Pamantasan ng Cabuyao

College of Health and Allied Sciences

Katapatan Homes Subd. Brgy. Banay-banay, City of Cabuyao

Course Code:

LOG101 Logic and Critical Thinking

Course Description:

In this three-unit course, Logic and Critical Thinking, the students will be
introduced to the rudiments of logical apprehension, judgment and reasoning
This course discusses the science and art of correct thinking by exposing the
students to different philosophical concepts and methods of philosophical
reasoning. It aims to cultivate and develop the art of critical thinking which is
necessary for the academic formation and for strengthening character in their
chosen profession.

Course Intended Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this course, the students should be able to:

1. Adopt values and attitudes consistent with the mission-vision of Pamantasan
ng Cabuyao
2. Be knowledgeable in the importance of logic as integral part of philosophy.
3. Value the nature of concepts, kinds of concepts, verbal expression of
concepts, the propositions and the four categoricals;
4. Be knowledgeable in the essence of arguments, its oppositions, eductions
and truth value.
5. Patiently understand clearly hypothetical syllogism, fallacies and
argumentation
6. Apply what they have learned in their day to day activities in life

Learning Material for Week #: 1

I. TITLE
PnC Mission Vision
Program Educational Objectives and Outcomes, Course Outcomes
Course Orientation and Policies

II. OBJECTIVES

At the end of the session, the students should be able to:

1. Internalize and value the course syllabus map and the corresponding
academic requirements, assessment tasks and policies;
2. Appreciate the skills and competencies needed to perform the functions
of future registered nurses; and
3. Demonstrate the expected concepts and ideas to be discussed in this
subject.

III. INTRODUCTION
Discussion of PnC Mission Vision
Program Educational Objectives and Outcomes, Course Outcomes
Course Orientation and Policies

LOG101 Logic & Critical Thinking 1

 Pamantasan ng Cabuyao
College of Health and Allied Sciences
Katapatan Homes Subd. Brgy. Banay-banay, City of Cabuyao

IV. BODY

Why do we need to study Philosophy?

According to Aristotle, one of the greatest philosophers “every human

being must philosophize because first of all philosophy is everybody’s business;
every time we reason, we use philosophy.

a.)It helps us clarify issues, discriminate among options and make better
decisions. Philosophy helps us to choose the better choice or options.
b.)Philosophy has a practical side. Philosophy is something that we can do. It
helps us to be critical and with the help of philosophy, we protect
ourselves from destructive ideas.
c.) Philosophy can be a pleasurable and inspirational element in our life. It
helps us to recognize the truth and the false, real and unreal.
d.)Philosophy assists us to the truth of commitment and that commitment
involves faith. As according to Samuel Butler “You can do very little with
faith but you can do nothing without it.” This means that thinking should
guide our faith not faith guiding our thinking.

TECHNIQUES:
1. remain open-minded
2. be perceptive
3. be critical

PHILOSOPHICAL ATTITUDE
a.) Tolerance- respecting the idea of others
- Openness
b.) In philosophy, we use dialogue which philosophers called great
conversations. Philosophy is not something one simply learns, it is
also something one lives. It is not only learned in the classroom
but more on reflections.

THE ADVENTURE AND THE RISK OF PHILOSOPHY

-According to Albert North Whitehead “Philosophy is an adventure of
ideas” and that little knowledge is a dangerous thing. When we say adventure,
we start with little knowledge, then more knowledge to greater knowledge.

RISKS:
a.) Risk of failure
b.) Risk of direct self-awareness
c.) Risk of disturbance of early pattern or action or thought.

-Doors once open are hard to close- when you learn or know something, it
is hard to be unlearned.

POPULAR PHILSOPHY: AN EXERCISE

Ways of Learning Philosophy:
i. Consider the thoughts of other ordinary people.
ii. Consider the reflections of other ordinary people about life.

LOG101 Logic & Critical Thinking 2

 Pamantasan ng Cabuyao
College of Health and Allied Sciences
Katapatan Homes Subd. Brgy. Banay-banay, City of Cabuyao

Philosophy on People Development

It is my understanding that any philosophical assumption must be

grounded on the personal view of human nature. Considering the pressing
demand of relating, managing and empowering people effectively and efficiently,
it is just proper to spell out my personal insights on the people I would be working
and collaborating with.

Man is basically good, purposive and creative. He is a being capable of

becoming and has the capacity to actualize one’s vision in life. As a matter of fact,
he is endowed with intellect and free will to make the right decision and to give
direction to one’s life. It is in this light that the way I would influence and empower
other people would be very much rooted on these insights and convictions.

Basically, a human individual is considerably good and has the inner

power to get in touch with the inner self and to interact with other people. It is my
contention that the success and growth of an individual would rely so much in the
way a person perceives one’s life and the environment in which one is situated in.
As a part of any organization, each and everyone has his own purpose in life. It is
indeed a reality that each human activity is meant for a particular purpose. It is
under this consideration that in order for an individual and/or an organization to
attain its vision, it is just necessary to manage and lead one’s life and the welfare
of other people in accordance with the universally accepted ethical principles.

It is tantamount to say that there is really a need for an individual and the
organization as a whole to devise appropriate and innovative ways and means in
order to create a meaningful and productive environment. What is really
important is the commitment of any organization to establish a conducive,
permissive and a reinforcing learning environment that would help to enhance
the competencies and abilities of its constituents.

Finally, personal integration and professional growth would really entail a

lot of sacrifices and judgments. People development is a choice. It is a way of life.

Developing Personal Philosophy

Developing a personal philosophy can be a deeply rewarding life

experience. Forming your own philosophy is quite difficult, especially for
beginners, but the rewards definitely make it worth a try. This guide will help get
started.

1. Understand that you are starting a lifelong journey. Commit to

being open-mindedand flexible. Your goal is to start on a path of personal growth
that will evolve and mature as you experience life.

2. Start reading and learning. Stick with what interests you and try to get a
sense of the big ideas that philosophers are concerned with.

3. Choose a type of philosophy. Philosophical thought is organized around

many types of philosophies including: axiology, aesthetics, epistemology, ethics,
logic, metaphysics and political theory. Follow your interests. Feel free to choose
more than one type because you see particular linkages. You will enjoy thinking
through how to meld them successfully.

LOG101 Logic & Critical Thinking 3

 Pamantasan ng Cabuyao
College of Health and Allied Sciences
Katapatan Homes Subd. Brgy. Banay-banay, City of Cabuyao

After deciding a philosophy type, learn the background history of your

chosen philosophy, including readings from the key philosophers. Understand
the key questions that were addressed and get a solid understanding of the key
concepts.Improve your basic understanding of other types of philosophies.

You cannot be an expert in everything but recognize that there is great

value in understanding the basics of what others have done. A broad
understanding of what people are struggling with and what the discussions have
been about will help you to develop your own personal philosophy. Feel free to
learn and build on existing ideas. It is difficult starting from scratch, so why not
take another philosopher's ideas as a basic framework to get started? Many well
known philosophers started like this. For example Plato took the undoubtedly oral
and sociable Socratic method from the real Socrates, and used it as the basis for
his highly polished literary Socratic method, which in turn was taken by Aristotle
to form the basis of Logic particularly syllogisms.

4. Expand and evolve your thinking. The framework you have selected is a
starting point. As you experience life, test it out and see what works for you and
what doesn't. When you have time analyze this and refine your framework
philosophy. Over time, as you solve problems and assess the quality of the
decisions you have made, you will be able to evolve from where you started into
something autonomous of the original philosophy.

Become a critical thinker. Keep track of where you have obtained the
basis for ideas, tenets, theories, etc., in your new philosophy. Being able to trace
your theorizing or conclusions back to their source will help you defending your
ideas or pushing them further. Very little develops in a vacuum. Referring to what
other philosophers have said gives your philosophy greater credibility because
you are displaying your depth of knowledge and understanding of existing
philosophies.

5. Be patient and allow your ideas to percolate over time. When you have
spare time, analyze the framework of your nascent philosophy, and try to find
problems and solutions. Taking the development of your philosophy gradually will
allow it to evolve into something autonomous of the original philosophy.

Keep a journal and continue writing down your thoughts and ideas, even if
they're not coherent. Patience is essential because it may take you years to sort
through all the discarded notions to find the treasure buried underneath. The
passage of time is healthy, as it allows your ideas to keep evolving and to be
tested by daily events.

Ask some pertinent questions, such as:

What is the purpose of your philosophy? Do you want to apply it to all of
society or just a sector?
What is your role in your philosophy? What, if any, are the roles of
particular people in your philosophy?
How will you explain the basis of your philosophy to others? Is it helpful on
a practical level, or Utopian?
How do other belief sets or philosophies fit in with or go against your
philosophy?
Are you willing to write down a thesis or book of your philosophy? Or
would you rather write stories that contain your philosophy but are not
overtly a philosophical work in structure?

LOG101 Logic & Critical Thinking 4

 Pamantasan ng Cabuyao
College of Health and Allied Sciences
Katapatan Homes Subd. Brgy. Banay-banay, City of Cabuyao

6. Talk to others interested in philosophy. They can point out faults you
might have missed and give different solutions. This is helpful for developing your
philosophy.

Join a local philosophy group, club, or chapter.

Join an online group that has private forums where you can share your
ideas freely and get responses.
Visit your local university and ask to speak with philosophy professors to
share your thoughts with them.

If you find someone else who really understands where your new
philosophy is headed, embrace their enthusiasm but take care to keep working
on your understandings separate from their enthusiasm. It is hard to follow
someone else while they are still working out what it is that they believe, so their
enthusiasm may just be because they like and trust you.

V. REFERENCES

Books:

Buenaflor, Lionel E. (2014). The Art of Critical Thinking: Logic for Filipino
Students. 3rd Edition. Books Atbp. Publishing. Madaluyong City.
Govier, Trudy. (2010). A Practical Study of Argument. 7th Edition. Cengage
Learning, Belomont, CA.
Hurley, Patrick J. (2011). Introduction to Logic. Philippine Edition. Cengage
Learning Asia, Pasig City.
Nolt, John. (2011). Schaum’s Outlines: Logic. 2nd Edition. McGraw-Hill, New York,
NY.
Sarmon, Marnilee H. (2013). Introduction to Logic and Critical Thinking.
Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Australia.
Santiago-Espartinez, Alma. (2010). Logic: The Art of Reasoning. Fifth edition.
Tri-zone Printing Press, Manila.

Journal Articles:

Piaget's Logic of Meanings: Still Relevant Today. By: Wavering, Michael James.
School Science and Mathematics, V111 N5 pg. 249-252, May 2011.
(EJ927229)
Using Abductive Research Logic: "The Logic of Discovery", To Construct a
Rigorous Explanation of Amorphous Evaluation of Findings. By: Levin-
Rozalis, Miri. Journal of Multi-disciplinary Evaluation, V6 n13 pg. 1-14, Feb
2010. (EJ882390)
Context-based exercises in logic: To park or not to park, 'Tis the Question. By:
Munakata, Mika. International Journal of Mathematical Education in
Science and Technology, V42 n5 pg 649-657 2011. (EJ929280)
The Logic of German Monism and the U.S. Public Schools: A Philosophical
Inquiry. By: Welsh, Benjamin H. Philosophical Studies in Education, V42
pg88-100 2011. (EJ960329)
The Role of Logic in the Validation of Mathematical Proofs. Technical Report. No.
1999- 1. By: Selden, Annie; Selden, John. Online Submission. 1999 14 pp.
(ED518763)

LOG101 Logic & Critical Thinking 5

 Pamantasan ng Cabuyao
College of Health and Allied Sciences
Katapatan Homes Subd. Brgy. Banay-banay, City of Cabuyao

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VI. ACTIVITY / ACTIVITIES

LEARNING BY DOING:

Examine yourself and articulate your “Philosophy in Life.” A personal

philosophy is a framework that helps you understand who you are and make
sense of your life.

LOG101 Logic & Critical Thinking 6