WEEK Quadratic Equations

1 Lesson
I

After going through this lesson, you are expected to:

• Illustrates quadratic equations.
• Solves quadratic equations by:
(a) extracting square roots; (c) completing the square; and
(b) factoring; (d) using the quadratic formula.

You learned about linear equation in one variable which is in the form of ax +
b = 0, where a is not 0 otherwise the equation is constant. Quadratic equation is
in the form of ax2 + bx + c = 0 and a cannot be zero otherwise the equation will
become linear equation.

Learning Task 1. Group the given equations into two based on observed common
properties.

D
The standard form of quadratic equation is ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b
and c are real numbers and a is not equal to zero.
Illustrative Examples:
1. 2x + 5 = 0 is not a quadratic equation in one variable. It is a linear equation
in one variable.
2. 2x2 – x – 1 = 0 is a quadratic equation in standard form with a = 2, b = -1,
and c = -1.
3. 3x – 4 = 5x2 is a quadratic equation not in standard form, in this case we
need to express it in its standard form to identify the values of a, b and c. To
write it: 3x – 4 - 5x2= 5x2 - 5x2 (Subtraction Property of Equality)
3x – 4 – 5x2 = 0 (Arrange the terms)
( – 5x2 + 3x – 4 = 0) -1 (Obtain a > 0, by multiplying – 1to
each term of the equation.)
5x – 3x + 4 = 0
2

In this form, a = 5, b = -3 and c = 4.

4. (2x + 3)(x – 1) = 0 is also a quadratic equation but is not written in
standard form.
Expanding :
2x(x – 1) + 3(x – 1) = 0
2x2 – 2x + 3x – 3 = 0 (Distributive Property)

2x2 + x – 3 = 0 (Combining similar terms)

In this form, a = 2, b = 1 and c = -3.
A quadratic equation in one variable is a mathematical
sentence of degree two that can be written in the following standard
form: ax2 + bx + c = 0 where, a, b and c are real numbers a ≠ 0. In
this equation, ax2 is the quadratic term (degree two), bx is the linear
term (degree one) and c is the constant term (degree zero).
When b = 0, in the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, the result is a
quadratic equation of the form ax2 + c = 0. For example: x2 – 16 = 0,
25x2 – 81 = 0 and 5x2
= 500. Furthermore, when c = 0, the quadratic equation is reduced to ax2 + bx
= 0. That is, in x2 + 3x = 0 and 5x2 – x = 0, there is no constant term, c = 0.

In solving quadratic equation, we can apply the following methods:

A. Solving quadratic equations by extracting square roots.
Remember when it was mentioned that a quadratic equation
of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0 may have b = 0, such that, ax2 + c
= 0. In other words, since c could be any constant, then, ax2 =
c. And, if a= 1, the quadratic equation is further reduced to x2
= c. Recall square roots.

In order to solve a quadratic equation by extracting square

roots, the equation must be written in the form x2 = c, before
extracting the square roots of the left and right sides of the
said equation so as to have the equation balanced. Inspect the
given examples.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES:
Solving for the values of the variable x by extracting square roots:
1. x2 = 9 Quadratic equation in the form x2 = c
x2 = 9 Extracting the square roots of the left and right sides
x=±3 Possible values that will satisfy the
quadratic equation To check for the solved values, substitute
both +3 and -3 in the given
equation. Also, always remember that a negative number does not
have a square root.
r

2. x2 – 25 = 0 Quadratic equation in the form x2 + c = 0

x2 = 25 b y Addition Property of Equality

x2 = 25 Extracting the square roots of the left and right sides

x=±5 Possible values that will satisfy the quadratic equation

3. 4x2 = 49 Quadratic equation in the form ax2 = c

49
x2 = by Multiplication Property of Equality
4
multiplying both sides by
1
2 49 Extracting the square 4 roots of the left and right
x =
4 sides

7
X=± Possible values that will satisfy the quadratic equation
2

4. Find the roots of the equation (x – 1)2 = 0.

Again, applying extracting square roots:

( x − 1)2 = 0 Extracting square roots of the left and right sides

x–1=0
x=1 by Addition Property of Equality

B. Solving quadratic equations by factoring

Only quadratic equation that is factorable can be solved by factoring. To
solve such quadratic equation, the following procedure can be followed.

1. Transform the quadratic expression into standard form if necessary.

2. Factor the quadratic expression.
3. Apply zero product property by setting each factor of the quadratic
expression equal to 0.
4. Solve the resulting equation.

5. Check the values of the variable obtained by substituting each in the

original equation.

Zero Product Property. If a and b, are real numbers, then (a)(b) = 0, such
that, a = 0 or b = 0 or a and b are both equal to zero.

So, if a given quadratic equation is in the form (a)(b) = 0, the Zero Product
Property can be applied. To do this, the given quadratic equation must be writ-
ten in the standard form ax2 + bx + c = 0 before applying the factoring method.
 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES:
Solve each equation by factoring.
1. n2 + 2n + 1 = 0 Quadratic equation in standard form
(n + 1) (n + 1) = 0 Factoring the left side of the equation
by Zero Product Property
by Addition Property of Equality (APE)

2. m2 + 3m + 2 = 0 Quadratic equation in standard form

(m + 2) (m + 1) = 0 Factoring the left side of the equation

by Zero Product Property
by Addition Property of Equality

C. Solving quadratic equations by completing the square.

If the first two methods in solving quadratic equations cannot be used to
solve such quadratic equations, then, you must need another method to solve
the said equations. This other way of solving quadratic equations is actually
referred to as the mother of all methods in solving any quadratic equation – the
completing the square method.

The completing the square method also includes the use of extracting
square roots after the completing of square part. You may use a scientific
calculator in writing the approximate value/s of the answer/s if they are
irrational number values.

Completing the square includes the following steps:

1. Divide both sides of the equation by “a “then simplify.

2. Write the equation such that the terms with variables are on the left side
of the equation and the constant term is on the right side.

3. Add the square of one-half of the coefficient of “x” on both sides of the
resulting equation. The left side of the equation becomes a perfect square
trinomial.

4. Express the perfect square trinomial on the left side of the equation as a
square of a binomial.

5. Solve the resulting quadratic equation by extracting the square root.

6. Solve the resulting linear equations.

7. Check the solutions obtained against the original equation.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES:
Express the following as a squared binomial by completing the
square.
1. x2 + +9 Incomplete perfect square trinomial (the quadratic/
first and constant/last terms are perfect squares)
x2 + 6x + 9 The middle or linear term is found by doubling the
product of the square roots of the first and
last terms
2 • x2 • 9

(x + 3)(x + 3) Writing as product of the same binomial or as a

(x + 3)2 Squared binomial

2. 4e2 - + 25 Incomplete perfect square trinomial (the quadratic/

first and constant/last terms are perfect square)
4e2 – 20e + 25 The middle or linear term is found by doubling the
product of the square roots of the first and last terms

(2e – 5)(2e – 5) Writing as product of the same binomial or as

(2e – 5)2 Squared binomial

NOTE: The sign of the middle (missing) term will also be the sign of the
operation between the two terms in the squared binomial.

What do you do when the quadratic trinomial to be completed does not seem
to be incomplete – it consists of three terms but is not a perfect square trino-
mial?
3. Express x2 + 2x + 4 as a squared binomial by completing the square
x2 + 2x + 4 Quadratic but not a perfect square trinomial

x2 + 2x + +4- Terms to be added must sum up to zero

x2 + 2x + 1 + 4 - 1 The added term is the square of half the

numerical coefficient of the middle term

x2 + 2x + 1 + 3 Combining constants
(x + 1)2 + 3 Writing the perfect square trinomial as a
squared binomial
D. Solving quadratic equations using the quadratic formula.
For any given quadratic equation (in one variable) in the standard form
ax2 + bx + c = 0, all you need to do is substitute the corresponding values of the
numerical coefficients a, b and c from the standard form of the quadratic equa-
tion in the formula;
x= − b ± b2 − 4ac
2a

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES:
1. x2 + 6x + 5 = 0, the values of a = 1, b = 6 and c = 5.
Then, using the quadratic formula

x= − b ± b2 − 4ac
2a
x= − 6 ± 62 − 4(1)(5)
2(1)

x= − 6 ± 36 − 20
2

x= − 6 ± 16
2

x=
−6±4
2
x = -1 or -5 (Check the solutions/roots by substituting
these to the original quadratic equation)
Note: Quadratic equation has at most two zeros or roots.
Learning Task 2
A. Complete the table below

Values of
Given Standard Form
a b c
1. 2x – 3x2 = 5
2. 4 – x2 = 5x
3. (2x + 5)(x – 4) = 0
4. 2x(x – 1) = 6
5. (x + 1)(x + 4) = 8

B. Solve the quadratic equation using appropriate method.

1. x2 - 81 = 0 2. x2 + 5x + 6 = 0 3. 2x2—4x + 3 = 0
E
Learning Task 3 . Solve for the variable of the following
quadratic equations
A. by extracting square roots.
1. x2 = 169 4. (x – 2)2 = 16
2. 9b2 = 25 5. 2(t – 3)2 – 72 = 0
3. (3y – 1)2 = 0
B. by factoring
1. x2 + 7x = 0 3. x2 + 5x – 14 = 0
2. m2 + 8m = -16 4. 2y2 +8y - 10= 0

C. by completing the square.

1. x2 + 5x + 6= 0 2. x2 + 2x = 8 3. 2x2 + 2x = 24

D. using quadratic formula.

1. x2 + 5x = 14 2. 2x2 +8x - 10= 0 3. 2x2 + 3x = 27

A
Learning Task 3. Using the concept map
below explain what you have learned in
this module.