11 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

BASIC CALCULUS
Quarter 3 – Module 5
Derivative of a Function
and Rules for Differentiation
Basic Calculus – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 5: Derivative of a Function and Rules for Differentiation
First Edition, 2020

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 11

Basic Calculus
Quarter 3 – Module 5
Derivative of a Function
and Rules for Differentiation
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Grade 11-Basic Calculus Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM)

Module on Derivative of a Function and Rules for Differentiation!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by

educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher
or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12
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2
For the learner:

Welcome to the Grade 11-Basic Calculus Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM)

Module on Derivative of a Function and Some Rules for Differentiation!

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3
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4
 I

LEARNING COMPETENCIES:

▪ Determine the relationship between differentiability and

continuity of a function (STEM_BC11D-IIIf-1)
▪ Apply the differentiation rules in computing the derivative of an
algebraic, exponential, logarithmic, trigonometric functions and
inverse trigonometric functions (STEM_BC11D-IIIf-3)

OBJECTIVES:
K: Determine the relationship between differentiability and
continuity of a function;
S: Apply the differentiation rules in computing the derivative
of an algebraic, exponential, logarithmic, trigonometric
functions and inverse trigonometric functions;
A: Appreciate the importance of derivatives to real-life
situations.

Test yourself!
Task 1: Find the derivatives of the following functions. Simplify.
1
1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1 6. ℎ(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 3
2
2. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 5𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 5 7. y = 1
3𝑥 2

3
3. 𝑦 = (3𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥 + 5) 8. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 5 √𝑥 2

4. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 25 9. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 sec 𝑥

2𝑥
5. g(x) = 10. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 + 5𝑒 𝑥
3𝑥 2 +1

5
 ’s In

The difference between continuity and differentiability is a critical issue. Most, but not
all, of the functions we encounter in calculus will be differentiable over their entire domain.
Before we can confidently apply the rules regarding derivatives, we need to be able to recognize
the exceptions to the rule.

Recall the following definitions:

Definition 1 (Continuity at a Number). A function f is continuous at a number c if all

of the following conditions are satisfied:
a. f(c) is defined;
b. lim 𝑓(𝑥 ) exists: and
𝑥→𝑐
c. lim 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑓 (𝑐 ).
𝑥→𝑐

If at least one of these conditions is not satisfied, the function is said to be

discontinuous at c.

Definition 2 (Continuity on ℛ). A function f is said to be continuous everywhere if f

is continuous at every real number.

Definition 3. A function f is differentiable at the number c if

𝑓(𝑐+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑐) 𝑓(𝑥+△𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 ′(𝑐 ) = lim or 𝑓 ′(𝑥 ) = lim exists.
ℎ→∞ ℎ △𝑥→∞ △𝑥

Note: The variable h is equivalent to ∆𝑥 in some books.

’s New

Task 2: Deal with me.

Determine the limits of the following function if it exist and identify whether it is
continuous or not.
1. The piecewise function defined by
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3
𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 1
𝑥 − 1
4 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 1
2. The function defined by
−𝑥 2 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 2
𝑓(𝑥) = {
3 − 𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 2

6
 is It

For y = f(x), we define the derivative of f at x, denoted by 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ), to be

𝒇(𝒙+𝒉)−𝒇(𝒙)
𝒇′(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 if the limit exists.
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉

The existence of a derivative at 𝑥 = 𝑎 depends on the existence of a limit at 𝑥 = 𝑎, that

is, on the existence of
𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 ′(𝑥 ) = lim .
ℎ→0 ℎ

If the limit does not exist at 𝑥 = 𝑎, we say that the function 𝑓 is nondifferentiable at
𝑥 = 𝑎, or 𝑓 ′(𝑎) does not exist.
There are functions which are continuous at a point but is not differentiable at that point.
The next theorem however says that the converse is always TRUE.

Theorem. If a function f is differentiable at a, then f is continuous at a.

Proof. That function f is differentiable at 𝑎 implies that 𝑓 ′(𝑎) exists. To prove that 𝑓 is
continuous at 𝑎, we must show that

𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑓 (𝑎 )
ℎ→𝑎
or equivalently,
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓 (𝑎 + ℎ) = 𝑓 (𝑎 )
ℎ→0

If 𝒉 ≠ 𝟎, then
𝑓 (𝑎 + ℎ) = 𝑓 (𝑎 ) + 𝑓 (𝑎 + ℎ) − 𝑓 (𝑎 )

𝑓 (𝑎 + ℎ) − 𝑓 (𝑎 )
= 𝑓 (𝑎 ) + ⋅ℎ
ℎ

Taking the limit as ℎ → 0, we get

𝑓 (𝑎 + ℎ) − 𝑓 (𝑎 )
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓 (𝑎 + ℎ) = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓 (𝑎 ) + lim [ ∙ ℎ]
ℎ→0 ℎ→0 ℎ

= 𝑓 (𝑎 ) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑎 ) ∙ 0

= 𝑓 (𝑎 )

7
Remarks 1:
a. If 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑎, it does not mean that 𝑓 is differentiable at 𝑥 = 𝑎.
b. If 𝑓 is not continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑎, then 𝑓 is not differentiable at 𝑥 = 𝑎.
c. If 𝑓 is not differentiable at 𝑥 = 𝑎, it does not mean that 𝑓 is not continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑎.
d. A function 𝑓 is not differentiable at 𝑥 = 𝑎 if one of the following is true:
i. 𝑓 is not continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑎.
ii. the graph of 𝑓 has a vertical tangent line at 𝑥 = 𝑎.
iii. the graph of 𝑓 has a corner or cusp at 𝑥 = 𝑎.
iv. If the graph of 𝑓 has a hole or break at 𝑥 = 𝑎.
v. If the graph of 𝑓 has a sharp corner at 𝑥 = 𝑎 (the left and the right hand
derivative exist but are not equal)

DERIVATIVE RULES/DIFFERENTIATION RULES

1. The Constant Rule
The graph of a constant function is a horizontal line and a horizontal line has zero slope.
The derivative measures the slope of the tangent, and so the derivative is zero.

If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐 where 𝑐 is a constant, then 𝑓′(𝑥) = 0. The derivative of a

constant is equal to zero.
Proof
𝑓 (𝑥 + ℎ ) − 𝑓 (𝑥 )
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑐−𝑐
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 0
ℎ→0

=0

Examples:
a. If 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 10, then 𝑓 ′(𝑥 ) = 0
b. If ℎ(𝑥 ) = −√3, then ℎ′ (𝑥 ) = 0
𝑑𝑦
c. If 𝑦 = 2, then = 0
𝑑𝑥
3
d. If 𝑔(𝑡) = − 2, then 𝑔′(𝑡) = 0
𝑑
e. [7] = 0
𝑑𝑥

2. The (Simple) Power Rule

A function of the form 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 𝑘 , where 𝑘 is a real number, is called a power function.
Below are some examples of power functions.

a. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 d) 𝑝(𝑥 ) = 4√𝑥
b. 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 e) 𝑙(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 −5
1
c. ℎ(𝑥 ) = √𝑥 f) 𝑠(𝑥 ) = 𝑥8

8
 Power Rule: If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑛 where 𝑛 ∈ ℕ, then 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 .

Proof: The cases 𝑛 = 1. Using the limit definition.

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
(𝑥+ℎ)−(𝑥) ℎ
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim = lim = lim 1 = 1
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0

or 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 1𝑥 1−1 = 1𝑥 0 = 1(1) = 1
The cases 𝑛 = 2. Using the limit definition.
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2
𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

(𝑥+ℎ)2 −(𝑥 2 )
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim Substitution
ℎ→0 ℎ

𝑥 2 +2ℎ𝑥+ℎ2 −𝑥 2
= lim square of binomial
ℎ→0 ℎ

2ℎ𝑥+ℎ2
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 combined like terms
ℎ→0 ℎ
ℎ(2𝑥+ℎ)
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 factor out
ℎ→0 ℎ

= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 2𝑥 + ℎ cancelation
ℎ→0

= 2𝑥 + 0 = 2𝑥
or 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 2−1 = 2𝑥 1 = 2𝑥

Examples: Find the derivatives of the following functions:

1
a. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 𝑏. 𝑦 = 𝑥2
Solution. a. By the Power Rule we have
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 function
𝑓 ′(𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 3−1 apply the power rule
𝑓 ′(𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 2 derivative
b. By the Power Rule we have
1
𝑦 = 𝑥2 function
𝑦 = 𝑥 −2 rewrite (apply law of exponent)
𝑑𝑦
= (−2)𝑥 −2−1 apply power rule
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= −2𝑥 −3 derivative
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2
= − 𝑥3 simplify
𝑑𝑥

1
Note: In example b before differentiating, we rewrite as 𝑥 −2 . Rewriting is the first step in many
𝑥2
differentiation problems.

9
 3. The Constant Multiple Rule

If 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑐𝑓(𝑥) where c is a constant, then 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 𝑐 𝑓′(𝑥).

Note: Rule 3 states that the derivative of a constant times a differentiable function
is the constant times the derivative of the function. Its proof is a direct
consequence of the constant multiple theorem for limits

Examples: Differentiate the following functions:

1
a. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2
4𝑥 2
b. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 5
13
c. 𝑔(𝑥 ) = √𝑥
3
Solution
1
a. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 function
1
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 [2𝑥 ] 2
𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑
= 2 𝑑𝑥 [𝑥 2 ] constant multiple rule
1
1 −1
= 2 (2 𝑥 2 ) power rule
1
1 −
= 2 (2 𝑥 ) 2
1
= 𝑥 −2 derivative
𝑑𝑦 1 1
= 1 or simplify
𝑑𝑥 √𝑥
𝑥2

4𝑥 2
b. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = function
5
4
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥2 rewrite
5
4
𝑓′(𝑥 ) = (2𝑥 2−1 ) constant multiple rule
5
4
𝑓′(𝑥 ) = (2𝑥 1 )
5
8 8𝑥
𝑓 ′(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑜𝑟 derivative
5 5

13
c. 𝑔(𝑥 ) = √𝑥 function
3
1 1
𝑔 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥3 rewrite from radical form to exponential
3
1
1 1 −1
𝑔′(𝑥) = ( 𝑥 3 ) constant multiple rule
3 3
2
1 1 −
𝑔′(𝑥) = ( 𝑥 ) 3
3 3
1 −2
𝑔′(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 derivative
9
′(𝑥) 1
𝑔 = 2 simplify
9𝑥 3

10
 4. The Sum Rule

If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥) + ℎ(𝑥) where 𝑔 and ℎ are differentiable functions, then

𝑓’(𝑥) = 𝑔’(𝑥) + ℎ’(𝑥).

Rule 4 states that the derivative of the sum of two differentiable functions
is the sum of the derivatives of the functions. Its proof relies on the Addition
Theorem for limits.
By similar procedure, the derivative of a difference is the difference of the
derivatives. The derivative of the function
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑔(𝑥 ) − ℎ(𝑥) is 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 𝑔′ (𝑥 ) − ℎ′(𝑥).

4𝑥 2 13
Example: Consider the given sample functions in rule 3 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = and 𝑔(𝑥 ) = √𝑥 .
5 3
Differentiate the following:
a. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) + 𝑔(𝑥 ) b. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) − 𝑔(𝑥 )

Solution:
a. Copying the derivatives in the solution of Example (3), and substituting them into the
formula of the Sum Rule, we obtain
𝑑
[𝑓(𝑥 ) + 𝑔(𝑥 )] = 𝑓 ′(𝑥 ) + 𝑔′(𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
8 1
= 𝑥 + 2
5
9𝑥 3

b. Using Rules 3 and 4, we deduce that the derivative of 𝑓(𝑥 ) − 𝑔(𝑥 ) is equal to the
difference of their derivatives: 𝑓’(𝑥 ) − 𝑔’(𝑥 ). Therefore, we obtain
𝑑
[𝑓(𝑥 ) − 𝑔(𝑥 )] = 𝑓 ′(𝑥 ) − 𝑔′ (𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
8 1
= 𝑥 − 2
5
9𝑥 3
Remarks 2
a. The Sum Rule can also be extended to a sum of a finite number of functions. If
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑓1 (𝑥 ) + 𝑓2 (𝑥 ) + · · · + 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥 ) where 𝑓1 , 𝑓2 , . . . , 𝑓𝑛 are differentiable functions,
then 𝑓’(𝑥 ) = 𝑓1′(𝑥 ) + 𝑓2′ (𝑥 ) + · · · + 𝑓𝑛′ (𝑥 ).
b. The same is true for the difference of a finite number of functions. That is,
𝑓 ′(𝑥 ) = 𝑓1′(𝑥 ) − 𝑓2′(𝑥 ) · · · 𝑓𝑛′(𝑥 )

Take Note
With the four differentiation rules given so far, we can now differentiate any
polynomial function. This is illustrated in the next two examples.

11
Example: Find the derivatives of the two polynomial functions.
a. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 + 2
𝑥4
b. 𝑔(𝑥 ) = − + 3𝑥 3 − 2𝑥
2

Solution:
a. The derivative of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) is
𝑑 3 𝑑 𝑑
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑓 ′(𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 2 − 4 + 0 apply 4 rules

𝑓 ′(𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 2 − 4 derivative

b. The derivative of 𝑔(𝑥 ) is

𝑑 𝑥4 𝑑 𝑑
𝑔 ′ (𝑥 ) = (− ) + 3𝑥 3 − 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

4𝑥 4−1
𝑔′(𝑥) = − + 3(3)𝑥 3−1 − 2𝑥 1−1 apply the 4 rules
2
𝑔′(𝑥) = −2𝑥 + 9𝑥 2 − 2
3
derivative

5. The Product Rule

The derivative of the product of two differentiable functions is equal to the

first function times the derivative of the second function, plus the second function
times the derivative of the first function.
𝑑
[𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑔(𝑥 )] = 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑔′(𝑥 ) + 𝑔(𝑥)𝑓′(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

Example: Find 𝑓 ′(𝑥 ) if 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (3𝑥 2 − 4)(𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 )

Solution.
By the product rule,
𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡
𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
⏞𝑑 ⏞
𝑑
𝑓 𝑥) = ⏞
′( (3𝑥 2 − 4) (𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 ) + ⏞(𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 ) (3𝑥 2 − 4)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑓 ′(𝑥 ) = (3𝑥 2 − 4)(2𝑥 − 3) + (𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 )(6𝑥 )
= 6𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 12 + 6𝑥 3 − 18𝑥 2
= 12𝑥 3 − 27𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 12
Remark 3: In the above example, we could have also multiplied the two factors and get
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 4 − 9𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 + 12𝑥.
Then by the rule 2,3, and 4, the derivative of 𝑓(𝑥 ) is
𝑓 ′(𝑥 ) = 12𝑥 3 − 27𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 12
which is consistent with the one derived using the product rule.

12
 Example: Find 𝑓 ′(𝑥 ) if 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = √𝑥 (6𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 − 4)

Solution: By the Product Rule,

𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
⏞ 1 ⏞
𝑑 ⏞
𝑑 1
𝑓 𝑥 ) = (𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 (6𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 − 4) + ⏞
′( (6𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 − 4) 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥

1 1
1
= (𝑥 2 )(18𝑥 2 + 2) + (6𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 − 4) (2 𝑥 −2 )

5 1 5 1 1
= 18𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 −2
5 1 1
= 21𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 −2

6. The Quotient Rule

The derivative of the quotient of two differentiable functions is equal to the

denominator times the derivative of the numerator minus the numerator times the derivative
of the denominator, divided by the square of the denominator.

𝑑 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑔(𝑥)𝑓′ (𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′(𝑥)
[ ] = , 𝑔(𝑥) ≠ 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑔(𝑥) [𝑔(𝑥)]2

The following form may assist you in memorizing the rule:

𝑑 𝑑
𝑑 (𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟) [𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟] − (𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟) [𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟]
[𝑞𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡] = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 (𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟)2

A very common mnemonic for the quotient rule is

ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ 𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝐷 (ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ) − ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ 𝐷(𝑙𝑜𝑤)
𝐷𝑥 =
𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑑

(3𝑥+5)
Example: Let ℎ(𝑥 ) = . Find the derivative of the function ℎ(𝑥 ).
𝑥 2 +4

(3𝑥+5)
Solution: If ℎ(𝑥 ) = 2 , then 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 + 5 and 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 + 4 and therefore 𝑓 ′(𝑥 ) = 3
𝑥 +4
and 𝑔′(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥. Thus,
𝑔(𝑥)𝑓′ (𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′ (𝑥)
ℎ ′ (𝑥 ) = [𝑔(𝑥)]2

(𝑥 2 +4)(3)−(3𝑥+5)(2𝑥)
ℎ ′ (𝑥 ) = [𝑥 2 +4]2

3𝑥 2 +12−6𝑥 2−10𝑥
= [𝑥 2 +4]2

12−10𝑥−3𝑥 2
= [𝑥 2 +4]2

13
7. Derivative of Trigonometric Functions

Derivative of Trigonometric Functions

a) 𝐷𝑥 (sin 𝑥 ) = cos 𝑥 d) 𝐷𝑥 (cot 𝑥 ) = −𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥
b) 𝐷𝑥 (cos 𝑥 ) = − sin 𝑥 e)𝐷𝑥 (sec 𝑥 ) = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
c) 𝐷𝑥 (tan 𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 f) 𝐷𝑥 (csc 𝑥 ) = − csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥

Example: Differentiate the following functions:

a. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = sec 𝑥 + 3 csc 𝑥
b. 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 − 3𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 5 sin 𝑥

Solution: Apply the formula above.

a. If 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + 3 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥, then
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 𝐷𝑥 sec 𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 3 csc 𝑥
= sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 − 3 csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥

b. If 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 − 3𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 5 sin 𝑥, then

𝑔′(𝑥) = [𝑥 2 𝐷𝑥 sin 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 𝐷𝑥 𝑥 2 ] − [3𝑥𝐷𝑥 cos 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 𝐷𝑥 3𝑥 +
𝐷𝑥 5 sin 𝑥
= 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + 2𝑥 sin 𝑥 − [−3𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 3cos 𝑥] + 5 cos 𝑥
= 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + 2𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 3cos 𝑥 + 5 cos 𝑥
= 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + 5𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 2cos 𝑥

Remarks 4:
a. Whenever Rule 7 is applied to problems where the trigonometric functions are
viewed as functions of angles, the unit measure must be in radians.
b. Every trigonometric function is differentiable on its domain. In particular, the
sine and cosine functions are everywhere differentiable.

8. Derivative of an exponential function

Derivative of Exponential Function

If 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 , then 𝑓 ′(𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 .
Example:
a. Find 𝑓 ′(𝑥 ) if 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 3𝑒 𝑥
Solution: Applying rules 3 and 7, we have
𝑓 ′(𝑥 ) = 3𝐷𝑥 [𝑒 𝑥 ]
= 3`𝑒 𝑥

b. Find 𝑔′(𝑥 ) if 𝑔(𝑥 ) = −4𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 + 5𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 10𝑒 𝑥

Solution: Applying Rule 5 to the first two terms and rule 3 to the third term, we have
𝑔′(𝑥) = −[4𝑥 2 𝐷𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝐷𝑥 4𝑥 2 ] + [5𝑥𝐷𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝐷𝑥 5𝑥] − 𝐷𝑥 10𝑒 𝑥
= −4𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 − 8𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 5𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 5𝑒 𝑥 − 10𝑒 𝑥
= −4𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 5𝑒 𝑥

14
 ’s More

Task 3: Challenge yourself!

Find the derivatives of the following functions.
1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 − 3𝑥
2. 𝑦 = (2𝑥 2 + 2)(𝑥 2 + 3)
3. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 cos 𝑥 − 2 sin 𝑥
4. 𝑦 = 5𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑥

I Have Learned

Task 4: Do your best!

Apply what you have learned by giving your own examples of differentiable functions
then solve for its derivative. Give example/s in each rule.

CRITERIA
OUTSTANDING (20 pts) – demonstrate/show superior knowledge of basic
mathematical concepts and operations on differentiation.

EFFECTIVE (17 pts) – demonstrate/show appropriate use of basic

mathematical concepts and operations on differentiation.

ADEQUATE (13 pts) – understands the basic mathematical concepts and

operations on differentiation.

INEFFECTIVE (8 pts) – cannot demonstrate/show knowledge of

mathematical concepts and operation on differentiation.

http://www.csu.edu/CTRE/pdf/rubricexamples-all.pdf

I Can Do

Task 5: You can do it!

Find an equation of the tangent line to the graph of the given function at the indicated point.
1. Function: 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 − 2)
Point: (0, 2)
𝑥
2. Function: 𝑓 (𝑥 ) =
𝑥−1
Point: (2, 2)

15
RUBRIC
CATEGORY 5 4 3 2
Mathematical Explanation Explanation Explanation Explanation
Concepts shows shows shows some shows very
complete substantial understanding limited
understanding understanding of the understanding
of the of the mathematical of the
mathematical mathematical concepts underlying
concepts used concepts used needed to concepts
to solve the to solve the solve the needed to
problem(s). problem(s). problem(s). solve the
problem(s) OR
is not written.
Mathematical 90-100% of Almost all Most (75- More than
Errors the steps and (85-89%) of 84%) of the 75% of the
solutions have the steps and steps and steps and
no solutions have solutions have solutions have
mathematical no no mathematical
errors. mathematical mathematical errors.
errors. errors.
Neatness and The work is The work is The work is The work
Organization presented in a presented in a presented in an appears sloppy
neat, clear, neat and organized and
organized organized fashion but unorganized. It
fashion that is fashion that is may be hard to is hard to
easy to read. usually easy to read at times. know what
read. information
goes together.
Completion All problems All but one of All but two of Several of the
are completed. the problems the problems problems are
are completed. are completed. not completed.

Task 6:
I. Use the Rules of Differentiation/derivatives to differentiate the following functions:
2
1. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 6. ℎ(𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 3
4
2. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 4𝑥 3 − 18𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 7. 𝑦 = 2
2𝑥 3
3
3. 𝑦 = (4𝑥 + 5)(7𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 ) 8. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3 √𝑥 2
4. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 100 9. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 tan 𝑥
2𝑥−1
5. 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 3𝑥2 +1 10. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 − 2𝑒 𝑥
II. Find the derivative of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥. Use the result to find the slope of the tangent line
to the curve 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 at the point where 𝑥 = 2.

16
 17
Task 1.
𝑑𝑦 2
1. = 2𝑥 − 1 6. ℎ′ (𝑥) = 2
𝑑𝑥 3𝑥 3
𝑑𝑦 1
2. 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 15𝑥 2 − 15𝑥 4 7. = − 3
𝑑𝑥 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 10 10
3. = 12𝑥 + 13 8. 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 1 𝑜𝑟 3
𝑑𝑥 3𝑥 3 3 √𝑥
𝑑𝑦
4. 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 9. = 𝑥 2 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + 2𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥(𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + 2)
𝑑𝑥
2−6𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
5. 𝑔 ′ (𝑥) = 10. = 2𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 + 4𝑥𝑒 𝑥 +5𝑒 𝑥
(3𝑥 2 +1)2 𝑑𝑥
Task 2.
1. Limit exist
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 4
𝑧→1
Continuous at c = 1
2. Limit does not exist
Not continuous
Task 3.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1. = 3𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 − 3 3. = −2𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2. = 8𝑥 3 + 16𝑥 4. = 5𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑥 + 15𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Task 6.
𝑑𝑦 2 2
1. = 6𝑥 2 + 6 6. ℎ′ (𝑥) = 1 𝑜𝑟 3
𝑑𝑥 𝑥3 √𝑥
𝑑𝑦 4
2. 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 12𝑥 2 − 36𝑥 + 6 7. = − 5
𝑑𝑥 3𝑥 3
𝑑𝑦 2 2
3. = 112𝑥 3 + 105𝑥 2 − 16𝑥 − 10 8. 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 1 𝑜𝑟 3
𝑑𝑥 𝑥3 √𝑥
𝑑𝑦
4. 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 9. = 4𝑥 tan 𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
2+6𝑥−6𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
5. 𝑔 ′ (𝑥) = 10. = 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 −2𝑒 𝑥
(3𝑥 2 +1)2 𝑑𝑥
References
Jose Maria P. Balmaceda, Ph.D. Teaching Guide for Senior High School BASIC CALCULUS.
Quezon City: Commission on Higher Education, 2016

Roland E. Larson, BRIEF CALCULUS with Application. Canada: D. C. Health and Company,
1987.

https://lrmds.deped.gov.ph/com.
http://www.csu.edu/CTRE/pdf/rubricexamples-all.pdf

18
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