Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 53 views

    Lecture 29: 1st Law of Thermodynamics: Thermodynamic Work

    Uploaded by

    JUVY ANN PATOSA
    1) The first law of thermodynamics states that the change in internal energy of a system is equal to the heat added minus the work done. 2) Important processes for an ideal gas include isochoric (constant volume), isobaric (constant pressure), and isothermal (constant temperature) processes. 3) An adiabatic process is one where no heat is exchanged, so the change in internal energy is equal to the negative of the work done.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Lecture 29: 1st Law of Thermodynamics: Thermodynamic Work

    Uploaded by

    JUVY ANN PATOSA
    53 views15 pages
    1) The first law of thermodynamics states that the change in internal energy of a system is equal to the heat added minus the work done. 2) Important processes for an ideal gas include isochoric (constant volume), isobaric (constant pressure), and isothermal (constant temperature) processes. 3) An adiabatic process is one where no heat is exchanged, so the change in internal energy is equal to the negative of the work done.

    Original Title

    lec29

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    1) The first law of thermodynamics states that the change in internal energy of a system is equal to the heat added minus the work done. 2) Important processes for an ideal gas include isochoric (constant volume), isobaric (constant pressure), and isothermal (constant temperature) processes. 3) An adiabatic process is one where no heat is exchanged, so the change in internal energy is equal to the negative of the work done.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    53 views15 pages

    Lecture 29: 1st Law of Thermodynamics: Thermodynamic Work

    Uploaded by

    JUVY ANN PATOSA
    1) The first law of thermodynamics states that the change in internal energy of a system is equal to the heat added minus the work done. 2) Important processes for an ideal gas include isochoric (constant volume), isobaric (constant pressure), and isothermal (constant temperature) processes. 3) An adiabatic process is one where no heat is exchanged, so the change in internal energy is equal to the negative of the work done.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 15

    Lecture 29: 1st Law of Thermodynamics

    • thermodynamic work

    • 1st law of Thermodynamics

    • equation of state of the ideal gas

    • Isochoric, isobaric, and isothermal process in ideal gas


    Thermodynamic work

    𝑓
    𝑊 = න 𝑝 𝑉, 𝑇 𝑑𝑉
    𝑖

    work done by the gas


    Work and p-V curve

    𝑓
    work done by the gas
    𝑊 = න 𝑝 𝑉, 𝑇 𝑑𝑉
    𝑖 ⟹ area under the 𝑝 − 𝑉-curve

    𝑊 > 0 if gas expands (Δ𝑉 > 0)


    𝑊 < 0 if gas is compressed (Δ𝑉 < 0)
    First Law of Thermodynamics

    The internal energy of a system can change:


    • Heat flow in or out of system
    • Work done on or by gas

    Δ𝑈 = 𝑄 − 𝑊

    𝑄: net heat flowing into the system


    𝑊: work done by the system

    Δ𝑈 is completely determined by initial and final


    values of the state variables
    (even though 𝑊 and 𝑄 depend on the process!)
    Internal energy

    Internal energy 𝑈 of the system


    = kinetic energies of particles
    + potential energy of interaction

    Value of 𝑈 depends on state of system only.

    State is characterized by state variables such as:


    temperature, pressure, volume, phase
    Ideal gas

    • particles do not interact with each other


    • only elastic collisions between particles and with walls

    Real gas can be treated as ideal if:


    low density, low pressure, high temperature

    State variables are related by: 𝑛 number of moles


    𝑅 universal gas constant
    𝑝𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 𝑅=8.315J/(mol∙ K)

    No interactions between particles


    ⟹ 𝑈 consists only of kinetic energies of particles
    ⟹ 𝑈 depends only on temperature: 𝑈 = 𝑈(𝑇) * * Only true
    for ideal gas!
    Important processes for the ideal gas

    P P P

    V V V
    V=const. p=const. T=const.
    isochoric isobaric isothermal
    Adiabatic Process

    P 𝑄=0
    𝑝𝑉 𝛾 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡
    𝛾 = 𝑐𝑝/𝑐𝑉

    𝛾 = 1.67 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐
    𝑜𝑟 1.40 (𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐)
    V
    𝛾 > 1 steeper than isothermal
    Isochoric process for the ideal gas
    Isobaric process for the ideal gas
    Isothermal process for the ideal gas
    Isobaric vs isochoric process
    Consider two process between same two temperatures:

    Isochoric: Δ𝑈 = 𝑛𝑐𝑉 Δ𝑇

    Isobaric: Δ𝑈 = 𝑛𝑐𝑝 Δ𝑇 − 𝑝Δ𝑉

    𝑛𝑐𝑉 Δ𝑇 = 𝑛𝑐𝑝 Δ𝑇 − 𝑝Δ𝑉 V

    with 𝑝Δ𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅Δ𝑇:


    𝑐𝑝 − 𝑐𝑉 = 𝑅

    To increase U by same amount as in isochoric process,


    more Q needed for isobaric process because gas is doing work
    Difference between 𝑐𝑉 and 𝑐𝑝

    𝑐𝑝 − 𝑐𝑉 = 𝑅

    3 5
    Monoatomic gas: 𝑐𝑉 = 2 𝑅, 𝑐𝑝 = 2 𝑅

    5 7
    Diatomic gas: 𝑐𝑉 = 𝑅, 𝑐𝑝 = 𝑅
    2 2
    Mono- vs diatomic gas
    3 5
    Monoatomic gas: 𝑐𝑉 = 2 𝑅, 𝑐𝑝 = 2 𝑅

    5 7
    Diatomic gas: 𝑐𝑉 = 2 𝑅, 𝑐𝑝 = 2 𝑅

    Each degree of freedom in the kinetic energy


    1
    contributes 𝑅 to specific heat
    2

    Monoatomic gas: 3 directions for translation

    Diatomic gas: 3 translations, 3 rotations,


    but very small moment of inertia about one axis,
    this rotation does not contribute
    Adiabatic Process

    P 𝑄 = 0 → Δ𝑈 = −𝑊

    You might also like