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    MTH 242 Differential Equations

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    Muhammad umair khalid
    This document provides an overview of solving first order linear differential equations and exact differential equations. It defines the standard form of a first order linear differential equation and describes the process of finding the integrating factor to solve such equations. It also defines what makes a differential equation exact and provides the criteria that the partial derivatives of the functions must satisfy for the equation to be exact. Several examples of exact differential equations are worked out.

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    MTH 242 Differential Equations

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad umair khalid
    31 views14 pages
    This document provides an overview of solving first order linear differential equations and exact differential equations. It defines the standard form of a first order linear differential equation and describes the process of finding the integrating factor to solve such equations. It also defines what makes a differential equation exact and provides the criteria that the partial derivatives of the functions must satisfy for the equation to be exact. Several examples of exact differential equations are worked out.

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    This document provides an overview of solving first order linear differential equations and exact differential equations. It defines the standard form of a first order linear differential equation and describes the process of finding the integrating factor to solve such equations. It also defines what makes a differential equation exact and provides the criteria that the partial derivatives of the functions must satisfy for the equation to be exact. Several examples of exact differential equations are worked out.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    31 views14 pages

    MTH 242 Differential Equations

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad umair khalid
    This document provides an overview of solving first order linear differential equations and exact differential equations. It defines the standard form of a first order linear differential equation and describes the process of finding the integrating factor to solve such equations. It also defines what makes a differential equation exact and provides the criteria that the partial derivatives of the functions must satisfy for the equation to be exact. Several examples of exact differential equations are worked out.

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    MTH 242 Differential Equations

    Dr. M. Ateeq Tahir

    Topics: First order Linear Differential Equations


    Previously

    • Separable Variables.

    • Homogenous Functions.

    REVIEW MATERIAL

    • Multivariate calculus
    • Differential of a function of two variables
    First Order Linear Equations

    The differential equation of the form:

    ( ) ( )
    where and are continuous functions.
    ( ) ( )
    This form of the equation is the standard form. This differential
    equation is said to be Homogenous DE when
    Note:
    Don’t get confuse by Homogenous Function with Homogenous DE
    SOLVING A LINEAR FIRST-ORDER EQUATION

    1. Put a linear equation into the standard form


     
    2. Identify 𝑃 𝑥 and then find the integrating factor 𝑒 ∫  . No constant need to
     
    be used in evaluating the indefinite integral ∫  𝑝 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.

    3. Multiply the both sides of the standard form equation by the integrating factor.

    The left-hand side of the resulting equation is automatically the derivative of the
     
    ∫ 
    product of the integrating factor 𝑒 and 𝑦.

    𝑑 ∫   
    ∫ 
    [𝑒   𝑦] = 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥)
    𝑑𝑥

    4. Integrate both side of the last equation and solve for 𝑦


    Example1:
    Solve the differential equation
    𝑑𝑦
    (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) + 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥.
    𝑑𝑥
    Solution:
    ,

    and
     
    ∫ 
    , Integrating Factor

    𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 𝟐


    Example2:
    Solve the differential equation
    𝑥 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0.
    Example3: Solve the initial value problem
    Exact differential equation

    Total (or exact ) differential:


    In calculus, the total or exact differential of function is defined by

    (1)

    An expression is said to be an exact differential


    if there exist a function such that

    and (2)

    .
    Exact differential equation:
    An equation
    =0 (3)
    is called an exact differential equation iff the expression
    is an exact differential of some function .
    Therefore, by using (2) we can write (3) in the form

    that is
    So that by integrating we have, is the general solution of (3).
    Theorem: Criteria for the Exact DE

    The differential equation =0,


    is called an exact differential equation iff

    where the function and has continuous first order partial derivatives.
    EXAMPLES
    1. 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑦 = 0.

    𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑦 and 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1 we have = 2𝑥 =

    2. (𝑒 −𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥𝑒 − 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

    𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
    = 2𝑒 + 𝑥𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑦 =
    𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

    3. 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 20 𝑑𝑦 = 0

    = 𝑥, = 4𝑥

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