MATH 27 LECTURE GUIDE

UNIT 3. APPLICATIONS OF THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL

The definite integral has numerous applications especially in the fields of physics, engineering,
and probability and statistics. In this unit, we discuss some applications of the definite integral. In
particular, we deal with problems involving certain geometric quantities such as the area of a region,
the volume and surface area of a solid, the length of an arc, and the center of mass of a region and of
a solid.

Our goals for this unit are as follows. By the end of the unit, you should be able to

 solve for the area of a plane region;

 solve for the volume of the solids of revolution using disk and cylindrical
shell methods;
 identify when to use disk or cylindrical shell method;
 find centroids of plane area and solids of revolution;
 find the length of arc of a curve; and
 solve for the area of surfaces of revolution.

Note: It is expected that you already know how to evaluate definite integrals. Most examples and
exercise problems will only require setting up the definite integral that will solve for the measure of the
object required. In case you forgot, this is how definite integrals are evaluated:

RECALL:
𝒃
If 𝒇 is continuous on [𝒂, 𝒃] and 𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑭 𝒙 + 𝑪, then 𝒂
𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑭 𝒃 − 𝑭 𝒂 .

MATH 27 Lecture Guide UNIT 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

1
3.1 Area of a Plane Region

Using vertical strips, Using horizontal strips,

𝒚=𝒇 𝒙 𝒅
𝒙=𝒇 𝒚

𝒙=𝒈 𝒚

𝒚=𝒈 𝒙
𝒄

𝒂 𝒃

Area: Area:

MUST REMEMBER!!!
To get area of a plane region, integrate area of a strip. Use the length of the strip for the length and
𝒅𝒙 or 𝒅𝒚 for the width.

Length Width
Vertical strip: 𝒇 𝒙 − 𝒈 𝒙 (𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒗𝒆 − 𝒃𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒘) 𝒅𝒙
Horizontal strip: 𝒇 𝒚 − 𝒈 𝒚 (𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 − 𝒍𝒆𝒇𝒕) 𝒅𝒚

ILLUSTRATION:

𝝅 𝟓𝝅
1. Determine the area of the region bounded by 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 and 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙, ≤𝒙≤ .
𝟒 𝟒

Solution:
𝝅 𝟓𝝅
When ≤ 𝒙 ≤ , 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 lies above 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙.
𝟒 𝟒
Using vertical strips, the area of the described 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
region is given by
𝒃
𝑨 = ∫ (𝒇 𝒙 − 𝒈 𝒙 )𝒅𝒙
𝒂

𝟓𝝅
𝟒
=∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝝅
𝟒 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙

𝟓𝝅⁄
= (− 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 | 𝝅 𝟒
⁄𝟒
MATH 27 Lecture Guide UNIT 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

√𝟐 √𝟐 √𝟐 √𝟐
=( + ) − (− − )
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

= 𝟐√𝟐 square units.

Note: Using horizontal strips to solve the problem would be difficult. (Why?)

2
ILLUSTRATION:

2. Using horizontal strips, set-up the definite integral that will give the area of the region
bounded by 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 and 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 , 𝟏 ≤ 𝒚 ≤ 𝟑.

Solution: 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙
When 𝟏 ≤ 𝒚 ≤ 𝟑, 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 (which is equivalent to 𝒚=𝟑
𝒙 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒚) lies on the right of 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 (which is
equivalent to 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒚). Using horizontal strips,
the area of the described region is given by
𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙
𝒅
𝑨 = ∫ (𝒇 𝒚 − 𝒈 𝒚 )𝒅𝒚 𝒚=𝟏
𝒄

𝟑
= 𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒚 − 𝐥𝐧 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 +

TO DO:

1. Using vertical strips, set-up the definite integral that will give the area of the region above.
(Hint: Split the region into two. Solve for the points of intersection of 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 and 𝒚 = 𝟑 and
of 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 and 𝒚 = 𝟑 to get the proper bounds of the integral.)

2. Evaluate the integrals in the previous item and in + . Compare the results.
MATH 27 Lecture Guide UNIT 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

3
 TRY THIS!

Use definite integral to determine the area of the following regions. Use (a) vertical strips and
(b) horizontal strips.

1. the region bounded by 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐 and 𝒚 = 𝒙, 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏

2. the region bounded by 𝒚 = √𝒙 and 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑
3. the region bounded by 𝒚 = 𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 and 𝒚 = 𝒙
4. the region bounded by 𝒚 = 𝒙 − 𝟏 𝟑 and 𝒚 = 𝒙 − 𝟏
5. the region bounded by 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟑 and 𝒚 = −𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑
6. the region bounded by 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 and 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒙, 𝟏 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝒆
𝟏 𝟏
7. the region bounded by 𝒚 = and 𝒚 = −𝒆𝒙 , ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏
𝒙 𝟐

For more exercises, you can refer to:

Ron Larson & Bruce H. Edwards. (2016). Calculus, 10th Edition. Philippines: Cengage
Learning Asia Pte. Ltd., pp. 442-445

James Stewart. (2013). Calculus, 7th Edition. Philippines: Cengage Learning Asia Pte.
Ltd., pp. 349-350

For an online tutorial, follow these links:

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/ap-calculus-bc/bc-applications-of-integration-
new/modal/v/evaluating-simple-definite-integral

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/ap-calculus-bc/bc-applications-of-integration-
new/modal/v/area-between-curves

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/ap-calculus-bc/bc-applications-of-integration-
new/modal/v/area-between-curves-with-multiple-boundaries

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/ap-calculus-bc/bc-applications-of-integration-
new/modal/v/area-between-curve-and-y-axis

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/ap-calculus-bc/bc-applications-of-integration-
new/modal/v/area-between-two-functions-of-y

http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Classes/CalcI/AreaBetweenCurves.aspx
MATH 27 Lecture Guide UNIT 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

4
3.2 Volume of a Solid of Revolution

Volume of a cylinder = (area of a cross section) x (height)

Consider the solid 𝑺 on the right.

Let 𝒙𝒊 ∈ 𝒂, 𝒃 and 𝑨 𝒙𝒊 be the area of cross-

section of the object at 𝒙𝒊 .

Let ∆𝒊 𝒙 be a certain thickness of the cross-section

at 𝒙𝒊 . (This cross-section is perpendicular to the
𝒙 −axis.)

Volume of a slice =

Appoximate volume of the solid 𝑺 =

(using several slices)

Volume of solid 𝑺 = Volume of solid 𝑺 =

(as a Riemann sum) (as a definite integral)

where 𝑨 𝒙 is an area of a cross-section.

If the cross-sections that will be used are perpendicular to the 𝒚 −axis, the volume of a solid will be
𝒅
given by 𝑽 = 𝒄 𝑨 𝒚 ⋅ 𝒅𝒚, where 𝑨 𝒚 is an area of a cross-section and 𝒅𝒚 is the thickness of a slice.

TO DO:

Consider the solid formed by revolving the

region bounded by 𝒚 = √𝒙, the 𝒙 −axis, and the line
𝒙 = 𝟒 about the 𝒙 −axis.

A solid of revolution is generated by revolving a plane region about an axis of revolution that is
either tangent to the region or does not pass through the region. The resulting solid has a circular
cross-section: an area of 𝝅 ⋅ 𝒓𝟐 with the center on the axis of revolution.

To get the volume of a solid of revolution using DISKS, 𝒚=𝒇 𝒙

MATH 27 Lecture Guide UNIT 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

consider a strip of the region that is perpendicular to the

axis of revolution. (Revolving this strip generates a disk.)

If the strips are vertical,

𝒃
𝑽 = 𝒂 𝑨 𝒙 ⋅ 𝒅𝒙 where 𝑨 𝒙 is an area of a cross-section.
𝒃
Hence, 𝑽 = 𝝅 𝒂 [𝒓 𝒙 ]𝟐 ⋅ 𝒅𝒙
where 𝒓 𝒙 is the radius of a cross-section.

5
 𝒅
If the strips are horizontal, 𝑽 = 𝝅 𝒄
[𝒓 𝒚 ]𝟐 ⋅ 𝒅𝒚 where 𝒓 𝒚 is the radius of a cross-section.

ILLUSTRATION

Let 𝑹 be the region in the first quadrant bounded by 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙, the 𝒙 −axis, and the 𝒚 −axis.
Using disks, set-up the definite integral that will solve for the volume of the solid generated by
revolving 𝑹 about (a) the 𝒙 −axis and (b) the 𝒚 −axis.

Solution:

a. Since the axis of revolution is the 𝒙 −axis, we

need to use vertical strips. For a vertical strip,
the radius of the corresponding cross-section
is given by 𝒓 𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙. Noting that for the
𝝅
described solid, 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ , we obtain its
𝟐
volume to be

𝒃
𝑽 = 𝝅 ∫ [𝒓 𝒙 ]𝟐 ⋅ 𝒅𝒙
𝒂

𝝅
𝟐
𝟐
= 𝝅 ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟎

b. Since the axis of revolution is the 𝒚 −axis, we

need to use horizontal strips. Note that for the
described region, 𝟎 ≤ 𝒚 ≤ 𝟏. Hence, the
function 𝒙 = 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚 is defined. Now, for a
horizontal strip, the radius of the corresponding
cross-section is given by 𝒓 𝒚 = 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚.
Thus, the volume of the described solid is

𝒅
𝑽 = 𝝅 ∫ [𝒓 𝒚 ]𝟐 ⋅ 𝒅𝒚
𝒄

𝟏
𝟐
= 𝝅 ∫ 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
𝟎

TO DO:

Let 𝑹 be the region bounded by 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 and the

lines 𝒙 = 𝟏 and 𝒚 = −𝟏. Using disks, set-up the
definite integral that will solve for the volume of the
solid generated by revolving 𝑹 about
MATH 27 Lecture Guide UNIT 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

a. the line 𝒚 = −𝟏

𝑽=

b. the line 𝒙 = 𝟏

𝑽=

6
To get the volume of a solid of revolution (with a cavity) using WASHERS, consider a strip of the
region that is perpendicular to the axis of revolution. (Revolving this strip generates a disk.)

If the strips are vertical, If the strips are horizontal,

𝒃 𝒅
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝑽 = 𝝅 ∫ [(𝒓𝒐 𝒙 ) − (𝒓𝒊 𝒙 ) ] ⋅ 𝒅𝒙 𝑽 = 𝝅 ∫ [(𝒓𝒐 𝒚 ) − (𝒓𝒊 𝒚 ) ] ⋅ 𝒅𝒚
𝒂 𝒄
where 𝒓𝒐 𝒙 is the outer radius of a cross- where 𝒓𝒐 𝒚 is the outer radius of a cross-
section and 𝒓𝒊 𝒙 is the inner radius of a section and 𝒓𝒊 𝒚 is the inner radius of a
cross-section. cross-section.

ILLUSTRATION

Let 𝑹 be the region bounded by 𝒚 = −𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒 and 𝒚 = −𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒. Using washers, set-up the
definite integral that will solve for the volume of the solid generated by revolving 𝑹 about (a) the
𝒚 −axis and (b) the line 𝒚 = −𝟐.

Solution:

a. Since the axis of revolution is the 𝒚 −axis, we

need to use horizontal strips. For a horizontal
strip, we need to determine the inner and
outer radii of the corresponding cross-
section. Note that 𝒚 = −𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒 is equivalent
to 𝒙 = ±√𝟒 − 𝒚, where 𝟎 ≤ 𝒚 ≤ 𝟒. However,
for the described solid, 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐. So, we
choose 𝒙 = √𝟒 − 𝒚, where 𝟎 ≤ 𝒚 ≤ 𝟒.
Hence, the outer radius of a cross-section is
given by 𝒓𝒐 𝒚 = √𝟒 − 𝒚, where 𝟎 ≤ 𝒚 ≤ 𝟒.
On the other hand, the inner radius of a
𝟒−𝒚
cross-section is given by 𝒓𝒊 𝒚 = since
𝟐
𝟒−𝒚
𝒚 = −𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒 is equivalent to 𝒙 = . Thus,
𝟐
the volume of the described solid is given by
MATH 27 Lecture Guide UNIT 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

𝒅
𝟐 𝟐
𝑽 = 𝝅 ∫ [(𝒓𝒐 𝒚 ) − (𝒓𝒊 𝒚 ) ] ⋅ 𝒅𝒚
𝒄

𝟒
𝟐 𝟒−𝒚 𝟐
= 𝝅 ∫ [(√𝟒 − 𝒚) − ( ) ] 𝒅𝒚
𝟎 𝟐

7
ILLUSTRATION (cont’n.)

b. Since the axis of revolution is the line 𝒚 = −𝟐, we

need to use vertical strips. For a vertical strip, the
inner and outer radii of the corresponding cross-
section are given by 𝒓𝒊 𝒙 = −𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒 − −𝟐
and 𝒓𝒐 𝒙 = −𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒 − −𝟐 , respectively.
Noting that for the described solid, 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐, we
obtain its volume to be

𝒃
𝟐 𝟐
𝑽 = 𝝅 ∫ [(𝒓𝒐 𝒙 ) − (𝒓𝒊 𝒙 ) ] ⋅ 𝒅𝒙
𝒂

𝟐 𝟐
=𝝅 𝟎
[( −𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒 − −𝟐 ) −
𝟐
( −𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒 − −𝟐 ) ] 𝒅𝒙

TO DO:

Consider the region described above. Using washers, set-up the definite integral that will
solve for the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region about

1. the 𝒙 −axis

𝑽=

2. the line 𝒙 = 𝟑

𝑽=

TRY THIS!

Using disks or washers, set-up the definite integral that will solve for the volume of the solid of
revolution generated by revolving the described region about a given axis of revolution. If it is “easy”
to evaluate the integral, determine the volume of the solid.

1. the region bounded by 𝒚 = √𝒙, the line 𝒚 = 𝟐, and the 𝒚 −axis revolved about
a. the 𝒚 −axis b. the line 𝒚 = 𝟐 c. the line 𝒙 = −𝟏

𝝅 𝟓𝝅
2. the region bounded by 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 and 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙, ≤ 𝒙 ≤ revolved about
𝟒 𝟒
a. the line 𝒚 = 𝟏 b. the line 𝒚 = −𝟐

3. the region bounded by 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 and 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒙, 𝟏 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝒆 revolved about

MATH 27 Lecture Guide UNIT 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

a. the 𝒙 −axis b. the 𝒚 −axis

4. the region bounded by 𝒚 = 𝟒 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 and 𝒚 = 𝟒 − 𝒙 revolved about

a. the 𝒙 −axis b. the line 𝒚 = 𝟏 c. the line 𝒙 = 𝟒

5. the region bounded by 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 and 𝒚 = 𝟒𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 revolved about

a. the 𝒙 −axis b. the line 𝒚 = 𝟔 c. the line 𝒙 = 𝟑

8
For more exercises, you can refer to:

Ron Larson & Bruce H. Edwards. (2016). Calculus, 10th Edition. Philippines: Cengage
Learning Asia Pte. Ltd., pp. 453-456

James Stewart. (2013). Calculus, 7th Edition. Philippines: Cengage Learning Asia Pte.
Ltd., pp. 360-363

For an online tutorial, follow these links:

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/ap-calculus-bc/bc-applications-of-integration-
new/modal/v/generalizing-disc-method-around-x-axis

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/ap-calculus-bc/bc-applications-of-integration-
new/modal/v/disc-method-rotation-around-horizontal-line

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/ap-calculus-bc/bc-applications-of-integration-
new/modal/v/disc-method-rotating-around-vertical-line

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/ap-calculus-bc/bc-applications-of-integration-
new/modal/v/generalizing-the-washer-method

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/ap-calculus-bc/bc-applications-of-integration-
new/modal/v/washer-method-rotating-around-non-axis

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/ap-calculus-bc/bc-applications-of-integration-
new/modal/v/washer-or-ring-method-for-vertical-line-rotation

http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Classes/CalcI/VolumeWithRings.aspx

To get the volume of a solid of revolution using

CYLINDRICAL SHELLS,

Volume of a cylindrical shell = 𝟐𝝅 ⋅ 𝒓 ⋅ ∆𝒓 ⋅ 𝒉

𝒓𝒐 +𝒓𝒊
where 𝒓= (or the average radius) and
𝟐

∆𝒓 is the thickness of the shell

Consider a strip of the region that is parallel to the axis of revolution. (Revolving this strip generates a
shell.)
MATH 27 Lecture Guide UNIT 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

9
If the strips are vertical, If the strips are horizontal,
𝒃 𝒅
𝑽 = 𝟐𝝅 ∫ 𝒓 𝒙 ⋅ 𝒉 𝒙 ⋅ 𝒅𝒙 𝑽 = 𝟐𝝅 ∫ 𝒓 𝒚 ⋅ 𝒉 𝒚 ⋅ 𝒅𝒚
𝒂 𝒄
where 𝒓 𝒙 is the distance of a strip from the where 𝒓 𝒚 is the distance of a strip fromt the
axis of revolution, and 𝒉 𝒙 is the height of a axis of revolution, and 𝒉 𝒚 is the length of a
strip. strip.

ILLUSTRATION

Let 𝑹 be the region bounded by 𝒚 = −𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒 and 𝒚 = −𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒. Using cylindrical shells, set-
up the definite integral that will solve for the volume of the solid generated by revolving 𝑹 about (a)
the 𝒚 −axis and (b) the line 𝒚 = 𝟓.

Solution:

a. Since the axis of revolution is the 𝒚 −axis,

we need to use vertical strips. For a vertical
strip, its distance from the 𝒚 −axis is given
by 𝒓 𝒙 = 𝒙, and its height is given by
𝒉 𝒙 = −𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒 − −𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒 . Noting that
for the described solid, 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐, we
obtain its volume to be

𝒃
𝑽 = 𝟐𝝅 ∫ 𝒓 𝒙 ⋅ 𝒉 𝒙 ⋅ 𝒅𝒙
𝒂

𝟐
= 𝟐𝝅 ∫ 𝒙[ −𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒 − −𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒 ] 𝒅𝒙
𝟎

b. Since the axis of revolution is the line 𝒚 = 𝟓,

we need to use horizontal strips. For a
horizontal strip, we need to determine its
distance from the line 𝒚 = 𝟓 and its length. It is
easy to see that the distance of a horizontal
strip from the line 𝒚 = 𝟓 is given by
𝒓 𝒚 = 𝟓 − 𝒚.

For the length, note that 𝒚 = −𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒 is

equivalent to 𝒙 = ±√𝟒 − 𝒚, where 𝟎 ≤ 𝒚 ≤ 𝟒.
However, for the described solid, 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐.
So, we choose 𝒙 = √𝟒 − 𝒚, where 𝟎 ≤ 𝒚 ≤ 𝟒.
On the other hand, 𝒚 = −𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒 is equivalent
𝟒−𝒚
to 𝒙 = . Hence, the length of the strip is
𝟐
given by
𝟒−𝒚
𝒉 𝒚 = √𝟒 − 𝒚 − ,
𝟐
where 𝟎 ≤ 𝒚 ≤ 𝟒.
MATH 27 Lecture Guide UNIT 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

Thus, the volume of the described solid is

given by

𝒅
𝑽 = 𝟐𝝅 ∫ 𝒓 𝒚 ⋅ 𝒉 𝒚 ⋅ 𝒅𝒚
𝒄

𝟒
𝟒−𝒚
= 𝟐𝝅 ∫ 𝟓 − 𝒚 (√𝟒 − 𝒚 − ) 𝒅𝒚
𝟎 𝟐

10
 TO DO:

Consider the region described above. Using cylindrical shells, set-up the definite integral
that will solve for the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region about

1. the 𝒙 −axis Answer: 𝑽 =

2. the line 𝒙 = 𝟑 Answer: 𝑽 =

TRY THIS!

Using cylindrical shells, set-up the definite integral that will solve for the volume of the solid of
revolution generated by revolving the described region about a given axis of revolution. If it is “easy”
to evaluate the integral, determine the volume of the solid.

1. the region bounded by 𝒚 = √𝒙, the line 𝒚 = 𝟐, and the 𝒚 −axis revolved about
a. the 𝒚 −axis b. the line 𝒚 = 𝟐 c. the line 𝒙 = −𝟏

𝝅 𝟓𝝅
2. the region bounded by 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 and 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙, ≤ 𝒙 ≤ revolved about
𝟒 𝟒
a. the 𝒚 −axis b. the line 𝒙 = 𝟓

3. the region bounded by 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 and 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒙, 𝟏 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝒆 revolved about

a. the 𝒙 −axis b. the 𝒚 −axis

4. the region bounded by 𝒚 = 𝟒 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 and 𝒚 = 𝟒 − 𝒙 revolved about

a. the 𝒙 −axis b. the line 𝒚 = 𝟏 c. the line 𝒙 = 𝟒

5. the region bounded by 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 and 𝒚 = 𝟒𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 revolved about

a. the 𝒙 −axis b. the line 𝒚 = 𝟔 c. the line 𝒙 = 𝟑

For more exercises, you can refer to:

Ron Larson & Bruce H. Edwards. (2016). Calculus, 10th Edition. Philippines: Cengage
Learning Asia Pte. Ltd., pp. 462-465

James Stewart. (2013). Calculus, 7th Edition. Philippines: Cengage Learning Asia Pte.
Ltd., pp. 366-368

For an online tutorial, follow these links:

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/calculus-home/integration-applications-
calc/shell-method-calc/v/shell-method-for-rotating-around-vertical-line

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/calculus-home/integration-applications-
calc/shell-method-calc/v/shell-method-for-rotating-around-horizontal-line
MATH 27 Lecture Guide UNIT 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/calculus-home/integration-applications-
calc/shell-method-calc/v/shell-method-with-two-functions-of-x

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/calculus-home/integration-applications-
calc/shell-method-calc/v/shell-method-with-two-functions-of-y

http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Classes/CalcI/VolumeWithCylinder.aspx

11
3.3 Centroid of a Plane Region

Center of mass along a line (discrete case)

Consider several weights distributed along a line.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Let 𝒎 be the total mass and 𝑴 be the moment of mass which is a product of a mass and its
̅ is the coordinate of the center of mass along the line, then
directed distance from a point. If 𝒙

𝑴 ∑𝒏𝒊=𝟏 𝒎𝒊 𝒙𝒊
̅=
𝒙 = 𝒏
𝒎 ∑𝒊=𝟏 𝒎𝒊

Center of mass of a rod

In a homogeneous rod, the mass is directly proportional to the length: 𝒎 = 𝒌 ⋅ 𝑳 where 𝒌 is the
constant linear density and 𝑳 is the length of the rod.

In a non-homogeneous rod, the mass is directly proportional to the length: 𝒎 = 𝝆 𝒙 ⋅ 𝑳 where

𝝆 𝒙 is the linear density at point 𝒙 on the rod.

𝑳
If 𝝆 𝒙 is the linear density of a rod, then the total mass is 𝒎 = 𝟎
𝝆 𝒙 ⋅ 𝒅𝒙 and the moment of
𝑳
mass is 𝑴 = 𝟎
𝒙 ⋅ 𝝆 𝒙 ⋅ 𝒅𝒙.

TO DO:

The length of a rod is 𝟗 meters and the linear density of the rod at a point 𝒙 meters from
one end is 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏 kg/m. Determine the center of mass of the rod.

Center of mass of a plane region

MATH 27 Lecture Guide UNIT 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

Consider a region on the 𝒙𝒚 −plane.

Assumptions: the region is a lamina (the object is a “thin” sheet) and of constant area density, 𝝆

In effect, the center of mass will just be a function of the area of the region and its distances from the
𝒙 −axis and the 𝒚 −axis. (No “mass” in here!) In this case, the center of mass is a centroid of the plane
region.

12
Consider the region bounded by 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙 and 𝒚 = 𝒈 𝒙 ,
𝒂 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝒃. Suppose the area density is 𝝆.
(Simplification: constant area density) 𝒚=𝒇 𝒙
Total mass: 𝑴 = 𝝆 ⋅ 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂

Moments of mass:

𝑴𝒙 = 𝝆 ⋅ 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 ⋅ 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔

𝑴𝒚 = 𝝆 ⋅ 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 ⋅ 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒚 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 𝒚=𝒈 𝒙

̅, 𝒚
Center of mass: 𝒙 ̅ , where

𝑴𝒚 𝑴𝒙
̅=
𝒙 and ̅=
𝒚
𝑴 𝑴

Using vertical strips,

𝒃
𝑴= 𝒂
𝝆 ⋅ [𝒇 𝒙 − 𝒈 𝒙 ] ⋅ 𝒅𝒙
𝒃
𝑴𝒚 = 𝒂 𝝆 ⋅ 𝒙 ⋅ [𝒇 𝒙 − 𝒈 𝒙 ] ⋅ 𝒅𝒙
𝒃 𝒇 𝒙 +𝒈 𝒙
𝑴𝒙 = 𝒂 𝝆 ⋅ ⋅ [𝒇 𝒙 − 𝒈 𝒙 ] ⋅ 𝒅𝒙
𝟐

In general, using horizontal or vertical strip,

𝒃
𝑴= 𝒂
𝝆 ⋅ 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒑 ⋅ 𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒑
𝒃
𝑴𝒚 = 𝒂 𝝆 ⋅ 𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒚 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 ⋅ 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒑 ⋅ 𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒑
𝒃
𝑴𝒙 = 𝒂 𝝆 ⋅ 𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 ⋅ 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒑 ⋅ 𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒑 ,

where 𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒑: 𝒅𝒙 𝒐𝒓 𝒅𝒚.

ILLUSTRATION

1. Set-up the definite integrals that will give the coordinates of the centroid of the region
𝝅 𝟓𝝅
bounded by 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 and 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙, ≤ 𝒙 ≤ .
𝟒 𝟒

Solution:

We use vertical strips. (Why?) When

𝝅 𝟓𝝅
≤ 𝒙 ≤ , 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 lies above 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙.
𝟒 𝟒
Hence, we have

𝒃
𝑴= 𝒂
𝝆 ⋅ [𝒇 𝒙 − 𝒈 𝒙 ] ⋅ 𝒅𝒙
𝟓𝝅
=𝝆 𝝅
𝟒
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟒

𝒃
𝑴𝒚 = 𝒂
𝝆 ⋅ 𝒙 ⋅ [𝒇 𝒙 − 𝒈 𝒙 ] ⋅ 𝒅𝒙
MATH 27 Lecture Guide UNIT 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

𝟓𝝅
=𝝆 𝝅
𝟒
𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟒

𝒃 𝒇 𝒙 +𝒈 𝒙
𝑴𝒙 = 𝒂
𝝆 ⋅ ⋅ [𝒇 𝒙 − 𝒈 𝒙 ] ⋅ 𝒅𝒙
𝟐
𝟓𝝅
𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
=𝝆 𝝅 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙.
𝟐
𝟒

𝑴𝒚 𝑴𝒙
̅, 𝒚
Thus, the centroid of the described region is at 𝒙 ̅ =( , ).
𝑴 𝑴

13
 ILLUSTRATION

2. Using horizontal strips, set-up the definite integrals that will give the coordinates of the
centroid of the region bounded by 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 and 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 .

Solution:

The curves 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 and 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 intersect at

the points 𝟎, 𝟎 and 𝟏, 𝟏 , and for the described
region, 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏 and 𝟎 ≤ 𝒚 ≤ 𝟏. Now, note that
𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 is equivalent to 𝒙 = ±√𝒚. However, we
choose 𝒙 = √𝒚 since 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏 for the described
region. On the other hand, 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 is equivalent 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐
to 𝒙 = 𝟑√𝒚. Hence, using horizontal strips, we
𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑
have

𝒅
𝑴= 𝒄
𝝆 ⋅ [𝒇 𝒚 − 𝒈 𝒚 ] ⋅ 𝒅𝒚
𝟏
= 𝝆 𝟎 ( 𝟑√𝒚 − √𝒚)𝒅𝒚

𝒅 𝒇 𝒚 +𝒈 𝒚
𝑴𝒚 = 𝒄
𝝆⋅ ⋅ [𝒇 𝒚 − 𝒈 𝒚 ] ⋅ 𝒅𝒚
𝟐
𝟑
𝟏 √𝒚+√𝒚 𝟑
= 𝝆 𝟎 ( √𝒚 − √𝒚)𝒅𝒚
𝟐

𝒅
𝑴𝒙 = 𝒄
𝝆 ⋅ 𝒚 ⋅ [𝒇 𝒚 − 𝒈 𝒚 ] ⋅ 𝒅𝒚
𝟏
= 𝝆 𝟎 𝒚( 𝟑√𝒚 − √𝒚)𝒅𝒚.

𝑴𝒚 𝑴𝒙
̅, 𝒚
Thus, the centroid of the described region is at 𝒙 ̅ =( , ).
𝑴 𝑴

TRY THIS!

Set-up the definite integrals that will give the coordinates of the centroid of the following regions.
If it is “easy” to evaluate the integrals, determine the coordinates of the centroid of the region.

1. the region bounded by 𝒚 = −𝒙 + 𝟐, 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 , and the 𝒙 −axis

2. the region bounded by 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒙 and 𝒚 = −𝒙 + 𝟐
3. the region bounded by 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 and 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒙, 𝟏 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝒆
4. the circle defined by the equation 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐, where 𝒓 is a positive constant
5. the semi-circle bounded by 𝒚 = √𝒓𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 (where 𝒓 is a positive constant) and the 𝒙 −axis

For more exercises, you can refer to:

Ron Larson & Bruce H. Edwards. (2016). Calculus, 10th Edition. Philippines: Cengage
MATH 27 Lecture Guide UNIT 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

Learning Asia Pte. Ltd., pp. 494-496

James Stewart. (2013). Calculus, 7th Edition. Philippines: Cengage Learning Asia Pte.
Ltd., pp. 585-586

For an online tutorial, follow this link:

http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Classes/CalcII/CenterOfMass.aspx

14
3.4 Centroid of a Solid of Revolution
𝒚
Point in the three-dimensional space: 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 where

𝒙: directed distance from the 𝒚𝒛 −plane

𝒚: directed distance from the 𝒙𝒛 −plane
𝒛: directed distance from the 𝒙𝒚 −plane

Consider a region 𝑹 on the 𝒙𝒚 −plane revolved about a

certain axis of revolution on the 𝒙𝒚 −plane. Let 𝝆 be the 𝒙
(constant) density of the solid of revolution.

Total mass: 𝑴 = 𝝆 ⋅ 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒛

Moments of mass:

𝑴𝒚𝒛 = 𝝆 ⋅ 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 ⋅ 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒚𝒛 − 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒆

𝑴𝒙𝒛 = 𝝆 ⋅ 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 ⋅ 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒙𝒛 − 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒆

𝑴𝒙𝒚 = 𝝆 ⋅ 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 ⋅ 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒙𝒚 − 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒆

̅, 𝒚
Centroid of the solid: 𝒙 ̅, 𝒛̅ , where

𝑴𝒚𝒛 𝑴𝒙𝒛 𝑴𝒙𝒚

̅=
𝒙 ̅=
𝒚 𝒛̅ =
𝑴 𝑴 𝑴

Remark: The centroid of a solid of revolution always lies on the axis of revolution.
Hence, 𝒛̅ = 𝟎, and either 𝒙̅ or 𝒚
̅ is dependent on the axis of revolution.

Caution! Be careful in the choice of strips: either vertical or horizontal.

ILLUSTRATION

1. Let 𝑹 be the region in the first quadrant bounded by 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙, the 𝒙 −axis, and the
𝒚 −axis. Set-up the definite integrals that will give the coordinates of the centroid of the
solid generated by revolving 𝑹 about the line 𝒚 = −𝟏.

Solution:

By default, 𝒛̅ = 𝟎. And since the axis of revolution

is the line 𝒚 = −𝟏, then 𝒚 ̅ = −𝟏. We are left with 𝒙̅, i.e.,
we need to determine the total mass 𝑴 and the moment
of mass with respect to the 𝒚𝒛 −plane 𝑴𝒚𝒛 . For this
problem, it is easier to use vertical strips; hence, we will
do so. Equivalently, we will use washers to determine
𝑴 and 𝑴𝒚𝒛 .
MATH 27 Lecture Guide UNIT 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

We first determine the volume of the solid. The

inner and outer radii of the corresponding cross-section
of a vertical strip are given by 𝒓𝒊 𝒙 = 𝟎 − −𝟏 = 𝟏 and
𝒓𝒐 𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 − −𝟏 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝟏, respectively. Noting
𝝅
that for the described solid, 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ , we obtain its
𝟐
volume to be

15
ILLUSTRATION (cont’n.)
𝝅
𝒃
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟐
𝑽 = ∫ 𝝅 ⋅ [(𝒓𝒐 𝒙 ) − (𝒓𝒊 𝒙 ) ] ⋅ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝝅 ∫ [ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝟏 − 𝟏 𝟐 ] 𝒅𝒙.
𝒂 𝟎

Thus,
𝒃
𝟐 𝟐
𝑴 = 𝝆 ⋅ 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 = ∫ 𝝆 ⋅ 𝝅 ⋅ [(𝒓𝒐 𝒙 ) − (𝒓𝒊 𝒙 ) ] ⋅ 𝒅𝒙
𝒂

𝝅
𝟐
𝟐
= 𝝆𝝅 ∫ [ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝟏 − 𝟏 𝟐 ] 𝒅𝒙.
𝟎
and

𝑴𝒚𝒛 = 𝝆 ⋅ 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒚𝒛 − 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒆 ⋅ 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆

𝒃
𝟐 𝟐
= ∫ 𝝆 ⋅ 𝒙 ⋅ (𝝅 ⋅ [(𝒓𝒐 𝒙 ) − (𝒓𝒊 𝒙 ) ] ⋅ 𝒅𝒙)
𝒂
(Note: The directed distance from the 𝒚𝒛 −plane is 𝒙.)
𝝅
𝟐
𝟐
= 𝝆𝝅 ∫ 𝒙[ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝟏 − 𝟏 𝟐 ] 𝒅𝒙.
𝟎

𝑴𝒚𝒛
̅, 𝒚
Therefore, the centroid of the described solid is at 𝒙 ̅, 𝒛̅ = ( , −𝟏, 𝟎).
𝑴

Remark: We can also use horizontal strips (cylindrical shells) to solve the problem. However,
we should note that the directed distance from the 𝒚𝒛 −plane should be in terms of 𝒚. In this
case, the directed distance from the 𝒚𝒛 −plane is the average of 𝒙 = 𝟎 (which is the equation
of the 𝒚 −axis) and 𝒙 = 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚 (which is the equation equivalent to 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙). That is, it is
𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚
.
𝟐

TO DO:

Let 𝑹 be the region in the first quadrant bounded by 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙, the 𝒙 −axis, and the 𝒚 −axis.
Set-up the definite integrals that will give the coordinates of the centroid of the solid generated by
revolving 𝑹 about the line 𝒙 = 𝟐.

ILLUSTRATION

𝟒−𝒚
2. Let 𝑹 be the region bounded by 𝒙 = √𝟒 − 𝒚 and 𝒙 = . Using horizontal strips, set-up
𝟐
the definite integrals that will give the coordinates of the centroid of the solid generated
by revolving 𝑹 about the line 𝒙 = 𝟑.
MATH 27 Lecture Guide UNIT 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

Solution:

̅ = 𝟑. We are
By default, 𝒛̅ = 𝟎. And since the axis of revolution is the line 𝒙 = 𝟑, then 𝒙
̅, i.e., we need to determine the total mass 𝑴 and the moment of mass with respect
left with 𝒚
to the 𝒙𝒛 −plane 𝑴𝒙𝒛 . For this problem, we are required to use horizontal strips. Note that the
strips are perpendicular to the axis of revolution. Thus, we will use washers to determine 𝑴
and 𝑴𝒙𝒛 .

16
ILLUSTRATION (cont’n.)

We first determine the volume of the solid.

The inner and outer radii of the corresponding
cross-section of a horizontal strip are given by
𝟒−𝒚
𝒓𝒊 𝒚 = 𝟑 − √𝟒 − 𝒚 and 𝒓𝒐 𝒚 = 𝟑 − ,
𝟐
respectively. Noting that for the described solid,
𝟎 ≤ 𝒚 ≤ 𝟒, we obtain its volume to be

𝒅
𝟐 𝟐
𝑽 = ∫ 𝝅 ⋅ [(𝒓𝒐 𝒚 ) − (𝒓𝒊 𝒚 ) ] ⋅ 𝒅𝒚
𝒄

𝟒
𝟒−𝒚 𝟐 𝟐
= 𝝅 ∫ [(𝟑 − ) − (𝟑 − √𝟒 − 𝒚) ] 𝒅𝒚
𝟎 𝟐

Thus,

𝒅
𝟐 𝟐
𝑴 = 𝝆 ⋅ 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 = ∫ 𝝆 ⋅ 𝝅 ⋅ [(𝒓𝒐 𝒚 ) − (𝒓𝒊 𝒚 ) ] ⋅ 𝒅𝒚
𝒄

𝟒
𝟒−𝒚 𝟐 𝟐
= 𝝆𝝅 ∫ [(𝟑 − ) − (𝟑 − √𝟒 − 𝒚) ] 𝒅𝒚.
𝟎 𝟐
and

𝑴𝒙𝒛 = 𝝆 ⋅ 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒙𝒛 − 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒆 ⋅ 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆

𝒅
𝟐 𝟐
= ∫ 𝝆 ⋅ 𝒚 ⋅ (𝝅 ⋅ [(𝒓𝒐 𝒚 ) − (𝒓𝒊 𝒚 ) ] ⋅ 𝒅𝒚)
𝒄
(Note: The directed distance from the 𝒙𝒛 −plane is 𝒚.)

𝟒
𝟒−𝒚 𝟐 𝟐
= 𝝆𝝅 ∫ 𝒚 [(𝟑 − ) − (𝟑 − √𝟒 − 𝒚) ] 𝒅𝒚.
𝟎 𝟐

𝑴𝒙𝒛
̅, 𝒚
Therefore, the centroid of the described solid is at 𝒙 ̅, 𝒛̅ = (𝟑, , 𝟎).
𝑴

Remark: We can also use vertical strips (cylindrical shells) to solve the problem. However, we
should note that the directed distance from the 𝒙𝒛 −plane should be in terms of 𝒙. In this case,
the directed distance from the 𝒙𝒛 −plane is the average of 𝒚 = −𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒 where 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎 (which is
the equation equivalent to 𝒙 = √𝟒 − 𝒚) and 𝒚 = −𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒 (which is the equation equivalent to
𝟒−𝒚 (−𝒙𝟐 +𝟒)+ −𝟐𝒙+𝟒
𝒙= ). That is, it is .
𝟐 𝟐

TO DO:
MATH 27 Lecture Guide UNIT 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

𝟒−𝒚
Let 𝑹 be the region bounded by 𝒙 = √𝟒 − 𝒚 and 𝒙 = . Set-up the definite integrals that will
𝟐
give the coordinates of the centroid of the solid generated by revolving 𝑹 about the line 𝒚 = −𝟐.

17
TRY THIS!

Set-up the definite integrals that will give the coordinates of the centroid of the solid of revolution
generated by revolving the described region about a given axis of revolution. If it is “easy” to
evaluate the integrals, determine the coordinates of the centroid of the solid.

1. the region bounded by 𝒚 = √𝒙, the line 𝒚 = 𝟐, and the 𝒚 −axis revolved about
a. the 𝒚 −axis b. the line 𝒚 = 𝟐 c. the line 𝒙 = −𝟏

𝝅 𝟓𝝅
2. the region bounded by 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 and 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙, ≤ 𝒙 ≤ revolved about
𝟒 𝟒
a. the 𝒚 −axis b. the line 𝒚 = 𝟏

3. the region bounded by 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 and 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒙, 𝟏 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝒆 revolved about

a. the 𝒙 −axis b. the 𝒚 −axis

4. the region bounded by 𝒚 = 𝟒 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 and 𝒚 = 𝟒 − 𝒙 revolved about

a. the 𝒙 −axis b. the line 𝒚 = 𝟏 c. the line 𝒙 = 𝟒

5. the region bounded by 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 and 𝒚 = 𝟒𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 revolved about

a. the 𝒙 −axis b. the line 𝒚 = 𝟔 c. the line 𝒙 = 𝟑

MATH 27 Lecture Guide UNIT 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

18
3.5 Length of an Arc of a Curve

Consider a curve defined by 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙 that is

continuous and differentiable (“smooth”) on [𝒂, 𝒃].
𝒚=𝒇 𝒙
The length of the arc given by 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙 over [𝒂, 𝒃]
𝒃
is given by 𝑳 = 𝒂 √𝟏 + [𝒇′ 𝒙 ]𝟐 𝒅𝒙.

𝒅
If an arc is defined by the curve 𝒙 = 𝒈 𝒚 for 𝒚 ∈ [𝒄, 𝒅], then the length is 𝑳 = 𝒄
√𝟏 + [𝒈′ 𝒚 ]𝟐 𝒅𝒚.

ILLUSTRATION

1. Using vertical strips, set-up the definite integral that will give the length of the arc
𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 , 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐.

Solution:

𝒅𝒚
Given 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 , we have = 𝟐𝒙. Thus, the
𝒅𝒙
length of the arc 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 , 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐 is given by 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐

𝒃
𝒅𝒚 𝟐
𝑳 = ∫ √𝟏 + ( ) 𝒅𝒙
𝒂 𝒅𝒙

𝟐
= ∫ √𝟏 + 𝟐𝒙 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝟎

TO DO:

Using horizontal strips, set-up the definite integral that will give the length of the arc 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 ,
𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐.

ILLUSTRATION

2. Using horizontal strips, set-up the definite integral that will give the length of the arc
𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒙, 𝟏 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟓.

Solution:

Note that 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 is equivalent to 𝒙 = 𝒆𝒚 .

𝒅𝒙
Hence, = 𝒆𝒚 . Now, when 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒙, we have that
𝒅𝒚
𝟎 ≤ 𝒚 ≤ 𝐥𝐧 𝟓 for 𝟏 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟓. Thus, the length of the 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒙
arc 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 , 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐 is given by
MATH 27 Lecture Guide UNIT 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

𝒅
𝒅𝒙 𝟐
√
𝑳 = ∫ 𝟏 + ( ) 𝒅𝒚
𝒄 𝒅𝒚

𝐥𝐧 𝟓
=∫ √𝟏 + 𝒆𝒚 𝟐 𝒅𝒚
𝟎

19
 TO DO:

Using vertical strips, set-up the definite integral that will give the length of the arc 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒙,
𝟏 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟓.

TRY THIS!

1. Use definite integral to show that the circumference of a circle 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐, where 𝒓 is a
positive constant, is 𝟐𝝅𝒓.

2. Set-up the definite integral that will give the length of the following arcs. If it is “easy” to
evaluate the integral, determine the length of the arc.
a. 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙, 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝝅
b. 𝒚 = 𝟐 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙, 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏
c. 𝒚 = 𝒙, −𝟏 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟑
d. 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒚, 𝟏 ≤ 𝒚 ≤ 𝒆
e. 𝒙 = √𝟑𝟔 − 𝒚𝟐 , 𝟎 ≤ 𝒚 ≤ 𝟑
√𝒚 𝒚−𝟑
f. 𝒙= ,𝟏≤𝒚≤𝟒
𝟑
𝒆𝒙 +𝟏
g. 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧 ( ), 𝐥𝐧 𝟐 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝐥𝐧 𝟑
𝒆𝒙 −𝟏

For more exercises, you can refer to:

Ron Larson & Bruce H. Edwards. (2016). Calculus, 10th Edition. Philippines: Cengage
Learning Asia Pte. Ltd., pp. 473-474, 476

James Stewart. (2013). Calculus, 7th Edition. Philippines: Cengage Learning Asia Pte.
Ltd., pp. 567-569

For an online tutorial, follow these links:

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/ap-calculus-bc/bc-applications-of-integration-
new/modal/v/arc-length-formula

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/ap-calculus-bc/bc-applications-of-integration-
new/modal/v/arc-length-example

http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Classes/CalcII/ArcLength.aspx
MATH 27 Lecture Guide UNIT 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

20
3.6 Area of a Surface of Revolution

Surface area of a cylinder = 𝟐𝝅 ⋅ 𝒓 ⋅ 𝒍 𝒚=𝒇 𝒙

Consider the surface generated by revolving the
arc defined by 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙 , 𝒙 ∈ [𝒂, 𝒃] about a
horizontal axis.

Using vertical strips, the area of the resulting surface

𝒃
is given by 𝑺𝑨 = 𝟐𝝅 𝒂 𝒓 𝒙 ⋅ √𝟏 + [𝒇′ 𝒙 ]𝟐 𝒅𝒙, where
𝒓 𝒙 is the radius of revolution.

If a surface is generated by revolving 𝒙 = 𝒈 𝒚 , 𝒚 ∈ [𝒄, 𝒅] about a vertical axis, using horizontal strips,
𝒅
the area of the resulting surface is given by 𝑺𝑨 = 𝟐𝝅 𝒄 𝒓 𝒚 ⋅ √𝟏 + [𝒈′ 𝒚 ]𝟐 𝒅𝒚, where 𝒓 𝒚 is the radius
of revolution.

ILLUSTRATION

1. Set-up the definite integral that will solve for the surface area of the surface generated by
revolving the arc 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 , 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐 about the 𝒙 −axis.

Solution:

Since the axis of revolution is the 𝒙 −axis, we

need to use vertical strips. Given 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 , we have
𝒅𝒚
= 𝟐𝒙. Also, the radius of revolution is given by
𝒅𝒙
𝒓 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 . Thus, surface the area of the surface
generated by revolving the arc 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 , 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐
about the 𝒙 −axis is given by
𝒃
𝒅𝒚 𝟐
√
𝑺𝑨 = 𝟐𝝅 ∫ 𝒓 𝒙 ⋅ 𝟏 + ( ) 𝒅𝒙
𝒂 𝒅𝒙
𝟐
= 𝟐𝝅 ∫ 𝒙𝟐 √𝟏 + 𝟐𝒙 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝟎

2. Set-up the definite integral that will solve for the surface area of the surface generated by
revolving the arc 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒙, 𝟏 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟓 about the line 𝒙 = −𝟏.

Solution:

Since the axis of revolution is the line 𝒙 = −𝟏,

we need to use horizontal strips. Note that 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒙
𝒅𝒙
is equivalent to 𝒙 = 𝒆𝒚 . Hence, = 𝒆𝒚 . Also, the
𝒅𝒚
radius of revolution is given by 𝒓 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒚 − −𝟏 .
Now, when 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒙, we have that 𝟎 ≤ 𝒚 ≤ 𝐥𝐧 𝟓 for
𝟏 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟓. Thus, the surface area of the surface
MATH 27 Lecture Guide UNIT 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

generated by revolving the arc 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒙, 𝟏 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟓

about the line 𝒙 = −𝟏 is given by
𝒅
𝒅𝒙 𝟐
𝑺𝑨 = 𝟐𝝅 ∫ 𝒓 𝒚 ⋅ √𝟏 + ( ) 𝒅𝒚
𝒄 𝒅𝒚
𝐥𝐧 𝟓
= 𝟐𝝅 ∫ [𝒆𝒚 − −𝟏 ]√𝟏 + 𝒆𝒚 𝟐 𝒅𝒚
𝟎

21
 TRY THIS!

1. Use definite integral to show that the surface area of a sphere generated by revolving
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐 , where 𝒓 is a positive constant, about the 𝒙 −axis is 𝟒𝝅𝒓𝟐 .

2. Set-up the definite integral that will solve for the surface area of the surface generated by
revolving the given arc about the respective axis of revolution. If it is “easy” to evaluate
the integral, determine the surface area of the surface.

a. the arc 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 , 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐 revolved about the 𝒚 −axis

b. the arc 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒙, 𝟏 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟓 revolved about the line 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧 𝟔

c. the arc 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙, 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝝅 revolved about

i) the line 𝒚 = 𝟏 ii) the 𝒚 −axis

d. the arc 𝒚 = 𝟐 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙, 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏 revolved about

i) the line 𝒙 = 𝟐 ii) the 𝒙 −axis

e. the arc 𝒚 = 𝒙, −𝟏 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟑 revolved about

i) the line 𝒙 = 𝟑 ii) the line 𝒚 = −𝟐

Note: Each of the surfaces generated is that of a “cone.”

f. the arc 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 , 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏 revolved about

i) the line 𝒙 = 𝟐 ii) the 𝒙 −axis

g. the arc 𝒙 = √𝟑𝟔 − 𝒚𝟐 , 𝟎 ≤ 𝒚 ≤ 𝟑 revolved about

i) the 𝒙 −axis ii) the 𝒚 −axis

For more exercises, you can refer to:

Ron Larson & Bruce H. Edwards. (2016). Calculus, 10th Edition. Philippines: Cengage
Learning Asia Pte. Ltd., pp. 474-476

James Stewart. (2013). Calculus, 7th Edition. Philippines: Cengage Learning Asia Pte.
Ltd., pp. 574-576

For an online tutorial, follow this link:

http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Classes/CalcII/SurfaceArea.aspx

END OF UNIT 3 Student’s Guide

MATH 27 Lecture Guide UNIT 3 (IMSP,UPLB)

22