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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

Solutions
1. Writethe following matrius intorow echelon form

( )
1 1 3 2
( a ) A= −2 2 1 0 R2 → R 2+2 R1
0 4 7 4

( )
1 1 3 2
0 4 7 4 R3 → R3−R 2
0 4 7 4

( )( )
1 1 3 2 1 1 3 2
0 4 7 4 0 1 7/4 1 (REF)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

( ) ( )
2 3 4 1 3 1 R → R −3 R
( b ) B= 3 0 4 R 1 ↔ R 3 3 0 4 2 2 1
R 3 → R3−2 R1❑
1 3 1 2 3 4

)( )
1 1 3

(
1 3 1
−1
0 −9 1 0 1
9
0 −3 2
0 −3 2

( )
1 3 1
−1
0 1
9
1
0 0
3

( )
1 3 1
−1
0 1 (REF)
9
0 0 1

( )( )
1 2 1 4 5 7 1 2 1 4 5 7
( c ) C= 2 1 0 1 2 1 0 −3 −2 −7 −3 −13
3 3 1 5 7 8 0 −3 −2 −7 −8 −13

( )
1 2 1 4 5 7
2 7 13
0 1 1 (REF)
3 3 3
0 0 0 0 0 0

( )( )
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 −1 1 −1 0 −2 0 −2
( d ) D=
−1 −1 1 1 0 0 2 2
−1 1 λ λ 0 2 1+ λ 1+ λ

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

( )( )
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
0 0 1+ λ −1+ λ 0 0 0 −2

( )
1 1 1 1
0 1 0 1
−1+ λ−1−λ
0 0 1 1
0 0 0 1

3. let Xϵ M 3 ( R ) , Solve X−2 X t =tr ( X ) I 3

→ tr ( X )−2tr ( X t ) =tr ( X ) . tr ( I 3 )

→ tr ( X )−2tr ( X )=3 tr ( X )

→ tr ( X )=0 then X −2 X t=0=¿ X =2 X t

( ) ( )
a b c a b c
If we let X = d e f =2 d e f
g h i g h i

{
a=2a → a=0 , e=0 , i=0
b=2d
¿> c=2 g , g=2 c → g=0
d=2b=4 d → d=0
f =2 h
h=2 f , thenf =4 f → f =0

Thus X=0

5 . let A , B∈ M n ( R ) such that AB=2 A +3 B

show that

a ¿ ( A−3 I n ) ( B−2 I n )=6 I nwe have ( A−3 I n ) ( B−2 I n )= AB−2 A−3 B+6 I n
¿ 2 A +3 B−2 A +3 B+ 6 I n

¿6 In

Thus ( A−3 I n ) ( B−2 I n )=6 I n

b ¿ AB=BA

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

we have AB=2 A +3 B A2 B=2 A 2 +3 AB A2 B 2=2 A 2 B+ ( 6 A+ 9 B ) B

A2 B 2=2 A 2 B+6 AB +9 B 2 ( 1 ) A2 B 2=( AB )( AB )=( 2 A +3 B )( 2 A +3 B )

¿ 4 A 2+ 6 AB +6 BA+ 9 B2 ( 2 )by ( 1 )∧( 2) ⇔ 2 A2 B+6 AB+ 9 B2=4 A2 +6 AB+6 BA +9 B2

2 2 2 2
⇔ 2 A B=4 A +6 BA ⇔ 2 A ( AB )=4 A +6 BA⇔ 2 A ( 2 A +3 B )=4 A +6 BA

⇔ 4 A +6 AB=4 A +6 BA ⇔ AB=BAThus AB=BA

2 2

5
7 . Suppose that A ∈ Mn ( R )∧ A =0. Show that A+ I
is invertible∧then find its inverse .

We have A5 =0
let f ( x )=x =( x +1 ) ( x −x + x −x+1 ) −1
5 4 3 2

⇒ f ( A )= A5 =( A+ I ) ( A 4− A 3+ A 2− A+ I )−I

⇔ 0=(A + I ) ( A 4− A3 + A 2−A + I )−I

I =( A + I )( A 4− A3 + A 2−A + I )
4 3 2
Therefore : ( A + I ) is invertible∧its inverse is A − A + A − A+ I

9 . Let A ∈ M n ( R ) such that I + A is invertible . Suppose that

B=(I −A )(I + A)−1

( a ) Show that B= ( I + A )−1 ( I− A ) .

( b ) Show that I +B is invervible∧express A∈terms of B .

Proof :

( a ) Show that B= ( I + A )−1 ( I − A )

We have ( I + A ) ( I−A )=I− A+ A− A 2

2
¿ ( I − A ) ( I+ A )=I+ A− A− A

so ( I+ A )( I − A )=(I− A)(I + A )
−1
Then ( I −A )=( I + A ) ( I − A)(I + A )
−1
Muhiply ¿ the¿ side by ( I + A ) then, we get

( I − A ) ( I + A )−1=( I + A )−1 ( I − A)

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

−1
Thus B=( I + A ) ( I −A )

( b ) Show that I +B is invervible∧express A∈terms of B

We have ( I + A ) ( I + B ) =( I + A )+ ( I + A ) B

¿ I + A + I−A

¿2I

1
Thus ( I + B ) is invertible∧its inverse is ( I + A)
2
Then ( I −B ) ¿

1
¿ [ I + A−B(I + A) ]
2
1
¿ ( I + A−I + A )
2
( I −B ) ¿

11 . Find the rank of ¿ where

( )
0 −1 1 2
(a) A= 1 0 1 0
1 1 0 −2

( )
1 0 1 0
0 −1 1 2
1 1 0 −2

( )
1 0 1 0
0 −1 1 2
0 1 −1 −2

( )
1 0 1 0
0 1 −1 −2
0 0 0 0

Thus rank ( A ) =2

( )
1 2 1
( b ) B= a b c
−1 3 0

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

( )
1 2 1
0 b−2 a c−a
0 5 1

( )
1 12
1
0 1
5
0 b−2 a c−a

( )
1 2 1
1
0 1
5
( b−2 a)
0 0 c−a−
5

( )
1 2 1
1
0 1
5
−3 1
0 0 a− b+ c
5 5

3 1
 if − 5 a− 5 b+ c=0 , thusrank ( B )=2
3 1
 if − 5 a− 5 b+ c ≠ 0 , thus rank ( B )=¿ 3

( )
1 1 1 1
( c ) C= 1 1 −1 −1
−1 1 λ λ

( )
1 1 1 1
0 0 −2 −2
0 2 λ+ 1 λ +1

( )
1 1 1 1
λ+1 λ+1
0 1
2 2
0 0 1 1

Thus rank ( C )=3

13.Let A = (aij)n∈ M n where aij = cos(i+j) for i=j=1, 2, 3, …n. Find Rank

[ ]
cos 2 ⋯ cos ⁡(n+1)
Let A¿ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ n=i=j
cos 3 ⋯ cos ⁡(2 n)

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

 try with n=2

( cos 2
A¿ cos 3 cos 4
cos 3
)
o take R2 →cos 2 R2−cos 3 R 3
R2
o take R2 →
cos 2 cos 4−cos2 3

A¿ ( cos0 2 cos 3
1 )
 try with n=3

( )
cos 2 cos 3 cos 4
A= cos 3 cos 4 cos 5
cos 4 cos 5 cos 6

x+ y x− y
 Remind: cos x + cos y = 2cos( 2 )cos ⁡( 2 )
o Take R3 → R3 −R1

( )
cos 2 cos 3 cos 4
A= cos 3 cos 4 cos 5
2 cos 1 cos 3 2cos 1 cos 4 cos 6

o Take R3 → R3 −2 cos 1 R2

( )
cos 2 cos 3 cos 4
A= cos 3 cos 4 cos 5
0 0 0

 try with n=4

( )
cos 2 cos 3 cos 4 cos 5
cos 3 cos 4 cos 5 cos 6
A= cos 4 cos 5 cos 6 cos 7
cos 5 cos 6 cos 7 cos 8

o Take R4 → R4 −R2
o Take R4 → R4 −2 cos 1 R3

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

( )
cos 2 cos 3 cos 4 cos 5
cos 3 cos 4 cos 5 cos 6
A= cos 4 cos 5 cos 6 cos 7
0 0 0 0

 Follow n=1,2,3,4 below we can make general:

Rn =cos ( n+1 ) cos ( n+2 ) , , , , cos ( 2n )

Then we take Rn → R n−2−2 cos 1 Rn −1

 This equation truth when n>2
Therefore, A has rank =2

15 . solve the system of linear equation

{
x 1−x 2+2 x 3=0
a ¿ −x 1+ x 2 +2 x3 =4
x 1+ 4 x 3=3

( |) {
1 −1 2 0 x 1=−1
−1 1 2 4 ⇒ x 2=1
1 0 43 x 3=1

{
x 1 + x 2+ x 3=1
Thus x 1=−1 , x 2=1 , x 3=1 b ¿ −x 1+ m x 2+2 x 3=2
2 x 1+ 2 x 2−x 3=−1

( | )( | )( |) ( |)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 11
−1 m 2 2 0 m+ 1 3 3 0 m+1 3 3 if m=−1, Then we have 0 0 1 1
2 2 −1 −1 0 0 −3 −3 0 0 11 0 0 00
rank ( A ) =rank ( A /b ) =2<3then system has infinite many solution
let x2 =t ∈ R ⇒ x 3=1 , x 1=1−2 t−1=−2 t

if m ≠−1 , thenrank ( A )=rank ( A / b )=3

the system has a unique solution x 3=1 , x2 =0 , x 1=0

{ ( |)( | )( |)
x 1 + x 3−x 4=1 1 0 1 −1 1 1 0 1 −1 1 1 0 1 −1 1
c ¿ x 1+ x2 +2 x 3=2 1 1 2 0 2 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
x 1−x 2−2 x 4=0 1 −1 0 −2 0 0 −1 −1 −1 −1 0 0 0 0 0

rank ( A ) =rank ( A /b ) =2<4 the system has infinitely many solution

let x3 =s , x 4 =t ⇒ x 2=1−s−t , x 1=1−s +t , s ,t ∈ R

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

{
x 1+ x 2 + x 3 +…+ x n=1
x 1 +2 x2 +2 x 3+ …+2 xn =1
d ¿ x 1 +2 x 2 +3 x 3+ …+3 x n=1
⋮
⋮
x 1 +2 x 2 +3 x 3+ …+n x n=1

( | ){
1 1 1 … 11
R2=R 2−R1
1 2 2 ⋯ 21
R3=R 3−R2
1 2 3 ⋯ 31
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋯ ⋮⋮ ⋮
1 2 3 ⋯ n1 R n =R n−R n−1

( | ){
1 1 1 … 10
x =1
0 1 1 … 10 1
x =0
0 0 1 ⋯ 10 2
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋯ ⋮0 ⋮
0 0 0 ⋯ 1 0 xn =0

Thus S={( 1,0 , … , 0 ) }

{
x 1−x 2−x 3−…−x n=1
−x 1 + x 2−x 3−…−x n=2
e ¿ −x 1−x 2 + x3 −…−xn =3 the augmented ¿the system
⋮
−x 1−x 2−x 3−…+ x n =n

[ |]
1 −1 −1 … −1 1
−1 1 −1 ⋯ −1 2
−1 −1 1 … −1 3
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ … ⋮ ⋮
−1 −1 −1 ⋯ 1 n
R1 → R1 + R2 +…+ R n

[ |]
n ( n+1 )
−n+2 −n+2 −n+2 ⋯ −n+ 2
2
−1 1 −1 … −1
2
−1 −1 1 … −1
3
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ … ⋮
⋮
−1 −1 −1 … 1
n

if −n+2=0 ⟺ n=2 ⇒0=3 not true , so the systemhas no solution

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

1
if n ≠ 2 , R → R
−n+2 1

[ | ]{
n ( n+1 )
1 1 1 … 1
R2=R 2+ R 1
−1 1 −1 … −1 2 ( 2−n )
2 R3=R 3+ R 1
−1 −1 1 … −1
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ … ⋮ 3 ⋮
⋮ Rn=R n+ R 1
−1 −1 −1 … 1
n

[ |]
n ( n+ 1 )
2 ( 2−n )
1 1 1 … 1 n ( n+1 )
2+
0 2 0 ⋯ 0 2(2−n)
0 0 2 ⋯ 0 n ( n+1 )
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋯ ⋮ 3+
2 ( 2−n )
0 0 0 ⋯ 2 ⋮
n ( n+1 )
n+
2 ( 2−n )

rank ( A ) =rank ( A /b ) =n , the systemhas aunique solution

x n=
1
2[n+
n ( n+1 )
2 ( 2−n )] 1
[
, x n−1= ( n−1 )+
2
n ( n+1 )
2 ( 2−n ) ] 1
, … , x2 = 2+
2 [
n ( n+ 1 )
2 ( 2−n ) ]
x 1=
n ( n+1 )
2 ( 2−n )
−( x 2+ x3 + …+ x n) =
n ( n+1 ) 1
[
− 2+…+ n+
2 ( 2−n ) 2
n ( n+1 )
2 ( 2−n ) ]
¿ −
2 ( 2−n ) 2 2[
n ( n+1 ) 1 n ( n+1 )
−1+ =
2 ( 2−n ) 2 2−n ] [
n ( n+ 1 ) 1 n ( n+1 ) n ( n+ 1 )
−
2
+1−
n ( n+1 )
2 ( 2−n ) ]
¿ [
1 n ( n+1 ) n ( n+1 )
2 2 ( 2−n )
−
2
+1 ]
Thus x 1=
[
1 n ( n+1 ) n ( n+1 )
2 2 ( 2−n )
−
2
+1
]
17. Let f ( x )=x 3 −2 x 2 + x∧g(x )=x 2020−10 x 1000 +3 x−1. Let

( )
1−1−5
A= 13 7
1 0−2

Compute f ( A )∧g (A ).

we have

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

3 2
f ( x )= A −2 A + A
2
g ( x )=f ( x ) .q ( x ) +a x +bx +c∧f ( x )=0 has roots x 1=x 2=1 , x 3=0

⇒ g '( x )=f ' ( x ) .q ( x ) + f ( x ) . q' (x)+2 ax +b

⇔ 2020 x 2019 −104 x 9999 +3=f ' ( x ) . q ( x ) +f ( x ) . q ' ( x )+2 ax+ b

{
If x=1 ⇒ −7=a+b+ c
−7977=2 a+ b
If x=0 ⇒ c=−1

⇒ {2 a+b=−7977 { b=7965
a+b=−6 ⇒ a=−7971

Therefore g ( A )=a A 2+bA +cI =−7971 A 2+7965 A−I

19 . Let

( )
3 −1 −1
A= −1 3 −1
−1 −1 3

( a ) Show that A is invertible∧find its inverse .

( b ) Find A n ,n ∈ N .
( c ) Let ( un ) , ( v n ) ∧( w n ) be real sequence defined by

( )( ){
un 1 un +1=3 un−v n−w n
v n = 0 ∧ v n +1=−u n+3 v n−w n
wn −1 wn+ 1=−un−v n +3 w n

Find the general terms of ( u n ) , ( v n )∧( wn ) ∈terms of n .

Proof : ( a ) Show that A is invertible∧find its inverse

( )
1 1 1
2
Let B= 1 1 1 ⟹ B =3 B
1 1 1

( )( )
1 0 0 1 1 1
A=4 I −B=4 0 1 0 − 1 1 1
0 0 1 1 1 1

B=4 I − A
2 2
B =16 I −8 A+ A

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

2
3 B=16 I −8 A+ A

3 ( 4 I − A )=16 I −8 A+ A 2
2
12 I −3 A=16 I −8 A+ A

A [ −( A−5 I ) ] =4 I

[( ) ( )] ( )
5 0 0 3 −1 −1 2 1 1
1−1 1 1
⟹ A = (5 I − A)= 0 5 0 − −1 3 −1 = 1 2 1
4 4 4
0 0 5 −1 −1 3 1 1 2

( )
2 1 1
−1 1
Thus A isinvertible∧its inverse is A = 1 2 1
4
1 1 2

( b ) Find A n ,n ∈ N
2
A −5 A+ 4 I =0
2
Let p ( A )= A −5 A +4 I ⟺ p ( A )=0
2
p ( x ) =x −5 x + 4
n
⟹ x = p ( x ) q ( x ) +ax +b ( 1 )
n
A =p ( A ) q ( A )+ aA+ bI

⟹ A n=aA+bI ( 2 )

Choose x=4∧x =1 ( roots of p ( x ) )

Substitute into equation ( 1 ) we have

{4 n=4 a+b (3)

1=a+ b( 4)

( 3 ) −( 4 ) we get
1 n
3 a=4 −1 ⇒ a= ( 4 −1 )
n
3
1 n −1 n
⇒ b=1−a=1− ( 4 −1 ) = ( 4 −4 )
3 3

( ) ( )
3 −1 −1 1 0 0
1 n 1 n
Then A = ( 4 −1 ) −1 3 −1 − ( 4 −4 ) 0 1 0
n
3 3
−1 −1 3 0 0 1

( )( )
3 ( 4 −1 ) −( 4 −1 ) −( 4 −1 )
n n n n
4 −4 0 0
1 1 n
¿ −( 4 n−1 ) 3 ( 4 n−1 ) −( 4n −1 ) − 0 4 −4 0
3 3 n
−( 4 −1 ) −( 4 −1 ) 3 ( 4 −1 ) 0 0 4 −4
n n n

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

( )
2n ( 22 n−4 ) − ( 4 −1 )
n
−( 4 −1 )
n
2 −1−
3 3 3
¿ −( 4 −1 )
n
2n ( 2 −4 )
2n
−( 4 n−1 )
2 −1−
3 3 3
−( 4 −1 ) − ( 4 −1 ) ( 22 n−4 )
n n
22 n−1−
3 3 3

( )
22 n .3 3 ( 2 −4 ) −( 4 −1 ) −( 4 −1 )
2n n n
− −
3 3 3 3 3
−( 4 −1 ) 2 .3 3 ( 2 −4 ) −( 4 −1 )
n 2n 2n n
¿ − −
3 3 3 3 3
−( 4n −1 ) −( 4 −1 )
n
2 .3 3 ( 2 −4 )
2n 2n
− −
3 3 3 3 3

( )
−( 4 −1 ) −( 4 −1 )
n n
22n +1+ 1
3 3 3
¿ −( 4 −1 ) −( 4 −1 )
n 2 n+1 n
2 +1
3 3 3
−( 4 n−1 ) −( 4 n−1 ) 2 n +1
2 +1
3 3 3

n 1
Thus A = ¿
3
( c ) Find the general terms of ( un ) , ( v n ) ∧( w n ) ∈termsof n

{ ( )( )( )
un+1=3u n−v n−w n u n+1 3 −1 −1 un
We have v n +1=−un +3 v n −w n , v n+1 = −1 3 −1 v n
w n+1=−un−v n+ 3 wn wn +1 −1 −1 3 w n

()
un
Let x n= v n
wn

⇒ x n+1 =A x n

x n= A n−1 x 1

( )( )
22 n−1 +1+1 −( 4 −1 ) −( 4
−1 ) 1
( ) n−1 n−1

1
x n= −( 4 −1 ) 2
n−1 2 ( n−1) +1
+1 −( 4 −1 ) 0
n−1
3
−( 4 −1 ) −( 4 −1 ) 22 (n−1) +1+1 −1
n−1 n−1

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

( )( )
22 n−1 +1+ ( 4n−1−1 ) 22 n−1 +1+22 n−2−1
1 1
¿ − ( 4 n−1−1 ) + ( 4n−1−1 ) = 0
3 3 2 n−2 2 n−1
−( 4 n−1−1 ) −(22 n−1 +1) −2 +1−2 −1

( )
2 n−2
3.2
1
¿ 0
3 2 n−2
−3.2

( )( )
un 2
2 n−2

Thus v n = 0
2 n−2
wn −2

21. Let J and A be the two square matrices satisfy J2=I, and A=αI+ βJ, α, β ϵ R.
Show that A n=αn I+βn J then determine αn and βn.
Proof: We have
J2 = I J3 = J2.J = I.J =J J4 =J3.J = J.J =I J5 =J4.J = I.J =J
(1)
I if n is even
Then Jn =
J if n is odd
Since: A = αI+ βJ => A n= (αI+ βJ) n
n
( a+ b ) =∑ c (n , k ) ak bn−k
n
Note:
k=0

n
=> A = ∑ c (n , k )(βJ )k (αI )n−k
n
k=0

= ∑ c (n , k )(β)k (α )n−k (J ) k I
k=0

= I (Cn0 β0 αnJ0 + Cn1 β1αn-1J1 + Cn2 β2αn-2J2 + Cn3 β3αn-3J3 + Cn4 β4αn--
J + Cn5 β5αn-5J5 + …)
4 4

By following (1) we have:

A n= I (Cn0 αn + Cn1 βαn-1J + Cn2 β2αn-2I + Cn3 β3αn-3J + Cn4 β4αn—4I + Cn5 β5αn-5J +
…)
= I (Cn0 αn + Cn2 β2αn-2 + Cn4 β4αn—4 + ...) + J (Cn1 βαn-1 + Cn3 β3αn-3 + Cn5 β5αn-5
+ …)

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

αn = Cn0 αn + Cn2 β2αn-2 + Cn4 β4αn—4 + ...

Thus
βn = Cn1 βαn-1 + Cn3 β3αn-3 + Cn5 β5αn-5 + …

( )
a
1−
23 . Let A n= n , a ∈ R .Calculate lim An .
n
a n→∞
1
n

( )
a
1 n
−

let ( A n ) =1+ () a 2
n
a2
, then A n= 1+ 2
n √ √ √ a
a2
1+ 2
n
1+
a2
n2

n 1

√ √
2 2
a a
1+ 1+
n2 n2

a
⇒ ∃θ n ϵ R such that cos θ n=¿
1
, sin θn=
n
√ a2
∧let r n= 1+ 2 ¿

√ √
a
2
a
2
n
1+ 2 1+
n n2

( )
n
n cos θn −sin θn
n n
then A =r
n n =r n ¿
sin θn cos θn

2 ( n )
2
n a

( )
2 2
2 n
ln 1+ n a a
n a 2
. 2 2

siner n= 1+ 2 2 =e e n e 2n ⟶ 1
n
a
n a
¿ n θn =narcsin n. ⟶a

√ a
2 n
1+
n2

(
Therefore lim A nn= cos a −sin a .
n →+∞ sin a cos a )

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

Solutions
1. Find the signatures of the following permutations .
(a). 45312
σ =45312
¿ inversion=3+3+2=8
8
So sgn ( σ )=(−1 ) =1
(b). 38562147
σ =38562147
¿ inversion=2+6+3+ 3+ 1=15
15
So sgn ( σ )=(−1 ) =−1
(c ). 397264581
σ =397264581
¿ inversion=2+7+5+1+3+1+1+1=21
21
So sgn ( σ )=(−1 ) =−1
3.∈S 7 , write the following permutations into normal form ,then determine their signature .

a ¿(6437)

(
σ =( 6437 ) = 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 27 3 5 4 6 )
¿ 1273546
 inversion=4 +1=5
5
sgn ( σ )= (−1 ) =−1
( b )( 465 )( 735 )

σ =( 465 )( 735 ) = (11 23 4

23 6 )(
567 1 23 4 567
457 1 25 4 763 )
σ= ( 11 23 4 567
24 6 753 )
¿ 1246753
 inversion=¿ 4 +2+0+0+ 0+0+0+ 0=6
6
sgn ( σ )= (−1 ) =1
c ¿(241)(5416)

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

σ =( 241 ) (5416 )= ( 12 )(
2 3 4 5 6 7 1 23 4
4 3 1 5 6 7 6 23 1
567
457 )
σ= ( 16 23 4 567
43 2 157 )
¿ 6432157
 inversion=5+3+2+1=11
11
sgn ( σ )= (−1 ) =−1

5. Prove that the transposition is an odd permutation.

 Let σ = ( 1,1 2 … i i+ 1 … i+ K−1 i+k i+ K +1 … n

2 , … i , i+ 1, … i+ k−1 , i + k , i+ k +1 , … n )
 If we permute i and i+k , we obtain :

ε= ( 1,1 2 … i i+1 … i+ K −1 i+ k i+ K +1 … n
2 , … i+ k , i+1 , … i+k −1 , i, i+ k +1 , … n )
⋕ inversion=k +k −1=2 k−1

sign ( ε )=(−1)2 k−1=−1

So : the transposition is an odd permutation.

7, let And B be invertible matrices, show that

(a) adj (A-1) = (adj(A))-1
1
from A-1 = 1/|A| adj(A) → adj ( A )=( A¿¿−1)
−1
| A−1|=
−1
A ¿(1)
| A|
and adj(A) = |A|A-1
→ adj ( A ) A=| A| I
−1 A
→ ( adj ( A ) ) = ( 2)
| A|

¿ ( 1 )∧( 2 ) we have adj¿= ( adj ( A ) )−1

b. adj ( At )=(adj ( A ))t

We have adj ( A )=|A |∙ ( A )=| A|∙¿

t t −t

t
¿ ( adj ( A ) ) =¿

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

¿(1)∧(2), we have adj ( A t ) =(adj( A))t

Thus , adj ( A t ) =(adj ( A ))

t

(c) adj ( AB ) =adj ( B ) adj ( A )

−1
adj ( AB ) =| AB| . ( AB )

¿| A||B|. B A
−1 −1

¿|B|. B .| A| A
−1 −1

Thus adj( AB)=adj ( B ) . adj ( A)

( )
1 −1 3
9 ¿ If A ¿−1= 1 2 4 Compute|adj ( A )|∧|2 A +3 adj ( 2 A )|
−1

1 1 −2

| ||
1 −1 3
We have| A |= 0
−1
3 1 =
0 2 −5
3 1
2 −5
=−15−2=−17 ⇒| A|=
−1
17 |
−1 1
From Exercise 8: A = adj ( A )
| A|
1
3−1
so ,|adj ( A )|=| A| =| A| =
2
2
|2 A−1 +3 adj ( 2 A )|
17

¿|2 A +3 ( 2 ) adj ( A )|=|2 A +12 adj ( A )|

−1 3−1 −1

|2 A −1 +12|A| A−1|= (| 2− 1217 ) A |

−1

| |( ) ( )
3 3 3
22 −1 22 |A−1|= 22 ( −2 2
¿ A = −17 )=
17 17 17 17
2

1 −223
Therefore ,|adj ( A )|= 2
,|2 A
−1
+3 adj ( 2 A )|= 2
17 17

| || || |
a11 a12 a 13+ b13 a11 a12 a13 a 11 a12 b 13
11 . Prove that a21 a22 a 23+ b23 = a21 a 22 a23 + a 21 a22 b 23
a31 a32 a 33+ b33 a31 a32 a33 a 31 a32 b 33

Proof

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

| |
a11 a12 a 13 + b13
a21 a22 a 23 + b23 =[ a11 a 22 ( a33 +b 33) + a12 ( a23+ b23 ) a31 + ( a13 +b 13 ) a 21 a32 ]−[ a ¿ ¿ 31 a22 ( a13 +b13 ) +a 32 ( a23 +b 23) a11+
a31 a32 a 33 + b33

| || |
a11 a12 a 13 a11 a12 b13
a21 a22 a 23 + a21 a22 b23
a31 a32 a 33 a31 a32 b33

¿( a ¿ ¿ 11 a22 a 33+ a12 a 23 a31 +a13 a21 a32)−( a31 a22 a 13+ a32 a 11 a23 +a 33 a21 a12 ) +( a ¿ ¿ 11 a22 b33 +a 12 a31 b23 +b13 a21 a32)−

¿ [ a 11 a22 ( a33 +b33 ) + a12 ( a 23+ b23 ) a31+ ( a13 +b13 ) a21 a32 ]−[a ¿ ¿ 31 a22 ( a13+ b13 ) +a32 ( a23 +b23 ) a11 + ( a 33+ b33 ) a21 a 12]¿

| || || |
a11 a12 a 13+ b13 a11 a12 a13 a 11 a12 b 13
Thus: a21 a22 a 23+ b23 = a21 a 22 a23 + a 21 a22 b 23
a31 a32 a 33+ b33 a31 a32 a33 a 31 a32 b 33

13 ¿ Computethe following determinants .

| || |
7 4 −5 −3 1 −26
a ¿ A= 10 3 21 = 10 3 21
23 −2 11 23 −2 11

| |
−3 1 −26
¿ 19 0 99
17 9 −41

¿− |1917 |
99
−41

¿−(−779−323 )
Therefore A=2462

| || || |
4 2 3 5 1 2 3 5 1 0 0 0
b ¿ B= 6 3 −3 2 = 9 3 −3 2 = 9 −15 −30 −43
8 10 0 11 8 10 0 11 8 −6 −24 −29
11 23 2 −4 9 23 2 −4 9 5 −25 −49

| |
−15 −30 −43
B= −6 −24 −29
5 −25 −49

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

Therefore B=−5205

| | | | | |
a a a a a a a a
a a a
a b b b a b b b
c ¿ .C= R4 → R4 −R3C= =( d−c ) a b b R3 → R 3−R2
a b c c a b c c
a b c
a b c d 0 0 0 d−c

| |
a a a
C=( d−c ) a b b =( d−c ) ( c−b )
0 0 c−b
a a
a b | |
C=a (d−c )(c−d)(b−a)

Therefore C=a(d−c )(c−b)(b−a)

| |
a b ab

b c bc
| | | | | |
( d ) a c ac ¿ a c ac −b a ac +ab a c
c bc b bc b c

¿ a ( b c −a c )−b ( abc−abc )+ ab ( ac−bc )

2 2

2
¿−a c ( a−b )+ abc ( a−b )

¿ ( a−b ) ( abc−a c )
2

Thus d=( a−b ) ( abc−a c 2 )

| | | |
a c c b 1 1 1 1
c a b c c a b c
e. L → L1 + L2+ L3+ L 4 ¿ a+ b+2 c C =C i−C 1∧​i=2,3,4 ,… .
c b a c 1 c b a c i
b c c a b c c a

| |
1 0 0 0
c a−c b−c 0
¿ a+ b+2 c ¿ ( a+ b+2 c )( a−b ) [ ( b−c ) ( c−b ) −( a−c )( c −b ) ]
c b−c a−c 0
b c−b c−b a−b

| |
a c c b
c a b c = ( a+b+2 c ) ( a−b ) ( c−b ) ( b−a )
¿ ( a+ b+2 c )( a−b ) [ ( c−b ) ( b−c−a+ c ) ] So :
c b a c
[ ]
b c c a

| |
2a a−b−c 2a
(f) b−c−a 2b 2b R1 → R 1+ R 2+ R3
2c 2c c−a−b

| |
1 1 1 C 2 → C2−C 1
= ( a+ b+c ) b−c−a 2 b 2b
C → C3 −C1
2c 2 c c−a−b 3

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

| |
1 0 0
= ( a+ b+c ) b−c−a a+ b+c a+b +c
2c 0 −a−b−c

= −( a+ b+c ) ( a+b+ c )2=−( a+ b+c )3

Thus, f = −( a+ b+c )3

15 . ( a ) Show that Δ n ( x ) is of the form Δ n ( x )=αx+ β .

| |
α 1+ x a+ x ⋯ a+ x
We have Δn ( x )= b+ x α 2 + x ⋱ ⋮ , (a ≠ b)
⋮ ⋱ ⋱ a+ x
b+ x ⋯ b + x α n+ x n

|
¿
α 1 + x ¿( a+ x)
⋱ ¿
¿α n + x¿|
¿
[ α 1 + x a+ x ⋯ a+ x
b−x α 2−a ¿ ¿
¿ ¿ ¿ b−α n−1 ¿ α n+1−a ¿
]
By definition| A|= ∑ Sign ( σ ) a1 J 1 … an J n
σ ∈Sn

We get Δ n ( x ) is of the form αx + β

Thus Δ n ( x )=αx + β

( b ) Compute Δ n ( x ) ,then deduce the value of Δ n ( 0 ) .

Since Δn ( x ) =αx+ β

{
n
Δn (−a )=−aα + β=∏ ( α k −a )
¿ k=1
n
Δ n (−b )=−bα + β=∏ ( α k −b )
k=1

n n
α ( b−a )=∏ ( α k −a)−∏ ( α k −b )
k=1 k=1

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

n n

∏ ( αk −a ) −∏ ( α k −b )
α = k=1 k=1
b−a
n
β=∏ ( α k −a ) +aα
k=1

n n n
( b−a ) ∏ ( α k −a ) +a ∏ ( α k −a )−∏ ( α k −b )
k=1 k=1 k=1
¿
b−a
n n
b ∏ ( α k −a ) −∏ ( α k −b )
k=1 k=1
¿
b−a
Thus Δ n ( x )=αx+ β , where α , β defined as about

17 , Let A , B , C , D ∈ M n ( K ) . Suppose that D is invertible∧CD=DC commutent . Show that

det ( DA CB )=det ⁡( AD−BC ) .

Proof

We have ( DA CB )(−CD 0I )=( AD−BC

n
0
n
D)
B
n

Then ( DA CB ) . det ( D )=det ( DA CB ) . det ⁡( D)

Thus det (
D C)
A B
=det ( AD−BC ) .

19. Compute the following determinates

| | | |
b−5 a 1−a 3 C → C −5 C b−5 a−51 −8−a 0
a= d−5 c 2−c 4 2 2 1
= d −5 c−68 −C−10 0
C3 →C 3−C 1
17 3 1 17 3 1

=( b−5 a−51 )(−c −10 ) +(d−5 c−68)(a+ 8)

| |
a b 13
c d 2 4 C1 → C 1−2C 3
b=
21 1 0 C 2 → C2 −C3
1 2−1 1

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

| |
a−2 b−1 3 R → R −3 R
¿ c −4 d−2 4 1
1 2 1 R → R 2
1
−4 R
3

3
= a−5 b−7
c−6 d−8 | |
=( a−5 ) ( d−8 )−(c−6)(b−7)
21. Let a ,b , c ∈C∧P ( X )= X 3 – ( x+ yX + z X 2 ) .
Solvethe following system by using polynomial P .

{ { {
a −( x+ ya+ z a ) =0
3 2
2
x + ay+a z =a
3
P ( a )=0
3 ⟺
a . x+ by+b z =b b −( x + yb + z b ) =0 ⟺ P ( b )=0
2 3 2

2
x + cy+c z=c
3
c −( x+ yc+ z c )=0
3 2 P ( c ) =0

We have a , b∧c are zeros of the Polynomial P .

P ( X )=( X−a )( X−b )( X −c ) (i)

P ( X )= X 3−z X 2− yX −z (ii)
( i )∧( ii ) : X 3 −z X 2 − y X 3−z= X 3−( a+ b+c ) X 2 + ( ab+bc +ca ) X−abc

{
x=abc
⟹ y =−( ab+ bc+ ca ) .
z=a+b+c

()( )
x abc
Therefore , the systemhas solution y = −(ab+bc+ ca)
z a+b+ c

{ {
x + ay+ a2 z =a4 a4 −( x + ya+ z a2 )=0
b . x+by + b2 z=b4 ⟺ b4 −( x + yb+ z b2 )=0
x +cy + c2 z=c 4 c 4−( x + yc + z c2 ) =0

{
Q ( a )=0
⟹ Q ( b )=0 where Q ( X )= X 4− ( x+ yX + z X 2 )
Q ( c ) =0

Then a , b∧c are three zeros of Q ( X )

4 3 2
Q ( X )= X +0 X −z X − yX −x
Q ( X )= ( X−a )( X−b )( X −c ) ( X−d ) ,
where d is another zero .

X 4 +0 X 3−z X 2 − yX−x= X 4 −( a+b+ c+ d ) X 3+ ( ab+ ac+ ad+bc +bd +cd ) X 2 −¿

( abc +abd +acd +bcd ) X + abcd

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

{ {
x=−abcd x =−abc (−a−b−c)
y =bcd +acd +bd +abc ⟺ y=abc +(−a−b−c)(bc +ac +ab)
z=−ab+ ac+ ad +bc+ bd+ cd
0=a+b+ c+ d z =−ab−ac−bc−(−a−b−c )(a+b +c)

Therefore , the systemhas solution

()
x
y =¿
z

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

Solutions
1 . s h ow t h at ( R3 ,+, . , R ) is a vector space

let x=( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ) , y =( y 1 , y 2 , y 3 ) , z=( z1 , z2 , z 3 ) ϵ R3∧α , β ϵ R. Then

1. x+ y =( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ) + ( y 1 , y 2 , y 3 )=( x 1 + y 1 , x 2 + y 2 , x 3+ y 3 ) ϵ R3

2. x+ y =( x 1+ y 1 , x 2+ y 2 , x3 + y 3 ) =( y 1 + x 1 , y 2 + x 2 , y 3 + x3 )

¿ ( y 1 , y 2 , y 3 ) + ( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 )= y + x

3. ( x+ y ) + z= ( x1 + y 1 , x 2 + y 2 , x 3 + y 3 ) + ( z 1 , z 2 , z 3 )

¿ (( x 1 + y 1 ) + z1 , ( x2 + y2 ) + z2 , ( x3 + y3 ) + z3 )

¿ ( x 1 + ( y 1 + z 1) , x 2+ ( y 2+ z2 ) , x 3+ ( y 3+ z3 ) )

¿ ( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ) + ( y 1 + z 1 , y 2 + z 2 , y 3 + z 3 )=x + ( y + z )

4. ∃0=( 0,0,0 ) such that 0+ x =( 0,0,0 ) + ( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 )

¿ ( 0+ x 1 , 0+ x 2 , 0+ x 3 )

¿ ( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 )=x

5. ∃−x=(−x 1 ,−x 2 ,−x3 ) such that

x + (−x )=( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ) + (−x 1 ,−x 2 ,−x 3 )

¿ ( x 1 + (−x 1 ) , x 2 + (−x 2 ) , x 3 + (−x 3 ) )

¿ ( 0,0,0 ) =0
6. α . x=α . ( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ) =( α x 1 ,α x 2 , α x 3 )

7. α . ( x+ y )=α . ( x 1+ y 1 , x 2 y 2 , x 3 + y 3 )

¿ ( α ( x 1 + y 1 ) , α ( x 2 + y 2 ) , α ( x 3+ y 3 ) )

¿ ( α x 1 +α y 1 , α x 2+ α y 2 , α x3 + α y 3 )

¿ ( α x 1 , α x 2 , α x3 ) +( α y 1 , α y 2 , α y 3 )

¿ α ( x 1 , x 2 , x3 ) + α ( y 1 , y 2 , y 3 )=αx+ αy

8. ( α + β ) . x ¿=( ( α + β ) x 1 , ( α + β ) x 2 , ( α + β ) x 3 )

¿ ( α x 1 +α x 2 + β x 2 , α x 3+ β x 3 )

¿ ( α x 1 , α x 2 , α x 3 ) + ( β x1 , β x 2 , β x3 ) =α . x + βx

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

9. ( αβ ) . x=( ( αβ ) x 1 ( αβ ) x 2 , ( αβ ) x 3 )

¿¿

¿ α . ( β x1 , β x 2 , β x 3 )

¿α .(β .x)
10. ∃1 ϵ R such that 1. x=( 1 x 1 , 1 x 2 ,1 x3 ) =( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 )=x

Therefore , bu detinition , ( R3 ,+, . , R ) is a vector space .

3.For any x=(x1,x2), y=(y1,y2)ϵ R2 and αc R , we define two operations

by x⨁y=(x1,x2) ⨁(y1,y2)=(x1+y1,x2+y2) and α¿x=α¿(x1,x2)=(2x1, αx2)
Is ( R2 , ⨁,¿ ¿ a vector space over R ?
Justify your answer.
Chose 1ϵ R , x=(1,3)ϵ R2
1¿ x=1∗(1,3 )=( 2 ( 1 ) , 1 ( 3 ) )=(2,3)≠ x

Thus ( R2 , ⨁,¿ ¿ is not a vector space.

5 . Show that ( R +, ⊕,∗, R ) is a vector space

∝
where x ⊕ y =xy∧∝∗x=x For x , y ∈ R +¿ ∝∈ R .
R={x ∈ R: x >0 }
for ∀ x , y ,∈ R+ ,∧∀ α , β ∈ R
1. x ⊕ y=xy ∈ R+ ¿
2. x ⊕ y=xy = yx= y ⊕ x
3.(x ⊕ y)⊕ z=(xy )⊕ z= xyz=x ⊕( yz)=x ⊕( y ⊕ z)
4. ⊐1 ∈ R+ such that ∀ x ∈ R+: x ⊕1=x 1=x
5. ∀ x ∈ R+, ⊐1 x ∈ R+ such that x ⊕ 1 x=x . 1 x =1
α
6. α∗x=x ∈ R+¿
α α α α α
7. α∗( x ⊕ y )=α∗( xy )=( xy ) =x y =x ⊕ y =α∗x ⊕α∗y
( α+ β ) α β α β
8.(α + β)∗x=x =x . y =x ⊕ y =(α∗x ⊕ β∗y )

9. ( αβ )∗x=x (α + β )=( x ( β ) )=α∗( x β )=α∗(β∗x )

α

10. 1∗x=x 1=x

space
Thus( R+ ,⊕ ,∗, R)is a vectror
R

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

3
7 , Determine if the following sets are subspaces of R under theusual operations .
( a ) W 1 ={( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ) ∈ R3 : x 1+ x 2 + x 3=0 }

Method I ¿
i ¿0=( 0,0,0 ) ∈W 1 because 0+0+ 0=0

ii ¿ For x=( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ) , y=( y 1 , y 2 , y 3 ) ∈W 1∧k ∈ R ,

⟹
{ x 1 + x 2+ x 3=0
y 1 + y 2 + y 3=0
⟹
{
x 1 + x 2+ x3 =0(≢)
k y 1+ k y 2+ k y 3=0(≢ ≢)

( ≠ ) + ( ≠ ≠ ) : ( x 1 +k y 1 ) + ( x 2 +k y 2 ) +( x 3 +k y 3 )

⟹( x 1 +k y 1 , x 2 +k y 2 , x 3 +k y 3)∈W 1
⟹ ( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ) + ( k y 1 , k y 2 , k y 3 ) ∈W 1

⟹ ( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ) +k ( y 1 , y 2 , y 3 ) ∈ W 1

x +ky ∈W 1
3
Therefore , by theorem 3 ,W 1 is a subspace of ( R ,+ ,∙ , R)
Method II ¿

W 1= {( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ) ∈ R3 : x 1+ x 2 + x 3=03 }

¿ {( x1 , x2 , x3 ) ∈ R : x 3=−x 1−x 2 }
3

¿ {( x1 , x2 , x3 ) ∈ R 3 : x 1 , x 2 ∈ R }

¿ {( x 1 , 0 ,−x 1 ) + ( 0 , x 2 ,−x 2 ) : x 1 , x 2 ∈ R }

¿ { x 1 ( 1,0 ,−1 )+ x2 ( 0,1 ,−1 ) : x1 , x 2 ∈ R }

W 1= { x 1 v1 + x 2 v 2 : x 1 , x 2 ∈ R2 , v 1=( 1,0 ,−1 ) , v 2=(0,1 ,−1) }

i ¿0=( 0,0,0 ) =0 ( 1,0 ,−1 ) +0( 0,1,−1) ∈W 2

ii ¿ x=( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ) , y=( y 1 , y 2 , y 3 ) ∈ W 2

{
⟹ x=x 1 (−1,0 ,−1 ) + x 2 (0,1 ,−1)
y= y 1 ( 1,0 ,−1 )+ y 2 (0,1 ,−1)

⟹ x+ ky=[ x 1 (−1,0 ,−1 ) + x 2 ( 0,1 ,−1 ) ] + k [ y1 ( 1,0 ,−1 ) + y 2 ( 0,1 ,−1 ) ]

¿ ( x 1+ k y 1 ) ( 1,0 ,−1 )+ ( x 2+ k y 2) ( 0,1 ,−1 ) ∈W 1

3
¿ this case , we can also conclude that W 1 is a subspace of (R ,+ ,∙ , R)

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

( b ) W 2 ={( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ) ∈ R3 : x 1=2 x 2∧x 3=−x2 }

W 2= {( 2 x 2 , x 2 ,−x2 ) : x 2 ∈ R }= { x 2 ( 2,1 ,−1 ) : x 2 ∈ R }

i ¿0=( 0,0,0 ) ∈W 2 because ( 0,0,0 )=0 (2,1 ,−1)

ii ¿ x=( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ) , y=( y 1 , y 2 , y 3 ) ∈ W 2∧k ∈ R ,

⟹ x=x 2 ( 2,1 ,−1 ) , y= y 2 (2,1 ,−1)

⟹ x+ ky=x 2 ( 2,1 ,−1 )+ k [ y 2 ( 2,1 ,−1 ) ]

¿ ( x 2+ k y 2 ) (2,1 ,−1 ) ∈ W 2
3
Therefore by thorem3 , W 2 is also a subspace of ( R ,+ ,∙ , R)

( c ) W 3= {( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ) ∈ R3 : x 1=x 23 }
3
i ¿0=( 0,0,0 ) ∈W 3 beacause 0=0

ii ¿ x=( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ) , y=( y 1 , y 2 , y 3 )

⟹ x=( x 23 , x 2 , x 3 ) , y=( y 23 , y 2 , y 3)

⟹ x+ ky=(x23 + k y23 , x 2+ k y 2 , x 3+ k y 3) ∉W 3
z=z 1 z 2 z3

because we have x=( 0,0,0 ) , y= (1,0,1 ) ∈W 3 , k =2∈ R

x +ky=(2,0,2)∉W 3

2 ≠23
n ×n
9. Determineif the following sets are subspaces of R
under the usual operations .
( a ) The set of all upper triangular matrices :
S= { A=( aij ¿n|aij =0 , ∀ i> j }

→0¿¿
→ let A=¿ ¿
A+ αB=¿ ¿

because
{ aij =0 , ∀i> j
b ij =0 i, ∀ i> j
=¿ a ij +α bij =0 , ∀ i> j

Thus S is a subspace of Rn × n

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

( b ) The set of all symmetric matrices :

S= { A=( aij ¿n| A t =t }

→ 0=¿ ¿
→ let A , B∈ S , α ∈ R
¿
¿> A+ αB ∈ S
Thus S is a subspace of Rn × n

( c ) The set of all orthogonal matrices :

S= { A=( aij ¿n| A . A=I }

t

0=¿ ¿
Thus S isn' t a subspace of Rn × n

( d ) The set of all matrices A such that A2 =0 :

S= { A=( aij ¿n| A =0 }

2

Choose A= (00 10),B=(01 00)∈ S , α =1 ∈ R

A+ αB=( ) +( ) =(
1 0)
0 1 0 0 0 1
∉S
0 0 1 0

(01 10)(01 10 )=(10 01 )≠ ( 00 00)=0

Thus S isn' t a subspace of Rn × n

11.+ supposethat G⊂ F∨F ⊂G

thenG ⊂ F=F ¿ G ⊂F=G

⟹ G⊂ F is subspace
+ suppose that G⊂ F isa subspace
+ supposethat G⊄ F ⟹∃ xϵG , x ⊄ F

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

{
let y ϵF , we have xϵG ⟹ xϵ G∪ F ⟹ x+ y ϵ G∪ F
yϵF ⟹ yϵG ∪ F
if x + y ϵF ,then x=( x+ y )− y ϵF
contradition ¿ the that! x ⊄ F
⟹ x+ y ϵG .then y=( x+ y )−x ϵG

Thus , G∪ H subspaceof V ⟺ ( G⊂ M ∨H ⊂ G )

13. Let G and H be subspaces of V .

Show that G + H = G∩H ⇐⇒ G = H.

{
if : G⊂G+ H =G∩ H ⟹ G⊂ H ⟹ G=H ( 1 )
H ⊂G+ H=G ⋂ H ⟹ H ⊂G
if G=H ⟹ G+ H=G ∩ H ( 2 )
by ( 1 )∧( 2 )
Therefore G+ H=G ∩ H=G=H

15 . If S={ v 1 , v 2 , … , v n } is a⊂of vetor space V . Show that Span ( S ) is the smallest

subspase of V containing set S .

Let S' ⊂V then S ' is closed under linear combination suppose S ⊂ S '
' ' '
Since S elose under linear combination∧S ⊂ S so span ( S ) ⊂ S
Thenmeant that there exist a bigger⊂thanspan ( S )

Thus span(S)is the smallest subspace

4
17 . Which of the following are spanning sets for R ? Justify your anwser .
( a ) { ( 1,1,1,2 ) , (1,0,1,0 ) , ( 2,1 ,−2,3 ) }

| | | |
1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2
¿ L → L2−L1 ¿
Let A= 1 0 1 0 2 0 −1 0 −2 L → L −L
2 1 −2 3 L3 → L3−2 L1 0 −1 −4 −1 3 3 2

| |
1 1 1 2
0 −1 0 −2
0 0 −4 1

43
INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

'
So , A is∈the REF , thenthe number of nom zero rows∈the Row echelon¿ n t equal ¿
the number of its dimension .
4
Thus , these three vectors aren' t spanning set of R .

( b ) . We have
S= { ( 1,1,2,1 ) ; ( 2,3,1,2 ) ; ( 2,1,2,1 ) ; ( 1,2,1,2 ) }
consider

( )( )
1 1 2 1 1 0 0 0
2 3 1 2 0 1 0 0
2 1 2 1 0 0 1 −1
1 2 1 2 0 0 2 1

4
Thus S is spanning set for R

Then S is L . I

( c ) .We have
S= { ( 0,2,1,0 ) ; (1 ,−1,0,1 ) ; ( 0,0 ,−2,1 ) ; ( 1,1 ,−1,2 ) }
consider

( )( )
0 2 1 0 1 1 −1 2
1 −1 0 1 0 2 1 0
0 0 −2 1 0 0 2 −1
1 1 −1 2 0 0 0 0
4
Since R span at least u linear indepedent vectors
4
Thus S dose not span R

( d ) .We have

S= { ( 2,1,2,1 ) ; ( 2,3,1,2 ) ; ( 3,1,2,−1 ) ; ( 1 ,−2,1,−3 ) ; ( 1,0,0,−2 ) }

( )()( )
3 2 1
Since 1 3
= + −2
2 1 1
−1 2 −3

consider
44
INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

( )( )
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
2 3 1 2 1 0 0 −2
1 −2 1 −3 0 2 −1 1
1 0 0 −2 0 0 0 0

There are 3 L. I vectors

4
Thus Sis not a spanning sot of R

( e ) . {( 1,1 ,−1,1 ) ; ( 2,3 ,−1,2 ) ; ( 3,1,2,1 ) ; ( 1 ,−2,1,3 ) ; ( 1 ,−1,1 ,−2 ) }

Consider

( )( )
1 1 −1 1 1 1 −1 1
2 3 −1 2 0 1 1 0
3 1 2 1 → 0 −2 5 −2
1 −2 1 3 0 −3 2 2
1 −1 1 −2 0 −2 2 −3

( )( )
1 1 −1 1
1 1 −1 1
0 1 1 0
0 1 1 0
−3
1 2 −5 2 → 0 0 1
4
0 −5 0 2
0 0 0 1
0 0 4 −3
0 0 0 0

There are 4 L . I vectors

Thusis a spanning set for R4

19. Let , let .

Show that the set is LI.

We have

Then

45
INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

Consider

Then is LI.

21. Let { x 1 , x 2 ,… , x n } be a linearly independent set of V . For k =1 ,2 , … , n, we let

y k =x k + x k +1 and y n=x n + x 1.

Study the linearly independent of { y 1 , y 2 , … , y n }

n
Consider equation ∑ α k y k =0
k =1

n=1
⇒ ∑ α k y k +α n y n =0
k=1

n=1
⇒ ∑ α k ( x ¿ ¿ k + x k +1)+α n (x ¿ ¿ n+ x 1)=0¿ ¿
k=1

⇒ α 1 ( x ¿ ¿ 1+ x 2)+ α 2 (x ¿ ¿ 2+ x3 )+…+ α n−1 ( x ¿ ¿ n−1+ x n )+ α n ( x ¿ ¿ n+ x 1 )=¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿0

⇔ ( α 1 + α n ) x 1+ ( α 1 +α 2 ) x 2 +…+ ( α n −1 +α n ) x n=0

{
α 1 +α n=0
⇒ α 1 +α 2=0 ⇒ let AX=0 ,  that A=
…
1 0 1 (0) ⋱ 1
1 1 ¿
0¿ ¿¿
¿
¿|
1 1 n |
α n−1+ α n=0

⇒ detA = |11 0 1 ( 0) ⋱ 1
1 ¿
0¿ ¿¿
¿
n +1
¿ =1+(−1) 1
1 1 n |
 if n  odd ⇒ det  A=2 ≠ 0 ⇒ α 1 ,… ,α n ∈ R , α 1=α 2=…=α n=0
 if n even ⇒ det  A=0 , ∃α i ϵ R , ( α 1 , α 2 , … , α n ) ≠ ( 0 , 0 , … , 0 )

Thus: n is odd { y1 , y 2 , … , y n } be a LI n is even { y 1 , y 2 , … , y n } be a LD

23.let F be a subspace of R 4 defined by

F={( w , x , y , z ) ∈ R4| w=2 x− y ∧z=w+ x + y }

Find a basis∧dimension of F .

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

We have F= {( w , x , y , z ) ∈ R |w=2 x− y∧z=w+ x+ y }

4

¿ x ( 2,1,0,3 ) + y (−1,0,1,0 )

{( ) ( )}
2 −1
¿ span 1 , . 0 =span S
0 1
3 0

Then S is a basis of R 4∧dim F=2

25. Let V be the vector space of n-square matrices over a field R . Show that V =U ⨁W ,
where U and W are the subspaces of symmetric and antisymmetric matrices, respectively.
Show that V =U ⨁W

U ={ A ∈ μn × n ( R ) : A=A }
T

W ={ A ∈ μ n× n ( R ) : A=− A }
T

Obviously U ∩W ={ 0 } (1)
1 1
And we have A= ( A + A )+ ( A− A )
T T
2 2
Let B= A+ A T ⇒ BT =A + AT =B
T
C= A−A T ⇒ C T = ( A− A T ) = AT − A=−C
Then V =U+ W (2)
From (1)&(2)⇒V =U ⨁W
Thus V =U ⨁W
27. Show that V= s1 ⊕s 2 ⊕ s3 ⊕… ⊕ s p
if V= s1 ⊕s 2 ⊕ s3 ⊕… ⊕ s p
 ∃: v ∈ V : v=u1 +u 2+ …+u p where ui ∈ si
let suposse v can be written as two forms .
v=u1 +u2 +… +u p (1)
v=w 1+ w2 +… +w p (2)
we will show that vi =wi
p
(1) – (2) = 0= ∑ ( v i−wi )
i=1

p
since we have dim v=∑ dim s i
i=1

47
INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

Then we get si ∩s i= {0 } , i≠ j

Therefore vi =wi , becouse v i ≠ v j ,i ≠ j

So : V= s1 ⊕s 2 ⊕ s3 ⊕… ⊕ s n
29. In the vector space R4 , consider the vectors
a = (1,3,0,3) b = (2,4,1,-2) c = (0,1,0,0) d = (1,0,-1,-1)
a/ determine the bases for F and G, the deduce the dimension of F and G.

for F = (21313−2 ) (0 5 3−8 )

03 > 1303

{( ) ( )}
1 0
¿> 3 , 5 is a basis for F ¿>¿ dimF = 2
0 3
3 −8

for G = (1 0−1−1
0 10 0
) ( 10−1−1
0 5 3−8 )

{( ) ( )}
1 0
0 dimG = 2
¿> , 1 is a basis for G ¿>¿
−1 0
−1 0

b/ determine F ⋀ G
let v=F ⋀ G , we have

{v ∈ F=¿ V =α 1 ( 1,3,0,3 ) +α 2 ( 0 ,−5,3 ,−8 )

v ∈G=¿V =α 3 ( 1,0 ,−1,−1 ) +α 4 ( 0,1,0,0 )

¿> α 1 (1,3,0,3 )+ α 2 ( 0 ,−5,3 ,−8 )=α 3 ( 1,0 ,−1 ,−1 ) + α 4 ( 0,1,0,0 )

{ {
α 1=α 3 3 α 3−5 α 2=α 4
3 α 1−5 α 2=α 4 1
=¿ α2 = α
3 α 2=−α 3 3 3
3 α 1−8 α 2=−α 3 3 α 3−8 α 2=−α 3

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

{ {
5
3 α 3+ α 3=α 4 α 4=0
¿> 3 =¿ 22 =¿ α 1=0 , α 2=0
8 α =0=¿ α 3=0
4 α 3 + α 3=0 3 3
3

Thus V=0, F ⋀ G= {0 }

c/ deduce F+ G.What can we conclude ?

( )( )
1303 1 3 03
0−5 3−8 > 0100
for F =
0100 0−5 3 8
10−1−1 0−3−1−4

( )( )( )
1303 1303 13 0 3
0100 > 0 1 0 0 > 0 10 0
0 1 3−8 0014 0014
1 0−1−4 0 0 3−8 0001

{( ) ( ) ( ) ( )}
1 0 0 0
¿> 3 , 1 , 0 , 0 is a basis for F+G =>
0 0 1 0
3 0 4 1

31. show that { P0 , P1 … Pn } is a basic for R [ X ]

Pk ( n )= ( n+1 )k+1−nk+1

=( n+1 )k + n ( n+ 1 )k−1+ … nk−1 ( n+ 1 )+ nk

Sine { P0 , P1 … Pn } is the set of echolon function

Polynomial with different degrees then the set is L.I

33).a). Find a basis B1 and the dimension of S1 . Find the coordinates of (2 ,−1 ,−1,1,0) with
respect to B1
Find a basis B1 and the dimension of S1

( ) ( )
1 1 1 2 1 ¿ R → R −2 R 1 1 1 2 1
2 2 1 ¿
1 1 1 3 2 0 −1 −1 −1 0 R → R −R
R3 → R 3−R1 3 3 2
1 0 0 1 1 0 −1 −1 −1 0
R → R 4 + R2
1 2 2 3 3 R4 → R 4−R 1 0 1 1 2 2 4

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

( )( )
1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1
0 −1 −1 −1 0 0 1 1 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0

{( ) ( ) ( )}
1 0 0
1 1 0
B
Thus 1 = 1 , 1 , 0 is a basis of S 1∧dimension of S 1=3
2 1 0
1 coordinates
Find the 0 1 of (2 ,−1 ,−1,1,0) with respect to B1

( ) () () ()
2 0 0 0
−1 1 1 0
−1 =α 1 1 +α 2 1 +α 3 0
1 2 1 0
0 1 0 1

{
α 1=2

{
α 1 =2
¿> α 1+ α 2=−1=¿ α 2=−3
2 α 1+ α 2=1
α 3 =−2
α 1+ α 3=0

( )
2
Thus the coordinates of [ ( 2,−1 ,−1,1,0 ) ] B = −3 1

−2
b). Find a basis and the dimension of S2 , S 1+ S 2 ,∧S 1 ∩ S2

( ) ( )
1 −1 −1 0 −1 ¿ R → R −3 R 1 −1 −1 0 −1
3 1 1 4 3 2 2 1
0 4 4 4 6 ¿
R3 → R3 −2 R1 R 3 → R 3−R2
2 2 2 3 4 0 4 4 3 5

( )( )
1 −1 −1 0 −1 1 −1 −1 0 −1
0 4 4 4 6 0 2 2 2 3
0 0 0 −1 −1 0 0 0 1 1

{( ) ( ) ( )}
1 0 0
−1 2 0
Thus B2= −1 , 2 , 0 is a basis of S2∧dimension S2=3
0 2 1
S1 + S2 −1 3 1

( )( )
1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1
0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
S1 + S2=
1 −1 −1 0 −1 0 −2 −2 −2 −2
0 2 2 2 3 0 2 2 2 3
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

( )( )
1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1
0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

{( ) ( ) ( ) ( )}
1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
S +
Thus the basis 1 2 S is 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 ∧dimension ( S 1 +S 2 )=4
2 1 1 0
1 0 1 1
S1 ∩S 2

dimension ( S 1 +S 2 )=dim S1 +dim S2−dim ⁡(S1 ∩S 2)

4=3+ 3−dim ( S 1 ∩dim S2 )

¿> dim ( S 1 ∩ S2 ) =6−4=2

let ∀ xϵ S 1 ∩ S 2

xϵ S 1∧xϵ S2

¿>∃ λ1 , λ2 , … , λ 6 ϵ R∧x=( x 1 , x 2 , … , x 6 )

( xϵ S 1∧xϵ S2 )

( ) () () () ( ) () ()
x1
x2 1 0 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 −1 2 0
x3 = λ
1 1 + λ2 1 + λ3 0 =λ 4 −1 + λ 5 2 + λ6 0
x4
2 1 0 0 2 1
x5 1 0 1 −1 3 1
x6

{
x 1=λ 1=λ 4 (1)
x 2=λ1 + λ 2=−λ 4 +2 λ5 (2)
¿> x3 =λ1 + λ 2=−λ 4 +2 λ5 (3)
x 4=2 λ1 +2 λ2 =2 λ 5 + λ6 (4)
x 5=λ 1+ λ3=− λ4 +3 λ 5 + λ 6 (5)

( 1 )∧(2):2 λ1 + λ 2−2 λ5=0 (6)

( 4 ) : λ6 =0
( 1 )∧(5):2 λ2 + λ 3−3 λ5 =λ6 =0(7)
3
3 ( 6 ) −2 ( 7 ) :2 λ1 +3 λ 2−2 λ3=0=¿ λ 3=λ1 + λ 2
2

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

( ) ( ) ( ) () ( )
x1 λ1 0
λ1 1
x2 λ 1+ λ2 1
λ1 + λ2 1
¿> x 3 = λ1 + λ2 = λ 1+ λ2 =λ 1 1 + λ 2 1
x4 2 λ1 + λ 2 1
2 λ1 + λ2 2
x5 3 3
λ1 + λ3 2 λ1 + λ2 2
x6 2 2

{( ) ( )}
0
1
1
1
1
Thus the basis of S1 ∩S 2 is 1 , ∧dimension ( S 1 ∩ S2 ) =2
1
2
3
35. a . Show that B={1 , t−1, ... ,(t−1)
2 m } isa basis for Pm
2
consider ⋋ 0+ ⋋1 (1+t)m =0(1) , ∀ t ∈ R
m
(2)=(1)' :⋋ 1+2 ⋋ 2 (1+ t)+...+m ⋋ m( 1+ t ) =0

( 3 ) =( 2 )' :2 ⋋2 +3 x 2 ⋋ 3 ( 1+t )+ …+m ( m−1 ) ⋋ m ( 1+t )m−2=0

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−¿
(m)=( m−1)' :m(m−1)...1 x 1 ⋋ m=0
by taking t=−1∈(1) ,(2) ,... ,(m)
then ⋋0=⋋1=⋋2=−−−¿ ⋋ m=u

Thisimplies that 1,1+t , ... ,(1+t)m are LI

Sincethe number of ( (1+t) ) 0 ≤k ≤m =m+ 1=dim Pm

k

then B is a spanning set for Pm

m
b . Determine the coordinates of (t +2) with respect ¿ the basis B .
m
by (t +5)m=(t+1+5)m=∑ (t +1) k 4m−k
k=0

¿ 4 m + 4m−1 (t +1)+...+(t +1)m

m m
let (t +5) =a 0+ a1 (t +1)+...+a m (t+1)

a0
Thus : [( t+5) ]B =( ⋮ )is the coordinates respet ¿ B which ak =4 , 0 ≤ k ≤ m
m m−k

am

37. let B 1={ ( 1,1,1 )( 1,1,0 ) ( 1,0,0 ) }∧B2 ={ ( 1,1,−1 ) (1 ,−1,0 )( 2,0,0 ) } be two ordered bases
3
for R . Find a transition ¿ ordered basis B1 ¿ ordered basis B 2∧also a

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

transition ¿ ordered basis B 2 ¿ ordered basis B1 .Than find thecoordinates of

v=( 1 ,−1,0 ) ∈ordered basis B 2 .

 Find a transition ¿ ordered basis B1 ¿ ordered basis B 2

let B 1={ ( 1,1,1 )( 1,1,0 )( 1,0,0 ) }

¿ B2={ ( 1,1 ,−1 ) ( 1 ,−1,0 ) ( 2,0,0 ) }

let V =( x , y , z ) ∈ R 3 is satisty :

() () () ()
x 1 1 1
y =∝ 1 1 + ∝ 2 1 ∝ 3 0 ; ∝1 ,∝2 ,∝3 ∈ R
z 1 0 0

{ {
∝1=z ∝1=z
⟹ ∝2= y−∝1= y ∨ ∝2= y −z
∝3=x−∝1−∝2=x −z−( y−z ) ∝3=x− y
Then

[( )] ( ) ( )
x ∝1 z
y = ∝2 = y −z
z B
1
∝3 x− y

[( )] ( ) [ ( )] ( )
1 −1 1 0
1 = 2 , −1 = −1
−1 B
1
0 0 B
1
2

[( )] ( )
2 0
¿ 0 =0
0 B 21

( )
−10 0
Thus PB ⟵ B = 2−1 0
2 1

0 22

 Find a transition ¿ ordered basis B1 ¿ ordered basis B 2

let B 1={ ( 1,1,1 )( 1,1,0 )( 1,0,0 ) }

¿ B2={ ( 1,1 ,−1 ) ( 1 ,−1,0 ) ( 2,0,0 ) }

3
let w=( x , y , z ) ∈ R is satisty :

() ( ) ( ) ()
x 1 1 2
y =β 1 1 + β 2 −1 β 3 0 ; β 1 , β 2 , β 3 ∈ R
z −1 0 0

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

{ {
β 1=−z β1=z
β 2=β 1− y=−z− y β 2=− y−z
⟹ ∨
1 1 1
β 3= (x−β 1−β 2)= ( x + z + z+ y ) β 3= (x+ y+ 2 z )
2 2 2
Then

[( ) ] ( ) ( )
β1 z
x
− y−z
y = β2 = 1
z 2 β3 ( x+ y +2 z)
2

[( ) ] ( ) [( ) ] ( )
1 −1 1 0
1 = −2 , 1 = −1
1 B 2
2 0 B
2
1

[( )] ( )
0
1
¿ 0 = 0
1
0 B
2
2

( )
−10 0
Thus PB ⟵ B = 2−1 02
1 1

21
2
 find the coordinates of v=( 1 ,−1,0 )∈ ordered basis B2

we have v= (1 ,−1,0 )

( ) ( )
0 −1 0 0
[ V ] B = −1 ∧P B ⟵ B = 2−1 0
1 2 1

2 022

Then
[ V ] B =P B ⟵ B [ V ] B
2 2 1 1

( )( ) ( )
−10 0 0 0
¿ 2−1 0 −1 = 1
0 22 2 2

()
0
Thus [ V ] B = 1 2

39. show that φ is liner product

( )
n m
1. tr ( A A )=φ ( A , A )=∑ ∑ a2ij ∧φ ( A , A )=0iff :aij =0
T

i=1 i=1

2. φ ( A , B )=tr a ( A B )=tr a ( B T A ) T

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

3. φ ( kA , B )=tr a ( k A T B )=kφ ( A /B )
4. φ ( A+C , B ) =tr a ( (A +C)T × B ) =tr a ( A T B ) +tr a ( C T B )=φ ( A , B ) +φ(C , B)

Therefore; φ is inner product

41.(a). Show that B (V 1 ,V 2 , V 3) is an orthogonal basis for R3

We have ¿ x , y >¿ 4 x 1 y 1 +3 x2 y 2+ 5 x 3 y 3

Since ¿ V 1 ,V 2 >¿ 4 ( 1 )( 1 ) +3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )+5 ( 1 ) (−2 ) . ( 1 )

¿ V 1 ,V 3 >¿ 4 ( 1 ) (−5 )+ 3 (1 )( 5 ) +5 ( 1 )( 1 ) .(2)

¿ V 2 ,V 3 ≥ 4 ( 1 ) ( 5 ) +3 ( 2 )( 5 )+5 (−2 ) ( 1 ) .(3)

By (1),(2) B is an orthogonal basi

+Derive orthonormal basis Bo

We have Bo= ⟨‖ V1
V 1‖
,
V2
,
‖V 2‖ ‖V 3‖
V3
⟩
.‖V 1‖=√ 4 +3+5= √12

.‖V 2‖=√ 4 +12+ 20=6

.‖V 3‖=6 √ 5

Therefore Bo= ⟨ 1
2 √3
1
(1,1,1), (1,2 ,−2),
6
1
6 √5
(−5,5,1)
⟩
(b).Determine [ V ] B ∧[ V ] B o

+[ V 1 ]B

Since B is orthogonal basis V=CV 1+ CV 2 +CV 3

 ¿

Therefore [ V ] B = ( 74 , −16 , −112 )

+[ V ] B o

Since Bois orthogonal basis

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

{
21
C '1=.<V 1 ,V '1 >¿
√12
' '
 C2=.< V 1 , V 2 >¿−1
−15
C'3=.< V 1 , V '3 >¿
6 √5

Thus [ V ] B =.o ( √2112 ,−1 , −15

6 √5 )

( c ).find the scalar and vector projection

8+6−20
. K=¿ V 1 V 2 > ¿ = =−1 ¿
‖V 2‖ 6

. P=K
( )
V2
=
‖V 2‖ 6
−1
V 2=
−1
6
( 1,2,−2 )

43 . let R4 be a vector space equipped with inder product < x , y >¿ x 1 y 1+ x 2 y 2+ x 3 y 3+ 2 x 4 y 4

let v 1=( 1,2,1,2 ) , v 2=( 2,1,2,1 ) , v 3=( 1,1,2,2 ) , v 4 =( 2,2,1,1 ) , v 5=( 1,2,1,3 )

¿ S1= { v 1 , v 2 , v 3 , v 4 } , S2 =span { (1,2,1,2 ) , ( 2,1,2,1 ) , ( 2,2,1,1 ) , ( 1,2,1,3 )

A , Determine basis of S1∧dim ( S 1) . denote by B1

| || || |
1 2 12 1 2 12 1 2 12
consider 2 1 21 ↝ 3 3 31 ↝ 2 1 21
1 1 22 1 1 22 1 1 22
2 2 11 3 3 33 0 0 00

¿> S1 =span {( 1,2,1,2 ) , ( 2,1,2,1 ) , ( 1,1,2,2 ) } is a basis∧dim ( S1 )=3

+use gram−schmidt process the transfom B1 ¿ an orthogonal∧¿

orthonrmal basis for S 1 .

we have S 1=span { v 1 , v 2 , v3 }

let { u1 ,u 2 , u3 } be a orthogonal basis .

by ram−schmidt
v1 =u1=( 1,2,1,2 )

u2=v 2−¿ v 2 , v 1 > ¿ 2 .u 1 ¿

||u1||
2+2+2+4
¿ ( 2,1,2,1 )− ( 1,2,1,2 )
1+4 +1+8

56
INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

¿ ( 9 3 9 3
,− , ,−
7 7 7 7 )
u3=v 3−¿ v 3 , v 1> ¿ 2 . u1−¿ v 3 , v 1 > ¿ 2 .u 2 ¿ ¿
||u 1|| ||u2||
¿ ( 1,1,2,2 )−
1+ 2+ 2+ 8
12
( 1,2,1,2 )− (
12 ×9 9 3 9 3
,− , ,−
189 ×7 7 7 7 7 )
637 8
¿ ( 1,1,2,2 )− ( 1,2,1,2 )− ( 9 ,−3,9 ,−3 )
686 686
1
¿ ( 1,1,2,1 )− ( 709,1250,709,1250 )
686

¿ ( 686−709
686
,
686−1250 1372−709 686−1250
686
,
686
,
686 )
Thus{ {vv11,,vv22,,vv33} }isisan
Thus anorthogonal
orthogonalbasis
basis..

+Orthonomal basis
let { w 1 , w 2 , w 3 } be an orthonormal basis .

v1 1
¿> w1= = ( 1,2,1,2 )
||v 1||
2
√14

( )
v2 √ 49 9 ,− 3 , 9 ,− 3
w 2= =
||v2||
2
√ 189 7 7 7 7
v3
w 3= 2
||v 3||
1
||v 3||= 686 √ (−23 )2+ (−564 )2 +( 686 )2 , (−564 )2=a

¿> w3=
a 686 (
1 −23 566 663 566
,− , ,−
686 686 686
. )
b ¿ . show that B2= { v 1 , v 2 , v 5 , v 3 } is a basis of S 2 than deduce S 2=R 4 .

| |
1 2 12
2 1 21
we consider det ≠0
1 1 22
1 2 13

Therefore B 2=span { v 1 , v 2 , v3 , v 5 } is a basis of S 2∧dim ( S2 ) =4

4
¿> S 2=R
+ By using Gram−schmidt

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

−orthogonal basis
let { v 1 , v 2 , v 3 , v 5 } be an orthogonal basis of B2

¿>u 1=v 1= (1,2,1,2 )

9 3 9 3
U 2=V 2−¿ v 2 ,u 1> ¿ 2 u1= ,− , ,− ¿
||u 1|| 7 7 7 7 ( )
u3=v 3−¿ v 3 , u1 > ¿ 2 u1−¿ v 3 , u1 > ¿ 2 =
||u1||
, (
−23 564 663 564
,− ,−
||u2|| 686 686 686 686
¿¿ )
u5=v 5−¿ v 5 , u1 > ¿ 2 u1−¿ v 5 , u2 > ¿ 2 u 2−¿ v 5 , u3 > ¿ 2 u 3 ¿ ¿ ¿
||u1|| ||u2|| ||u3||
¿ ( m ,n , p , q ) , m, n , p , q ∈ R
Therefore { v 1 , v 2 , v 3 , v 5 } is an orthogonal basis for S2
1

45 . Provet h at s =s 0 , w h ere t h e inter product on v is defined by ¿ f , g ≥ ∫ f ( t ) g ( t ) dt

⊥
e
−1
1 1
we h ave s e :even functions0 :odd functon∀ v ∈ [ −1,1 ] =f ( x ) = ( f ( x )+ g (−x ) ) + ( f ( x )−g (−x ) )
2 2
+ Prove t h at f ( x ) + g (−x ) is even functionf (−x ) + g ( x )=f ( x ) + g (−x ) replace x by−x
t h us f ( x ) + g (−x ) is even+ Prove t h at f ( x ) −g (− x ) is odd function
f ( x )−g (−x )=− ( g (−x )−f (−x ) ) replace x by −xt h us f ( x ) −g (−x ) is odd
t h us every function can be write s e ⨁ s 0 Now prove t h at s e ⊥ s 0 so we got s⊥
e =s 0

{ |
1 1
f ∈s e
since we defined <f , g>¿ ∫ f ( t ) g ( t ) dt let ⇒ ∫ f ( t ) g ( t ) dt=0⇒< f , g>¿ 0 ⟺ s e ⊥ s 0
−1 g ∈ s 0 −1
⊥
Therefore s 0 =s 0
47. let w be a subspace of finite dimensional vector v show that :

⊥
a . ( w ⊥ ) =w

let u ϵ ¿

⊥
let uϵw , vϵ w ⟹<u , v> ¿ 0⟹ uϵ ( w ) (2)
⊥ ⊥

by ( 1 )∧( 2 )

⊥ ⊥
Therefore ( w ) =w

⊥
b . v =w ⨁ w

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

{ w ∩w = {0 }
⊥
⊥
since v=w ⨁ w ⟺
dim v=dim w+dim w ⊥

suppose uϵ w ∩w ⟺
⊥
{uϵuϵww
⊥

Then<u , v >¿‖u ‖=0 ⟺u=0

2

then w ∩w ={ 0 } ( 1 )
⊥

let w={ x 1 … x n } be an orthogonal basis

let { x 1 … x , x n , v 1 … v p } … of v

then< xi , v j> ¿ 0 , ∀ i ϵ [ 1 , n ] , jϵ [ 1 , p ]

Thus { v i … v p } ϵ w ⊥

⟹ dim v=n+ p=dim w+dim w ⊥

⊥
Thus v=w ⨁ w

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

Solutions
1. Determine if the following mappings are linear transformations.
2 2
a. L :R → R , L ( x 1 , x 2 )=( x 1−2 x 2 , 3+ x 1+ 3 x 2 )
L ( 0,0 )=(0,3)≠(0,0)

Thus Lisn ' t linear transformations

3 3
b. R → R , L ( x 1 , x 2 , x3 ) =( x 1+ 2 x 2 + x3 , x 1−x 2)
let x=( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ) , y =( y 1 , y 2 y 3 ) ϵ R3 ∧αϵ R

L ( x , αy ) =L [ ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) + α ( y 1 , y 2 y 3 ) ]
¿ ( x 1 +α y 1 + x ( x 2 +α y 2) + x 3 +α y 3 , x 1−x 2+ α ( y 1− y 2 ) )

¿ L ( x ) +αL ( y )
And L ( 0,0,0 )=0

Thus L is linear transformation

c.

let and

(1)

(2)

Follow (1) & (2)

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

Thus L isn’t linear transformations.

d. Let and

let

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

Thus L is a linear transformation.

e. φ : C 2 ( R ) →C 0 ( R ) , φ ( f )=2 t f n ( t ) +cost ¿
for all f , gϵ C 2 ( R ) , αϵ R , we have
φ ( αf + g )=2 t ( αf + g ) ( t )+ cost ( αf + g ) (t )−( t −1 ) ( αf + g ) ( t )
'' 2 '

¿ 2 t ( α f ' ' ( t )+ g ' ' ( t ) ) + cost ( α f ' ( t )+ g ' ( t )) −( t 2−1)(αf ( t ) + g ( t ))

¿α ¿

+cost g ( t )−( t −1 ) g ( t )=αφ ( f ) +φ ( g )

' 2

Thus, φ is linear.

f. φ :C ( R ) → R , φ ( f )=∫ ( f ( x )+ 3 f ' ( x ) ) dx
0

0
For all f , g ϵ C ( R )∧αϵ R , we have
1
φ ( αf + g )=∫ ( αf ( x )+ g ( x ) +3 α f ( x ) +3 g ( x ) ) dx
' '

1
¿α∫¿ ¿
0

¿ α φ ( f ) +φ ( g )

Thus φ is linear .

3. Let L ∈ L (V , W ) . Show that :

a. Ker(L) is a subspace of V.

Let Ov ∧O w , denoted the zero vector of V ∧W , respectively .

Since L ( Ov )=O w , we have O v ∈ ker ( L ) . let x , y ∈ Ker ( L )∧c ∈ R
Then L ( εx+ y )=cL ( x ) + L ( y )=c
Thus, Ker(L)is a subspace of V.
b. Im(L)is a subspace of W.

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

Because L ( Ov )=O w , we have O w ∈ ℑ( L)

Let x,y∈ ℑ ( L )∧αϵ N .Then there exist u∧v ∈l such that L ( u )=x∧L ( v ) = y
So, L (u +v )=L ( u ) + L ( v )=x + y ∧L ( αu )=αL ( u )=αx
 x + y ∈ ℑ ( L )∧αxϵ ℑ( L)

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

Thus, ℑ ( L ) is a subspace of W .

(c). If dim V <∞ , thennull ( L ) +rank ( L )=dimV

We havedim V <∞ ∧Ker ( L ) <V
Let { V 1 , V 2 , … , V n } be abasis for Ker (L)

Then null(L) = K
Then there exist u1 ,u 2 , … , un ∈V

Suchthat { V 1 , V 2 , … , V k ,u 1 , u2 , … ,u n } is basis for V

Then dim ( V )=k + n , Next we will show that rank ( L )=n

¿ show this , if suffice ¿ sow ¿

 Consider equation:

We got L ( α 1 u1 +α 2 u2 , … , α n un ) =0

⟹ α 1 u1 +α 2 u2 , … , α n un=0∈ K (r ( L ))

⟹ β 1+ β 2 , … , β 11 ∈ Κ such that

⟹ α 1 u1 +α 2 u2 , … , α n un= β1 V 1+ β2 V 2 ,… , β k V k

α 1+ α 2 +, …=α n=0

Thus L(V ¿¿ 1), L ( V 2 ) , … , L ( V n ) is LI ¿

 Let wϵ I m ( L ) Then ∃ v ∈ V such that w ϵ L ( V ) (1)

since v ∈V , then ∃a 1 , a2 , ak , b1 , b2 , … , bn ∈ Κ ,

V =a1 V 1+ a2 V 2 +…+ ak V k + β 1 V 1 + β 2 V 2 , … , β n V n (2)

by ( 1 )∧(2):W =b1 L(V ¿¿ 1) ,b 2 L(V 2 ) ,… , b n L ¿ ¿

⇒ W ∈ span ¿
Thus¿
Thus rank(L)= n , null ( L ) +rank ( L )=dimV

space
5 . let U , V ∧Wbe vecter same field .let f be a linear transformation¿ U ¿ V ∧g be
the

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

a linear transformation¿ V ¿ W .
( a ) . show that g ∘ f is alsoa linear transformation:
let x , y ∈U∧α ∈ K , we have
( g ∘ f )( αx+ y )=g [ f ( αx+ y ) ]=g[αf ( x ) + f ( y ) ]

¿ αg [ f ( x ) ]+ g [ f ( y ) ] =α ( g ∘ f ) ( x ) + ( g ∘ f ) ( y )
Thus g ∘ f is a linear transformation.

( b ) show that rank ( g ∘ f ) ≤ min { rank ( f ) ; rank ( g ) } .

since f ( U ) ⊂ V , we also have g ( f ( U ) ⊂ g ( V ) )

so dim ⁡[g ( f ( U )) ]≤ dim ( g ( V ) ) ≤> rank ( g ∘ f ) ≤ rank ( g ) (1 )

on the other hand , dim [ g ( f ( U ) ) ] ≤ dim ( f ( U ) ) ≤>rank ( g ∘ f ) ≤ rank ( f )( 2 )

¿ ( 1 )∧( 2 ) , we have rank ( g ∘ f ) ≤min { rank ( f ) ; rank ( g ) } .

( c ) . show that if f is surfective then rank ( g ∘ f )=rank ( g )

If f is suejective ,then ℑ ( f )=V ≤> f ( U )=V

¿> g ( f (V ) )=g ( V )

¿> dim [ g ( f ( U ) ) ]=dim ( g ( V ) )

¿>rank ( g ∘ f ) =rank ( g ) .
( d ) . show that if g is ainjective ( one∨one ) thenrank ( g ∘ f )=rank ( f )

If g is one ¿ n one , then dim ⁡¿

since dim ⁡¿

¿> dim ( g ( f ( U ) ) ) =dim ( f ( V ) )

¿>rank ( g ∘ f ) =rank ( f ) .
4 3
7. Let : R → R be a linear transformation defined by :

()( )( )
x1 x1
1 1 0 −1
x x
L 2 = 2 1 0 −1 2
x3 1 1 1 −2 x3
x4 x4

( a ) . Find the kernel of L∧one of its bases .is L one−¿−one ?

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

()
x1
x
Let x= 2 ϵ ker ( L ) ⇒ L ( x )=0 ⟺ Ax=0 , we have agumented ¿
x3
x4

( |)( |)( |)
1 1 0 −1 0 1 1 0 −1 0 1 1 0 −1 0
2 1 0 −1 0 0 −1 0 1 0 0 1 0 −1 0 ref
1 1 1 −2 0 0 0 1 −1 0 0 0 1 −1 0

() ()
0 0
Let x 4 =t , then x 3=t , x 2=t , x 1=−t+t=0 ⇒ x= t =t 1
t 1
t 1

{( )} {( )}
0 0
Thus ker ( L )=span 1 ∧ 1 is a basis for ker ( L )∧dim ker ( L ) =1
1 1
1 1

By ker ( L ) ≠ {0 } ⇒ Lis not one−¿−one .

( b ) . Find the range of L∧one of its bases . Is L onto ?

We have L : R4 → R 3

Let B= {( 1,0,0,0 ) , ( 0,1,0,0 ) , ( 0,0,1,0 ) , ( 0,0,0,1 ) } be a standard∧basis for R

t t t t 4

{ ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )}
1 0 0 0
Then R ( L ) =ℑ ( L )=span L 0 , L 1 ,L 0 ,L 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1

{( ) ( ) ( ) ( )}
1 1 0 −1
¿ span 2 , 1 , 0 , −1
1 1 1 −2

¿ ( a ) , we have leading 1 occune at column(1) ,(2)∧(3)

{( ) ( ) ( )}
1 1 0
Thus R ( L )=ℑ ( L ) =span 2 , 1 , 0 that are L. I
1 1 1

{( ) ( ) ( )}
1 1 0
3
So 2 , 1 , 0 is a basis of ℑ ( L ) ∧dim ( L ) =3=dim R , Thus Lis onto .
1 1 1

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

3 3
9. let L : R → R be alinear transformation defined by

()( )( )
x1 2 0 −1 x 1
L x2 = 1 1 0 x2
x3 2 −1 0 x 3

( a ) Find thekernel of L∧one of its bases . Is L one−¿−one ?

()( )( )
x1 2 0 −1 x 1
L x2 = 1 1 0 x2
x3 2 −1 0 x 3

The kernel of L defind by

2
Ker ( L ) ={x ∈ R : L ( x )=0

( )( )( )
2 0 −1 1 1 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 0 −2 −1 0 1 −1
2 −1 0 0 −1 1 0 0 1

Thus Ker ( L ) ={ 0 }=¿ L is one−¿−one

( b ) Find therange of L∧one of its bases . Is L onto ?

{( ) ( ) ( )}
2 0 −1
ℑ ( L ) =span 1 , 1 , 0
2 −1 0

¿ rank ( L )=3

Since rank ( L )=3=R3

Thus L isonto

11.let T : c 2 ( R ) → c 2 ( R ) ; T ( f )=2 f ' ' −5 f ' +3 show that T is an endomorphism and determine
its kernel.
2
let f , g ∈∁ ( R )∧α ∈ k , we have
'' '
T ( αf + g )=2(αf + g) −5 ( αf + g ) +3( αf + g)
'' '' ' '
¿ 2 α f +2 g −5 α f −5 g +3 αf + 3 g

¿ α ( 2 f −5 f + 3 f ) +(2 g −5 g +3 g)
'' ' '' '

¿ αeT ( f )+ T (g)

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

2 2
Thus , T is linear ¿ ∁ ( R ) into ∁ ( R )
Thus T is an endomorphism
let f ∈ ker (T ) , thenT ( f )=0

⟺ 2 f ' ' −5 f ' +3 f =0

2
characteristic equation 2 r −5 r +3=0
c 3
a+ b+c=0⟹ r 1=1 , r 2= =
a 2
2
x
x 3
So f =c 1 e +c 2 e , ∁1 ,∁2 ∈ ( R )

Thus ker (T )=span {e +e }∧nll (T )=dim ker ¿ ¿ =2

2
x
x 3

13 . Let φ : Rn [ X ] → Rn [ X ] defined by φ ( P )=P(x +1)−P(x)

(a). Let P ,Q ∈ Rn [ x ] ,∧α ∈ R :

φ ( φP+Q )=( αP+ Q )( x +1 )−( αP+Q ) ( x )

¿ αP ( x+ 1)+Q(x +1)−αP (x)−Q(x)

¿ α [ P( x +1)−P( x )] + [ Q( x +1)−Q( x )] ¿ α φ( p)+φ(Q)

Thus , φ is linear ¿ Rn [ x ] into R n [ x ]

So φ is an endomorphsm

(b). Let P ∈ ker (φ), then φ ( P)=0

⇔ P ( x +1 )−P ( x )=0

⇔ P ( x+1)=P(x ) , ∀ x ∈ R
⇒ P is a constant
Then ker ( φ)=Span {1 } ,∧null(φ)=dim ker (φ)=1
. By the dimensim theorem,
null (φ)+rank ( φ)=dim Rn [ x ]

⇔ 1+ rank (φ)=n+1
⟹ rank ( φ)=n
. ∀ P ∈ R n [ x ] , φ ( p)=P(x+ 1)−P( x)

⟹ φ( P) ∈ Rn−1 [ x ]

Then ℑ ( φ )=Rn [ x ] ¿ Span {1 , x , .... , x n−171}

INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

15.

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

3
2
1
¿
20
∫ ( 9−12 x +4 x2 ) ⅆx

( )
3
1 2 4 3 2
¿ 9 x−6 x + x
2 3 0

9
V = Cobic unit
4

17. a. Find the matrix representation L relative to the standard basis.

Thus

b. Find the transition matrix from to denoted by S

Let

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

Thus

d. Verify that [ L ] B 1 [ v ] B 1=[ L ( v ) ]B 1 for any vector v∈ R 3

() () () ()
x 1 1 1
Consider v= y =c1 1 +c 2 1 +c 3 0
z 1 0 0

( |)( |)( | )
1 1 1 x 1 0 0 z 1 0 0 z
1 1 0 y 1 1 0 y 0 1 0 y−z
1 0 0 z 1 1 1 x 0 0 1 x− y

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

[( ) ] ([ ( ) ] [ ( )] [ ( ) ] )
x
=> y
z B1
1
= L 1
1 B1
1
, L 1
0 B1
1
, L 0
0 B1

( )
2 0 0
= −2 0 1
3 2 0

( | )( )
2 0 0 z 2z
=>[ L ] B 1 [ v ] B 1= −2 0 1 y −z = −2 z+ x − y
3 2 0 x− y 3 z +2 y−2 z

( )
2z
= x− y −2 z (1)
2 y+z

()( )( ) ( )
x 1 1 1 x x+ y+z
L ( v )=L y = 1 −1 0 y = x− y
z 0 0 2 z 2z

( )( )
2z 2z
=>[ L ( v ) ]B 1= x − y−2 z = x− y−2 z (2)
x + y + z−x + y 2 y+z

(1)&(2) [ L ] B 1 [ v ] B 1=[ L ( v ) ] B 1 for any vector v∈ R 3

e. Verify that [ L ] B 2=S−1 [ L ] B 1 S

[ ]
1
4
(−3 y 1 + y 3 )
1
We have [ u ] B 2= y 2− ( y 1 + y 3 )
2
1
(y +y )
4 1 3

( ) ( ) () ( ) () ( )
−1 0 0 1 1 6
L 0 = −1 , L 1 = −1 , L 2 = −1
1 2 0 0 3 6

( )
1 /2 −3 /4 −3
[ L ] B 2= 2 −3/2 −7
4/2 1/4 3

( )
1 0 3
S= −1 1 −1
−1 −1 −1

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

| )( ( | )
1 0 3 1 0 0 1 0 31 0 0
Consider −1 1 −1 0 1 0 0 1 21 1 0
−1 −1 −1 0 0 1 0 −1 2 1 0 1

( | )( | )
1 0 31 0 0 1 0 3 1 0 0
0 1 21 1 0 0 1 2 1 1 0
0 0 42 1 1 0 0 1 1/2 1 /4 1/4

( | )
1 0 0 −1/2 −3/4 −3 /4
0 1 0 0 1/2 −1/2
0 0 1 1/2 1/4 1/ 4

( )
−1 /2 −3/4 −3 /4
−1
S = 0 1/ 2 −1/2
1/ 2 1/ 4 1 /4

( )( )( )
−1/2 −3/ 4 −3/4 2 0 0 −7 /4 −3/2 −3 /4
−1
S [ L ] B 1= 0 1/2 −1 /2 −2 0 1 = −5/2 −1 4 /2
1/2 1/4 1/4 3 2 0 5 /4 1/2 1/4

( )( )( )
−7 /4 −3 /2 −3/4 1 0 3 −1/2 −3/ 4 −3
−1
S [ L ] B 1 S= −5/2 −1 4 / 2 −1 1 −1 = −2 −3 / 2 −7 =[ L ] B 2
5 /4 1/2 1/4 −1 −1 −1 1 /2 1/4 3

Thus [ L ] B 2=S−1 [ L ] B 1 S

19. The set s= { e , t e , t e } is a basis of a vector space V of function

2t 2t 2 2t

df
f : R → R let D be the differential operator on V :That is D ( f )= .
dt
df
find the ¿ of D relative ¿the basis s .( by given ) we have D ( f )=
dt
d f
¿ s= { e ,t e , t e } ⟺ s= { f 1 , f 2 , f 3 }⇒ 1 =2 e 2t =2 f 1 +0 f 2+ 0 f 3 =2 f 1
2t 2t 2 2t
dt
d f 2 2t 2t df3 2t 2 2t
=e +2 t e =1. f 1 +2. f 2+ 0. f 3=f 1+ 2 f 2 =2 t e +2 t e =0. f 1 +2. f 2+2. f 3=2 f 2 +2 f 3
dt dt

() () ()
2 1 0
⇒ [ D ( f 1 ) ]s = 0 , [ D ( f 2 ) ]s= 2 , [ D ( f 3 ) ] s= 2 We get [ D ] s=( [ D ( f 1) ]s [ D ( f 2 ) ] s [ D ( f 3 ) ]s )
0 0 2

( )
2 1 0
Therefore [ D ] s= 0 2 2
0 0 2

21. Let f : R n [ X ] → Rn [ X ] ; f ( P )=x P ' −P

a. Show that f ∈ L ( R n [ X ])

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

Let P ,Qϵ R n [ X ]∧αϵ R

Then f ( P+ αQ )=x ( P+αQ )' − ( P+ αQ )

¿ x ( P −P ) +α ( Q −Q ) =f ( P ) + α (Q)
' '

Thus f ∈ L ( R n [ X ])

b. Determine the matrix represents f in the canonical bases of Rn [ X ]

Let B={1, x , x 2 , … , x n }be a canonical bases of Rn [ X ]

'
For P=x k ⟹ f ( x k )=x ( x k ) −x k =xk x k−1−x k =( k −1 ) x k , 0 ≤ k ≤n

For k =0 ⟹ f ( 1 )=( 0−1 ) 1=−1

k =1⟹ f ( x )=x ( 1−1 )=0

k =2 ⟹ f ( x ) =x ( 2−1 ) =x
2 2 2

k =3 ⟹ f ( x 3 )=x 3 ( 3−1 )=2 x 3

………………………………………

k =n ⟹ f ( x )=x (n−1)
n n

Thus The matrix represents f in the canonical bases of Rn [ X ] is

(0
[ f ] B= −1 ¿ ( 0 ) ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ 2 ¿ ¿ ¿ ⋱ ¿ ¿ ( 0 ) ¿ ¿ ¿ n−1 ¿
¿ ¿ ¿ )n+1

c. Find Ker ( L ) ∧ℑ ( L )
If PϵKer ( f ) ⟺ f ( P )=0

'
− (−1x )x
x P −P=0 ⟹ P ( x )= A e = Ae , A=cteϵ R

Since dim ( Ker ( f ) ) + dim ( ℑ ( f ) ) =dim ( Rn [ X ] )

1+dim ( ℑ ( f ) ) =n+1

dim ⁡(ℑ ( f ))=n

Thus Ker ( f )= { e } ∧ℑ ( f )=span{1 , x 2 , x 3 , … , x n }

2 2

23let f : Rn [ x ] ⇒ Rn+ 1 [ x ] , f ( p )=e x ( p e− x )'

a . show that fϵζ R n [ x ] , Rn +1 [ x ]

let Q , pϵ R n∧Rn+1 , αϵ R

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

'
f ( p+ αQ )=e [ ( p+αQ ) e ]
2 2
x −x

' '
¿ e x p ( e−x ) +α e x Q ( e−x )
2 2 2 2

¿ f ( p ) + αf (Q)
Thus fϵζ Rn [ x ] , Rn+1 [ x ]

b . determine the ¿ f ∈thte canoical bases of

Rn ∧R n+1 [ x ]
'
we have f ( p )=e x ( p e−x )
2 2

( p' e−x −2 xp e− x )
2 2 2
x
¿e

¿ p' −2 xp

let B={ 1 , x , x 2 , … , x n } be a canonical basis of Rn [ x ]

B 1= { 1 , x , x , … , x } be a canonical basis of R n+1 [ x ]

2 n+1

for k =1⇒ f ( x ) =1−2 x 2

for k =2⇒ f ( x )=2 x−2 x

2 3

for k =3⇒ f ( x )=3 x −2 x

3 2 4

for k =n ⇒ f ( x )=n x −2 x
n n−1 n+1

for p ( x )=1 ⇒ f (1 )=−2 x

Thus the ¿ f ∈the canonical bases of
Rn ∧R n+1 [ x ]

( )
0¿ ¿(0) 1
−2 2 ¿¿ 0
B
[ f ]B = 1 0 3 ¿
¿ −2 −2 0 ⋱ n
¿(0) ¿ ¿ ⋱ 0
¿ ¿
⋱ −2 n +1

c . Find Kcr ( f )∧ℑ ( f )

+if p ϵKcr ( f ) ⇔ f ( p )=0

p' −2 xp=0
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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

⇒ p ( x )= A e−(2 x ) x = A e 2 x , A ϵ R
2

Thus Kcr ( f )={e 2 x }

since dim ( Kcr ( f ) )+ dim ( ℑ ( f ) )=dim R n+1 [ x ]

1+dim ( ℑ ( f ) ) =n+1

dim ( ℑ ( f ) ) =n
2 n
Thus ℑ ( f )={1, x , x , … , x }

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INSTUTUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE Linear Algebra

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