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Optimal Placement of Phasor Measurement Units For Power System Observability

This document is a thesis submitted by Sujit Kumar Patro for a Master of Technology degree. The thesis investigates optimal placement of phasor measurement units (PMUs) in power systems to make the system fully observable. It provides background on PMUs and their hardware configuration. Various methods for determining optimal PMU placement are discussed, including bisecting search, simulated annealing, graph theoretic procedures, and integer programming. The future work section indicates the thesis will propose an exhaustive approach to determine minimum PMU placement for state estimation considering potential outages.

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Sujit Patro
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38 views

Optimal Placement of Phasor Measurement Units For Power System Observability

This document is a thesis submitted by Sujit Kumar Patro for a Master of Technology degree. The thesis investigates optimal placement of phasor measurement units (PMUs) in power systems to make the system fully observable. It provides background on PMUs and their hardware configuration. Various methods for determining optimal PMU placement are discussed, including bisecting search, simulated annealing, graph theoretic procedures, and integer programming. The future work section indicates the thesis will propose an exhaustive approach to determine minimum PMU placement for state estimation considering potential outages.

Uploaded by

Sujit Patro
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Optimal Placement of Phasor Measurement Units for

Power System Observability

A project thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the


requirement for the award of

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

Prepared by
Sujit Kumar Patro
ROLL NO: 201090937
REGN. NO: 1007202016

2010 –

Under the guidance of


Mr. Ch.Murthy
(Dept. of Electrical Engineering)
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY,
PALUR HILLS, BERHAMPUR– 761008, ODISHA, INDIA

OPTIMAL PLACEMENT OF PHASOR MEASUREMENT


UNITS FOR POWER SYSTEM OBSERVABILITY

ABSTRACT

Power systems are rapidly becoming populated by Phasor measurements units (PMU). PMUs
have multiple uses at substations. They provide valuable Phasor information for protection
and control of power systems during abnormal operation. Under normal operations, they also
help in monitoring the system state. Phasor measurement units (PMUs) are considered as a
promising tool for future monitoring, protection and control of power systems. Considering
the installation cost of PMUs, it is important to investigate the placement scheme of the
PMUs at minimal locations on the network in the sense that the fault location Observability
can be achieved over the entire network. In this paper, a unified approach is proposed in order
to determine the optimal number and locations of PMUs to make the system measurement
model observable and thereby can be used for power system state estimation. Two new
procedures were used to solve the problem of optimally locating PMUs. One is a numerical
procedure where the problem is formulated as an integer optimization problem. The solution
algorithm was implemented in a computer program. The other procedure is a topology-based
method which finds the strategic locations for PMUs by merging observable islands.

(Signature of student) (Signature of advisor)

DATE: DATE:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The real spirit of achieving a goal is through the way of excellence and asteroids discipline. I
would have never succeeded in completing my task without the cooperation, encouragement
and help provided to me by various personalities. First of all, I render my gratitude to the
almighty who bestowed self-confidence, ability and strength in me to complete this work.
Without his grace this would never come to be today’s reality.

With deep sense of gratitude I express my sincere thanks to my esteemed and worthy
Supervisor Mr. Ch.Murthy for his valuable guidance in carrying out this work under their
effective supervision, encouragement, enlightenment and cooperation.

I shall be failing in my duties if I do not express my deep sense of gratitude towards Mr. M.
Suresh, Course Coordinator, M.Tech, and NIST, who has been a constant source of
inspiration for me throughout this work.

I acknowledge with immense pleasure the sustained interest, encouraging attitude and
constant inspiration rendered by Prof. Sangram Mudali (Director) N.I.S.T. His continued
drive for better quality in everything that happens at N.I.S.T. and selfless inspiration has
always helped us to move ahead.

My greatest thanks are to all who wished me success especially my parents, whose support
and care makes me, stay on earth.

Sujit Kumar Patro


TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………………………...i
TABLE OF CONTENT………………………………………………………………….ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................................
List of Figures .................................................................................................................... i
List of Tables .................................................................................................................... xii
List of Symbols................................................................................................................ xiii
Chapter 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................1
1.INTRODUCTION
In the 18th century great scientists like Benjamin Franklin, Michael Faraday, and André-
Marie Ampère among others provided the basis for modern electrical technology. Since the
18th century and until today the demand for electricity has increased very much. The power
systems of today are transmitting power up to their limits, and have become more sensitive to
disturbances.

Secure operation of power systems requires close monitoring of the system operating
conditions. This is traditionally accomplished by the state estimator which resides in the
control center computer and has access to the measurements received from numerous
substations in the monitored system. By collecting analog measurements and the status data
of the circuit breakers from remotely monitored and controlled substations and feeding them
as input into state estimation function, state estimation can provide an estimate for all
metered and un-metered electrical quantities and network parameters of the power system,
detect and filter out gross errors in the measurement set and detect the topology errors in the
network configuration. Until recently, available measurement sets did not contain phase angle
measurements due to the technical difficulties associated with the synchronization of
measurements at remote locations. Global positioning satellite (GPS) technology alleviated
these difficulties and lead to the development of Phasor measurement units
(PMU).Synchronized Phase Measurement Unit (PMU) is a monitoring device, which was
first introduced in mid-1980s. Phasor measurement units (PMU) are devices, which use
synchronization signals from the global positioning system (GPS) satellites and provide the
Phasor of voltage and currents measured at a given substation. As the PMUs become more
and more affordable, their utilization will increase not only for substation applications but
also at the control centers for the EMS applications. One of the applications, which will be
significantly affected by the introduction of PMUs, is the state estimator. In order to avoid
redundant use of PMUs, the optimal locations for the new PMUs must be determined. The
objective this project is to make use of a minimum number of PMUs in order to make the
system fully observable. Installation of PMUs will be a gradual process, requiring decisions
on the best possible locations for a limited number of PMUs at the beginning. Hence, a
systematic method is needed for finding the best locations for new PMUs in the presence of
other already placed PMUs and/or conventional measurements. This project investigates this
issue and provides a Practical solution for the PMU placement problem.
2. PHASOR MEASUREMENT UNIT (PMU)
The phasor measurement unit (PMU) is a power system device capable of measuring the
synchronized voltage and current phasor in a power system Synchronicity among phasor
measurement units (PMUs) is achieved by same-time sampling of voltage and current
waveforms using a common synchronizing signal from the global positioning satellite (GPS).
The ability to calculate synchronized phasors makes the PMU one of the most important
measuring devices in the future of power system monitoring and control.

2.1 Hardware Configuration Of Pmu

Fig.1 Hardware Configuration Of Pmu

The inner part of PMU contains

 Anti-aliasing filters
 A/D Converter
 Phase-locked Oscillator
 Phasor microprocessor
 Receiver
 Modem

2.2 Optimal Placement of PMU


A suitable methodology is needed to determine the optimal location of PMU in power
system. In addition to its ability to measure voltage and current phasors, a state of art PMU
may include other feature s such as protective action. A power system is called completely
observable only when all of its states uniquely determined.
In recent year, there has been significant research activity on the problem of finding the
minimum number of PMUs and their optimal location. There different procedure are adapted
such as

 A bisecting search method


 Simulated annealing
 Graph theoretic procedure
 Generic algorithm method
 Bus ranking methodology
 Integer programming

3. Future work

All this method finds out optimal placement but is not completely observable in case of fault
occurred .by this project we will propose an exhaustive approach to determine the minimum
number and placement of PMUs for state estimation, considering an outage.

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