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Nature of housing location and trend of housing types: Assessing the rural
housing of Bangladesh.

Article · January 2012

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NATURE OF HOUSING LOCATION AND TREND OF HOUSING TYPES: ASSESSING
THE RURAL HOUSING OF BANGLADESH
Shakhawat Hosen Tanim,
Jannatul Mauya Dalia.
Research Officer, Forum for Physical Development of Bangladesh.

1. BACKGROUND
House is a living space. Housing may be described as a sheltered places and other building
where people live. World Health Organization (WHO) defined Housing as “an enclosed
environment in which man finds protection and feels safe and secured from hostile forces and
can function with increased comfort and satisfaction as regards to privacy to the individual and
his family. The environment must include all necessity, services, facilities, equipment and
devises needed for physical and social well being of the family or the individual”. It can be said
that, a house is shelter for rest, safety and comfort; and for protection from enemies and vagaries
of climate. So housing it is meant not only a mere from of shelter but also it includes those
qualities of comfort, convenience and amenities, which are essential for emotional and social
well being of families. Housing is important to development in both economic and welfare terms
(Sarma & Mallick, 2005).
The right to adequate housing is a universal right, recognized at the international level and in
more than one hundred national constitutions throughout the world. In the constitution of
Bangladesh article 15 and 43 ensure this right. It is a right recognized as valid for every
individual person. The right to housing is codified as a human right in the Universal Declaration
of Human Rights.
Being an agro based country Bangladesh suffers from land scarcity most in the world. In fact
there is vitally no land-use plan for the rural areas that comprises about 85% of the land area
(Rahman, Alam, & Islam, 2008). Land is closely related to the housing as well as means of
livelihood for an agrarian country like Bangladesh. A mass portion of cultivable land is degraded
and encroached each year due to non-agricultural activities like rural housing, infrastructure and
activities etc. So to understand the nature and trend of rural housing is very important to make
the efficient use of rural land through a proper settlement. Planned rural housing is also
important for effective land reform and distribution to provide land to landless people for
ensuring their living and livelihood. It is thought that landless and functionally landless people
are moving towards the urban areas for livelihoods and increasing the number of slums in the
city (Rahman, Alam, & Islam, 2008). There is a close relation between rural housing and urban
migration (Mathur, 1993).Poor rural housing condition act as a powerful push factor of urban
migration and create pressure on the city and economy as well.
Booming population growth increases the demand of more housing in rural area. There is no
specific guidelines and land use planning regarding ceiling for housing and provision for
concession of agricultural land for housing and other non-agricultural purposes. People also do
not follow any standard pattern of housing in rural areas. Because there are no specific
government support in these issue. Land is a vital factor of production especially for an
agricultural base country. As a finite resource, overexploitation of land can be serious threat for
the economy in near future.

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Housing situation becomes more critical for the economically poorer families. Being structurally
weak condition of these structures deteriorate rapidly. Unhealthy and unhygienic conditions of
living also decrease the human capacity and productivity impacting negatively in our economy.

Housing is a capital investment sector. In recent time government are interested to locate
industries in rural area. Government is also very interested to encourage small and medium-sized
enterprises (SME). So, rural area is now very significant for investment. These kinds of
investment will create unplanned settlement and also squatters. Poverty and poor housing
condition go together. To control squatting in the rural areas integrated rural housing is essential.

2. FACTS ABOUT RURAL HOUSING

Housing is a commodity which is related to many interrelated things. It is very essential need for
human being. Rural areas of Bangladesh have its own characteristics of housing. Mainly the
characteristics of housing are depend on location and types. Housing has been changing its forms
and building styles in response to the availability of housing materials and their regional
differences; as well as socio-economic forces i.e. climatic conditions and geographic locations.
2.1 Rural housing location:
Housing characteristics influenced by the location of the site. The location mainly depends on
land form. Landform is one of the major criteria in selecting site of rural housing. As the major
portion of Bangladesh is almost flat and deltaic terrain, the inundation and flooding in monsoon
forces houses to be sited on higher ground or to raise the land artificially, as in the haor areas.
The levees form most of the high ground available in the deltaic areas or in the low basins.
For Bangladesh housing location can be classified by 3 types. Housing besides the water body,
housing in hilly region and housing in the plain land. As a riverine country and having a long
coastal line Bangladesh have different rural housing pattern. Housing besides the river has a
different pattern. Generally it goes parallel to the natural levee.
In the coastal area, housing is also very different from the others land from. In the haor area, the
pattern of housing is different. There housing is circular and compact pattern. In hilly region,
housing is different. There housing is elevated and different materials are used there. These types
of housing took place in the highlands of southeastern areas covered with forestation that gave
natural protection from floods, tides of the rivers and sea and cyclones. Gradually, with increase
in population, the settlements spread in areas with prospects of agriculture. But, this is the
common type of housing in Bangladesh (Baqee, 1998).
Housing location also depend on transportation and communication facilities. In Bangladesh
these type of settlement can be observed besides market, rail track. The main characteristic of
this kind of settlement is detachment from other locality.
2.2 Rural housing types:
Rural housing characteristics depend on types. Like, if a person walks through a rural road in
Faridpur and another rural road of Chittagong, the person will find significant difference among
the outlook, arrangement and pattern of housing. Structurally, the traditional rural houses in
Bangladesh may be grouped in seven types. They are as follows:

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 1. Choushala (four rooms on four raised sides and a uthan or open space in the
middle),
2. Britighar (the house and all its rooms fenced within one boundary),
3. Atchala (house with eight roofs, four over the main building and four over the
verandas attached on each side),
4. Postaghar (house constructed on elevated platform);
5. Dishala bandh ghar (house of two large rooms on two separate platforms and an
open place between them);
6. Susthita ghar (house surrounded by verandas on all four sides); and
7. House of the tribal people.
According to local available materials uses, the rural houses in Bangladesh are grouped in three
types. They are: kutcha house, semi-pucca house and pucca house. To built kutcha house
bamboo and mud are common materials where timber, brick, corrugated iron (CI) sheet are used
to build semi pucca house. In pucca house the materials brick and reinforced concrete are used
for both walls and roofs. Generally rural housing contains some common characteristics. The
characteristics are:
House and Courtyard: A house in rural Bangladesh may constitute of one or more rooms. The
construction of rooms depends mainly on the socio economic status of the owner. The
homesteads follow a courtyard layout. Around a rectangular or square courtyard, housing
units/rooms are constructed.
Kitchens: The Kitchens of rural houses normally smaller in sizes are built separately. In dry
seasons and among the poorer families, cooking is usually done in the courtyard and the space is
rarely roofed.
Pond and Trees: Pond is an essential part of the house and has various uses. The people use
pond as general source of water. They also use pond for bathing, washing etc. A house is
surrounded by perennial trees giving protection from sun, storms and cyclones an offer some
degree of privacy.
Utility Facilities: In rural areas, it is essential to consider the provision of basic services such as,
water supply, latrine, sewerage, drainage, electricity etc. at the individual homestead or
community level. About one-third of the rural houses do not have any arrangement for latrine.
Most houses do not have any drainage facilities (Hasan, Ullah, & Gomes, 2000).

3. NATURE OF RURAL HOUSING LOCATION

Bangladesh is a land of rivers that crisscrossed throughout the mostly flat territories of the
country. So, river location is important for housing. People of this country would like to settle in
the high land. Sometimes people choose the location behind road or rail track for communication
facilities. For rural housing, materials are different for location factor. The main characteristics
of rural housing location are discussed below:

3.1 Natural factor of rural housing:

Geography and geology are important features that influence the location of rural housing. The
geographical condition which influence housing, can divided into two parts.

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3.1.1 Geographic and geological characteristics:
Bangladesh is a flood prone country; so people of this country always want to settle in the dry
land. The characteristics of landform also control the physical characteristics of housing Fertility
is a significant factor that influences the housing. In a specific village of rural area we can see
higher density in fertile area (Case 1). Water body (like river, lake etc.) location is also important
for housing (Case 2). These water bodies support the irrigation of the locality. Like, in the hilly
of Bangladesh people are dependent on the Jhiri.

Settlement is highly dense in the fertile land. The Map shows the
location and the direction of settlement of Kulaura Pourashava of
Moulvibazar zila. As accessibility is a driving force for behind
physical growth so the settlement is located in the fertile land of
both side of rail track. The main settlement is dense in the fertile
area. Other development is following the roads. In the map it is also
shown that the area which are not fertile and far from the road or
rail track are having very light settlement. But the area which are
fertile and far from the rail track or road are having potentiality of
(Source: Physical Feature Survey, LGED)
agricultural development.
Map shows that, the settlement of this area is mainly following the
river. This settlement is of Chhatak Pourashava of Sunamgonj Zila.
Here we see the settlement is following the Surma River. Map
shows, the direction of physical growth in the town is towards the
Southern direction following the bank of river. Accessibility is a
major driving force for behind physical growth. River ensures
accessibility and resources as well. Therefore in this pourashava,
geographic feature and the accessibility are the leading factor to

(Source: Physical Feature Survey, LGED) direct settlement.

3.1.2 Climatic condition and hazard types:

Bangladesh is located in the tropical monsoon region and its climate is characterized by high
temperature, heavy rainfall, often excessive humidity, and fairly marked seasonal variations.
From the climatic point of view, three distinct seasons can be recognized in Bangladesh - the
cool dry season from November through February, the pre-monsoon hot season from March
through May, and the rainy monsoon season which lasts from June through October.
Flood, Cyclone, Storm Surge, Nor’wester, Erosion are the common disaster in Bangladesh. The
impact of disasters has direct effect on housing location. For disaster, people prefer to live in
higher land area.
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 This map shows the settlement of Thakurgaon Pourashava. Here it is
seen that, there is lower density of settlement beside the river. Because
the land beside the river is very low. So housing of this area is located
in higher land. Ward 3, 8 and 9 have some low lands which are not yet
filled by structures. Here the interesting fact is that developments of
this area do not follow the major road only. Higher land is a vital issue
here. So no definite growth direction is found here. All the settlements
are irregular here.

(Source: Physical Feature Survey, LGED)

3.2 Economic and financial purpose:

In rural areas of Bangladesh houses are not only a place to live. It gives people security and
protection from natural hazard. People always want to live in a strong house structure. Housing
location can vary based on economic reason. Like, when families have ability they change their
housing location. They choose market or road side area. It also has some economic value. They
can get better opportunity.

The map shows the housing location of Kabirhat pourashava

of Feni zila. No regular settlement patterns are seen here.
The housing is not following road or any single high land.
Settlement of this area is not centering any administrative
unit or others. Housing is located here and there. This is
called the scattered settlement of housing. As this kind of
settlement is very irregular so here future growth prediction
is very tough.
(Source: Physical Feature Survey, LGED)

3.3 Availability of materials resources:

In rural Bangladesh, people use different materials for housing. In the ancient time people was
only depended on the stone for the housing. Now, wheat straw, rice straw, Pitched CI,
Monopitch CI, Chon Grass and Sugar cane cover are used for roof materials. In rural Bangladesh
layerd mud, brick, woven bamboo, bamboo mud combination, timber etc. are used for wall
materials. For rural housing, location determines the materials use for wall and roof.
In the Barind area, mud is very strong naturally. So mud house is seen here. In the Khulna
region, The Golpata is available in Sundarban area. So, people use Golpata for the roof of the
housing. In southwestern and northern parts of Bangladesh for house construction, plaited

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bamboo plastered with a thick layer of mud is often used for walls. The same type of housing
style is also common in the islands and in the coastal regions of Chittagong.
3.4 Transportation and communication facilities:
Transportation and communication facilities are an important characteristic to choose a location
for housing. In Bangladesh a settlement can be observed besides the regional highway. Main
objective of this kind of settlement is to serve the people who are crossing by the highway. Some
settlements follow the rail track for better accessibility.

The Map shows, the direction of physical growth in the

pourashava. Accessibility is a major driving force for behind
physical growth of Bashurhat pourashava of Noakhali zila.
Radial multidirectional network settlement is here. All the
housing is following the main roads for better accessibility.
The present growth direction follows this highway in two
opposite directions. However, some minor developments
follow minor pourashava roads built in extended peripheral
areas.
(Source: Physical Feature Survey, LGED)

4. CHANGING NATURE OF RURAL HOUSING TYPES

The rural house form in Bangladesh establishes its regional character. In early period, the rural
houses are built together. The people shared their own courtyard. Bamboo and straw used as a
common house building material. But recently, the pressure of population on land gradually
erodes this tradition. Now, the courtyard space is gradually being decreased by the construction
of new housing units. People are used brick, corrugated iron and reinforced concrete as a house
building materials. They sometimes migrate from rural to urban area for better opportunity. The
change of traditional pattern of house building materials; economic and financial capability;
social status etc may also change the trend of rural housing pattern. So type of rural hosing
changes often. There are factors behind that. In the rural area of Bangladesh we see some
common phenomenon in changing the hosing types. These type changes are described below
with respect to the causes.

4.1 Population and land scarcity:

Rural population is rising day by day. The figure 4.1 states that, in 1991 rural population was
about 94.05 million, which was increased to about 100.82 million in 2000.

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 Figure 4.1: Total Rural Population Source: BBS, 2011
It was further increased to about 109.46 million in 2010. The population in rural areas which is
increasing day by day is a major cause for declining of agricultural lands. Bangladesh Bureau of
Statistics shows that between 2000-01 and 2006-07, the net cropped area decreased by 3.5% (i.e.
from 19970 to 19266 thousand acres) which represents an annual average decline by about 0.5%.
However, in response to the increment of the rural population, household’s sizes are also
decreasing in the rural areas (BBS, 2007& 2001).
Social factor like status, family sizes, cultural practices determine the size, design and form of
houses and location of individual housing units and utility. It also determines the housing pattern.
Like, room number mainly depends on the socio-economic status and the size of the family. In
our country, rooms are constructed around a rectangular or square courtyard. In northern and
mid-western parts of the country, there is a tradition of having inner and outer courtyards. The
courtyard has important physical and functional characteristics derived from the climatic
requirements and living patterns. In some rural settlements, the courtyard is now built smaller or
even excluded because of increasing population density and the need of land for construction of
more settlements. This is also due to the reduced need of the courtyard for post-harvest activities
such as threshing rice and drying grain; there is an increasing tendency to carry out these
activities in mills or in roadside commercial operations.
Rural area of Bangladesh was always upholding the joint family culture. But in recent time, like
the urban area, due to modernization, urbanization and industrialization of the society, some
changes have happened in the forms and functions of the family.

Figure 4.2: Average Rural Household Size Source: BBS, 2011

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Average household size has declined day by day. It has declined from 5.35 to 4.53 in 1991 to
2010 for rural areas respectively (Figure 4.2). Disintegration of joint family households may be
responsible for lowering the household size. Migration of family members (both male and
female) to the major urban centers and to other countries also contributes to lowering the average
family size. This change in household size changes the housing type. Joint families prefer the
bigger houses centering the court yard, but a small or nuclear family don not prefer this.
With the population of Bangladesh, the number of household is increasing. This increases the
demand of housing. For limitation of resource government cannot provide housing to all
families. The Figure 4.3 states that, housing is increasing in a very towering rate which is very
alarming for the country. In 1991 to total number of household was 20.3 millions, which
increases 62 percent in 2010(33.03 million). From 1991 to 1995 the growth rate of household
was nearly 9 percent. But in 2005 and 2010, the growth rate with respect to 5 year behind is
almost 18 and 16 percent respectively (BBS, 2011).

Figure 4.3: Total Household Source: BBS, 2011

Land fragmentation is also a major concern. In rural are there are two types of land generally.
One is land for house (Vita), land for agriculture. For the massive growth of population all the
vita are fragmented. A bigger vita changes to a smaller one by the change of generation and
inheritance. It also influences the housing type. The major concern of this land fragmentation is
reduction of agricultural land. Sometimes the inherited vita becomes too small for a family to
build houses. So people take their agricultural land to make it as vita. It creates threats to our
food security. The rapid population growth as well as horizontal expansion of rural housing is
making a tremendous pressure on scarce land resources and it decreases the total cultivable
lands.
4.2 Exposure to hazard:
Flood, Cyclone, Storm Surge, Nor’wester, Erosion are the common disaster in Bangladesh. The
impact of disasters has direct effect on housing. The level of damage of housing depends on the
materials used for construction. In previous, most of the rural people used bamboo, thatch for
poverty constrains. These types of materials cannot withstand the onslaught of cyclone or
protracted inundation. In recently, people used durable materials, like brick, concrete or CI sheet.
This type of material gives them protection from natural hazard. The construction cost of these

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materials is higher than traditional bamboo houses. But in the long run it would be cost effective
and it can withstand the onslaught of cyclone or other disaster.

Figure 4.4: Stilt houses give protection from flood. Source: (BBC, 2007)
Flood is a part of rural life. About 20 percent of the total land area is flooded every year. The
people of hilly regions commonly used stilt houses. (Figure 4.4) People who are very exposed to
flood are interested in these types of house. Conventional rural house floor is easily inundated
after heavy rains and from flooding. But, these types of stilt houses are built on platforms on hill
slopes which are protected against normal flooding.
4.3 Livelihood diversification:
Occupation is a vital factor which influences the rural housing. Rural occupation also controls
the economy. All the primary industries are in rural areas. It is known that our rural society is
agrarian. This agriculture includes the forestry and fishery also.

Figure 4.5: Share of rural per capita income in different occupation Source: BBS, 2006
But the matter of concern is that the percentage of agriculture in the occupation is decreasing.
The figure 4.5 shows that, the percentage of share of rural per capita income in different
occupation. Here, it is exhibited that farming activity is decreasing and non-farm activity is
increasing. Families depend on farming activities and non-farm activities are having difference
in housing.
4.4 Government intervention in rural housing utility:
In every housing utility service pay a significant role. Previously in rural Bangladesh utility
service was ignored. After establishing the millennium development goal, government took
many initiatives for safe and pure drinking water and healthy sanitation in rural areas. In this
regard government can be said successful. That use of tube well in rural area is increasing.

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People have easy access to safe drinking water. Now, 94.97% of rural people drink safe drinking
water from tube well (BBS, 2011). Besides, the use of open toilet is decreasing. Only 5.73% uses
open toilets (BBS, 2010). To achieve the MDG (Millennium Development Goal), here is success
of our government.

Figure 4.6: Access to electricity in rural Bangladesh Source: BBS, 2011

Rural electrification is clearly stated in the constitution of Bangladesh at article 16. The
percentage of access to electricity is increasing (Figure 4.6). But in this the government is not
successful. After the forty years of liberation only about 42 percent of rural areas have access to
electricity. However about 90 percent of urban area are having that access. This creates the
disparity and may act as a pull factor behind the migration. For the rural housing this kind of
utility facility is very important which ensures livelihood standard (BBS, 2011).
4.5 Changes in rural housing materials:
In rural Bangladesh different materials are used in housing. Use of materials is dependent on
various factors. Factors that influence the use of materials are availability of materials,
geographic condition, economic condition and the natural disaster the people faces. In rural
houses there are differences of material in wall and roof.

Figure4.7: Percentage Rural Housing Materials (Roof) Source: BBS, 2011

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For the roof people most commonly use CI sheet, wood, hemp, hay, bamboo and sometimes
bricks or cement. In 2010, people mostly use CI sheet or wood (86.38%). From the figure 4.7 it
can be state that previously a large percentage (42.8) of rural people used hemp, hay, bamboo for
the roof. But in recent time people are not interested in using these materials. They are interested
in using CI sheet or brick/cement for roof material. Because these materials (CI sheet,
brick/cement) are having a low maintenance cost and housing with these materials reduce the
vulnerability to any disaster (BBS, 2011).

Figure 4.8: Percentage of Rural Housing Materials (Wall) Source: BBS, 2011

For the wall rural people generally uses hay, bamboo, leaves, mud, CI sheet, wood and
brick/cement. Uses of hay, bamboo, leaves are decreasing. People now selecting brick or cement
as wall materials for their durability and lower maintenance cost. Figure 4.8 shows that use of
hay, leaves are decreasing and the use of CI sheet and wood are increasing. In the year of 1991
most people (42.26%) were interested in use of hay, bamboo, leaves. But in the year of 2010 we
see that people favor the CI sheet and wood most. They use of brick and cement are also
increasing with a very high rate. If people can financially avail cement/brick, they at least use
cement/brick in wall material. Then if they can, they make the roof with the cement and brick.
So the percentage of cement/brick use in that wall (13.59%) is higher than that (3.65%) of roof
(BBS, 2011).
4.6 Cultural, religious and traditions etc.:
People are obeyed by the culture and religious belief. Tradition is also an important factor. In the
rural area traditional house is speared into two parts. One is inner house, other is the outer house.
Inner house is used for the family function like sleeping, cooking and eating. The formal
function socializing and receiving visitors are done in the outer house. The culturally defined
social codes, customs and norms recognized two distinct domains in the house namely, the
‘female domain’ and the ‘male domain’ which correspond with ‘inner house’ and ‘outer house’
respectively. Privacy in a house with respect to male and female is maintained in different
ways in addition to the physical separation of the two domains These include behavior

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pattern, willful avoidance and time zoning. Hence the boundary between the male and
female zones are flexible and varies according to time, period and occasion. In the
traditional houses in rural Bangladesh, distinction between the 'inner house' and the 'outer
house' is also made on the basis of their functional as well as their symbolic values.
Spaces with the functional values remain in the inner house and those with symbolic values
prevail in the outer house.
Religious beliefs seem to exert decisive influence in certain aspects of the house form. Thus
Muslim house structures are normally laid out following the cardinal directions so that it
is convenient to establish the direction of the Qibla (i e. the ‘Kaaba’) for prayer. The
direction of the Qibla also determines the orientation of the sleeping mats and the toilets
which in turn affects the organization of the spaces and their use Unlike the Hindus, the
Muslims do not identify particular places of ritual purity within the house or the homestead.
The 'shelters' or 'huts' and the 'open spaces' or 'yards' receive varying degrees of importance
depending on the hierarchy of their use only.
4.7 Economic and financial capability:
All factors of housing are influenced by the economic and financial capability of a family. In
early stage, most of the rural people are used temporary materials of bamboo and thatch because
of their economic condition. But rural life is changing fast. People are less dependent on
agriculture and related work. They depend on off-farm livelihoods. With improved economic
condition, increasing affordability and with some help from financing institution the quality of
housing can be gradually being improved.
Housing is a finance involved sector. There are some organizations which are involved in rural
housing and financing. The government housing program like Ashrayan/ Abashan can provide
barrack type housing for rural poor people. On the other hand, some NGOs (ASA, BRAC,
Proshika) have started credit program for convenient housing to the rural poor. Like, Grameen
Bank, established in 1976, is a specialized bank designed to work exclusively with the rural poor.
The bank has successful credit operation with the resource less poor who were involved in
income-generation activities and they have improved their economic condition. Grameen bank
pioneered a housing loan program providing basic building material for a simple new house
repayment being over 15 year period (Rahman K. K., 2009).
Finally it can be said that housing types are influenced by many factors. These factors are related
to each others. To make a planned and efficient rural area, exploration of rural housing is
important.
5. CONCLUSION
In Bangladesh, rural population is growing at an alarming rate. With this increasing population
demand for daily necessities is also increasing. It has become a great challenge to meet the
necessities of the increased population. At the same time due to lack of proper planning
developments are taking place haphazardly and agricultural land is decreasing. In previous year,
traditional house has been using locally available materials. It is only from that late 19th century
that traditional house began to change in the use of housing materials. This traditional house has

12
 been changed along with time to fulfill the demand of the people. Now, people migrate from
rural to urban areas which gradually changed the housing trend. At present, it is necessary to
develop a comprehensive design for reshaping the rural housing in different parts of Bangladesh.
So that, people not need to migrate and they use their resource properly to fulfill their demand.

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