1 1 1 1
𝑥 = + 4 [−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 − 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 − 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑥 + ⋯ … … . ]
3 2 3 4 5
𝜋
At = , we get
2

𝜋2 𝜋2 1 1 1 1
= + 4 [− 2 + 2 − 2 + 2 − ⋯ … … . ]
4 3 2 4 6 8
𝜋2 1 1 1
= [1 − 2 + 2 − 2 + ⋯ … … . ]
12 2 3 4
i.e.
∞
(−1)𝑛+1 𝜋 2
∑ =
𝑛2 12
𝑛=1

Example (4)

Expand the function

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 , 0<𝑥<𝜋

a) in a Fourier cosine series

b) in a Fourier sine series

Then deduce the values the two sums

1 (−1)𝑛
∑∞
𝑛=0 and ∑∞
𝑛=0 (2𝑛+1)
(2𝑛+1)2

Solution:

a) In order expand the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 , 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋 in Fourier cosine series, we

12
 have to complete the definition of this function to be even in (−𝐿, 𝐿).

Hence

2 𝜋
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0
2 𝜋
𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ,
𝜋

2 𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0

2 𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0

Integrating by parts, we get

𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
1
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥
𝑛
1
0 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
𝑛2
Then
13
 𝑥=𝜋
2 𝑥 1
𝑎𝑛 = [ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥|
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛 𝑥=0

2 0 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
= ((−1)𝑛 − 1) = { −4
𝑛2 𝜋 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
𝑛2 𝜋

And

𝑏𝑛 = 0

Hence, Fourier cosine series for the function 𝑓(𝑥) is given as

∞
𝑎0
𝑓(𝑥) ≈ + ∑ (𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥)
2
𝑛=1

𝜋 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠7𝑥

𝑓(𝑥) = − [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + + + + ⋯…..]
2 𝜋 32 52 72
∞
𝜋 4 cos(2𝑛 + 1) 𝑥
= − ∑
2 𝜋 (2𝑛 + 1)2
𝑛=0

At 𝑥 = 0 , we have
1
𝑓(0) = lim(𝑓(0 − 𝜀) + 𝑓(0 + 𝜀)) = 0
2 𝜀→0
Hence,
∞
𝜋 4 1
0= − ∑
2 𝜋 (2𝑛 + 1)2
𝑛=0
∞
1 𝜋2
∑ =
(2𝑛 + 1)2 8
𝑛=0

b) In order expand the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 , 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋 in Fourier sine series, we

have to complete the definition of this function to be odd in (−𝐿, 𝐿).

14
 Hence

𝑎0 = 0 , 𝑎𝑛 = 0

and

2 𝐿
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0

2 𝜋
= ∫ 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0

Integrating by parts, we get

𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥
1
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
𝑛
1
0 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥
𝑛2
Then
𝑥=𝜋
2 𝑥 1 2
𝑏𝑛 = [− 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 + 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥| = (−1)𝑛+1
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛 𝑥=0 𝑛

15
Hence,
∞

𝑓(𝑥) ≈ ∑ 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥
𝑛=1
∞
(−1)𝑛+1
𝑥 = 2∑ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥
𝑛
𝑛=1
𝜋
At 𝑥 = , we have
2

𝜋 𝜋
𝑓( ) =
2 2
Then
∞
𝜋 (−1)𝑛+1 𝑛𝜋
= 2∑ 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 𝑛 2
𝑛=1

𝜋 1 1 1
= 1 − 0 + (−1) − 0 + (1) − 0 + (−1) + ⋯ … … …
4 3 5 7
𝜋 1 1 1
= 1 − + − + ⋯………
4 3 5 7
∞
𝜋 (−1)𝑛
=∑
4 (2𝑛 + 1)
𝑛=0

16
 Exercises

1- Expand the periodic function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 , 0 < 𝑥 < 2𝐿 , with period 2𝐿 .

−4 −2<𝑥 <0
2- Expand the periodic function 𝑓(𝑥) = { with period 4 .
3 0<𝑥<2
3- Expand the periodic function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 , −𝜋 < 𝑥 < 𝜋 , with period 2𝜋 .

4- Expand the periodic function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 , −𝜋 < 𝑥 < 𝜋 , with period 2𝜋 .

5- Find the Fourier sine and cosine series for the function (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 , 0 < 𝑥 < 2 .

6- Find the Fourier sine and cosine series for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋

7- Find the Fourier sine and cosine series for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥, 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋

8- Expand the periodic function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 , −𝜋 < 𝑥 < 𝜋 , with period 2𝜋 .

9- By integrating the Fourier sine series of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 , 0 < 𝑥 < 2,

find the Fourier cosine series for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 , 0 < 𝑥 < 2, then
(−1)𝑛−1 𝜋2
deduce that ∑∞
𝑛=1 = .
𝑛2 𝑛2

10- Find the Fourier series for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 , −𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋

11- Find the Fourier series for each of the following functions:
8 0<𝑥<2
a) 𝑓(𝑥) = { , period 4
−8 2<𝑥<4
−𝑥 −4<𝑥 <0
b) 𝑓(𝑥) = { , period 8
𝑥 0<𝑥<4
c) 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 , 0 < 𝑥 < 10 , period 10
0 −3<𝑥 <0
d) 𝑓(𝑥) = { , period 6
2𝑥 0<𝑥<3
12- Prove for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋that

17
 𝜋2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠6𝑥
a) 𝑥(𝜋 − 𝑥) = −( + + + ⋯…..)
6 12 22 32
8 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑥
b) 𝑥(𝜋 − 𝑥) = ( + + + ⋯….)
𝜋 13 33 53

Then, deduce that

∞ ∞ ∞
1 𝜋2 (−1)𝑛−1 𝜋 2 (−1)𝑛−1 𝜋3
∑ 2= , ∑ = , ∑ =
𝑛 6 𝑛2 12 (2𝑛 − 1)3 32
𝑛=1 𝑛=1 𝑛=1

18