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Solution To Extra Exercises Math 2111 (Tutorial 1 and 2)

This document provides solutions to extra exercises for a math tutorial on linear algebra. It addresses exercises related to echelon form, reduced row echelon form, consistency of systems of linear equations, and the column space of matrices. Key theorems are stated regarding the equivalence of several properties relating a matrix A to having solutions to the equation Ax=b for all b in Rm.

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DIO Brando
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88 views8 pages

Solution To Extra Exercises Math 2111 (Tutorial 1 and 2)

This document provides solutions to extra exercises for a math tutorial on linear algebra. It addresses exercises related to echelon form, reduced row echelon form, consistency of systems of linear equations, and the column space of matrices. Key theorems are stated regarding the equivalence of several properties relating a matrix A to having solutions to the equation Ax=b for all b in Rm.

Uploaded by

DIO Brando
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Solution to Extra Exercises To Math 2111 (Tutorial 1 and 2) Page | 1

1 Lay Ex.1.1 #5
The system is already in “triangular” form. The fourth equation is 𝒙𝟒 = – 𝟓, and the other
equations do not contain the variable 𝒙𝟒 . The next two steps should be to use the variable 𝒙𝟑
in the third equation to eliminate that variable from the first two equations. In matrix notation,
that means to replace 𝑹𝟐 by its sum with –4 times 𝑹𝟑 , and then replace 𝑹𝟏 by its sum with 3
times 𝑹𝟑 .

Lay Ex.1.1 #6
2

3 Lay Ex.1.1 #11

Lay Ex.1.1 #14


4

Lay Ex.1.1 #1
5

Lay Ex.1.1 #25


6
Solution to Extra Exercises To Math 2111 (Tutorial 1 and 2) Page | 2

Lay Ex.1.1 #27

Lay Ex.1.1 #29


8

Lay Ex.1.1 #30


9

Lay Ex.1.1 #32


10

Ex.1.2 #1
11 Reduced echelon form: (a) and (b).
Echelon form: (d).
Not echelon: (c).

Ex.1.2 #2
12 Reduced echelon form: (a).
Echelon form: (b) and (d).
Not echelon: (c).

Ex.1.2 #3
13

Ex.1.2 #4
14

Ex.1.2 #8
15
Solution to Extra Exercises To Math 2111 (Tutorial 1 and 2) Page | 3

Ex.1.2 #12
16 Since the bottom row of the matrix is equivalent to the equation 0 = 1, the system has no solutions.

Ex.1.2 #14
17

18 Ex.1.2 #17

Ex.1.2 #18
19

Ex.1.2 #23
20

Ex.1.2 #24
21 The system is consistent because there is not a pivot in column 5, which means that there is not a row of
the form [0 0 0 0 1]. Since the matrix is the augmented matrix for a system, Theorem 2 shows that the
system has a solution.

22 Ex.1.2 #25
If the coefficient matrix has a pivot position in every row, then there is a pivot position in the bottom row,
and there is no room for a pivot in the augmented column. So, the system is consistent, by Existence and
Uniqueness Theorem.

23 Ex.1.2 #26
Since the coefficient matrix has three pivot columns, there is a pivot in each row of the coefficient matrix.
Solution to Extra Exercises To Math 2111 (Tutorial 1 and 2) Page | 4

Thus the augmented matrix will not have a row of the form [0 0 0 0 0 1], and the system is consistent.
Lay Ex.1.3 #5
24

Lay Ex.1.3 #9
25

Lay Ex.1.3 #10


26

27 Lay Ex.1.3 #11


Solution to Extra Exercises To Math 2111 (Tutorial 1 and 2) Page | 5

Lay Ex.1.3 #13

28

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29

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31

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Solution to Extra Exercises To Math 2111 (Tutorial 1 and 2) Page | 6

Lay Ex.1.4 #9
34

35 Lay Ex.1.4 #11

Lay Ex.1.4 #17


36

Lay Ex.1.4 #18


37

Lay Ex.1.4 #19


38 The work in Exercise 36 shows that statement (d) in Theorem 4 is false. So all four statements in Theorem 4
are false. Thus, not all vectors in 𝑹𝟒 can be written as a linear combination of the columns of 𝐴. Also, the
columns of A do not span 𝑹𝟒 .

Lay Ex.1.4 #20


39 The work in Exercise 37 shows that statement (d) in Theorem 4 is false. So all four statements in Theorem 4
are false. Thus, the equation 𝐵𝒙 = 𝒚 does not have a solution for each 𝒚 in 𝑹𝟒 , and the columns of B do not
span 𝑹𝟒 .
Solution to Extra Exercises To Math 2111 (Tutorial 1 and 2) Page | 7

Lay Ex.1.4 #21


40

41 Lay Ex.1.4 #22


Row reduce the matrix [𝒗𝟏 𝒗𝟐 𝒗𝟑 ] to determine whether it has a pivot in each row.

The matrix [𝒗𝟏 𝒗𝟐 𝒗𝟑 ] has a pivot in each row, so the columns of the matrix span 𝑹𝟑 , by Theorem 4.
That is, {𝒗𝟏 , 𝒗𝟐 , 𝒗𝟑 } spans 𝑹𝟑 .

Lay Ex.1.4 #23


42 a. False. See the paragraph following equation (3). The text calls Ax = b a matrix equation.
b. True. See the box before Example 3.
c. False. See the warning following Theorem 4.
d. True. See Example 4.
e. True. See parts (c) and (a) in Theorem 4.
f. True. In Theorem 4, statement (a) is false if and only if statement (d) is also false.

Lay Ex.1.4 #24


43 a. True. This statement is in Theorem 3. However, the statement is true without any "proof" because, by
definition, Ax is simply a notation for
𝐴𝒙 = 𝑥1 𝒂𝟏 + 𝑥2 𝒂𝟐 + ⋯ +𝑥𝑛 𝒂𝒏 , where 𝒂𝟏 , 𝒂𝟐 , ⋯ , 𝒂𝒏 are the columns of A.
b. True.
c. True.
d. False. In Theorem 4, statement (d) is true if and only if statement (a) is true.
e. True. See Theorem 3.
f. False. In Theorem 4, statement (c) is false if and only if statement (a) is also false.

Lay Ex.1.4 #25


44 By definition, the matrix-vector product on the left is a linear combination of the columns of the matrix, in
this case using weights –3, –1, and 2. So c1 = –3, c2 = –1, and c3 = 2.

Lay Ex.1.4 #31


45 A 3×2 matrix has three rows and two columns. With only two columns, A can have at most two pivot
columns, and so A has at most two pivot positions, which is not enough to fill all three rows. By
Theorem 4, the equation Ax = b cannot be consistent for all b in 𝑹𝟑 . Generally, if A is an m×n matrix
with m > n, then A can have at most n pivot positions, which is not enough to fill all m rows. Thus,
the equation Ax = b cannot be consistent for all b in 𝑹𝟑 .

Lay Ex.1.4 #33


46 If the equation Ax = b has a unique solution, then the associated system of equations does not have
any free variables. If every variable is a basic variable, then each column of A is a pivot column.
1 0 0
0 1 0
So the reduced echelon form of A must be ( ).
0 0 1
0 0 0

47 Lay Ex.1.4 #36


If the equation Ax = b has a unique solution, then the associated system of equations does not have
any free variables. If every variable is a basic variable, then each column of A is a pivot column.
Solution to Extra Exercises To Math 2111 (Tutorial 1 and 2) Page | 8

1 0 0 0
So the reduced echelon form of A must be (0 1 0 0).
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1

Now it is clear that A has a pivot position in each row. By Theorem 4, the columns of A span 𝑹𝟒 .

THEOREM 3

THEOREM4

Let A be an m×n matrix. Then the following statements are logically equivalent.

That is, for a particular A, either they are all true statements or they are all false.

a. For each 𝒃 in 𝐑𝑚 , the equation 𝐴𝒙 = 𝒃 has a solution.

b. Each 𝒃 in 𝐑𝑚 is a linear combination of the columns of A.

c. The columns of A span 𝐑𝑚 .

d. A has a pivot position in every row.

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