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Chapter 6 All

The document discusses the formation of the universe including the Big Bang theory and the expansion of the universe. It describes how the universe began approximately 14 billion years ago in an explosion and has been expanding ever since. Galaxies have been moving farther apart over time as the universe expands.

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69 views35 pages

Chapter 6 All

The document discusses the formation of the universe including the Big Bang theory and the expansion of the universe. It describes how the universe began approximately 14 billion years ago in an explosion and has been expanding ever since. Galaxies have been moving farther apart over time as the universe expands.

Uploaded by

kochoa330_894411374
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter6

Formation of the Unierse


Section 1: Big Bang and Expansion of the Universe
How big is the Universe?

• The Milky Way is one of about


100 to 200 billion galaxies.
•
• 1011 stars/galaxy x 1011 galaxies
= 1022 stars

• As many stars as grains of (dry)


sand on all Earth’s beaches…

• we are talking about the


OBSERVABLE universe, since we
don’t know the extent of the
ENTIRE universe.
Distant galaxies are
moving away from us

The Farther the galaxy the


Universal faster its moving

Expansion Points to an original


“Explosion”

The Big Bang


The Universe is like a Rising Raisin Cake
Big Bang
• The Universe began in an “Explosion” 14 billion years ago
• Hubble Expansion
– The farther away a galaxy is, the faster it recedes from us
velocity

distance
Velocities determined from Red Shift

Light from objects moving away is


shifted toward red (higher
wavelengths)
Red Shift Light from objects moving toward is
shifted toward blue (lower
wavelengths)

Also happens with sound


Moving AWAY

Wavelenghts getting
LONGER
Red Shift LOW PITCH

LOW FREQUENCY
Moving TOWARD

Wavelengths
SHORTER
Blue Shift HIGH PITCH

HIGH FREQUENCY
Distant galaxies are moving away from us

• Evidence that the universe is expanding

The farther the galaxy the faster its moving


Universal • Natural consequence of expansion

Expansion Points to an original “Explosion”

• Where the universe was formed

The Big Bang


Faster

Slower
0
Expansion
Faster galaxies go a greater distance in the same time

Faster

velocity

Slower

distance
Section 2: Age and Center? of Universe
Age of the Universe
Distance = velocity x time
D = vt
So
t = D/v
= 1.3×1022 km/(3x104km/s)
= 14 billion years
= 4.3x1017s
/60s /60min /24hr /365days

= 1.4 x 1010 years = 14 billion years


14 billion years ago everything in the
universe was squished together

Age of It started in an explosion 14 billion years


ago = big bang

the The Universe is 14 billion years old

Universe • 13.799 ± 0.021 billion years


• http://science.nasa.gov/media/medialib
rary/2015/04/08/CRL_APS_2015-03-
18_compressed2.pdf
Can we see the entire Universe?

Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation


CMB
14 billion years

Age of Observable Universe


the • Objects more than 14
billion ly distant cannot be
Universe seen
• Light hasn’t had time to
get here yet
Are we in the center of the Universe?
• The Big Bang happened
everywhere at once
– Both Space and Matter
(and time) originated in
Center of the Big Bang
the
Universe • There is no center to the
Universe

• Or maybe, the center of the


Universe is a moment in time
not a place
Section 3: Big Bang Predictions
Did the Big Bang *really* happen?

• Big Bang theory predicts:


1. expansion
2. Background radiation (afterglow of the big bang)
3. Abundances of the elements Hydrogen and Helium
4. Predicted by General Relativity
• Observations support all these!

• Einstein didn’t believe the Big Bang theory even though his
theory predicted it…so he fudged his theory to get rid of Big
Bang
• It is moving away from us so fast it
After has Red Shifted into infrared and
into the microwave part of the
Glow spectrum
Elemental
Abundances
• The Big Bang
Theory predicts
the relative
abundances of
Hydrogen and
Helium in the
universe. 10
hydrogen atoms
for every one
helium atom

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.


ALL THE HYDROGEN
AND HELIUM IN THE
UNIVERSE FORMED
IN THE BIG BANG
Know
this!!!!!!
HEAVIER ELEMENTS
FORM IN STARS
• Most of the matter in
Unanswered Dark the universe is invisible
unknown form of “Dark
Matter”
Questions Matter • Dark means invisible
but it exerts a gravity

Whenever we don’t
understand something
we give it a name and Dark • Expansion of the
universe is accelerating
hope no one notices Energy • Why? – “Dark Energy”
we have no idea what
it is. These terms need
to be here to hold the
theory in place.
Universe began in the Big Bang
14 Billion Years Ago (BYA)

Sun & the Solar System formed


Cosmic 4.6 BYA
• How does that compare to the age of
origins - the Universe?

What is our solar system made


Us of?
• Why is this relevant to the age?

How do stars/solar systems


form?
Section 4: Atoms Form in the Big Bang
Atoms/Molecules

How did Stars

all the
stuff Galaxies

come to Planets

be
Etc…
Time After Event Temperature
Big Bang (°C)
0 Big Bang 1032
Forces Separate
Inflation = Universe expands faster
than light
1 second Quarks & Electrons form 1012

Universe 3 minutes Protons, Neutrons & Helium


Nuclei Form
109

Timeline 500,000 Hydrogen & Helium Atoms Form 3000


years
1 billion First Stars & Galaxies Form
years Heavier Elements begin to form

10 billion The Sun & the Solar System


years form
Atomic Nucleus = protons &
neutrons

Hydrogen & Helium Nuclei


Atomic Form 3 minutes after the big
Nuclei bang

Hydrogen & Helium Atoms


form 500,000 years after the
big bang
Basic Component of Matter: Atoms
Atoms

– Nucleus = protons & neutrons


What Stuff Is • Proton: Positive Charge
Made Of • Neutron: Neutral Charge

– Electrons surround nucleus


• In a “cloud”
• The “cloud” is 100,000
larger than the nucleus
• Electron: Negative Charge
Type of Element:
Center of the Universe

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i1UC6
HpxY28

2:28min

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