Chapter 15

Future of Nature Inspired Algorithm,

Swarm and Computational Intelligence

15.1 Introduction

The nature-inspired algorithm has been discussed intensively in this book. This algo-
rithm has a vast area of application in this new revolution. The first, second, and
third industrial revolution, powered by a steam engine, electricity, and the world
of computing and mobile communication respectively, led to radical transforma-
tion, migration, growth in economy, and immense gains mostly for the developed
world. More jobs were created for countries that keyed into the new technologies. The
Information Age opened the eyes of many as factories and large organizations shifted
from classical techniques to the use of global techniques centered on internet and
mobile communications and other soft computing technologies. This present revolu-
tion which represents the successive trend of digital technologies can be described as
a blurred streak between idea and reality, biological and digital connections. Meta-
heuristic techniques are suggested for consideration in cases where: The use of clas-
sical techniques seem almost impossible or proves very difficult to obtain, a supe-
riority measure which allows assessment or evaluation of countless answers to the
problem exists, classical or traditional techniques cannot suitably model or solve the
problem in question, nonlinear and complex problems encompassing many variables
are presented, problems with quite a few objectives are presented.

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 147
M. O. Okwu and L. K. Tartibu, Metaheuristic Optimization: Nature-Inspired
Algorithms Swarm and Computational Intelligence, Theory and Applications,
Studies in Computational Intelligence 927, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61111-8_15
148 15 Future of Nature Inspired Algorithm, Swarm …

15.2 Other Areas of Application of Nature-Inspired

Algorithms and Computational Intelligence

Nature-Inspired Algorithm and computational intelligence being a stochastic opti-

mization technique is known for solving complex problems. Other areas where
the algorithms have been effectively used to solve the problems include travel-
ling scenario and routing problem [1]; transportation network and optimal highway
complex problem [2]; Traffic control system [3]; Optimal biodiesel production [4, 5],
Prediction of Oscillatory Heat Transfer Coefficient in Heat Exchangers of Thermo-
Acoustic Systems [6]; Analysis of Stirling Heat Engine System [7]; Production–
distribution planning problems; production–distribution planning problems [8]; opti-
mization process in distribution system [9, 10]; Optimizing clustering in railroad track
maintenance jobs [11]; optimizing power flow system [12]; Dynamic performance
enhancement for wind energy conversion system [13].

15.3 Other Nature-Inspired Algorithms

As discussed in this text, Nature-Inspired Algorithms and swarm intelligence repre-

sent a class of meta-heuristic procedures that are inspired by nature. One generic
feature of the algorithms is the ability to combine rules and randomness to mimic
natural systems. Nature-inspired algorithms based on swarm intelligence has been
discussed with numerical and real-world problems solved in this book. However,
there are many more algorithms developed in recent times. Some of the newly
evolved algorithms are biological-based while others are physics and chemistry-
based [14]. Swarm intelligence is categorized under biological-based algorithms
[15], quite a good number of the algorithms have been discussed in this text. Some
of the interesting algorithms inspired by nature but not discussed in this text include:
Evolutionary Algorithms
• Cultural Algorithm (CA)
• Evolutionary Programming (EP)
• Evolution Strategies (ES)
• Genetic Programming (GP),
• Differential Evolution (DE) and others.

Bio-Inspired Algorithms
• Artificial Immune System (AIS)
• Atmosphere Cloud Model (ACM)
• Biogeography based optimization (BBO)
• Dolphin echolocation (DE)
• Egyptian vulture (EV)
• Flower pollination algorithm (FPA)
15.3 Other Nature-Inspired Algorithms 149

• Great salmon run (GSR)

• Invasive weed optimisation (IWO)
• Japanese tree frogs calling (JTFC)
• Paddy field algorithm (PFA)
• Roach infestation algorithm (RIA)
• Root and Tuber Algorithm
• Shuffle frog leaping algorithm (SFLA) and others.

Swarm Intelligence-Based Algorithms

• Bacteria Foraging Optimization algorithm (BFOA)
• Cat swarm optimisation algorithm (CSOA)
• Eagle strategy optimization algorithm (ESOA)
• Fish Algorithm (FA)
• Krill herd optimization algorithm (KHOA)
• Monkey search optimization algorithm (MSOA)
• Weightless Swarm Algorithms (WSA) and others.

Physics-Inspired Algorithms
• Artificial Physics-based Optimisation (APO)
• Central Force Optimisation (CFO)
• Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA)
• Gravitational Interaction Optimisation (GIO)
• Harmony Search Algorithm (HSA)
• Integrated Radiation Search (IRS)
• River Formation Dynamics Algorithm (RFDA)
• Simulated Annealing (SA)
• Space Gravitation Optimisation (SGO)
• Water Drop Algorithm (WDA)
• Water Cycle Algorithm (WCA) and others.

15.4 Conclusion

Nature-inspired algorithms, swarm intelligence and other computational intelligence

is quite broad. Scientists, engineers, and researchers continue to dig deep into other
new areas of soft computing techniques. This book focused on nature-inspired algo-
rithms—swarm intelligence-based, a part of the evolutionary algorithm, genetic
algorithm, and very popular computational intelligence technique, artificial neural
network. In recent times, the research dimension has focused on computational intel-
ligence like the Artificial Neural Network, Fuzzy Logic techniques, and evolutionary
computing. The interesting part is the paradigm shift from classical heuristics to
metaheuristic techniques. Exploration of the hybrid algorithm is also an interesting
part of the problem-solving technique. Hybrid algorithms—breeding of two or more
150 15 Future of Nature Inspired Algorithm, Swarm …

intelligent systems for solving Non-polynomial (NP) hard problems to obtain more
effective solutions. There is a great interconnection between nature-inspired algo-
rithms and computational intelligence. We, therefore, suggest further insight into the
hybridization of the two-emerging field in future research.

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