ASSIGNMENT 2

LGB23803 THERMODYNAMICS

MOHAMAD HAZIZI HAFIZ B MOHD SALEH

GROUP L01

Item(s) Marks
Abstract /10
Introduction /20
Subtopic 1 /25
Subtopic 2 /25
Conclusion /15
References /5

TOTAL MARKS /100

 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES: THE PHASING OUT OF NEW INTERNAL COMBUSTION
VEHICLES AND ITS EFFECT ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN HEALTH

Hazizi Hafiz1

1
Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian Institute of Marine Engineering Technology,
1
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
The engine industries have experienced a huge increase in new-age technology research and development.
On today's engine technology, a massive database is now available. This article gives a thorough examination of the
fundamental concepts that govern the design and functioning of internal combustion engines (ICE) as well as of the
environment and human health. ICE, any of a series of devices in which the engine's operating fluids are the reactants
of combustion (oxidizer and fuel) and the products of combustion. The heat created during the combustion of the non-
reacted working fluids, the oxidizer-fuel combination, provides energy to such an engine. This occurs within the
engine and is a part of the device's thermodynamic cycle. Thus, as it is well known, the use of conventional fossil
fuels is rising day by day, energy conservation and environmental protection have become important focus areas of
concern in the current scenario. As a result, finding alternate fuels is critical. The research has mostly concentrated on
reducing liquid fuel usage by alternate gaseous fuels.

Keywords: Internal combustion engine, environment, fuel, electric,

INTRODUCTION ON INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

The efficiency of the steam engine has substantially increased since its inception, while the steam engine's
application range has grown increasingly broad. Human beings are freed from heavy physical work in numerous
trades, transitioning from the human towards the steam age, in order to increase social efficiency quickly (Smith,
Robert; MacGill, Iain;, 2014). Because the steam engine, as a representation of the external combustion engine, can
no longer satisfy the need as society develops and progresses, the ICE technology evolves as the times demand. ICE
fuel burns in the cylinder, effectively increasing power and efficiency, causing ICE technology to advance quickly.
From gas engine to gasoline engine to diesel engine to gas turbine to rotary engine, the ICE has evolved. Along with
its benefits of high power density, high heat capacity utilization, and superior economic performance, ICE have
become useful in vehicle, ship, electric power, and other sectors with the development of internal combustion engine
technology (Forrest, 2019)
The ICE is one technology that has a profound impact on every aspect of human life. It is still the dominant
motor of industry and transportation across the world, more than a century after its development. The development of
the ICE helped to free men from the hardest manual labor, made possible the airplane and other forms of transportation,
and helped to revolutionize power generation (Farnsworth, 2020). The ICE and its variants have been developed for
use in marine, land, and air transportation. As a result, business has become more cost-effective and efficient. These
benefits are amplified when the transportation sector is paired with more efficient product manufacturing.
Consequently, more trade results in increased wealth and an improved standard of life for both parties, as well as the
development of new jobs. The impact on farming and food production is also influenced by individual farmer
efficiency, which results in more food at reduced prices. This implies that in the industrialized world, not only will
there be more and cheaper food accessible for its population, but there will also be more food available for export to
all nations (ClubTechnical, 2019).
The ICE is the most extensively utilized heat engine. Internal combustion engines operate at an average
temperature that is lower than the working fluid's maximum temperature during the working cycle. As a result, at
maximum working pressures, fluids with high working temperatures can be employed to improve thermal efficiency.
Moreover, the weight-to-power ratio is lower than for steam and gas turbines. Thus, reciprocating Internal combustion
engine with very low power output can be developed with reasonable thermal efficiency and cost. Therefore, it is safer
to operate due to the guarantee that there will be no possibility of leakage during the usage (Jaiswal, 2020). In addition,
it is smaller as compared to external combustion engine, making it convenient as it is portable. Next, in contrast to
ICE, gas turbines must be removed for maintenance and refurbishment. For normal operation, gas turbines require
more air than ICE. When the load varies, which is frequent in-home use, it also consumes more fuel. All of this helps
to explain why passenger vehicles don't employ gas turbine engines and instead rely on ICE
There are two types of internal combustion engine difficulties that have a negative effect on life. These two
issues are emissions, which concern the environment, and mechanical issues. Vehicle exhausts, which come from
ICE, are a major source of pollution as the number of automobiles on the road has increased owing to population
growth. Then, there are mechanical issues, as the situation in which the fuel in a combustion chamber burned
automatically without external cause such as a spark plug due to extreme temperature and pressure inside the chamber.
Furthermore, the fuel inside the combustion chamber will not burn in the proper time, and the combustion cannot be
as efficient (Zhao , Chen, & Hao, 2020). Consequently, this problem will have negative effects from both economic
and environmental perspectives. Incomplete combustion occurs when there is a lake of air inside the combustion
chamber or when the oxygen supply is inadequate. Carbon monoxide, carbon, and water are created in this condition.
Therefore, there will be two issues with this type of combustion which are the toxic gas, carbon monoxide, will be
produced, and the fuel will not burn effectively (José Ramón Serrano , Ricardo Novella , & Pedro P, 2019).

EFFECT OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE USAGE ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN

HEALTH
Transport is a major source of pollution and climate change in the environment. Emissions from
transportation, particularly pollutant emissions from motor vehicles, come from transportation, and these emissions
have a significant influence on global warming and climate change. Major gaseous and particulate air pollutants,
which are present in relatively large concentrations in the atmosphere, and so-called air toxics, which are found at
lower concentrations but can have serious health consequences. Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and
fluorinated gases are the most common greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere because of human activity
(Altinişik, K. , Keskin, A., & Reşitoğlu, İ.A, 2015). Heavy-duty diesel vehicles and airplanes are mostly responsible
for noise pollution. It is concentrated in places where there is a lot of transportation roads, ports, and stations (Jiachi
Yao, Yang Xiang, Sichong Qian, & Shuai Wang, 2014). Water pollution was caused by fugitive dust, deicing
chemicals, gasoline and lubricant leaks (G.Greeves, I.M.Khan, & G.Onion , 1977). Next, dangerous materials spilled
in accidents, various discarded vehicle components, deicing sand, shattered asphalt pieces, are all contributed by solid
wastes. In addition, most of the solid wastes are non-recycled material (Matt Smith , Allie Zeoli, Brandon Commodaro,
& Andrew Kristof, 2014).
There are few disadvantages to using ICE and one of them being that its usage is restricted to only few
varieties of fuel. ICE’s usage is limited to very fine quality gaseous and liquid fuel, and this implies that the usage of
ICE is costly due to the special variance of fuel used in ICE (ClubTechnical, 2021). Moreover, despite providing
thermal efficiency as compared to external combustion engine, ICE’s cost is extremely high when compared to its
counterpart (Saif, 2020). In spite of ICE being better for the environment than external combustion engine, it still
causes pollution from its day-to-day operation of producing ICE, therefore, making the statement of it being better for
the environment quite ironic due to the operation causing environmental harm (Nickischer, 2020). Furthermore, when
compared to electric vehicle, the internal combustion engine uses 2.7 times more energy, thus, making electric vehicle
energy efficient (DuQuark, 2021).

EFFECT OF PHASING OUT NEW INTERNAL COMBUSTION CARS

Preventing climate change is a primary goal to avoid serious negative consequences for mankind in the future.
A growing number of local and national governments are indicating that combustion engine-powered cars will be
phased out entirely. As a result, automakers are shifting their product plans away from combustion engines towards
alternative energy sources. A rising number of national governments around the country have declared intentions to
phase out combustion-engine automobiles to combat climate change and improve local air quality (Max Kemp, Marta
Ballesteros , & Sarah O’Brien, 2020). An increasing number of automakers have announced plans to electrify their
vehicle product lines by the year 2030. This might involve the introduction of new models, a rise in electric sales, or
significant expenditures in separate modernization strategies. To combat climate change, over a half-dozen nations
have included combustion-engine passenger car phase-out objectives and deadlines in their national policies and
implemented legislation to do so. In addition to national commitments, most countries have made plans or pledged to
ban combustion-engine cars entirely in big cities or entire population centers with the primary goal of improving local
air quality, with a focus on full bans for diesel vehicles occurring earlier than for gasoline-powered vehicles
(Wappelhorst, 2020).
One possibility is to combine an electric motor with a smaller, more fuel-efficient ICE to replace the
traditional ICE. Hybrid-electric cars are automobiles that have this combination (Gruden, 2018). An electric motor
driven by hydrogen fuel cells is another alternative to the ICE. The motor is powered by a fuel cell that mixes hydrogen
and oxygen to generate an electrical current. Because the fuel cell is still in its early phases of research, there are
numerous doubts about its potential future applications. These concerns include how to store hydrogen fuel in a car,
as well as how to manufacture and distribute the fuel. Some hydrogen generation methods emit greenhouse gases into
the environment. Others, like as electrolysis, are now uneconomical. It will be several years, if not decades, before
large-scale manufacture of hydrogen fuel cell automobiles is possible. For the time being, the hybrid-electric car looks
to be one of the most plausible stop-gap alternatives (Arthur D Little Global, 2016).
Since the electricity used to operate electrical battery vehicles can come from various of power plants, the
environmental effect of their operation might vary significantly. Nuclear, wind, and hydro facilities have the least
environmental impact, but they only create a tiny quantity of energy when compared to coal and natural gas, which
produce massive amounts. Electric battery cars take more energy and more complicated work to manufacture and
decompose (Hausfather, 2019). Electric cars, on the other hand, are more energy efficient than ICE. In the long run,
battery development will result in more electric vehicles on the road, which will improve air quality and the
environment on the planet. Electric battery vehicles have a lower environmental impact. The best way to encourage
this is to increase the number of electric vehicles on the road. The future of all vehicles is to create more energy
sustainable technology that is less harmful to the environment, and the best way to encourage this is to increase the
number of electric vehicles on the road (Gonçalves, 2018)

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

All in all, the amount of energy consumed by its users is one of the most crucial indicators of technical
advancement in every society. Different types of energy are required, extending from heat to electrical to nuclear, as
well as mechanical energy, which is still extremely significant. Heat engines are now the primary source of this type
of energy. Fuel is required for them to function. Mineral fuels, oil, and gas are the most significant and commonly
utilized today. They have a lot of resources, but they're limited, and they're slowly decreasing till they're gone. ICE
that use derivatives of oil and gas and burn these fuels under variable combustion circumstances including complex
continuous control systems do practically all of the tasks mentioned above. They are highly dependent on fuel supply,
and each design is constrained in terms of alternative fuel consumption. The majority of such engines may be made
irrelevant due to a lack of energy resources. Emission profiles for all vehicle types will decrease over time, and these
reductions will have the greatest influence on the growth of electric vehicle technology. When compared to a
conventional car, a battery electric vehicle emits less greenhouse gas throughout its lifetime. The scenarios given show
how encouraging electric car adoption may significantly reduce overall and local greenhouse gas emissions, resulting
in a healthier environment.
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