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5.draught System

The document discusses different types of draught systems used in power plants including natural draught, mechanical draught, and steam jet draught. Natural draught uses only a chimney to create necessary draught and is dependent on chimney height and flue gas temperature. Mechanical draught uses fans for induced draught or forced draught and allows more flexibility and control compared to natural draught. Steam jet draught can provide induced or forced draught using steam jets.

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BALAMBAL R
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70 views5 pages

5.draught System

The document discusses different types of draught systems used in power plants including natural draught, mechanical draught, and steam jet draught. Natural draught uses only a chimney to create necessary draught and is dependent on chimney height and flue gas temperature. Mechanical draught uses fans for induced draught or forced draught and allows more flexibility and control compared to natural draught. Steam jet draught can provide induced or forced draught using steam jets.

Uploaded by

BALAMBAL R
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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19ME310T POWER PLANT ENGINEERING

DRAUGHT SYSTEM

The purpose of draught is as follows:

(1) The supply required amount of air to the furnace for the combustion of fuel. The
amount of fuel that can be burnt per square foot of grate area depends upon the quantity
of air circulated through fuel bed.
(2) To remove the gaseous products of combustion

Definition

Draught is defined as the difference between absolute gas pressure at any point in a gas
flow passage and the ambient (same elevation) atmospheric pressure.

Draught is plus is Patm<Pgas and it is minus Patm>Pgas. Draught is achieved by small


pressure difference which causes the flow of air or gas to take place. It is measured in
millimeter (mm) of water.

If only a chimney is used to create the necessary draught, the system is called natural
draught system and if an addition to chimney a forced draught(F.D) fan or an induced draught
(I.D) fan or both are used the system is called mechanical draught system.

Fans or chimneys produce positive pressure and is called available draught whereas fuel
bed resistance, turbulence and friction in air ducts, gas breechings, chimney etc., create
negative pressure and is called the required draught.

The various types of draught system are as follows:

(i) Natural draught


(ii) Mechanical draught
(iii) Steam jet draught

Natural draught

Fig.27 Natural Draught system

VELAMMAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE


19ME310T POWER PLANT ENGINEERING

Natural draught system is used in boilers of smaller capacities. Natural draught is


created by the difference in weight of a column of cold external air and that of a similar
column of hot gases in the chimney. This system is dependent upon the height of chimney and
average temperature of the gases in the chimney.

Now-a-days the chimney is not used for creating draught in steam power plants as it
has no flexibility, the total draught produced is insufficient for high generating capacity.

By using chimney draught can be increased by allowing the flue gases to leave the
combustion chamber at higher temperature and this reduced the overall efficiency of the power
plant. The chimney is, therefore, used only to discharge the flue gases.

Mechanical Draught

In boilers of large capacities, fans are employed to create the necessary draught in order
to reduce the height of chimney, to obtained draught that is independent of weather conditions
and to control the draught easily.

Mechanical draught may be induced forced or balanced draught. Induced draught


system shown in Fig. 28(a) is created by chimney and fan located in the gas passage on the
chimney side of the boiler. In this system gas movement is achieved as result of vacuum

The various pressures indicated are as follows:

P1 = Inlet pressure for forced draught fan


Outlet pressure of forced draught
P2 = fan

P3 = Pressure below grate

P4 = Pressure above the grate

P5 = Inlet pressure of induced draught fan

P6 = Outlet pressure of induced draught fan

VELAMMAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE


19ME310T POWER PLANT ENGINEERING

Fig.28 Mechanical draught system

Induced draught is not as simple and direct as forced because fans used in induced
draught system operate in gases of much higher temperature (nearly 500˚-904˚F). Thus
becomes more expensive.

The fan sucks in gas from the boiler side and discharges it to the chimney (stack)

The draught produced is independent of the temperature of the hot gases and, therefore,
the gases may be discharged as cold as possible after recovering as much heat possible in air
preheater and economizer.

In FD system (Fig.28 (b)) the fan installed near the boiler base supplies the air at a
pressure above that of atmosphere and delivers it through air duct to the furnace

VELAMMAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE


19ME310T POWER PLANT ENGINEERING

Most high rating combustion equipment employs forced draught fans for supplying air
to the furnace. Forced draught is used in under fed stockers carrying a thick fuel bed. Balanced
draught system is a combination of induced and forced draught systems.

The forced draught fan forces the air through the fuel bed on to the top of grate and the
induced draught fan sucks in gases from the boiler side and discharges them to the chimney.
This system is used where pressure above fire is slightly below atmosphere (Fig.32(c)) shows
this system.

Steam Jet Draught

Steam jet draught may be induced or forced draught depending upon the location of
steam jet producing the draught.

Induced draught produced by steam jet as shown in Fig.29. This system is used in
locomotive boilers. Exhaust steam from the engine enters the smoke box through a nozzle to
create draught. The air is induced through the flues, the grate and ash pit to the smoke box.

Fig.29 Steam Jet Induced Draught System


Fig.30 shows a forced draught developed by steam jet. Steam from the boiler is passed
through a throttle valve, throttle pressure being 1.5 to 2kg/cm 2 gauge.
Then the steam passes through a nozzle projecting in diffuser pipe. The steam comes
out of nozzle with great velocity and drags a column of air along with it thus allowing the fresh
air to enter.

VELAMMAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE


19ME310T POWER PLANT ENGINEERING

The mixture of steam and air possesses high kinetic energy and passes through the
diffuser pipe. The kinetic energy gets converted into pressure energy and thus air is forced
through the coal bed, furnace and flows to the chimney. Steam jet is simple, requires less space
and is economical. But is can be used only if steam at high pressure is available.

Fig.30 Steam-Jet forced draught system

VELAMMAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE

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