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MATHEMATICS
CLASS XII
A.K.T MEMORIAL VIDYA SAAKET CBSE SCHOOL
KALLAKURICHI

TERM - II
ACTIVITYS
 INTEGRALS
ACTIVITY - 1
Aim : To enable students to obtain Indefinite integral of family of parabolas using
the concept of Anti derivative of a function by graph sheets

Material required : Work sheet containing questions on derivatives and anti

derivatives of family of parabola , Graph sheets , coloured sketch pen and ruler etc.
Formula used : )) = F(x) , F(x) is derivative of f(x) and f (x) is the Anti
derivative of F(x) i.e. f(x) = ∫ F(x) dx

Procedure :
1. A worksheet containing questions on derivatives of following functions
(parabolas) as in Annexure-II is given to the students
 y=x2 – 1
 y=x2
 y=x2 +1
 y=x2 +2
 y=x2 +4
2. Students will be asked to fill the worksheet.
3 Students will be asked to write anti derivative of given function in the
worksheet.
4.. Students will be asked to draw the graph of each of the parabolas given in step
( 1 ) and colour them as drawn in Annexure -I .

4 Students will be asked to find anti derivative of 2x using generalization and

family of parabolas drawn by them on a graph sheet.

CONCULUSION :
Observing the patterns of the functions of anti derivatives of f(x) = 2x in each of the
above cases and graph of parabolas, students will be able to conclude that anti
derivative of 2x in the all above cases vary by arbitrary constant

Therefore anti derivative of ( 2x ) = x2 + k

i.e. dx = x2 + k

GRAPH OF THE FAMILY OF PAROBOLAS

Y=x2 + k

Y=x2 - 1

Y’
 Work sheet

1) ) = …………. => Anti derivative of 2x is equal to ……………..

2) ) = …………. => Anti derivative of 2x is equal to ……………..

3) (x2 +1) = ………………..=> Anti derivative of 2x is equal to ………………

4) (x2 + 2) =…………..... => Anti derivative of 2x is equal to ………………….

5) (x2 + 4) = ……………. => Anti derivative of 2x is equal to ………………

 Application of Definite Integral
ACTIVITY - 2
Aim : To find the area of rectangle by using definite integrals.
Materials required: card sheet , sketch pens ,scissors, geometry box.
Procedure:

 Cut a rectangle with a length of 6cm, breadth 2cm from the given card sheet.
 Draw X-axis ,Y-axis at the centre of rectangle.
Demonstration:-
 When we draw co-ordinate axes at the centre of the rectangle, then we can
identify equation of the sides of the rectangle as y= 1, y= -1 , x= 3, x= -3.
 Fold the rectangle along the x-axis ,observe that rectangle is symmetrical about
X-axis.
 Fold the rectangle along the Y-axis ,observe that rectangle is symmetrical about
Y-axis.
 Therefore rectangle is divided into 4 equal parts.
 Let us calculate part1 area.It is bounded by the line y=1 with x-axis,from x=0 to
x=3.
 By using the concept of definite integral ,area of part1 = dx= 3 Squnits.
 There fore area of given rectangle = 4Xpart1 area = 4 x 3 = 12 Sq.units.
y
Y=1

X= -3 X= 3

x
O

Y= -1

Conclusion:- We can find area of any rectangle by using definite integral.

 Application of Integrals
ACTIVITY - 3
Aim: Finding the area of a circle.

Materials required: card sheet , sketch pens ,scissors, geometry box

Procedure :

 cut a circle of radius r units from the given card sheet.

 Draw x-axis,Y-axis through the centre of the circle.
 Divide the semi-circle into fine rectangular strips.

Demonstration:

 Area of the one rectangular strip = ydx

 Area of the upper semi-circle = sum of the areas of all rectangular strips.
=

= dx

= .

 Area of the circle = 2 X Area of the semi-circle.

r
= . Y

dx
x

Conclusion: Area of Circle of radius r is .

VECTOR & THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
ACTIVITY - 4
OBJECTIVE: To find the distance of given point from a plane by actual measurement
and also analytically.

MATERIAL REQUIRED: one card board of size 20 cm x 30 cm and another of size 10 cm

x 15 cm, a thick sheet of paper of size 20 cm x 30 cm,nails of varying lengths with caps
on one end, geometry box, wires .

PROCEDURE:

1. Draw two mutually perpendicular lines X’OX and Y’OY on a thick sheet of paper fig.
25, representing x- axis and y-axis, respectively intersecting at O.

2. Paste this sheet on the cardboard of size 20 cm x 30 cm. Through point O fixed a
wire vertically to represent z- axis.

3. fix three nails of heights (say 2 cm , 3 cm and 4 cm) at three different points on this
board [say at (8 ,-6) ,(-3,-9) and (-1,-4)] respectively.

4. The tips of these nails represent three points A ,B and C in space

5. Now put a plane PQRS represented by another cardboard of size10 cm x 15 cm on

the tips of these three nails so that the point A,B,C lie on the plane.

.6.Now fix a nail of length 6 cm at some point [say (8,-2)] on the card board. The tip of
the nail will represent point P ( 8,-2,6) from where the distance to the plane PQRS is to
be found.

 FORMULA TO BE USED: (i) Equation of a plane passing through three non

collinear points by (x1,y1,z1), ( x2,y2,z2 ) and ( x3,y3,z3 ) is ,

x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
x2  x1 y2  y1 z2  z1  0
x3  x1 y3  y1 z3  z1

  (ii) The distance from a point ( x1,y1,z1 ) to the plane A x + B y + C z + D =0 is d =
Ax1  By1  Cz1  D
A2  B2  C2

DEMONSTRATION:

1 .Co-ordinates of the points are A(8,-6,2) , B ( -3,-9,3) and C( -1,-4,4).

2. co-ordinates of point P are ( 8,-2,6).

3.A set square is placed so that its one side forming the right angle on the plane PQRS
and the other side in the direction of normal to the plane.
4. Place a metre scale along the side of the set square which is in the direction normal
to the plane PQRS and slide both of them until the metre scale touches the point P.
5. Measure the distance through the metre scale.

ANALYTICAL CALCULATION: Equation of the plane passing through the points A(8,-
6,2) , B ( -3,-9,3) and C( -1,-4,4). Is 8 x - 13 y + 49 z = 240
The distance from a point P( 8,-2,6 ) to the plane 8 x - 13 y + 49 z = 240 is 2.81 cm
Ax1  By1  Cz1  D
(approx) by using d =
A2  B2  C2
RESULT: Thus distance of a point P from plane by actual measurement = 2.81 cm

Distance of a point P from plane through analytically = 2.81 cm

Thus Result so obtained is same

APPLICATION:. This activity can be used to find the distance of a point in a space from
a plane figure.
 PROBABILITY
ACTIVITY - 5
Aim: -To compute the conditional probability of an event A, when event B has
already occurred, through an example of throwing a pair of dice.
Materials required: - A square/ Rectangular piece of card board, white papers,
pencil, sketch pen, ruler.
Formula used:- If A and B are two events associated with the same sample space
of a random experiment, the conditional probability of an event A, when B has

already occurred is given by; = ,if ,

Procedure-
1. Take four square cardboards each of size 30cmx30cm and white papers paste
on them.
2. On the white papers draw 36 small squares of size 1 cm each.
3. Write pairs of all 36 possible outcomes of numbers in small squares.
4. Suppose a die is thrown twice and the sum of the numbers appearing is
observed to be 6. We have to find the conditional probability that the
number 4 has appeared at least once.
5. Let, A = Event that “the number 4 has appeared at least once”,
B=Event that “the sum of the numbers appearing is observed to be 6”.
I.e. we have to find P (A / B).
When we throw a die two times then the total outcomes in
sample space = 6 x 6 = 36
Shows the number 4 has appeared at least once
The sum of the numbers appearing is observed to be 6.

Number 4 has appeared at least once and the sum of the

numbers appearing is observed to be 6.
6. Colour the boxes of the table by green colour as per event A;

(1,1) (1,2) (1,3) (1,4) (1,5) (1,6)

(2,2) (2,3) (2,4) (2,5) (2,6)

(2,1)
(3,2) (3,3) (3,4) (3,5) (3,6)
(3,1)
(4,2) (4,3) (4,4) (4,5) (4,6)
(4,1)
(5,2) (5,3) (5,4) (5,5) (5,6)
(5,1)
(6,2) (6,3) (6,4) (6,5) (6,6)
(6,1)

Now No. of outcomes of the event “4 has appeared at least once”=11

which are

Therefore the probability for “4 has appeared at least once” =

7. Colour the text by red colour of the table as per event B;

(1,1) (1,2) (1,3) (1,4) (1,6)

(1,5)
(2,1) (2,2) (2,3) (2,5) (2,6)
(2,4)
(3,1) (3,2) (3,4) (3,5) (3,6)
(3,3)
(4,1) (4,3) (4,4) (4,5) (4,6)
(4,2)
(5,2) (5,3) (5,4) (5,5) (5,6)
(5,1)

(6,1) (6,2) (6,3) (6,4) (6,5) (6,6)

 “
”
Therefore the probability for “the sum of the numbers appearing is observed
to be 6”= =
8. Combining figure (i) and (ii)

(1,1) (1,2) (1,3) (1,4) (1,6)

(1,5)

(2,1) (2,2) (2,3) (2,5) (2,6)

(2,4)

(3,1) (3,2) (3,4) (3,5) (3,6)

(3,3)

(4,1) (4,3) (4,4) (4,5) (4,6)

(4,2)
(5,2) (5,3) (5,4) (5,5) (5,6)
(5,1)

(6,1) (6,2) (6,3) (6,4) (6,5) (6,6)

9. Taking the events of A B.

(1,1) (1,2) (1,3) (1,4) (1,6)

(1,5)

(2,1) (2,2) (2,3) (2,5) (2,6)

(2,4)

(3,1) (3,2) (3,4) (3,5) (3,6)

(3,3)

(4,1) (4,3) (4,4) (4,5) (4,6)

(4,2)

(5,2) (5,3) (5,4) (5,5) (5,6)

(5,1)

(6,1) (6,2) (6,3) (6,4) (6,5) (6,6)

 No.of outcomes with circles & violet colour boxes = 2
which are
Therefore the probability for “4 has appeared at least once and the sum of the
numbers appearing is observed to be 6”= =

10. Combined table, shows the both the elementary A and B;

(1,1) (1,2) (1,3) (1,4) (1,6) Requi

(1, 5) red
(2,1) (2,2) (2,3) (2,5) (2,6) proba
(2,4) bility

(3,1) (3,2) (3,4) (3,5) (3,6)

(3,3)

(4,1) (4,3) (4,4) (4,5) (4,6)

(4,2)
= .
222
(5,2) (5,3) (5,4) (5,5) (5,6)
(5, 1)

(6,1) (6,2) (6,3) (6,4) (6,5) (6,6)

We can find it in another way:

Conclusion: -This activity is helpful in understanding the concept of

conditional probability which is further used in total probability
theorem and Bayes’ theorem.
 PROBABILITY
ACTIVITY - 6
Aim: -To verify the Bayes’ theorem on probability for given events , through an
example of drawing different coloured balls.

Materials required: - A piece of plywood ,boxes , white paper, pen / pencil, marbles/
plastic balls of different colours.

Formula to be used:-

Theorem of total probability:

Let {E1 , E2 , E3,…… En } be a partition of sample space S, and each of the events
E1 , E2 , E3,…… En has non zero probability of occurrence. Let A be any event associated
with S ,then,

P(A) = P( E1 )P(A/ E1) + P(E2)P(A/E2) +…+P( En)P (A/En). =

Bayes’ theorem:

Let {E1 , E2 , E3, … En } be a partition of sample space S of a random experiment. Let A

be any event of non- zero probability, then

Procedure:-

1. We take a bag1 (E1) which contains 3 Red and 4 Black balls and bag2 (E2)
which contains 5 Red and 6 Black balls. One ball is drawn at random from
one of the bags and it is found to be red. Find the probability that it was
drawn from the bag2. .
 BAG1 (E1) BAG2 (E2)

Then

P(E1) = P(E2) = ½
Let A be the event of drawing a red ball.

BAG1 (E1)

P(A/E1) = P(DRAWING A RED BALL FROM BAG1) =

BAG2
P(A/E2) = P(DRAWING A RED BALL FROM BAG2) =

Now, the probability of drawing a ball from bag2, being given that it is red is

P(E2/A).

By Total Probability Theorem

P(A) = P(E1).P(A/E1) + P(E2).P(A/E2)

= ½ . 3/7 + ½ .5/11 = ½ (3/7 + 5/11) = ½ (68/77)= 34/77

By Bayes’ theorem

P(E2/A) = = =

Conclusion:-This activity is helpful in understanding the concept of

Bayes’ theorem on probability.