Introduction to Embedded

Systems
By  AMIT  Learning  
Version:  1.0  
 Document History  
For  instructors  Only  

Version   Author   Date   Comment  

1.0   Nael  El-­‐Ashi   20    July  2015   Ini>al  Version  
 What  is  an  Embedded  System?  
•  Any  sort  of  device  which  includes  a  
programmable  computer  but  itself  is  not  
intended  to  be  a  general-­‐purpose  computer.  

Watch:  What  is  Embedded  System  Video  

Embedded  System  Applica>ons  
 Embedded  System  Applica>ons  
Consumer  Products   Medical  Systems   Automobiles  
     TV   pace  maker,  pa>ent   engine  management,  trip  
     Stereo   monitoring  systems,   computer,  cruise  control,  
     remote  control   injec>on  systems,  
     phone  /  mobile  phone   immobilizer,  car  alarm,  
     Refrigerator   intensive  care  units,  …   airbag,  ABS,  ESP,  …  
     Microwave   Office  Equipment   Building  Systems  
   washing  machine   printer,  copier,  fax,  …  
elevator,  heater,  air  
     electric  tooth  brush   Tools  
     oven  /  bread  cooker   mul>meter,  oscilloscope,   condi>oning,  ligh>ng,  key  
       Watch   line  tester,  GPS,  …   card  entries,  locks,  alarm  
     alarm  clock   Banking   systems,  …  
     electronic  toys  (stuffed   ATMs,  statement  printers,   Agriculture  
animals,  handheld  toys,  
pinball's,  etc.)   …   feeding  systems,  milking  
  TransportaDon     systems,  …  
  (Planes/Trains/ Space  
  [Automobiles]  and  Boats)   satellite  systems,  …  
  radar,  traffic  lights,  signaling  
  systems,  …  
Embedded  System  ProducDon  
Embedded  SW  size  and  
deployment  
Embedded  System  ProducDon  
Complexity  growth  of  
Embedded  Systems  
Embedded  System  Applica>ons  
AutomoDve  Example  
Modern  Cars:  About  100  ECU  
Embedded  System  Applica>ons  
AutomoDve  Example  
 

Watch:  PARK4U  Demo  Video  

 ES  History  
Early  computers  (1940s)  
-­‐-­‐>  dedicated  to  a  single  
purpose  task.  
 
 
First  modern  embedded  
system  was  the  
Apollo  Guidance  
Computer,  developed  
by  Charles  Stark  Draper  
at  the  MIT  
Instrumenta>on  
Laboratory.      
 ES  History  
•  Since  these  early  
applica>ons  in  the  
1960s,  embedded  
systems  have  come  
down  in  price  and  there  
has  been  a  drama>c  rise  
in  processing  power  and  
func>onality.    

•  The  first  microprocessor  

(the  Intel  4004  )was  
designed  for  calculators  
and  other  small  systems  
but  s>ll  required  many  
external  memory  and  
support  chips.  
 ES  History  
•  By  the  mid-­‐1980s,  most  
of  the  common  
previously  external  
system  components  
had  been  integrated  
into  the  same  chip  as  
the  processor  and  this  
modern  form  of  the  
microcontroller  allowed  
an  even  more  
widespread  use.  
Embedded System
Characteristics
 CharacterisDcs  
1)  Special-­‐purpose  
–  Typically,  is  designed  to  execute  a  
single  program,  repeatedly.  
–  It  used  to  be  single-­‐purpose  
–  Now,  mul>-­‐func>oned,  but  
single-­‐purpose.  
 
 CharacterisDcs  
2)  Tightly  constrained  
–  Low  cost  
–  Simple  systems  
–  Fewer  components  based    
–  Performs  func>ons  fast  
enough  
–  Minimum  power  
 
 CharacterisDcs  
3)  Reac>ve  and  real-­‐>me  
–  Reac>ve:  Con>nually  reacts  
to  external  events  
–  Real-­‐>me:  Must  compute  
certain  results  in  real-­‐>me
 CharacterisDcs  
4)  Hardware  and  sokware  
co-­‐exist  
–  The  sokware  wrilen  for  
embedded  systems  is  
oken  called  firmware  
–  Is  stored  in  read-­‐only  
memory  or  Flash  
memory  chips  rather  
than  a  disk  drive  
 CharacterisDcs  
5)  Efficient  and  effec>ve    
–  Cost  effec>ve    
–  Power  efficiently  
–  Real-­‐>me  
–  Predictability  
 
ES  VS  GP  Systems  
 What  is  a  Microcontroller?  

Usually  a  simple  microprocessor  plus  peripheral  

support  devices  integrated  in  a  single  package.  
 
Microcontroller  vs.  Microprocessor  
Inside  a  Microcontroller  ..  
µC Components
CPU  
µC  Components:  CPU  
µC  Components:  CPU  Architecture  
µC  Components:  CPU  CISC  vs.  RISK  
µC  Components:  CPU  InstrucDon  
Cycle  
µC  Components:  CPU  instrucDon  
pipelining  
µC  Components:  Memory  
µC  Components:  Memory  
 µC  Components:  Memory  
µC  RAM  Divisions  

I/O  and  
GP  
peripherals   Data  Ram  
Registers  
Registers  

Stack  
µC  Components:  Memory  
Example:  AVR  
µC  Components:  Peripherals  
µC  Components:  I/O  Devices  
Addressing  
Isolated  vs.  Memory  Mapped  I/O  
µc Case study
Atmel  AVR  
  
 µC  Vendor,  Family  and  Core  

•Vendor  (ex.  ATMEL)  

•Core  (ex.  ARM  and  AVR)  
•Core  Family  (ex.  ATMEGA  and  SAM  families)  
µC  Vendor  Examples  
 AVR  Family  

   •AVRs  are  generally  classified  into  three  broad  

groups  (Families):    
             1.Tiny  AVRs.  
             2.Mega  AVRs.  
             3.Applica>on  
                   specific  AVRs.  
 AVR  Family  
•  Tiny  AVRs    
             1-­‐8  KB  program  memory      
             8-­‐20-­‐pin  package  
             Limited  peripheral  set  

•  Mega  AVRs    
             4-­‐256  KB  program  memory    
             28-­‐100-­‐pin  package    
               Extensive  peripheral  set    

•  ApplicaDon  specific  AVRs  

             Mega  AVRs  with  special  features,  such  as  LCD  controller,  USB    
controller,  advanced  PWM  etc.  
  
AVR  core  Architecture  
 
AVR  core  Architecture  
 Input  and  Output  (GPIO  or  DIO)  
•  1.PORTA(PA7……..PAO)  
•  2.PORTB(PB7….…..PBO)  
•  3.PORTC(PC7….…..PCO)  
•  4.PORTD(PD7……..PDO)  
 Input  and  Output  (GPIO  or  DIO)  

•  Each  PORT  is  controlled  by  3  registers:  

•  1.DDRx(Data  Direc>on  Register)  
•  2.PORTx(Output  Register)  
•  3.PINx(Input  Register)  
 
Note:  Most  pins  in  μC  make  more  than  one  
func>on(mul>plexed  func>ons)  
 TIMERS  

• Timers  0,1,  &  2.  

• 8bit  &  16  bit.  
• Input  capture  &  Output  compare.  
• PWM.  
 
 
 
Watchdog  Timer  
Analog  to  Digital  Conversion  (ADC)  
 
-­‐  Range.  
-­‐   Resolu>on.  
-­‐   Applica>on.    
   
 
 Serial  Interface    

UART   SPI   I²C  

interrupt  unit  
 interrupt  unit  
•  SW  vs.  HW  Interrupt.  
•  Interrupt  Service  Rou>ne  (ISR).  
•  Interrupt  Vector  Table.  
•  Interrupt  vs.  Polling.  
interrupt  unit  
Mul>ple  Interrupts  
interrupt  unit  
AVR  Interrupts  
Embedded Software
vs.  Desktop  applica>ons  
Main  Features  of  Embedded  SW  
•   Func>onality  represented  by  states  and  events.  

•   Real-­‐>me  behavior  of  events  and  expected  ac>ons.  

•   Combined  sokware/hardware  systems  equipped  with  
distributed  sokware,  computers,  sensors,  and  actuators.  
•   high  demands  on  availability,  safety  and  informa>on  
security.  
•   long-­‐lived  systems  in  which  embedded  sokware  is  
expected  to  work  reliably.  
• Response  >me  constraint  and  strict  deadlines.  
• Energy  efficiency  Applica>ons.  
• Op>mal  memory  usage  and  speed.  
 Programming  environments  

• Need  of  direct  accessing    to  HW.  

• More  than  80  percent  of  all  companies  are  using  C  and  to  
some  degree  C++.  
• More  than  40  percent  are  using  assembler  for  lower-­‐level  
interfaces.  
• Java  is  increasingly  used  for  GUI  and  applica>on  
programming.  
 
C  Language  ..  Why?  
 So\ware  pracDces  
•  Mathema>cal  modeling  for  reliability,  power  
consump>on,  thermal,  and  performance  analysis.  
•  Formal  design  and  code  inspec>ons.  
•  Automated  sta>c  code  analysis  for  memory,  
performance,  and  security.  
•  Automa>c  tes>ng.  
•  Model-­‐driven  design  and  test.  
•  Adop>on  to  CMMI  levels  3  and  above  (in  fact  the  
CMMI  was  created  by  explicit  demand  from  the  
embedded-­‐sokware  industries).  
•  Components  that  are  explicitly  designed  for  reuse.  
So\ware  Life  Cycle  
 So\ware  Quality  

VerificaDon  and  
unit  tesDng  
validaDon  

Component  
Peer  Reviews  
tesDng  

VerificaDon  and  
IntegraDon  tesDng  
validaDon  

FuncDonal  and  Non-­‐

staDc  code  analysis  
FuncDonal  TesDng  
 CMMI  
•  Capability  Maturity  Model  Integra>on.  
•  level  3  organiza>ons    -­‐>  98%  removal  
effec>veness.  
•  Maturity  level  5  organiza>ons  in  embedded-­‐
sokware  systems,  such  as  Boeing  or  Motorola,  
achieve  99%  and  higher  removal  effec>veness.  
•  The  average  defect-­‐removal  effec>veness  at  
release  of  applica>on  sokware  and  informa>on  
systems  is  only  about  85%.  
 Projects  and  ProducDvity  
• Cost  and  efficiency  are  the  focus  of  embedded-­‐
sokware  development.  
• The  two  major  cost  drivers  in  embedded-­‐
sokware  development  are  requirements  and  
tes>ng.  
• Safety  and  security.  
Software & Hardware
Tools
 What  do  you  need  to  write  a  
program?  
•  Text  Editor.  
•  Compiler/Assembler.  
•  Linker.  
 What  is  an  IDE?  
An  Integrated  Development  Environment  (IDE)  is  a  sokware  applica>on  that  
provides  comprehensive  facili>es  to  computer  programmers  for  sokware  
development.  
 
Consists  of:  
 -­‐  Source  code  editor  
 -­‐  Compiler  and/or  Interpreter  
 -­‐  Build  automa>on  tools  
 -­‐  Debugger  
 
   Examples:  
 -­‐  Eclipse  
 -­‐  NetBeans  
 -­‐  MonoDevelop  
 -­‐  CodeWarrior  
 
 Debugger  
• A  debugger  or  debugging  tool  is  a  computer  program  that  
is  used  to  test  and  debug  other  programs.  

• The  code  to  be  examined  might  alterna>vely  be  running  

on  an  instruc>on  set  simulator  .  

• When  the  program  crashes,  the  debugger  shows  the  

actual  posi>on  in  the  original  code  if  it  is  a  source-­‐level  
debugger.  

•   If  it  is  a  low-­‐level  debugger  or  a  machine-­‐language  

debugger  it  shows  that  line  in  the  program.  
 
 Simulator  
•  Simulator  is  a  piece  of  Hardware/Sokware    that  
simulates  another  system.  

•  for  example  a  flight  simulator  allows  you  to  

experience  what  it  is  like  to  fly  an  aircrak,  a  
driving  simulator  to  experience  driving  etc..  

•     Simulator  tests  the  program  on  the  

development  processor(the  processor  on  which  
we  are  working).  
 Simulator  

HW  Simulator     SW  Simulator    
Flight  Simulator   Proteus  
 Emulator  
•  An  emulator    is  a  piece  of  Hardware/Sokware    that  
enables  one  computer  system  to  run  programs  that  
are  wrilen  for  another  computer  system.  
•  It  contains  the  max  RAM  &  ROM  size  and  all  the  
peripherals  and  registers  the  could  exist  in  a  
microcontroller  in  this  family.  
•   It  is  FPGA  that  implement  the  core  of  the  MC.  
•  It  permits  the  programmer  to  make  a  hardware  
breakpoints  and  halt  the  hardware  registers,  so  the  
programmer  simply  could  debug  the  constraints  in  real-­‐
>me  manners.  
 Emulator  
HW  Emulator   SW  Emulator  
 In  Circuit  Emulator  
•  Simply  it  is  the  emulator  connected  to  the  board  as  if  
it  is  the  MC  itself  and  at  this  >me  I  could  emulate  the  
I/O  ports  and  other  func>onali>es  in  my  system.  
•  It  is  done  by  making  the  board  without  the  MC  then  
connect  the  emulator  in  the  MC  place.  
 
 Programmer/Flasher  
•  It  is  hardware  used  in  order  to  Download  the  
code  to  the  Microcontroller  ROM(Flash/
EEPROM).  
Logical  Analyzer  
Pulse  Generator  
Thank you