The cultivation methods depend upon the characteristics of the physical environment, technological know-

how and socio-cultural practices. Farming varies from subsistence to commercial type. In different parts of
India, the following farming systems are practised.
Primitive Subsistence Farming
It is a ‘slash and burn’ agriculture. Farmers clear a patch of land and produce cereals and other food crops.
When the soil fertility decreases, the farmers shift and clear a fresh patch of land for cultivation. It is known
by different names in different parts of the country. It is known as jhumming in north-eastern states.

 Land productivity is low in this type of agriculture.

 This type of farming depends on monsoon.
 This farming is practised in few parts of India.
Intensive Subsistence Farming

 This type of farming is practised in areas of high population pressure on land.

 It is labour-intensive farming, where high doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for
higher production.
Commercial Farming
This type of farming uses higher doses of modern inputs such as high yielding variety (HYV) seeds,
chemical fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides to obtain higher productivity.
Plantation is a type of commercial farming in which a single crop is grown on a large area. Plantations
cover large tracts of land, using capital intensive inputs, with the help of migrant labourers. All the produce
is used as a raw material in industries.
Eg: Tea, Coffee, Rubber, Sugarcane, Banana.

Cropping Pattern
India has three cropping seasons:

1. Rabi
2. Kharif
3. Zaid

Property Rabi Kharif Zaid

Sowing Season Winter (Oct-Dec) Beginning of Rainy Summer Months (Mar-
Season (April-May) July)
Harvesting Season Summer (Apr-Jun) Sept-Oct
Imp Crops Wheat, Barley, Peas, Paddy, Maize, Jowar, Watermelon,
Gram and Mustard. Bajra, Tur (Arhar), Muskmelon,
Moong, Urad, Cotton, Cucumber,
Jute, Groundnut and Vegetables and
Fodder crops.
Soyabean.

Major Crops in India

A variety of food and non-food crops are grown in different parts of India depending upon the variations in
soil, climate and cultivation practices. Major crops grown in India are:

 Rice
 Wheat
 Millets
 Pulses
 Tea
 Coffee
 Sugarcane
 oil seeds
 Cotton
 Jute

RICE:

1. It is a kharif crop. It is the staple food of Ind.

2. It requires high temperature (ABOVE 25°C) and high humidity with annual rainfall above 100 cm.
3. India is the second largest producer of rice in the world after China.
4. It is grown in the plains of north and north-eastern India, coastal areas and the deltaic regions.

Wheat

1. This is a rabi crop.

2. It requires a cool growing season and bright sunshine at the time of ripening.
3. It requires 50 to 75 cm of annual rainfall evenly distributed over the growing season.
4. The Ganga-Satluj plains in the north-west and black soil region of the Deccan are two main wheat-
growing zones in India.
5. It is the second most important cereal crop and main food crop, in the north and north-western part
of India.

Millets

1. Jowar, Bajra and Ragi are the important millets grown in India.
2. These are known as coarse grains and have very high nutritional value.

Jowar Bajra Ragi

3rd most important food crop It can grown in areas that It is a crop of dry regions.
with respect to area and receive very low rainfall.
production.
It is a rain-fed crop mostly Grows well on sandy soils Grows well on red, black,
grown in the moist areas. and shallow black soil. sandy, loamy and shallow
black soils.
Mainly produced in Major producing states are Major producing states are
Maharashtra, Karnataka, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu,
Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Maharashtra, Gujarat and Himachal Pradesh,
Pradesh. Haryana. Uttarakhand, Sikkim,
Jharkhand and Arunachal
Pradesh.
Maize

1. It is a Kharif crop.
2. It requires temperature between 21°C to 27°C and grows well in old alluvial soil.
3. It is used both as food and fodder.
 4. Major maize-producing states are Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra
Pradesh and Telangana.

Pulses

1. India is the largest producer and consumer of pulses in the world.

2. Pulses are the major source of protein in a vegetarian diet.
3. Major pulses grown in India are Tur (Arhar), Urad, Moong, Masur, Peas and Gram.
4. Pulses are mostly grown in rotation with other crops so that the soil restore fertility.
5. Major pulse producing states are Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh and
Karnataka.
6. Pulses need less moisture and can grow in dry conditions.

Food Crops other than Grains:

Sugarcane

1. It is a tropical as well as a subtropical crop.

2. It grows well in hot and humid climates with a temperature of 21°C to 27°C and annual rainfall
between 75cm to 100cm.
3. It can be grown on a variety of soils.
4. Needs manual labour from sowing to harvesting.
5. India is the second largest producer of sugarcane only after Brazil.
6. Sugarcane is the main source of Sugar, Gur (Jaggery), Khansari and molasses.
7. The major sugarcane-producing states are Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu,
Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Bihar, Punjab and Haryana.

Oil Seeds
Different oil seeds are grown covering approximately 12% of the total cropped area of India and are majorly
used for cooking purposes.. Main oil-seeds produced in India are:

 Groundnut: is a Kharif crop and accounts for half of the major oilseeds produced in India. Gujarat
is the largest producer of groundnuts.
 Mustard: is a rabi crop.
 Sesamum (til): is a Kharif crop in the north and rabi crop in south India.
 Castor seeds: It is grown as both Rabi and Kharif crop.
 Linseed: is a rabi crop.
 Coconut
 Soyabean
 Cotton seeds
 Sunflower
Tea

1. It is also an important beverage crop introduced by the British in India.

2. The tea plant grows well in tropical and sub-tropical climates with deep and fertile well-drained soil,
rich in humus and organic matter.
3. Tea bushes require warm and moist frost-free climate all through the year.
4. Tea is a labour-intensive industry.
5. Major tea producing states are Assam, hills of Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri districts, West Bengal,
Tamil Nadu and Kerala.

Coffee
Yemen coffee is produced in India and this variety of coffee is in great demand all over the world. Its
cultivation was introduced on the Baba Budan Hills and is confined to the Nilgiri in Karnataka, Kerala and
Tamil Nadu.
Horticulture Crops
India is a producer of tropical as well as temperate fruits. Major crops produced are pea, cauliflower, onion,
cabbage, tomato, brinjal and potato. Some of the famous horticulture crops grown in India are:

 Mangoes of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh and West

Bengal Oranges of Nagpur and Cherrapunjee (Meghalaya), bananas of Kerala, Mizoram,
Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.
 Lichi and Guava of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar
 Pineapples of Meghalaya
 Grapes of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Maharashtra
 Apples, pears, apricots and walnuts of Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh

Non-Food Crops:

Rubber Fibre Cotton Jute

It is an equatorial Cotton, Jute, Hemp It is a Kharif crop. It is known as the
crop. It also grows in and Natural Silk are golden fibre.
tropical and the four major fibre
subtropical areas. crops.
It requires a moist and Cotton, Jute and It requires high It grows well on well-
humid climate with Hemp are grown in temperature, light drained fertile soils in
rainfall of more than the soil. rainfall, 210 frost-free the flood plains. High
200cm and days and bright temperature is
temperature above sunshine for its required for its growth.
25°C. growth.

It is an important Natural Silk is Cotton grows It is used in making

industrial raw material obtained from well in black cotton gunny bags, mats,
cocoons of the soil of the Deccan ropes, yarn, carpets
silkworms fed on plateau. and other artefacts.
green leaves
Mainly grown in Rearing of silkworms Major cotton- Major jute producing
Kerala, Tamil Nadu, for the production of producing states are states are West
Karnataka and silk fibre is known as Maharashtra, Gujarat, Bengal, Bihar, Assam,
Andaman and Nicobar Sericulture. Madhya Pradesh, Odisha and
islands and Garo hills Karnataka, Andhra Meghalaya.
of Meghalaya. Pradesh,
Telangana, Tamil
Nadu, Punjab,
Haryana and
Uttar Pradesh.

Technological and Institutional Reforms:

Agriculture provides a livelihood for more than 60% of its population, so this sector needs some serious
technical and institutional reforms. The Green Revolution and the White Revolution were some of the
reforms initiated by people to improve agriculture in ‘60s-‘70s. In 1980s and 1990s, various provisions
for crop insurance, establishment of Grameen banks, cooperative societies and banks for
providing loan facilities to the farmers at lower rates of interest.
Some Initiatives taken by the Government are:

 Schemes introduced by Government such as Kissan Credit Card (KCC), Personal Accident
Insurance Scheme (PAIS).
  Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers on the radio and television were
introduced.
 The government also announces minimum support price (MSP), remunerative and procurement
prices for important crops to check the exploitation of farmers by speculators and middlemen.

Contribution of agriculture to the national economy, employment and output:

 In 2010-11 about 52% of the total workforce was employed by the farm sector.
 The share of agriculture in the GDP is declining.
 Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), agricultural universities, veterinary services and
animal breeding centres, horticulture development, research and development in the field of
meteorology and weather forecast, etc. are a few of the initiatives introduced by the government to
improve Indian agriculture.

Food Security

• The government designed national food security system to ensure the food security to every
citizen:
→ It consists of two components 
(a) buffer stock and 
(b) public distribution system (PDS)

• Food Corporation of India (FCI) is responsible for procuring and stocking foodgrains, whereas
distribution is ensured by public distribution system (PDS).

• PDS is a programme which provides food grains and other essential commodities at subsidised
prices in rural and urban areas.

• The primary objective of national food security are:

→ Ensure availability of foodgrains to the common people at an affordable price.
→ The poor should have access to food.
→ Growth in agriculture production
→ Fixing the support price for procurement of wheat and rice, to maintain their stocks.

Impact of Globalisation on Agriculture

• Globalisation is present at the time of colonisation. 

→ During the British period, cotton was exported to Britain as a raw material for their textile
industries.

• After 1990, the farmers in India have been exposed to new challenges under globalisation.
→ The agricultural products of India are not able to compete with the developed countries
because of the highly subsidised agriculture in those countries.

• Genetic engineering is revolutionising the agricultural production now a days.

• Organic farming is also in fashion these days because it is practised without factory made
chemicals such as fertilisers and pesticides. Hence, it does not affect environment in a negative
manner.

• Indian farmers should diversify their cropping pattern from cereals to high-value crops which will
increase incomes and reduce environmental degradation simultaneously.