✓ The words are ―informed because

CHAPTER 8: INFORMATION SOCIETY they carry information Unifying Factor

Information ✓ Words are informed with meaning • There‘s something common in nature
given by the speaker and intended for • There was an inside to be
✓ Plays and important role in our lives the listener. Simply put, they ―understood‖
because it guides every decision of communicate meaning. • ―meta phusis – after nature
what people makes or expects to • “One and the Many”
make. THE ROLE OF LANGUAGE
• Plato‘s principle
✓ Facts provided or learned about First step in knowing • Underlying unity among diverse beings
something or someone. in the natural world
✓ It is what we conveyed or • Ability to name and classify objects found in • Genus and species
represented by a particular nature
arrangement or sequence of things. MATHEMATICS AS THE LANGUAGE OF
Language NATURE
Society
o Object worthy of admiration • Technology = ―fruit of science‖
✓ Is a group of individuals involved o Words have power • “Since people have discovered the
persistent social interaction or a large o Gave sense to nature laws and language of nature, they can
social group sharing common cultural o Form a community develop technology that uses these
and social background? o Speaker and recipient laws and language for their benefit”
Information Society Science TECHNOLOGICAL WORLD
✓ Is a society where the creation, • ―scire meaning to know The ability to think and conceptually
distribution use, integration and • One kind of knowledge Greeks wanted comprehend nature and the principles it
manipulation of information are a to understand follows eventually leads to Science.
significant economic, political, and • The idea of comprehending words as
cultural background? more than just combinations of sounds THE PRINTING PRESS AND BEYOND
led the Greeks to seek out the
INFORMATION principles of everyday language. o 15th century
• A meaningful message is created using o Eidos
✓ A word is a combination of sounds o Power to be informed
that represents something. ordinary sound.
• Its meaning is also not diminished by o Beginning of true revolution
✓ Words are made up of sounds and yet o ―knowledge should be shared and
they transmit something more multiplication
• Words can function across space and communicated among humans
significant.
✓ Words transmit a message. time without reducing their meaning
✓
 printingpress, which made books • Meanwhile Ralph Wedgwood
BRIEF HISTORY OF COMMUNICATION much cheaper and allowed invented carbon paper in 1806.
Communication in Ancient Times newspapers to be invented. • The telegraph was invented in 1837.
A cable was laid across the Channel in
William Caxton 1850 and after 1866 it was possible to
• The first means of communication • introduced the printing press into send messages across the Atlantic.
was, of course, the human voice. England in 1476. • Developed in the 1830s and 1840s
• 3,200 BC writing was invented in Iraq • The first newspapers were printed in by Samuel Morse (1791-1872)
and Egypt. It was invented about the 17th century. and other inventors, the telegraph
1,500 BCin China. • Meanwhile European monarchs set up revolutionized long-distance
• Invention of the alphabet in what is postal services to carry their communication.
now Israel and Lebanon about 1,600 messages. • Video: telegraphs and telephones
BC. • In France Louis XI founded one in • It worked by transmitting electrical
• In the Ancient World many civilizations 1477 and in England Henry VIII signals over a wire laid between
including Egypt, Assyria, Persia, Rome created the Royal Mail in 1512. In stations.
and 1635 to raise money Charles I allowed • In addition to helping invent the
• China had efficient postal systems to private citizens to send messages by telegraph, Samuel Morse developed a
deliver messages to parts of their Royal Mail, for a fee. code (bearing his name) that assigned
empiresusing relays of horses. • Meanwhile the pencil was invented in a set of dots and dashes to each letter
• In the ancient world people wrote on 1564. of the English alphabet and allowed
papyrus or parchment. However the for the simple transmission of complex
Chinese invented paper about 200 BC. Communication in the 19th Century messages across telegraph lines.
The knowledge of how to make paper • In 1844, Morse sent his first
passed to the Arabs and in the Middle • Communication became far more
telegraph message, from Washington,
Ages it reached Europe. efficient in the 19th century.
D.C., to Baltimore, Maryland.
• In the early 19th century the recipient
• 1866, a telegraph line had been laid
Communication 1500-1800 of a letter had to pay the postage, not
across the Atlantic Ocean from the
the sender. Then in 1840 Rowland Hill
• The next major improvement in U.S. to Europe. Although the telegraph
invented the Penny Post. From then
communication was the invention of had fallen out of widespread use by
on the sender of a letter paid. Cheap
printing. the start of the 21st century, replaced
mail made it much easier for people to
• The Chinese invented printing with by the telephone, fax machine and
keep in touch with loved ones who
blocks in the 6th century AD but the Internet, it laid the groundwork for the
lived a long way off. In 1874 the
firstknown printed book was the communications revolution that led to
Universal Postal Union was formed to
Diamond Sutra of 686. those later innovations
coordinate postal services in different
• ⦁ In Europe in the mid-15th century countries.
Johannes Gutenberg invented the
 Foreland, England and Wimereux,
France.
Morse code ✓ Used in World War II and in the
Korean and Vietnam wars. ✓ In 1904 made the ―Diode Valve which
• Invented by Samuel Finley Breese is inside a vacuum there is 2 electron
Morse (1791-1872) along with Radio valve
Alfred Vail ✓ 1906, American Inventor Lee de
• Made for transmitting radio messages ✓ Invented by Serbian- American Forest made the ―Audion Triode
• Characters have unique sequence of Inventor Nikola ✓ 1914-1919 civilian radio was band
long and short signals called dots ✓ 1920 was the ―Golden Age of Radio
(dits) and dashes (dahs) A Dit takes - due to the creation of British
1 unit of time, A Dah takes - 3 units of Tesla (1856-1943) Broadcast Company
time. The pause between letters - 3 ✓ 1939 Robert Watson-Watt developed
units of time, the pause between ✓ 1873 Scottish Physicist James Clerk
―Chain Hame for British military
words - 7 units of time Maxwell published Treatise on
✓ 1945, Arthur C. Clark published an
Electricity and Magnetism
History article proposing Geostationary
✓ 1884, Tesla invented the induction coil
satellites to broadcast radio waves.
✓ Morse code consist of only numbers or Tesla coil, a device essential to
✓ Vail then expanded it to include the sending and receiving radio waves History
letters and punctuations ✓ 1888 Heinrich Hertz detected and
produces radio waves Television
✓ May 24, 1844 - 1st historic message
was "What hath God wrought!" from ✓ 1890 Coherer - worlds first functional ▪ Invented by American Inventor Philo
Washington, D.C to Baltimore, radio signal receiver by Edouard Farnsworth (1906- 1971), Scottish
Maryland, U.S. (35 miles) Branly in France Engineer John Logie Baird (1888-
✓ 1867 Vice Admiral Philip Colomb‘s ✓ 1892 to 1893Nikola Tesla wirelessly 1946), American pioneer Charles
flash signaling adopted in the British transmitted electromagnetic energy. Francis Jenkins (1863-1934)
navy in was an adaptation of the He made the first public
Morse code to lights. demonstration of radio in St. Louis in History
✓ 1905, international Morse code 1893.
✓ 1894 Marconi builded his 1st radio ▪ 1884-German Inventor Paul Gottlieb
distress signal was: · · · — — — · · · Nipkow developed a rotating disc
equipment
(SOS) "Save Our Ship" and "Save Our ✓ 1896 Marconi‘s public demonstration technology
Souls" ✓ 1899 was the first international ▪ Early 1920‘s – 1st Mechanical
wireless transmission across the Television independently made by
✓ Used heavily by the shipping industry English Channel between South Baird using array of transparent rods
and for the safety of the seas up until to transmit images for television &
the early 1990s Jenkins‘ ―Radiovision‖ which claimed
 to have transmitted earliest moving
silhouette in June 14 1923. \short) is a collection of webpages ✓ Hypertext are linked words within text
▪ 1877 – Cathode Ray Tube by Karl found on this network of computers. used to jump to other text or
Ferdinand Braun & was the basis for Your web browser uses the internet to documents
electrical televisions access the web. In other words, the ✓ Hypertext and the internet already
▪ 1927 -Farnsworth was the 1st inventor Internet is the infrastructure and the existed before the invention of the
to transmit a television image - dollar Web is a service on top. World Wide Web but no one had
sign thought of a way to use the internet to
- developed the dissector tube, basis What is the World Wide Web? link one document directly to another.
of all current electronic televisions ✓ It is the worldwide collection of text ✓ Web server is a computer where files
▪ 1929 Russian inventor Vladimir Kosma pages, digital photographs, music files, are stored which can be accessed via
Zworykin improved the Cathode Ray videos, and animations you can access the internet using HTTP.
Tube called Kinescope over the Internet. ✓ The files stored on web servers are
▪ 1947 – Louis W. Parker invented Inter ✓ The basic building blocks of the Web read by web browsers such as
carrier Sound System to synchronize are pages of text. (Firefox, Safari, Chrome, or Internet
television sound ✓ A web page or webpage is a document Explorer) which they convert these
▪ A Scot, Alexander Graham Bell, commonly written in HTML (Hypertext files into images and text for you to
invented the telephone in 1876. Markup Language) that is accessible view. Your browser communicates
▪ Meanwhile the first fax machine was through the Internet or other with web servers to bring you
invented in 1843. Alexander Bain networks using an Internet browser. A information from the internet.
received the first patent for a fax web page is accessed by entering a
machine in 1843.Faxing is by definition How the World Wide Web (WWW)
URL address and may contain text, works ?
a method of encoding data, graphics, and hyperlinks to other web
transmitting it over a telephone line or pages and files. How the Web was created: History of
radio broadcast, and receiving a hard ✓ A collection of Web pages on the the Web
copy of the text, line drawings, or same computer is called a website.
photographs at a remote location. One ✓ Every web page has highlighted ▪ Sir Tim Berners-Lee invented the
of the greatest inventions of all time… phrases called links (or hypertext World Wide Web in 1989.
More powerful than any public library links) all over it. Clicking one of these ▪ Sir Tim Berners-Lee is a British
on Earth… Our gateway to the world… takes you to another page on this computer scientist.
website or another website entirely. ▪ After graduating from Oxford
What's the difference between the Web University, Berners-Lee became
and the Internet? ✓ A system of interlinked, hypertext
documents accessed through the software engineer at CERN, the large
✓ The internet is a huge network of internet particle physics laboratory near
computers all connected together. The Geneva, Switzerland. Scientists come
world wide web (‗www or ‗web for from all over the world to use its
 accelerators, but Sir Tim noticed that special codes called tags to structure www.explainthatstuff.com/
they were having difficulty sharing the text. A Web browser can read howthewebworks.html
information. these tags and use them to display ▪ One computer (which is called a client
▪ Berners-Lee realized they could share things like bold font, italics, headings, and runs a program called a web
information by exploiting an emerging tables, or images. browser) asks the other computer
technology called hypertext. ▪ URL (Uniform Resource Locator) the (which is called a server or web
▪ In March 1989, Tim laid out his vision URL is a kind of 'address' that is server) for the information it needs
for what would become the web in a unique to each resource on the web. with a series of simple messages.
document called ―Information It could be the address of a webpage ▪ New permutations of these ideas are
Management: A Proposal‖. Tim‘s initial or an image file. giving rise to exciting new approaches
proposal was not immediately ▪ HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) in fields as diverse as information
accepted. In fact, his boss at the time, Allows HTML documents to be (Open Data), politics (Open
Mike Sendall, noted the words requested and transmitted between Government), scientific research
―Vague but exciting‖ on the cover. browsers and web servers via the (Open Access), education, and culture
The web was never an official CERN internet. An example of HTML code. (Free Culture). But to date we have
project, but Mike managed to give Tim This is the HTML that produces this only scratched the surface of how
time to work on it in September 1990. web page. The little codes you can see these principles could change society
He began work using a NeXT inserted between angled brackets (< and politics for the better.
computer, one of Steve Jobs‘ early and >) are bits of HTML, which ▪ In 2009, Sir Tim established the World
products identify parts of the text as headings, Wide Web Foundation. The Web
▪ The European Organization for Nuclear paragraphs, graphics and so on. For Foundation is advancing the Open
Research, known as CERN, is a example, new paragraphs are marked Web as a means to build a just and
European research organization that out with <p> and mediumsized thriving society by connecting
operates the largest particle physics headings with <h2> (header level 2). everyone, raising voices and
laboratory in the world. Established in ▪ There was one more clever thing enhancing participation.
1954, the organization is based in a Berners-Lee thought of—and that was ▪ As the web began to grow, Tim
northwest suburb of Geneva. a way for any computer to locate realized that its true potential would
▪ By October of 1990, Tim had written information stored on any other only be unleashed if anyone,
the three fundamental technologies computer. He suggested each web anywhere could use it without paying
that remain the foundation of today‘s page should have something like a zip a fee or having to ask for permission.
web. code, which he called a URL (a
▪ HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) Universal or Uniform Resource Why is the web so important?
The publishing format for the web. It Locator). The URL is the page address ✓ The World Wide Web opened up the
includes the ability to format you see in the long bar at the top of internet to everyone, not just
documents and link to other your Web browser. The address or scientists.
documents and resources. HTML has URL of this page is: https://
 ✓ It connected the world in a way that S – as we benefit, we must be responsible in TAXONOMY
was not possible before and made it utilizing this technologies to avoid harming
much easier for people to get others and ourselves ▪ Hierarchical system of classifying and
information, share and communicate. naming organism
✓ It allowed people to share their work
and thoughts through social CHAPTER 9 - BIODIVERSITY
networking sites, blogs and video ONE IN THE MANY
sharing. According to Aristotle: The 4 elements
made everything ▪ The finding distinctive in the
✓ Reliability becomes compromised with
commonality of species
the ease of sharing information
1. Water
✓ Anyone can produce information which Biotechnology
2. Earth
its content shows half-truth or even
3. Fire Biodiversity International
lies which results to disinformation ▪
4. Air “Law and policy of relevance to the
✓ Social media encourages building a ▪
community of like-minded people. Search for the common characteristic management if plant genetic
✓ Easy access to personal information resources.”
makes one susceptible to; CORNERSTONE FOR SCIENCES 1. Biotechnology uses biological
1. Online predation - committing systems to make or modify products
- Abiotic Science that leads to Biotic or processes for specific use.
child sexual abuse that begins
Science 2. Genetic engineering leads to
or take place on the internet
2. Identity theft - use of someone Biodiversity production of living modified
else‘s identity to their organisms or genetically modified
advantage or benefit - BIO = LIFE organisms.
3. Scamming - use if the internet - DIVERSITY = VARIETY 3. Modern biotechnology gives
and providing incorrect - They are living organisms that are scientists molecular tools for obtaining
information for the purpose of from all sources better understanding of the structure
tricking victims out of money and function of gene in living
CARL LINNAEUS
✓ It is best to be vigilant in utilizing organisms.
modern devices at all times. ✓ Swedish botanist, zoologist and
Biotechnology
physician
S - we discover new frontiers with scientific
✓ Also known as Carl Von Linne GMO
thinking
✓ BORN: May 23, 1707
✓ DIED: January 10, 1778 () ▪ Genetically Modified Organisms or
T - we benefit with the improvements of
✓ Introduced taxonomy as a guide to “Transgenic” Organism
technology
biodiversity ▪ Living organisms whose genetic
✓ “Father of Modern Taxonomy” material has been artificially
 manipulated in a laboratory through 4. GMOs create super weeds and super
genetic engineering bugs
▪ “Gene Splicing” Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
▪ Resulting to combinations of plant, ✓ It is an international agreement
animal, bacteria, and virus genes that Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety ✓ The Convention on Biological Diversity
do not occur in nature or through ✓ Effective since 2003
traditional crossbreeding methods ✓ "Cartagena" - Colombia (1999)
▪ Genetic Modification aims to address ✓ Montreal Canada - January 29, 2000;
issues with regard to food security, 135 Countries
✓ At present: 171 Countries Objectives:
drug production and nutrition
✓ Mexico 1. Safe Handling
Example Of GMO’s ✓ European Union countries most 2. Transport
Genetic Modification African, Asian, Latin American, 3. Use of living modified organisms
Caribbean countries. Industrial (LMO’s)
Steps: Countries
1. United States
1. Identification 2. China
2. Isolated and Replicated CHAPTER 10: THE NANO WORLD
3. Japan
3. Insertion 4. Germany WHAT IS NANOTECHNOLOGY?
4. Transformation and Tissue Culture 5. United Kingdom - refers to the manipulation of matter on an
5. Breeding 6. India atomic scale.
Advantages of GMO 7. France - offers the potential for new and faster kinds
8. Brazil of computers, more efficient power sources
1. GMO crops can be tailored to provide 9. Italy and life-saving medical treatments. Potential
better health benefits. 10. Canada disadvantages include economic disruption
2. Farmers can design plants 11. South Korea and possible threats to security, privacy,
3. GMO crops use less water 12. Russia health and the environment.
4. Fewer harmful agents need to be 13. Australia
applied to crops 14. Spain WHAT IS NANO?
15. Mexico NANO
Disadvanatge of GMO
16. Indonesia - the term “nano” refers to a unit meaning
1. Farmers can be sued if cross 17. Turkey one billionth or ten raised to negative nine.
pollination occurs 18. Netherlands - it expresses a very tiny amount or size.
2. Many GMO crops are trademarked, 19. Saudi Arabia NANOSCALE
patented, and legally protected 20. Switzerland - it deals with materials that are very small
3. It encourages the use of additional using specialised microscopes and other
herbicides nanodevices.
NANOSCIENCE Also, manufacturers are coating furniture nanotechnology when it comes to
- is the study of structures and materials on foam with flame-retardant carbon nanofibers electronic products include nano
the scale of nanometers.
and integrating silver nanoparticles in fabric transistors, nano diodes, OLED,
NANOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS EXAMPLES to kill bacteria making clothes odor-resistant. plasma displays, quantum computers,
- FIVE USES OF NANOTECHNOLOGY In the alcohol industry, clay nanoparticles are and many more.
1. Electronics allowing brewers to pack beer in cheaper • Energy Advantages - The
The results are increased densities of memory plastic bottles. development of more effective energy-
chips and improved display screens on 4. Sporting Goods producing, energy-absorbing, and
electronics devices, among others and High-end tennis and golf balls keep their energy storage products in smaller
Electricity. In 2014, a team of scientists from bounce longer thanks to a composite made of and more efficient devices is possible
the University of California created a new clay nanoparticles that spread out to keep air with this technology.
nano-material that increases thermal storage from escaping. Adding nanotubes to the • Manufacturing Advantages -
and enhances the conversion of light to frames of tennis racquets increases their Another industry that can benefit from
electricity. The nano-material converts heat to strength, which in turn increases power and nanotechnology is the manufacturing
molten salt so as to make it possible to overall control when hitting the ball. sector that will need materials like
synthesize power even after the sun goes Nanoparticles also fill any imperfections in nanotubes, aerogels, nano particles,
down. golf club shaft materials to improve the and other similar items to produce
2. Medicine uniformity, and as a result, the swing. their products with. These materials
The application of nanotechnology is most 5. Security are often stronger, more durable, and
exciting in the biomedical field as scientists A weapons manufacturing company called lighter than those that are not
continue to make advances in the prevention, First Choice Armor uses a substance dubbed produced with the help of
treatment and diagnostics areas. From nano- Nanorepel in its N-Force line of vests to solve nanotechnology.
fabricated super condoms to sunscreen this problem. When coated with Nanorepel, • Medical Advantages - In the
products with nano-particles that reflect the armor spreads out the force over a much medical world, nanotechnology is also
cancer-causing ultraviolet light, researchers wider area. In effect, this cushions the blow seen as a boon since these can help
are coming up with better ways to protect by diverging the impact. The tech also with creating what is called smart
people. Nanotechnology also helps to detect integrates a layer of organic molecules that drugs. The research of
disease early. freeze upon impact to lock the strands in nanotechnology in medicine is now
place and prevent further travel. focusing on areas like tissue
3. Consumer Products regeneration, bone repair, immunity
Lithium-ion batteries on electric cars use ADVANTAGES and even cures for such ailments like
nanoparticle-based electrodes while some skin • Advantage in electronics and cancer, diabetes, and other life-
care products include nanoparticles that computing- The areas that benefit threatening diseases.
infuse or deliver vitamins deeper into the skin. from the continued development of • Environmental Effects - some of
the more extravagant negative future
 Atomic weapons would be easier to
create and novel weapons might also
scenarios have been debunked by experts
in nanotechnology. For example: the so-
called "gray goo" scenario, where self- be developed. One possibility is the so-called
replicating nanobots consume everything "smart bullet," a computerized bullet that TYPES OF GENE THERAPY
around them to make copies of could be controlled and aimed very
SOMATIC GENE THERAPY
themselves, was once widely discussed accurately. These developments may prove a
but is no longer considered to be a boon for the military; but if they fell into the • Transfer of a section of DNA to any cell of
credible threat. It is possible, however, wrong hands, the consequences would be the body that doesn’t produce sperm or
that there will be some negative effects dire. eggs. Effects of gene therapy will not be
on the environment as potential new passed onto the patient’s children.
toxins and pollutants may be created by
nanotechnology. CHAPTER 11: GERMLINE GENE THERAPY
• Economic Upheaval - it is likely that GENE THERAPY
• Transfer of a section of DNA to cells that
nanotechnology, like other
produce eggs or sperm. Effects of gene
technologies before it, will cause GENE TECHNOLOGY
therapy will be passed onto the patient’s
major changes in many economic • A modern branch of biotechnology that
children and subsequent generations.
areas. Although products made allows direct modification or removal of a
possible by nanotechnology will gene, or the transfer of a gene from one William French Anderson
initially be expensive luxury or species to another. - He is known as the Father of Gene Therapy
specialist items, once availability
increases, more and more markets will MEDICINE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
feel the impact. Some technologies - One example of a scientific and ADVANTAGES OF GENE THERAPY
and materials may become obsolete, technological innovation that made a 1. Allows us to treat and prevent
leading to companies specializing in breakthrough in the area of human health hereditary diseases
those areas going out of business. 2. Could change the perspective of
Changes in manufacturing processes WHAT IS GENE THERAPY?
people about diseases
brought about by nanotechnology may • A type of experimental treatment in which 3. Can create permanent results
result in job losses. can be removal or change in genetic 4. Does not just apply to human
• Privacy and Security - material – DNA or RNA. treatment options
nanotechnology raises the possibility 5. Could offer the potential of new
of microscopic recording devices, • A Vector, often a virus, delivers a new discoveries
which would be virtually undetectable. working gene or genetic material into the
More seriously, it is possible that cell
nanotechnology could be weaponized.
DISADVANTAGES OF GENE THERAPY
1. It is an expensive procedure
2. There could be unwanted immune
system reactions
3. There are some cases that failed
4. Current gene therapy methods can
sometimes target the wrong cells
5. Ethical concerns about gene therapy
exist

STEM CELL THERAPY