Medical Terminology

Brief Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction to Word Parts and Word Construction 1
Chapter 2 Understanding Suffixes 19
Chapter 3 Understanding Prefixes 39
Chapter 4 The Human Body in Health and Disease 57
Chapter 5 The Integumentary System 79
Chapter 6 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems 110
Chapter 7 Blood, the Lymphatic System, and Immunology 153
Chapter 8 The Cardiovascular System 192
Chapter 9 The Respiratory System 234
Chapter 10 The Digestive System 279
Chapter 11 The Urinary System 326
Chapter 12 Reproductive System and Obstetrics 364
Chapter 13 The Nervous System and Mental Health 428
Chapter 14 The Special Senses of Sight and Hearing 470
Chapter 15 The Endocrine System 503
Appendix A: Word Parts Glossary A-1

Appendix B: Abbreviations A-7
Appendix C: Word Parts for Describing Color, Number, and Plurals A-13
Glossary-Index I-1
Appendix D: Pharmacology Terms*

Appendix E: Answers to Practice Exercises and Chapter Reviews*
*Appendix D and Appendix E can be found online at www.pearsonhighered.com/healthprofessionsresources

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DEDICATION
For Mala, who has shown so many thousands
of students how learning can be made
fun . . . including me.
Credits and acknowledgments for content borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate
page within text.
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Wingerd, Bruce D., author.

Medical terminology complete! / Bruce Wingerd. — Fourth edition.
p. ; cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 978-0-13-470122-6
ISBN 0-13-470122-4
I. Title.
[DNLM: 1. Medicine—Programmed Instruction. 2. Terminology as
Topic—Programmed Instruction. W 18.2]
R123
610.1’4—dc23
2014042089
1 18
ISBN 10: 0-13-470122-4

ISBN 13: 978-0-13-470122-6
A01_WING1226_04_SE_FM.indd 2 14/03/18 8:49 PM

Welcome!
Welcome to Medical Terminology Complete! You have chosen
an exciting time to begin a career as a healthcare professional.
The healthcare industry is a dynamic field that is filled with
opportunities for those who care about helping other people.
Although many aspects of health care remain relatively con-
stant, research breakthroughs occur each year to keep us mov-
ing forward in the war against human suffering. And you can
be a part of this exciting process!
This book is designed to help you through the process of
building a medical vocabulary. It teaches you the language
by using a method known as programmed learning. With this
approach, you read through the information at your own
pace, one small box (or frame) at a time. Within most frames
are blanks, which you fill in as you read. The answers to
the blanks are provided in the left column, making it easy
and quick to check your answer to make sure you are on the
right track. To maximize your learning experience, it is best
to cover the answers in the left column until you have filled
in the blanks on your own. Challenge yourself! By filling in
the blanks as you read, you become an active learner, which
improves your chance of successfully mastering medical ter-
minology. You’ll have the opportunity to learn thousands of
medical terms, and our simple goal is to provide you with
the tools and confidence to help you master this brand new
vocabulary.
You may be wondering about the title of this book: Medical
Terminology Complete! Let us explain the two goals we had in
mind as we developed this text.
1. To place a complete resource at your fingertips. With its interactive
format and its wealth of clear definitions, vivid images, practical
examples, and challenging exercises, it’s all that you need to become
proficient in speaking and understanding the language of medicine.
2. To allow you to complete the exercises on every page. This book fea-
tures a programmed method that prompts you, the reader, to fill in the
content as you read. This approach keeps your pen or pencil on every
page, so you stay engaged and retain more.
Now please turn the page to get a glimpse of what makes this book an ideal guide to
your exploration of medical terminology.
iii
Discover What Makes This Book Unique
This section provides you with a snapshot of what makes this book special. Consider this your
user’s manual to the book and all the accompanying resources that are available to you.
372 Chapter 12
Diseases and Disorders of the Male Reproductive System

Here are the word parts that specifically apply to the diseases and disorders of the male reproductive system
and are covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you identify them:
prefixes are yellow, combining forms are red, and suffixes are blue. Color-Coded Word Parts
Prefix Definition Combining Form Definition Suffix Definition Prefixes, combining forms, and
an- without, absence of andr/o male -cele hernia, swelling, suffixes are each designated by
or protrusion
hyper- excessive, abnormally balan/o glans penis a unique color—making it easier
high, above crypt/o hidden -ism condition or
para- alongside, abnormal epididym/o epididymis disease for you to visually recognize the
hydr/o water -itis inflammation distinctions between each word
orchi/o, orchid/o testis -pathy disease part, thereby aiding in your
-plasia formation, growth
prostat/o prostate gland mastery of word building.
varic/o dilated vein
KEY TERMS A–Z 12.17 A combining form that means “male” and the suffix meaning
“disease” may be combined to form a general term for a disease
andropathy afflicting only males, ____________________. This constructed
an DROPP ah thee term includes three word parts, which can be represented as
andr/o/pathy.
12.18 A word root that means “testis” is orchi or orchid. When

the prefix meaning “without, absence of” is added along with the
anorchism suffix -ism, the constructed term ____________________ is created.
an OR kizm It means “condition of without testis” and refers to the absence
of one or both testes. The constructed form of the term is written
an/orch/ism ____/__________/____. The term anorchidism may also be used with
the same meaning.
12.19 Inflammation of the glans penis is a disorder called

balanitis ____________________. It is a constructed term with two word parts,
bal ah NYE tiss as you can see in balan/itis.
12.20 Among many men older than age 50, the prostate gland
enlarges to constrict the urethra passing through it. Known
as benign prostatic hyperplasia, symptoms include nocturia
(nighttime urination) and a frequent need to void (■ Figure 12.4).
It is not a form of cancer and does not spread to other tissues,
benign prostatic but its symptoms are uncomfortable. ____________________
hyperplasia ____________________ ____________________ is also called benign
bee NINE * pross TAT ik * prostatic hypertrophy; both are abbreviated BPH.
HIGH per PLAY zee ah
Key Terms A–Z Programmed Instruction

M12_WING1226_04_SE_C12.indd 372 28/09/2017 05:28
The most important terms are listed in This format allows you to learn actively but at your own pace, filling
alphabetical order, helping you to easily in blanks as you read. Answers appear in the left column, making
review those important terms before an it easy and quick to check your answer to make sure you are on the
exam. right track. Programmed instruction works best when you cover the
answers in the left column until you fill in the blanks. If you remem-
ber to do this, it will keep your studies challenging, and your learn-
ing experience will benefit.
iv
blood flow (■ Figure 8.6). The term myocardial is constructed from the wall of the colon (■■Figure 10.9). The presence of diverticula is
word parts, as shown when it is written as my/o/cardi/al, which often without symptoms or with mild bowel discomfort and is called
myocardial infarction means “pertaining to heart muscle.” If the ________________________________________. This constructed term is diverticul/osis. If
diverticulosis
my oh KAR dee al * in FARK ____________________ affects a large or functionally critical part of
DYE ver tik yoo LOH siss the pouches become inflamed, it produces a more painful condition
shun the heart, arrhythmia (Frame 8.10), cardiac arrest (Frame 8.30), or
both may follow. The common name for an MI is a heart attack.known as diverticulitis (DYE ver tik yoo LYE tiss), which increases the
Medically Accurate Illustrations
According to the American Heart Association, approximately risk of developing colorectal cancer (Frame 10.34). The constructed
heart attacks in the United Statesform of this term is ____________/_____.
790,000 individuals experiencediverticul/itis
Concepts come toeach
lifeyear,
withroughly
vibrant, clear, consistent, and scientifically precise images.
25% of which are fatal.
■■Figure 10.9
Diverticulosis. The presence of
abnormal pouches in the wall of
Area of infarct Diverticula within
the large intestine (diverticula).
wall of colon
If the pouches become inflamed
to produce diverticulitis, the risk
of developing colorectal cancer
(a) is elevated.
(b)
■ Figure 8.6
Myocardial infarction. (a) A heart with a myocardial infarction of the ventricle wall, in which cardiac
cells have died and surrounding tissues have become damaged. The right image is a section through
the heart. (b) Photograph of a human heart (postmortem) to reveal the the dead cardiac tissue
(necrosis), which perished due to a sudden loss of blood flow.
Image Labeling Frames

Photo Source: Mediscan/Alamy Stock Photo.
These frames provide you withofopportunities

8.50 Inflammation the myocardium ofto actively
the
M10_WING1226_04_SE_C10.indd 293
heart is anengage
acute with the illustrations, 21/09/2017 23:17
e Labels helping to reinforce

myocarditis yourcalled
condition knowledge of anatomy.
____________________. The They are included
constructed form of in the Chapter
R

my oh DYE tisssection atthis
eview
kar the term
endsis my/o/card/itis.
of Chapters Often
5–15caused
and byare
bacterial
new infection,
to this itedition.
is a
k labels in ■ Figure 9.22 by writing formthe labels in the spaces
of cardiomyopathy provided.
(Frame 8.33).
Nasal cavity
1. Hard
M08_WING1226_04_SE_C08.indd 208
Soft palate 12/10/2017 10:14
2.
Pharynx
3.
Larynx
Esophagus
Tongue
Mandible
Hyoid bone
4. ________________ cartilage
5.
Trachea
Larynx
6. (a)
7. Right _____________
Left main bronchus

Heart (in 8. Right
mediastinum)
Left lung
Diaphragm
em. (b)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________ v
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
The Endocrine System 519
15.24 Another use of the suffix -emia is in the term hyperglycemia,

which literally means “condition of blood excessive sugar.” The
constructed form of this term is hyper/glyc/emia. The chronic form of
the disease often indicates the body may not be producing enough
insulin or insulin receptor sites are resistant, resulting in the buildup
of glucose in the blood as a characteristic of diabetes mellitus (Frame
Word Building, Step by Step 15.20). In the opposite condition, ____________________, blood sugar
hypoglycemia
At-a-glance tables provide a preview of the word parts and definitions you’ll learn in each framed section that follows.
HIGH poh glye SEE mee ah levels fall to abnormally low levels. It is caused by excessive insulin
Then, in the frame for each constructed term, word part reminders show how the individual word part meanings combine
administration
to form the constructed term. Word part breakdowns or excessive
show, by usingproduction by how
slash marks, the pancreas and isterm
the constructed oftenis broken
accompanied
down. Word parts are colored here, too, by headache,
for further word malaise (weakness), tremors, hunger, and
building reinforcement.
anxiety. If left untreated, it can lead to coma and death.
15.25 The excessive production of PTH by the parathyroid glands

is a disorder known as hyperparathyroidism. This lengthy term
contains four word parts: hyper/para/thyroid/ism. Usually caused
by a tumor, it results in excessive calcium levels in the blood, or
hypercalcemia (Frame 15.23). In the opposite condition called
hypoparathyroidism ____________________, PTH levels are reduced and the condition of
HIGH poh pair ah THIGH royd izm hypocalcemia (Frame 15.23) occurs. The constructed form of this
hypo/para/thyroid/ism term is ___/_____/_________/_____.
Reproductive System and Obstetrics 389
Did You Know? para-

400 Chapter 12 IN SITU
Note that the prefix para- doesn’t always appear at the beginning of a term. In the term hypoparathyroid,
These special frames reveal fascinating The term in situ (pronounced in * SIGH tyoo) is a Latin phrase that literally means “in site.” Its
WORDS
facts about TO
the Latin or Greek it appears
origins inof
the middle of theDid
term.You
But don’tuse
letinthat confuse
modern you:
medicine refersitto
isconfinement
still a prefix
to a and
site ofitorigin.
still means
Carcinoma in situ describes
12.93 The surgical procedure that may be used to acorrect the
Watch Out For
a medical term and provide
“alongside or abnormal.”
position of prolapsed uterus (FrameKNOW
interesting,
tumor that is confined to its organ of origin, rather than a metastatic tumor in a secondary
12.79) by strengthening its a tumor that originates and remains in the cervix is in situ, while a tumor
site. For example,
relevant facts and figures.
hysteropexy connections to the abdominal wall is called ____________________.
that originates from the cervix but sheds cells to other organs such as the lungs or stomach
is metastatic (or malignant).
HISS ter oh PEK see The constructed form of this term is hyster/o/pexy and means
“surgical fixation15.26 Excessive activity of the thyroid
of the uterus.” gland produces abnormally
hyperthyroidism high levels of thyroid hormone 12.62in the disease
A malignant tumor of____________________,
the cervix is known as ____________________
cervical cancer ____________________ (■ Figure 12.15). The most common form is a
HIGH per THIGH royd izm which accelerates
SER vih kal * KANN ser
metabolism. The constructed
squamous cell carcinoma, Words tofrom
form
arising Watch
ofthethis Out For!
termcells
epithelial
is lining the
-pexy or -plasty?
hyper/thyroid/ism. Symptoms opening
The meanings of these two suffixes both relate to surgery—but they are very different forms of
include
into theexophthalmos
These
uterus. It isspecial (Frame
frames
called cervical 15.9),
provide
intraepithelialtips about
neoplasia
WORDS TO surgery. Remember that -pexy goiter (Frame 15.10), rapid heart rate, and weight loss. One form of
means “surgical fixation, suspension,” and -plasty (SER
means vih kal *
“surgical in trah commonly
ep ih THEE lee al * misspelled
nee oh PLAY zee or
ah), error-prone
or CIN. A
Watch Out For repair.” One way to remember the meaning of -pexy is that it uses an x, as does thesmaller percentage, about and20%,word are adenocarcinomas,
in its definition. Similarly, a way tochronic
remember thehyperthyroidism,
meaning of -plasty is that it uses
word fixation
called Graves’
a p, as does the
terms
disease, parts. to be arising from
is believed
the underlying glandular tissue. According to the National Cancer
word repair in its definition.
an autoimmune disease. Another Institute, in form,
2016 an known
estimated as12,990
thyrotoxicosis
women were diagnosed and
4,120 deaths were reported. Because human papillomavirus (HPV;
(THIGH roh toks ih KOH siss), is an acute event that is triggered by
Frame 12.136) has been found to be the The primary cause
Digestive of CIN,287it
System
12.94 A noninvasive infection
diagnostic ortechnique
traumathat anduses cana is become
modified
hoped that the life-threatening.
vaccines against HPV, Gardasil and Cervarix, will
Practice Exercises endoscope, called a hysteroscope
PRACTICE: Signs(HISS
and skope), toreduce
ter ohSymptoms evaluate the
ofthethe Digestive
incidences System
of cervical cancer in the future.
hysteroscopy uterine cavity is called ____________________. It contains three word
These are exercises that follow
HISS ter OSS koh pee Thesee
parts, as you can Right Match
in hyster/o/scopy. To evaluate the external
each chapter subsection and
hyper-
appearance oruterus
ofMatch
the hypo-? and on
the term other
the organs
left withof the
the pelvicdefinition
correct cavity, aon the right.
provide opportunities tolaparoscope
pause (LAP ahr oh is inserted through a small incision flow of material in the GI tract
1.skope)
Schiller’s test
______ dysphagia a. backward
and review with practices
laparoscopy The
such
in the spelling
lower of these
abdominal wall two prefixes
during is very similar, but the
a ____________________. Thedifference in meaning is great. Hyper- containing no glycogen
demonstrating area of cells
______ 2. abnormally
reflux b. gas trapped in the GI“deficient,
tract
WORDS
TheahrRight
as lap OSS kohMatch,
pee TO
Linkup, means “excessive, high, above”; whereas
and is shown in ■ Figure 12.23. This is also a constructed term,
procedure hypo- means abnormally low,
Break Watch
the Chain.Out For shown below.” ______
An easy 3.way flatusremember the difference c. is
difficulty in of
swallowing
as lapar/o/scopy (thetoword root lapar means “abdomen”).to think the long o sound of the word “low,”
______ the
which matches 4. sound
halitosisof the vowel in hypo-.
d. infrequent or incomplete bowel movements Early
■ Figure 12.15 carcinoma
______ 5. ascites
Cervical cancer (a) Top view of e. frequent discharge of watery fecal material
the diarrhea
______ 6. uterus showing the presence f. bad breath
of a tumor in the wall of the Tumor
______ 7. nausea
cervix. (b) Three successive g. from the French word for yellow
in wall
stages
______ 8. in the development of
constipation of cervix
h. a symptomatic urge to vomit
cervical cancer, as seen through
______ 9. jaundice exam. The
Laparoscope
a gynecological i. accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal
Advanced cavity
inset shows a histological exam carcinoma
Fallopian tube revealing the tumor and how it

M15_WING1226_04_SE_C15.indd 519 9/12/17 3:28 AM
Ovary differs from normal tissue that (a) (b) Cancer in situ showing
Uterus Break the Chain
borders it. oblique line of transition
Analyze these medical terms:

vi
■ Figure 12.23 a) Separate each term into its word parts;
12.63each word part of
Inflammation is the
labeled for is
cervix you (p = prefix,known
a condition r = root,
as
Light source
Laparoscopy. A lighted cf =cervicitis
combining form, and s = suffix).
____________________. The constructed form of this term is written
endoscope specialized for b) For the
insertion into the abdomen,
SERBonus Question,
vih SIGH tiss write the cervic/itis.
requested definition
The mostincommon
the blankform
that of
follows.
cervicitis occurs when the inner
called a laparoscope, is used The first set has been completed for you as an example.
lining of the cervix becomes inflamed. It is called endocervicitis (EHN
Reinforcement Activities Conclude Each Chapter
The Respiratory System 273
Word Building Exercises
CHAPTER REVIEW These review opportunities provide
Word Building practice in assembling word parts to
Construct medical terms from the following meanings. (Some are built from word parts, some are not.) The Digestive System 319
The first question has been completed as an example.
form many of the medical terms you
CHAPTER REVIEW have just learned about in the chapter.
1. inflammation of the larynx laryngitis
Word Building
2. absence of oxygen _________________oxia
Construct medical terms from the following meanings. (Some are built from word parts, some are not.)
3. inflammation of the bronchi The first question has been completed as an example.
bronch_________________
1. indigestion dyspepsia
4. respiratory failure characterized by atelectasis respiratory _________________
2. enlargement of the liver ____________________y
5. physical exam that includes listening to body sounds _________________ (do this one on your own!)
3. difficulty swallowing _______phag_______
6. deficient oxygen levels in the blood hyp_________________
4. inflammation of the lip ____________________itis
7. difficulty breathing _________________pnea
5. inflammation of the gallbladder cholecyst____________________
8. excessive carbon dioxide levels in the blood hyper_________________
6. condition of gallstones chole____________________
9. abnormal dilation of the bronchi bronchi _________________
7. inflammation of the colon ____________________itis
10. lung inflammation due to dust inhalation _________________coniosis
8. cancer of the colon and rectum ____________________al cancer
11. cancer arising from cells within the bronchi bronchogenic _________________
9. inflammation of the small intestine enter____________________
12. an inherited disease of excessive mucus production cystic
10. _________________
softening of the stomach wall gastro____________________
13. inflammation of the trachea trache_________________
11. condition of diverticula diverticul____________________
14. the absence of respiratory ventilation 12. tumor of the liver

_________________sphyxia ____________________oma
15. x-ray image of the bronchi 13. inflammation of a salivary gland

broncho_________________ ____________________itis
16. surgical puncture and aspiration of fluid from 14. surgical removal of hemorrhoids
thora_________________ ____________________ectomy
the pleural cavity 15. surgical creation of an opening into the colon ____________________ostomy
17. measurement of oxygen levels in the blood oxi_________________
16. endoscopic evaluation of the rectum proct____________________
17. endoscopic evaluation of the abdominal cavity ____________________oscopy
18. surgical repair of the tongue with sutures gloss____________________
Define the Combining Form
In the space provided, write the definition of the combining form, 19. surgical
followed removal
by one of a polyp
example of the combining polyp____________________
form used to build a medical term in Chapter 9.
Define the Combining Form Exercises Define the Combining Form
This review gives youDefinition
the opportunity In Use in a provided,
the space Term write the definition of the combining form, followed by one example of the combining
1. practice
bronch/o your new knowledge
_______________________________ form used to build a medical term in Chapter 10.
_______________________________
to in
2. laryng/o _______________________________ _______________________________
the definitions of combining forms Definition Use in a Term
3. ox/i _______________________________ _______________________________
found 1. gastr/o _________________________________ _________________________________
4. rhin/oin the chapter and provide
_______________________________ 2. _______________________________
cholecyst/o _________________________________ _________________________________
an example
5. atel/o of how a combining
_______________________________ 3. _______________________________
choledoch/o _________________________________ _________________________________
form may create a term
6. pleur/o (new to this
_______________________________ 4. _______________________________
enter/o _________________________________ _________________________________
edition).
7. pneum/o, pneumon/o _______________________________ 5. _______________________________
duoden/o _________________________________ _________________________________
8. pulmon/o _______________________________ 6. _______________________________
gingiv/o _________________________________ _________________________________
7. col/o _________________________________ _________________________________
8. pept/o _________________________________ _________________________________
M09_WING1226_04_SE_C09.indd 273 21/09/2017 23:17

M10_WING1226_04_SE_C10.indd 319 21/09/2017 23:17
vii
320 Chapter 10
Complete the Labels Complete the Labels

This review of basic anatomy asks you to Complete the blank labels in ■ Figures 10.24 and 10.25 by writing the labels in the spaces provided.
complete the labeling of illustrations. The

fully labeled illustrations are provided
at the beginning of the chapter in the 1. Mouth
Anatomy and Physiology Terms section 2.

Salivary glands
(new to this edition).
8.
3. __________________
7.
4. __________________
6.
5. __________________
__________________
■■Figure 10.24
Organs of the digestive system. The Endocrine System 529
Medical Report Exercises
These scenarios combine
MEDICAL REPORT EXERCISES 1. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
the use of medical case Anita Del Rio 2. ______________________________________________________________________________________________

3. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
studies and comprehension Read the following medical report, then answer the questions that follow.
4. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
questions to help you develop 5. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
a firmer understanding of the PEARSON GENERAL HOSPITAL
6. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
terminology in a real-world 7. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
5500 University Avenue, Metropolis, New York
clinical context. 8. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
Phone: (211) 594-4000 • Fax (211) 594-4001
Medical Consultation: Pediatrics Date: 09/07/2017

Patient: Anita Del Rio Patient ID: 123456
Dob: 1/15/2004 Age: 13 Sex: Female Allergies: NKDA
Provider: Jonathon McClary, MD
Subjective:
“I’m really tired most of the day, mostly between meals, and getting behind in school. I get real thirsty a lot,
and it seems like I need to use the bathroom 20 times a day! Lately, I’ve also been getting headaches a lot and
have trouble falling asleep at night.”
M10_WING1226_04_SE_C10.indd 320 21/09/2017 23:17
13 y/o female complains of malaise, polydipsia, polyuria, cephalalgia, and insomnia. Although full of pep in
the clinic during her visit, her mother supports her complaints and is very concerned with her lack of energy.
No medical history available.
Objective:
Vital Signs: T: 98.6°F; P: 80; R: 22; BP: 120/75
Ht: 5¿1–
Wt: 90 lb
General Appearance: Skin appears healthy, with no apparent masses or discolorations.
Heart: Rate at 80 bpm. Heart sounds with auscultation appear normal.
Lungs: Clear without signs of disease.
AbD: Bowel sounds normal all four quadrants.
HEENT: No abnormalities present.
Lab: Ketone bodies elevated, mild acidosis pH 7.3; FBS 220 confirmed with GTT
Assessment:
Diabetes mellitus type 1
Plan:
Treat as type 1 DM with regular insulin injection regimen and enroll with parent in diabetes management class.
Photo Source: Scott Griessel/Fotolia.

viii
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Terminology
Pre-Tests and Post-Tests. Using questions aligned to the
learning outcomes in Medical Terminology Complete!,
multiple tests measure your understanding of topics.
Personalized Study Material. Based on the topic
pre-test results, you receive a personalized study plan,
highlighting areas where you may need improvement.
It includes these study tools:
■■ Links to specific pages in the etext
■■ Images for review
■■ Interactive exercises
■■ Animations and video clips
■■ Audio glossary
■■ Access to full Personalized Study Material.
ix
How do Instructors Benefit?
■■ Save time by providing students with a comprehensive, media-rich study program.
■■ Track student understanding of course content in the program guidebook.
■■ Monitor student activity with viewable student assignments.
Comprehensive Instructional Package

Perhaps the most gratifying part of an educator’s work is the “aha” learning moment
when the light bulb goes on and a student truly understands a concept—when a
connection is made. Along these lines, Pearson is pleased to help instructors foster more
of these educational connections by providing a complete battery of resources to support
teaching and learning. Qualified adopters are eligible to receive a wealth of materials
designed to help instructors prepare, present, and assess. For more information, please
contact your Pearson sales representative or visit www.pearsonhighered.com/educator.
x
Preface
Medical Terminology Complete! presents the most current and accepted language of
health care in a programmed learning approach. It has helped prepare thousands of stu-
dents for careers in health professions by providing a self-guided tool for learning medi-
cal terminology. The book may be used as a text to support lectures and online courses or
as an independent student workbook. The flexibility of its application is made possible
by the book’s text-like format combined with its self-guided learning program, self-
assessment questions, and reinforcement exercises. To provide an optimum learning for-
mat, the text discussions are basic, clear, and concise. The programmed learning modules
are simple and easy to follow, and the self-assessment questions and exercises provide
reviews and clinical applications of the information at frequent intervals.
New to This Edition

Based on extensive feedback from students and instructors, we have revised Medical
Terminology Complete! so that it provides an even more valuable teaching and learning
experience than previous editions. Here are the enhancements we have made:
■■ All chapters have been carefully reviewed and edited to complete a shift from a bio-
logical perspective to a more clinical perspective, thereby providing improved clini-
cal training for students poised to enter healthcare careers.
■■ All selected terms have been carefully screened for current accuracy, with outdated
terms removed and new terms added to bring the text up-to-date.
■■ Many new photographs and several new illustrations have been added to help
learners more easily visualize the concepts and meanings of selected terms.
■■ Additional Chapter Review exercises at the end of chapters 5-15 have been added
to give students more practice with reviewing chapter terms, including Define the
Combining Form and Complete the Labels.
■■ The online support has been improved to provide easier access and enhancements to
interactive learning, making this edition a valuable learning tool for online courses
in medical terminology.
The Programmed Approach

Each learning frame contains a clear and concise statement, usually describing a single
medical term. This allows learners to focus on one term at a time. Each frame includes at
least one blank space, which can be completed based on clues within the frame. The
answer to the blank is provided in the left column. Students can either cover the answer
column or leave it uncovered. Either way, the kinesthetic component of filling in the
blank provides another level of learning that ensures retention.
Each body systems chapter presents the most important terms (or “Key Terms”) in the
answer column with color-coded word parts, where applicable, as well as a phonetic pro-
nunciation. Prefixes appear in yellow; combining forms are red; and suffixes are blue.
xi
An added benefit of this Key Terms answer column is that the terms are presented in
alphabetical order, which provides a way for students to quickly review the priority terms.
Other terms that are related to the Key Terms in the answer column, but not as vital for
the student to understand, are presented in the main frame section in boldface type.
The self-study features enable students to learn with a minimum of instructor guid-
ance. In addition to the programmed learning frames, other self-study features include
blocks of review questions (Practice) that are placed at frequent intervals throughout
each chapter. In these sections, students have the opportunity to test their understanding
by answering questions in The Right Match, Linkup, and Break the Chain activities.
Answers to these activities, along with those for the end-of-chapter review questions,
appear in Appendix E located at www.pearsonhighered.com/healthprofessionsresources.
The book also includes boxes intended to promote additional interest in medical ter-
minology. They include Did You Know? boxes, which reveal fascinating facts about the
Latin or Greek origins of a medical term and provide interesting and relevant facts and
figures that draw a connection between a particular term and its clinical point of interest,
and Words to Watch Out For! boxes, which provide tips about commonly misspelled or
error-prone terms and word parts.
Chapter Format
Each chapter begins with a brief list of Learning Objectives. In each chapter beginning
with Chapter 5, a brief review of the structure and function of the particular body sys-
tem discussed in the chapter follows the objectives. The section is titled Anatomy and
Physiology Terms, and it begins with an at-a-glance table with the major combining
forms and definitions for that body system. The Anatomy and Physiology section then
presents a limited number of learning frames—enough to give students an opportunity
to review essential anatomy and physiology, without overwhelming them or providing
redundancy to students who have already taken an anatomy course as a prerequisite. The
illustrations accompanying this section provide a visual review of anatomy.
The primary text of each chapter consists of a brief narrative introduction discussing
the pathophysiology of the body system, followed by numerous programmed learning
frames and Practice exercises that are divided into three sections:
■■ Signs and Symptoms
■■ Diseases and Disorders
■■ Treatments, Procedures, and Devices
An Abbreviations listing and a Practice exercise follow to conclude the teaching portion
of the chapter.
Finally, a Chapter Review section provides several review exercises, including Word
Building and Medical Report Exercises with two medical reports and case studies. New
to this edition are additional chapter review exercises, including Define the Combining
Form and Complete the Labels.
xii
Organization of the Book
The organization of this text is unique in that it provides a slow, building approach to
teaching medical terminology. Students can often be overwhelmed by this new language,
so here’s what we’ve done to address this and make the learning experience more com-
fortable for students:
■■ The text begins with three chapters devoted exclusively to word building and word
parts. Chapter 1 provides an introduction to medical terminology and to the pro-
grammed learning approach. Basic definitions of terminology and word construc-
tion are first described here. Also, the importance of learning the most common
Latin and Greek word parts is emphasized as a starting point. Chapter 2 provides
an opportunity for students to learn the common suffixes that are in frequent use in
building medical terms. Chapter 3 covers prefixes and their common uses in medi-
cal terms. We then present Chapter 4, which introduces anatomy and physiology
word roots and combining forms, both of which create the foundation for the major-
ity of medical terms. This chapter also introduces other foundational terms, such as
anatomical and directional terms. This allows the student to take a slow, logical
approach to learning word parts and word building.
■■ Then, the student can put that knowledge to work and learn about medical terms as
they apply to each body system. The body system chapters progress from the least
complex body system (integumentary) to the most complex body system (endo-
crine), with a sequence that parallels most courses in anatomy and physiology. This
approach enhances learning by allowing students to build confidence as they work
their way through the chapters.
Appendix A provides a complete glossary of all word parts that are presented in the
text, along with their definitions. Appendix B lists abbreviations commonly used in the
healthcare professions. Appendix C provides word parts for describing color, number,
and plurals. In Appendix D (online), common terms used in pharmacology are included
for your reference. Appendix E (online) provides the answers to the Practice exercises
and to the end-of-chapter Chapter Review questions. All online materials can be found at
www.pearsonhighered.com/healthprofessionsresources.
A glossary/index concludes the book, providing a quick and handy reference.
I invite and welcome your reactions, comments, and suggestions to be sent to me
directly so that subsequent editions may reflect your educational needs even better.
Bruce Wingerd
National University and San Diego State University
San Diego, CA 92037
[email protected]
xiii
About the Author
Bruce Wingerd is a member of the Biol-
ogy Department at National University
in San Diego, California. Previously,
he has held teaching/administrative
positions at Edison State College (now
called Florida Southwestern State Col-
lege), Broward College, and San Diego
State University. Professor Wingerd’s
degrees are in the fields of zoology
and physiology, and he has taught
courses in medical terminology, human
anatomy, advanced human anatomy,
and anatomy and physiology for more
than 30 years. He has written numerous
textbooks, lab manuals, and multimedia
learning resources in medical terminol-
ogy, human anatomy, anatomy and physiology, histology, and comparative mammalian
anatomy. Professor Wingerd’s goal in teaching and writing is to provide students with
learning tools that will help them reach their potential through education. He enjoys
counseling students in the health sciences, developing novel approaches to teaching and
learning, and leading faculty in the drive for excellence in education.
About the Illustrators

Marcelo Oliver is president and founder of Body Scientific International, LLC. He holds
an MFA degree in Medical and Biological Illustration from the University of Michigan.
For more than 15 years, his passion has been to condense complex anatomical informa-
tion into visual education tools for students, patients, and medical professionals.
Body Scientific’s lead artists in this publication were medical illustrators Carol Hrejsa,
Liana Bauman, and Katie Burgess. They each hold Master of Science degrees in Biomedi-
cal Visualization from the University of Illinois at Chicago. Their contribution was the cre-
ation and editing of clear, effective, vibrant, and medically accurate artwork throughout.
xiv

Acknowledgments
This book is the product of collective hard work from a talented team focused on creating
a unique learning tool.
Our team received its original direction from then-Editor-in-Chief Mark Cohen,
who provided the vision and energy to launch this project into its first edition and con-
tinue with improvements into the second edition. The third edition and now this new
fourth edition were spearheaded and supported by our present Portfolio Manager, John
Goucher, who shared in our collective vision for a unique learning tool. I am filled with
gratitude for his support to produce a fourth edition. I also appreciate the efforts of Elena
Mauceri of DynamicWordWorks, Inc. who brought an outstanding developmental edi-
tor to join our team for the third edition and now the fourth edition, Jennifer Maybin of
Editor in the Woods, LLC. Jennifer made many helpful suggestions and contributions
through her dedicated hard work on every line of the textbook, and her many contribu-
tions are highly appreciated.
Many other talented people worked hard to make this book a valuable teaching and
learning resource. I extend to each of them my warmest gratitude:
Melissa Bashe, Content Producer, who coordinated the development of a world-class
teaching and learning package.
Lisa Narine, Portfolio Management Assistant, who executed the complex process of man-
aging our peer review program.
Marcelo Oliver and his team of medical illustrators at Body Scientific International, LLC,
who created a dynamic, clear, and precise art program.
Meghan DeMaio, Editorial Project Manager for SPi Global, who directed the flow of tex-
tual and visual content throughout the production of the book and ancillary materials.
Patty Donovan and Thomas Russell, Production Editors for SPi Global, who oversaw the
copyediting and page composition processes.
xv
Our Development Team
The fresh, unique vision, format, and content contained within the pages of Medical Ter-
minology Complete! comes as a result of an incredible collaboration of expert educators
from around the United States. This book represents the collective insights, experience,
and thousands of hours of work performed by members of this development team. Their
influence will continue to have an impact for decades to come. Let us introduce the mem-
bers of our team.
Fourth Edition Reviewers Amy Bowersock, PhD Litta Dennis, BSN, MS

The University of Tampa Illinois Central College
Pamela Dobbins, MS
Tampa, Florida Peoria, Illinois
Shelton State Community College
Tuscaloosa, Alabama Vera Brock, RNC, DSN Rosemary DeSiervi, MEd
Georgia Highlands College West Valley College
Jodi Gootkin, PT, Med, CEAS
Rome, Georgia Saratoga, California
Broward College
Fort Meyers, Florida Mary Elizabeth Browder, BA, AAS, CMA Sherry Gamble, RN, MSN
Raymond Walters College/UC-Blue Ash The University of Akron
Lisa Ritchie, EdD, RD, LD
Cincinnati, Ohio Akron, Ohio
Harding University
Searcy, Arkansas Joyce A. Bulgrin, MSA MT Steven B. Goldschmidt, DC, CCFC
(ASCP) North Hennepin Community College
Amy Samuel, CMA (AAMA), AHI (AMT)
University of Wisconsin–Stevens Brooklyn Park, Minnesota
University of Alaska, South East
Point Inverhills Community College
Sitka, Alaska
Stevens Point, Wisconsin Inver Grove Heights, Minnesota
Amy Snow, MS
Barbara Burri, MBA, BS, Sandra Gustafson, MA Nursing, CNE
Greenville Technical College
CVT, LVT Hibbing Community College
Greenville, South Carolina
New Hampshire Community Technical Hibbing, Minnesota
Previous Edition Reviewers College Pamela Halter, MSN, RN
Lynn Alexander, MEd, SBB (ASCP) Stratham, New Hampshire Kent State University at Tuscarawas
Winston-Salem State University Christina Campbell, PhD, RD New Philadelphia, Ohio
Winston-Salem, North Carolina Montana State University Karen R. Hardney, MSEd
Martha Arnson, RN Bozeman, Montana Chicago State University
Gwinnett Technical College Sandra Carlson, RN, BSN, CNOR Chicago, Illinois
Lawrenceville, Georgia Director, Surgical Technology Pamela Harmon, RT (R)
Cindy Ault, MS, MT (ASCP) New Hampshire Community Technical Triton College
Jamestown College College River Grove, Illinois
Jamestown, North Dakota Stratham, New Hampshire
Kathy Harward, RN, BSN
Mary Jo Belenski, EdD Jean M. Chenu, MBA Florida Community College at
Montclair State University Genesee Community College Jacksonville
Montclair, New Jersey Batavia, New York Jacksonville, Florida
Linda A. Bell, BS, MEd Phyllis Clements, MA, OTR Rachel M. P. Hopp, PhD
Reading Area Community College Macomb Community College Houston Baptist University
Reading, Pennsylvania Clinton Township, Michigan Houston, Texas
Bradley S. Bowden, PhD Pam deCalesta, OD Diana Houston, AAS
Alfred University Linn-Benton Community College San Jacinto College North
Alfred, New York Albany, Oregon Houston, Texas
xvi

James E. Hudacek, MSEd Anne Nez, RN, MSN Garnet Tomich, BA
Lorain County Community College Central Wyoming College San Diego, California
Elyria, Ohio Riverton, Wyoming Judy Traynor, MS, FNP, RN,
Louis M. Izzo, MS, CNMT Arthur J. Ortiz, MA, LPN, LRCP CASAC
University of Vermont Southeast Community College Jefferson Community College
Williston, Vermont Lincoln, Nebraska Watertown, New York
Marcie Jones, BS, CMA Elizabeth Pagenkopf, RN, BSN, MA Twila Wallace, MEd
Gwinnett Technical College Harper College Central Community College
Lawrenceville, Georgia Palatine, Illinois Columbus, Nebraska
Marie L. Kotter, PhD Felicity F. Penner, BSc, MSPH Margaret T. Warren, PhD, RN
Weber State University Southwestern Community College Rockland Community College
Ogden, Utah Chula Vista, California Suffern, New York
Susan P. Lathbury, MS Daniel Podd, MPAS, RPAC Kathy Whitley, MSN, FNP
Broward College St. Johns University Patrick Henry Community College
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Brown Mackie College Virginia College Online Regis University
Fort Wayne, Indiana Hoover, Alabama Denver, Colorado
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CPI, AHI, LXMO Century College Southeast Community College
Keiser University White Bear Lake, Minnesota Lincoln, Nebraska
Port Saint Lucie, Florida
Lisa Ritchie, EdD, MS.E, BS Previous Edition Ancillary
Mandy Mann, CMA Harding University
Big Bend Community College Content Providers
Searcy, Arkansas
Moses Lake, Washington Linda C. Campbell, CMT,
Lawrence Rosenquist, MS, RN FAAMT
Laura Melendez, BS, RMA, BXMO Wilkes University
Southeastern College The Andrews School
Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
Green Acres, Florida
Donna M. Rowan, MAT, RMA Charlotte Creason, RHIA
Cheryl Meyer, RN, MSN
Harford Community College Tyler Junior College
Delaware County Community
Bel Air, Maryland Tyler, Texas
College
Media, Pennsylvania Mary T Senor, BS Duane A. Dreyer, PhD
Bergen Community College Miller-Motte College
Deborah S. Molnar, PT, DPT, MSEd
Paramus, New Jersey Cary, North Carolina
SUNY Canton
Canton, New York Paula Silver, BS, PharmD Jennifer Esch, BS, PA-C
ECPI University Bryant and Stratton College
Sandra Mullins, EdD
Newport News, Virginia Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Kentucky Community and Technical
College System Lorraine M. Smith, MBA Pamela A. Eugene, BAS, RT, (R)
Lexington, Kentucky Fresno City College Delgado Community College
Fresno, California New Orleans, Louisiana
Sandra Mullins, EdD
Bluegrass Community and Technical Steven C. Stoner, PharmD, BCPP Jodi Gootkin, PT, MEd
College UMKC School of Pharmacy Edison State College
Lexington, Kentucky Kansas City, Missouri Fort Myers, Florida
Lisa Nagle, BSed, CMA Roger Thompson, BS, RRT Sherry Grover, PhD
Augusta Technical College Mountain Empire Community College Virginia College
Augusta, Georgia Big Stone Gap, Virginia Houston, Texas
xvii
Jean M. Krueger-Watson, PhD Lynette S. McCullough, MCH, Ann Wentworth, BAS, RT (R) (CT)
Clark College NREMT-P Jackson Community College
Vancouver, Washington Southern Crescent Technical College Jackson, Michigan
Trisha LaPointe, PharmD, BCPS Griffin, Georgia Kathy Zaiken, PharmD
Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Donna Jeanne Pugh, BSN, RN Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and
Health Sciences Florida Metropolitan University Health Sciences
Boston, Massachusetts Jacksonville, Florida Boston, Massachusetts
Peggy Mayo, MEd MLT (ASCP) Linda Reeves, MD, FAAP
Columbus State Community College Virginia College Online
Columbus, Ohio Birmingham, Alabama
xviii
A Commitment to Accuracy
As a student embarking on a career in health care you probably already know how criti-
cally important it is to be precise in your work. Patients and coworkers will be counting
on you to avoid errors on a daily basis. Likewise, we owe it to you—the reader—to
ensure accuracy in this book. We have gone to great lengths to verify that the information
provided in Medical Terminology Complete! is complete and correct. To this end, here are
the steps we have taken:
1. Editorial Review—We have assembled a large team of developmental consultants
(listed on the preceding pages) to critique every word and every image in this book.
No fewer than 12 content experts have read each chapter for accuracy. In addition,
some members of our developmental team were specifically assigned to focus on the
precision of each illustration that appears in the book.
2. Medical Illustrations—A team of medically trained illustrators was hired to prepare
each piece of art that graces the pages of this book. These illustrators have a higher
level of scientific education than the artists for most textbooks, and they worked
directly with the author and members of our development team to make sure that
their work was clear, correct, and consistent with what is described in the text.
3. Accurate Ancillaries—The teaching and learning ancillaries are often as important
to instruction as the textbook itself. Therefore, we took steps to ensure accuracy and
consistency of these by reviewing every ancillary component. The author and editorial
team studied every PowerPoint slide and online course frame to ensure the context
was correct and relevant to each lesson.
Although our intent and actions have been directed at creating an error-free text, we have
established a process for correcting any mistakes that may have slipped past our editors.
Pearson takes this issue seriously and therefore welcomes any and all feedback that you
can provide along the lines of helping us enhance the accuracy of this text. If you identify
any errors that need to be corrected in a subsequent printing, please send them to:
Pearson Health Editorial
Medical Terminology Corrections
221 River Street
Hoboken, NJ 07030
Thank you for helping Pearson reach its goal of providing the most accurate medical
terminology textbooks available.
xix

Contents
Welcome! iii
Discover What Makes This Book Unique iv
MyLab Medical Terminology ix
Comprehensive Instructional Package x
Preface xi
About the Author and Illustrators xiv
Acknowledgments xv
Our Development Team xvi
A Commitment to Accuracy xix
Chapter 1 Introduction to Word Parts and Word Construction 1

Learning Objectives 1
The Programmed Learning Approach 2
Constructed and Nonconstructed Terms 4
The Word Parts 6
Forming Words From Word Parts 12
Chapter Review 18
Chapter 2 Understanding Suffixes 19

Getting Started with Suffixes 20
Suffix Introduction 21
Suffixes That Indicate an Action or State 23
Suffixes That Indicate a Condition or Disease 25
Suffixes That Indicate Location, Number, or a Quality 29
Suffixes That Indicate a Medical Specialty 31
Suffixes That Indicate a Procedure or Treatment 32
Chapter Review 37
Chapter 3 Understanding Prefixes 39

Getting started with Prefixes 40
Prefix Introduction 41
Prefixes That Indicate Number or Quantity 42
Prefixes That Indicate Location or Timing 46
Prefixes That Indicate a Specific Quality about a Term 51
Chapter Review 55
xx
Chapter 4 The Human Body in Health and Disease 57
Organization of the Body 58
Anatomy and Physiology Introduction 58
Medical Terms Introduction 71
Understanding Medical Reports 76
Chapter Review 77
Chapter 5 The Integumentary System 79

Anatomy and Physiology Terms 80
Medical Terms of the Integumentary System 82
Signs and Symptoms of the Integumentary System 82
Diseases and Disorders of the Integumentary System 89
Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Integumentary System 100
Abbreviations of the Integumentary System 103
Chapter Review 104
Medical Report Exercises 106
Chapter 6 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems 110

Medical Terms of the Skeletal and Muscular Systems 115
Signs and Symptoms of the Skeletal and Muscular Systems 115
Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal and Muscular Systems 119
Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Skeletal and Muscular Systems 134
Abbreviations of the Skeletal and Muscular Systems 144
Chapter Review 145
Chapter 7 Blood, the Lymphatic System, and Immunology 153

Medical Terms of the Blood, the Lymphatic System, and Immunology 156
Signs and Symptoms of the Blood, the Lymphatic System, and Immunology 157
Diseases and Disorders of the Blood, the Lymphatic System, and Immunology 161
Treatments and Procedures of the Blood, the Lymphatic System, and Immunology 176
Abbreviations of the Blood, the Lymphatic System, and Immunology 185
Chapter Review 185
xxi
Chapter 8 The Cardiovascular System 192
Medical Terms of the Cardiovascular System 195
Signs and Symptoms of the Cardiovascular System 196
Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular System 200
Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Cardiovascular System 212
Abbreviations of the Cardiovascular System 225
Chapter Review 226
Chapter 9 The Respiratory System 234

Medical Terms of the Respiratory System 237
Signs and Symptoms of the Respiratory System 238
Diseases and Disorders of the Respiratory System 244
Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Respiratory System 256
Abbreviations of the Respiratory System 272
Chapter Review 273
Chapter 10 The Digestive System 279

Medical Terms of the Digestive System 282
Signs and Symptoms of the Digestive System 284
Diseases and Disorders of the Digestive System 288
Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Digestive System 306
Abbreviations of the Digestive System 318
Chapter Review 319
Chapter 11 The Urinary System 326

Medical Terms for the Urinary System 329
Signs and Symptoms of the Urinary System 330
Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System 335
Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Urinary System 344
Abbreviations of the Urinary System 356
xxii
Chapter Review 357
Chapter 12 Reproductive System and Obstetrics 364

Medical Terms for the Reproductive System and Obstetrics 368
Signs and Symptoms of the Male Reproductive System 369
Diseases and Disorders of the Male Reproductive System 372
Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Male Reproductive System 377
Signs and Symptoms of the Female Reproductive System 384
Diseases and Disorders of the Female Reproductive System 387
Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Female Reproductive System 397
Signs and Symptoms of Obstetrics 406
Diseases and Disorders of Obstetrics 408
Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of Obstetrics 413
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) 417
Abbreviations of the Reproductive System and Obstetrics 419
Chapter Review 421
Chapter 13 The Nervous System and Mental Health 428

Medical Terms for the Nervous System and Mental Health 431
Signs and Symptoms of the Nervous System 432
Diseases and Disorders of the Nervous System 436
Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Nervous System 449
Mental Health Diseases and Disorders 457
Abbreviations of the Nervous System and Mental Health 462
Chapter Review 463
Chapter 14 The Special Senses of Sight and Hearing 470

Medical Terms for the Special Senses of Sight and Hearing 473
Signs and Symptoms of the Eyes and Sight 473
Diseases and Disorders of the Eyes and Sight 476
Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Eyes and Sight 483
Signs and Symptoms of the Ears and Hearing 487
Diseases and Disorders of the Ears and Hearing 489
xxiii
Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Ears and Hearing 492
Abbreviations of the Eyes and Ears 496
Chapter Review 497
Chapter 15 The Endocrine System 503

Medical Terms for the Endocrine System 506
Signs and Symptoms of the Endocrine System 506
Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System 510
Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Endocrine System 520
Abbreviations of the Endocrine System 526
Chapter Review 527
Appendix A: Word Parts Glossary A-1

Appendix B: Abbreviations A-7
Appendix C: Word Parts for Describing Color, Number, and Plurals A-13
Glossary-Index I-1
Appendix D: Pharmacology Terms*

Appendix E: Answers to Practice Exercises and Chapter Reviews*
*Appendix D and Appendix E can be found online at www.pearsonhighered.com/

healthprofessionsresources
xxiv
Chapter 1
Introduction to Word Parts

and Word Construction
Learning Objectives
After completing this chapter, you will be able to:
1.1 Use the technique of programmed learning 1.5 Identify the function of a combining vowel
and frames. that is added to a word root to form a
combining form.
1.2 Apply the phonetic pronunciation guides
that are used in frames. 1.6 Recognize that many medical terms are
constructed from word parts and can be
1.3 Recognize that medical terminology has deconstructed into their word parts.
both constructed and nonconstructed terms.
1.4 Identify each of the three word parts

(word roots, prefixes, and suffixes) used
to construct medical terms.
2 Chapter 1
The Programmed Learning Approach

1.1 This textbook teaches you medical terminology by using the
friendly technique of programmed learning. This technique has
been used for many years to teach many subjects, such as math,
world languages, and of course, medical terminology. It consists of
blocks of information, known as frames, which contain one or more
blanks. The blanks are provided for you to write in the missing word.
In some cases, the missing word is easy to determine, and in other
cases it becomes more of a challenge. In either case, the missing
frame word is provided in the left margin of the ____________________,
so you don’t have to feel frustrated if you have trouble identifying or
spelling the missing word correctly.
1.2 As you can see, each frame consists of a block of information

with the blank in the box on the right side of the page. Note the
number frame ____________________. This number enables you to locate and
flip back to a previous frame with ease if needed.
1.3 The far left margin in each frame contains the missing word(s).
As you proceed from frame to frame, you should write the missing
blank word in the ____________________. To challenge yourself and make
the best use of your time, try to work by first filling in the blank
without looking at the answer. It works best to use a 3 * 5 card or
something similar to block the answers in the margin; then after
committing to an answer, check to see if your choice is correct.
By doing so, the activity will engage your mind and help you to learn
the meanings of the words.
1.4 Spelling is very important when learning medical terminology. By

writing the missing word in the blank without looking at it in the far
left margin and then comparing your answer with the one provided in
spelling the far left margin, you will be practicing the ____________________
of the word. Always check your answer before moving to the next
frame. Pay special attention to the “Did You Know?” and “Words
to Watch Out For” boxes in this text. These alert you to helpful
information that aids your learning and identifies tricky spelling
issues or terms that might easily be confused.
Introduction to Word Parts and Word Construction 3
1.5 In addition to spelling, correct pronunciation of medical terms

is also important. To help you with pronunciation, the phonetic
(“sounds like”) form of the word is provided in parentheses whenever
phonetic a new term is introduced; for example, ____________________
foh-NET-ik ( ____________________ ) and pronunciation (proh NUN see AYE shun).
You should say the new word aloud whenever possible, using the
phonetic guide to assist you.
guides 1.6 In the phonetic ____________________ that appear in this text,

note that the syllables with the most spoken emphasis are shown in
all capital letters. Here are some examples:
■■ Theterm cardiology is pronounced (kar dee AHL oh jee). Note that
the middle syllable AHL carries the most emphasis.
■■ The term gastrohepatic is pronounced (GAS troh heh PAT ik). Note
that the long o sound in the second syllable is demonstrated
when spelled phonetically as oh, and the short e sound is
demonstrated when spelled eh.
■■ The term osteopathic is pronounced (oss tee oh PATH ik). Note that
the long e sound in the second syllable is shown as ee.
You can also refer to the student website for audio samples of the
pronunciation of each medical term presented in this text. Spend
pronunciation time listening to the ____________________ of each term presented
in each chapter. Doing so will help you complete the pronunciation
exercise in this chapter’s “Talking Shop.”
PRACTICE: The Programmed Learning Approach

The Right Match
Match the term on the left with the correct definition on the right.
______ 1. pronunciations a. alert you to terms that might easily be confused
______ 2. spelling b. learning technique that consists of blocks of information, known as
______ 3. blank frames, which contain one or more blanks for the student to fill in
______ 4. programmed learning c. by comparing your filled-in answer with the one provided in the far
left margin, you will be practicing this
______ 5. Words to Watch Out
For boxes d. as you proceed from frame to frame, you should write the missing
word into this
e. you can also refer to the student website for audio samples of these
4 Chapter 1
Talking Shop
In the blank, write the letter of the pronunciation that matches the term. The first one is completed for you as
an example. Visit the student website to hear the correct pronunciation of these terms.
Term Pronunciation
f 1. cardiologist a. pee dee ah TRISH an
______ 2. lymphoma b. men IN goh seel
______ 3. pneumonia c. limm FOH mah
______ 4. fracture d. ep ih KAR dee um
______ 5. meningitis e. FRAK sher
______ 6. meningocele f. kar dee AHL oh jist
______ 7. epicardium g. NEFF roh lith EYE ah siss
______ 8. nephrolithiasis h. HEPP ah toh MEG ah lee
______ 9. psychologist i. bak teer ee YOO ree ah
______ 10. hepatomegaly j. noo MOH nee ah
______ 11. pediatrician k. sigh KAHL oh jist
______ 12. bacteriuria l. MEN in JYE tis
Constructed and Nonconstructed Terms

1.7 Medical terminology is a language for medical health
language professionals. This ____________________ has rules of grammar,
spelling, and pronunciation, just like any other language. Because
medical terminology is the universal language of medicine, its terms
must be understood by speakers of many languages in many parts of
the world, especially in our age of globalization. For the purpose of
medical terminology learning the language of ____________________ ____________________,
terms in this specialized language can be separated into two main
categories: constructed terms and nonconstructed terms.
1.8 Many medical terms are constructed terms, which are made
up of multiple word parts that are combined to form a new word. In
most cases, the word parts are derived from Latin and Greek. The
constructed terms key to learning ____________________ ____________________ is to
first learn the meaning of the various word parts. It may be helpful
to think of constructed terms as if they were written in code. Once
you have the key to a code, it becomes a fairly simple process
to decode the messages or to use the code to form messages
yourself. Similarly, once you learn the meanings of the individual
word ____________________ parts, you have the key to the medical
terminology code. See ■ Figure 1.1.
Constructed term
■ Figure 1.1
Medical terms are either
constructed words, which are
composed of more than one
word part, or nonconstructed
words you must memorize, Nonconstructed term
which include terms that are a
single Latin or Greek word part,
eponyms, acronyms, and so on.
1.9 The second group of medical terms is nonconstructed

terms, terms that are not formed from individual word parts.
Nonconstructed terms include eponyms, which are terms
derived from the names of people. For example, eustachian
eponym tube is an ____________________ because it is derived from the
name of Bartolommeo Eustachio, who first discovered this small
tube between the throat and the middle ear. Other forms of
nonconstructed terms include acronyms, which are words derived
from the first letters of words in a compound term, such as LASIK
for laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis; and words derived from
languages other than Greek or Latin, such as jaundice, which
is derived from the French word for yellow, jaune. To learn
nonconstructed terms ____________________ ____________________, you must commit
them to memory.
PRACTICE: Constructed and Nonconstructed Terms

The Right Match
______ 1. nonconstructed terms a. term derived from a person’s name
______ 2. constructed terms b. must be committed to memory
______ 3. medical terminology c. made up of word parts
______ 4. eponym d. the universal language of medicine
6 Chapter 1
The Word Parts

word parts 1.10 When a constructed term is formed, individual
____________________ ____________________ are assembled to
create a term with a new meaning. This is very useful in medicine
because new discoveries are made frequently, and the need to
provide them with relevant names is important. The three primary
types of word parts are prefixes, word roots, and suffixes.
1.11 A prefix is a word part that is affixed to the beginning of a

word. Its purpose is to expand or enhance the meaning of the
word. Let’s look at an example of a prefix in action, using the word
construction. In our sample word, con- is the prefix. It means “with,
together, jointly.” Notice the hyphen following the prefix. You will
prefix know that a word part is a ____________________ by the hyphen that
immediately follows it (e.g., con-).
1.12 A word root is a word part that provides the primary meaning
word root of the term. The ____________________ ____________________
provides the basis for the term and is the part to which other word
parts are attached. Nearly all terms have a word root, and some
have more than one. In our sample word construction, struct is the
word root. It means “make, build.”
1.13 A suffix is a word part that is affixed to the end of a word. The
suffix ____________________ often indicates the word’s part of speech
(noun, verb, adjective, adverb, etc.) or modifies the word’s meaning.
In our sample word construction, the suffix is -ion. It indicates that
the word is a noun and it means “process.” You will know that a
word part is a suffix by the hyphen that immediately precedes it (for
example, -ion).
1.14 To summarize using our example, the word construction is

three composed of ____________________ word parts (■ Figure 1.2):
con- + struct + -ion
(prefix + word root + suffix)
We decipher the meaning of medical words by defining each of the
word parts. First, we look at the meaning of the suffix, and then we
look at the meaning of the prefix. Finally, we define the word root.
Then we combine the meanings of all the word parts in the way that
makes the most sense. Thus, con- + struct + -ion means “process of
building together.”
-ion + con- + struct = construction
■ Figure 1.2
Most medical terms are formed
by assembling word parts. (process) (together) (build) (Process of building together)
This text has a special color-coding system to help you recognize the individual word parts.
Each time a word part is presented, it appears in a specific color:
Did You ■■ Prefixes are yellow
KNOW ■■ Word roots and combining forms are red
■■ Suffixes are blue
1.15 The word construction, then, as we use it in medical

terminology, refers to “building words out of word parts.” This
is what we do every time we write and speak. This is also what
we do when we use medical terminology by speaking and
writing medical terms. Understanding how to build words out
word parts of ____________________ ____________________ is essential to
understanding the meaning of medical terms. Equally important is
understanding how to deconstruct or break down a medical term
into its component word parts. That is exactly what we did when we
deciphered the meaning of our sample word construction. We broke
the word down into its prefix, word root, and suffix parts and then
combined the definitions of the word parts to derive the meaning of
the term. Now let’s break down a medical term into its word parts:
hypodermic
hypo- + derm + -ic
hypo- is a prefix that means “deficient, abnormally low, below”
derm is a word root that means “skin”
-ic is a suffix that means “pertaining to”
Thus, the term hypodermic means “pertaining to below the skin.”
Notice that the meaning of the suffix comes first when describing the
meaning of the term from its word parts.
8 Chapter 1
1.16 Not every medical term has all three word parts. Some medical
terms lack a prefix, word root, or suffix, and some have more than
one word root. For example, the term gastroenteritis (GAS troh en ter
EYE tis) breaks down like so:
gastroenteritis
gastr + enter + -itis
(word root + word root + suffix)
gastr is a word root that means “stomach”
word root enter is a ____________________ ____________________ that means
“small intestine”
-itis is a suffix that means “inflammation”
Thus, the term gastroenteritis means “inflammation of the stomach
and small intestine.” Notice the letter o between the two word roots.
You will learn about the importance of its use very soon (Frame 1.18).
1.17 Some medical terms are made simply of a prefix and a suffix.
The term aphasia is an example.
aphasia
a- + -phasia
(prefix + suffix)
a- is a prefix that means “without or absence of”
suffix -phasia is a ____________________ that means “speaking”
Thus, the term aphasia means “absence of speaking.”
1.18 A fourth word part is the combining vowel. It is used when a

word root requires a connecting vowel in order to add a suffix that
begins with a consonant, or to add another word root, when forming
combining vowel a term. The ____________________ ____________________ does not
add to or alter the meaning of the word root; it simply assists us in
pronouncing a term. In most cases, the combining vowel is the letter
o, and in some cases it is the letter i or e.
1.19 Generally, it is best to learn a word root with its combining

vowel. This word root plus combining vowel form is called a
combining form. Whenever possible, the combining forms are
presented in this text to ease your building and deconstructing
of medical terms, some of which are shown in ■ Figure 1.3. The
combining form method for writing a ____________________ ____________________
is to use a slash between the word root and the combining vowel,
such as
cardi/o
(word root/combining vowel)
The combining vowel in cardi/o is o.
cephal/o = head
encephal/o = brain
ocul/o = eye
ot/o = ear
trache/o = trachea
angi/o = vessel
bronch/o = airway
cardi/o = heart
gastr/o = stomach
muscul/o = muscle
oste/o = bone
■ Figure 1.3 pod/o = foot

The human body, with many of
the common combining forms.
10 Chapter 1
1.20 You learned from Frame 1.18 that the most common combining
o vowel is the letter ____________________. As practice, let’s take a
look at a medical term you may be familiar with:
cardiology
This term is made up of three word parts: a word root, a combining
vowel, and a suffix. The combining form is cardi/o and the suffix is
-logy. Cardi/o means “heart” and -logy means “study or science of.”
Thus, when we define the word parts of the term cardiology and then
combine their definitions in a logical way, we know it means “the study
or science of the heart.” It may help to write the constructed form of
the term, which is written with slashes separating each word part:
cardi/o/logy
1.21 Let’s practice deconstructing medical terms and using word

parts to decipher their meaning. Here are some more medical terms
that you may already know.
dermatologist
dermat/o + -logist
(combining form + suffix)
combining form dermat/o is a ____________________ ____________________ that
means “skin”
-logist is a suffix that means “one who studies.”
Thus, the term dermatologist means “one who studies the skin.” The
constructed form is written dermat/o/logist.
1.22 Another example is:

tonsillectomy
tonsill + -ectomy
(word root + suffix)
tonsill is a word root that means “almond or tonsil”
suffix -ectomy is a ____________________ that means “surgical excision,
removal”
Thus, the term tonsillectomy means “surgical removal of tonsil
(shaped like an almond).” The constructed form is written
tonsill/ectomy.
1.23 Another example is:

microscopic
micro- + scop + -ic
micro- is a prefix that means “small”
scop is a word root that means “viewing instrument”
-ic is a suffix that means “pertaining to”
Thus, the term microscopic means “pertaining to the viewing
instrument for investigating small things,” or “visible only
by means of a microscope.” The constructed form is
micro/scop/ic written ________________/_______/_________.
THE ORIGINS OF MEDICAL TERMS

Just as Greek and Latin have played a critical role in the formation and meaning of words
Did You in many languages such as English, French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, and others, these
two ancient languages have contributed to the development of the language of medicine
KNOW
and many related disciplines. The ancient Greek, Hippocrates, is considered the father of
modern medicine because he was among the first to explore the identification and treat-
ment of disease ( ■ Figure 1.4). Hippocrates and other early Greek scholars explored and
observed the human body and its functions, and they wrote about their discoveries using
everyday words from their native language. Later, the Romans advanced medicine with their
own experiments and observations. They added Latin terms to the growing body of medical
language.
For example, the fallopian tube that connects the ovary with the uterus is known as a
salpinx (plural, salpinges). This is an ancient Greek word meaning “trumpet.” The organ in
the female body was named for its trumpetlike shape. From this descriptive Greek word,
we can build many medical terms such as salpingitis (“inflammation of the fallopian tube”),
salpingoplasty (“surgical repair of the fallopian tube”), salpingo-oophorectomy (“surgical
■ Figure 1.4
The Greek father of medicine, Hippocrates,
who originated many medical terms.
Source: Courtesy of the National Library of
Medicine.
continued
12 Chapter 1
removal of the ovary and fallopian tube”), and many others. See Table 1.1 ■ for examples of
word roots that originate from Greek and Latin.
Sometimes the origins of medical terms relate to history, poetry, mythology, geography,
physical objects, and ideas. For example, the medical term psychology has its origins in the
meaning of the Greek word psyche (“mind, soul”). Further investigation leads to the Greek
myth of a princess named Psyche who falls in love with the god of love, Eros. Knowing the
myth of Psyche and Eros may help you remember the meaning of the term psyche when
you encounter it.
We briefly explore the origins of medical terms in other “Did You Know?” features
throughout the text. Look for these boxes to expand your understanding of medical
terminology and provide a useful way to remember meanings.
Table 1.1 ■ Word Roots from Greek and Latin

Root Origin Definition Medical Term Example
lith lithos, Greek stone cholelithiasis
condition of having gallstones
maxim maximus, biggest, gluteus maximus
Latin highest the biggest (outermost) gluteus
muscle in the buttocks
derm derma, Greek skin dermatitis
inflammation of the skin
path pathos, Greek disease pathogen
disease-causing agent
PRACTICE: The Word Parts

The Right Match
______ 1. prefix a. the most common combining vowel
______ 2. word root b. a combining form
______ 3. -ectomy c. a word part that is affixed to the beginning of a word
______ 4. o d. a term built from word parts
______ 5. cardi/o e. a word part that provides the primary meaning of the term
______ 6. constructed term f. a suffix
Forming Words From Word Parts

1.24 You have learned that constructed medical terms are created
from building blocks called word parts and include word roots,
prefixes, suffixes, and combining forms. You will now learn how
word parts to form medical terms by using these ___________________
_____________________.
1.25 One rule to remember when forming words from word parts is
the proper use of the combining vowel. The combining vowel is not
always used at the end of a word root to create a combining form.
combining vowel As a general rule, the ___________________ _____________________
is used to connect a word root with a suffix that begins with a
consonant.
1.26 For example, let’s use the word root for heart, cardi. As you know,
cardiology means “study or science of the heart.” The constructed
cardi/o/logy form of this term is written ____________/_________/________. Notice
that it contains the combining vowel o and the suffix begins with a
consonant (an l). Another term that includes the word root for heart
is carditis, which means “inflammation of the heart.” The constructed
form of this term is written card/itis. Notice that the suffix begins
with a vowel (i) and there is no combining vowel. If you wanted to
change the suffix to -pathy, which means “disease,” to form the term
that means “disease of the heart,” how would you write the new
term? Because the suffix -pathy begins with a consonant (p), you
would include the combining vowel (o) to form a new term, which is
cardiopathy ____________________. The constructed form of this term is written
cardi/o/pathy.
1.27 There are exceptions to this rule, so it is not absolute.

You will learn these exceptions as you learn the material in this
book. For now, just keep in mind that you need to include the
combining vowel ____________________ ____________________ when the suffix
consonant begins with a ____________________.
1.28 A second rule to remember when forming new constructed

terms involves combining two word roots. Constructed medical
word roots terms use combining vowels to unite two ___________________
___________________. For example, when describing an injury that
involves both the muscular and skeletal systems, the two word
roots (muscul and skelet) are united by placing the combining vowel
between them. To make the term complete, the suffix -al is added to
form the term musculoskeletal. Literally, the term means “pertaining
to muscles and the skeleton,” and its constructed form is written
muscul/o/skelet/al _________/_________/_________/_________.
14 Chapter 1
1.29 Another example of this use of combining vowels occurs when

forming the term describing a condition of the heart and lungs. As
you know, the word root for heart is cardi. The word root for lung is
pulmon. The suffix -ary (“pertaining to”) is added to form the term
pulmonary. A combining vowel is added to unite the two word roots,
cardiopulmonary creating the new term ____________________, which can be written
as cardi/o/pulmon/ary.
1.30 A third rule to remember when forming constructed words from

word parts applies when prefixes are added to other word parts.
Generally, a prefix requires no change when another word part unites
with it to form a new term. For example, epi- is a prefix that means
“upon, over, above, on top.” When this prefix is combined with the
word root cardi, which means “heart,” and the suffix -um, which means
“pertaining to,” it forms the new term epicardium that means “pertaining
to on top of the heart.” The constructed form of this new term is written
epi/cardi/um _____/_________/____. Notice that the prefix epi- did not change.
1.31 Finally, because most medical terms are composed of Latin

or Greek word parts, changing a singular medical term into a plural
form is handled differently than in most English-language words
where an s is simply added to the end. Here are some helpful points:
■■ Ifthe term ends in a, the plural is usually formed by adding
an e. For example, the plural form of the term vertebra is
vertebrae ____________________.
■■ Ifthe term ends in is, the plural form is usually formed by
changing the is to es. For example, the plural form of diagnosis is
diagnoses ____________________.
■■ Ifthe term ends in itis, the plural form is itides. For example, the
plural form of gastritis is gastritides.
■■ Ifthe term ends in on or um, the plural form drops the on or um
and adds a. For example, the plural form of ganglion is ganglia
myocardia and myocardium is ____________________.
■■ Ifthe term ends in ma, the plural form is changed to mata. For
fibromata example, the plural form of fibroma is ____________________.
■■ Ifthe term ends in y, the plural form drops the y and adds
the ending ies. For example, the plural form of episiotomy is
episiotomies ____________________.
■■ Ifthe term ends in us, the plural form drops the us and
adds the ending i. For example, the plural form of fungus is
fungi ____________________.
RULES TO REMEMBER
■■ A prefix comes before the word root or combining form.
Did You
■■ A suffix is a word ending and comes after the word root(s) or combining form(s).
KNOW
■■ The word root or combining form provides the primary meaning of the term.
■■ The combining vowel for most word roots is o. The vowels i and e are also used
as combining vowels for some word roots. If the combining form is to be joined
with another word root or combining form that begins with a consonant, retain the
combining vowel. When adding a suffix starting with a vowel to a combining form, drop
the combining vowel.
■■ Prefixes do not require combining vowels to join with other word parts. Rarely, a prefix
will drop its ending vowel to combine with another word part.
■■ Medical terms are deciphered by breaking them into word parts, and then defining first
the suffix, then the prefix, then the word root(s) or combining forms.
The following list of word parts includes prefixes, word roots/combining vowels (combining forms), and suf-
fixes. These are provided for you to practice constructing and deconstructing medical terms in the exercises
that follow. You will be asked to learn these terms and their definitions later in this text. For now, concentrate
on practicing the principles of constructed medical terms that you learned in the previous frames.
Word Root/
Prefix Definition Combining Vowel Definition Suffix Definition
anti- against, opposite of append/o, appendic/o appendix -al pertaining to
brady- slow bi/o life -ectomy surgical excision,
endo- within cardi/o heart removal
epi- upon, over, above, cerebr/o brain, cerebrum -emia condition of blood
on top derm/o, dermat/o skin -gram a record or image
neo- new electr/o electricity -ia condition of
pre- to come before encephal/o brain -iatry treatment, specialty
gastr/o stomach -ic pertaining to
hem/o blood -itis inflammation
hepat/o liver -logist one who studies
hyster/o uterus -logy study or science of
laryng/o voice box, larynx -pathy disease
leuk/o white -philia loving, affinity for
mamm/o, mast/o breast -plasty surgical repair
ment/o mind -scope instrument used for
viewing
nat/o birth
-tic pertaining to
neur/o nerve
path/o disease
proct/o rectum or anus
psych/o mind
rhin/o nose
tonsill/o almond, tonsil
vas/o vessel
16 Chapter 1
PRACTICE: Forming Words from Word Parts

The Right Match
______ 1. combining vowel a. adding this word part to a word root requires no combining vowel
______ 2. -al b. a suffix
______ 3. prefix c. if a suffix begins with this type of letter, use a combining vowel
______ 4. consonant d. used to connect a word root with another word root or a suffix
Break the Chain

a) Separate each term into its word parts and label each word part using p = prefix, r = root,
cv = combining vowel, and s = suffix.
b) For the Bonus Question, write the requested word part or definition in the blank that follows.
The first set has been completed for you as an example.
1. a) cardiology cardi/o/logy
r cv s
b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? study or science of
2. a) appendicitis ________/________
/
b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? _____________________________________________
3. a) hepatitis ________/________
/
b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the word root? _________________________________________
4. a) neonatology ________/________/________/________
/ / /
b) Bonus Question: Does this term contain a word root? ____________________________________________
5. a) mammoplasty ________/________/________
/ /
6. a) electrocardiogram ________/________/________/________/________
/ / / /
b) Bonus Question: How many word roots/combining forms does this term have? _____________________
7. a) prenatal ________/________/________
/ /
b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the prefix? _____________________________________________
Fill It In
Complete the following sentences with the correct plural endings. The first one is completed for you as an
example.
1. The plural form of appendicitis is appendic itides.
2. In one day, the surgeon performed several mammoplast__________.
3. The pericardium of the heart includes two layers, the parietal and visceral pericardi__________.
4. The patient was diagnosed with multiple sarcoma tumors, or sarco__________.
5. The diseased heart was found to have many cardiopath__________.
Linkup
Link the word parts in the list to create the terms that match the definitions. You may use word parts more
than once. Remember to add combining vowels when needed—and that some terms do not use any combin-
ing vowel. The first one is completed for you as an example.
Prefixes Word Roots/Combining Vowel Suffixes

endo- encephal/o -ectomy
neo- hyster/o -gram
mamm/o -itis
mast/o -logist
nat/o -logy
neur/o -pathy
path/o -plasty
rhin/o -scope
Definition Term
1. inflammation of the brain encephalitis
2. study or science of newborns ______________________
3. disease of the nerves ______________________
4. surgical removal of a breast ______________________
5. surgical repair of the nose ______________________
6. instrument for viewing within ______________________
7. x-ray image of a breast ______________________
8. one who studies disease ______________________
9. surgical removal of the uterus ______________________
18 Chapter 1
CHAPTER REVIEW
Word Building
Construct medical terms from the following meanings. (All are built from word parts. Refer to the word parts
table on page 15 for word part meanings.) The first question has been completed for you as an example.
1. disease within the nose endorhino pathy________________
2. surgical removal of the tonsils tonsill _______________________
3. surgical repair of a fallopian tube salpingo ______________________
4. inflammation of the skin __________________________itis
5. study or science of the nose _________________________logy
6. pertaining to the mind ___________________________al
7. disease of the nerves ________________________pathy
8. inherited defect in blood coagulation ________________________philia
9. inflammation of the larynx laryng _______________________
10. study or science of the skin dermato ______________________
11. instrument used for viewing the larynx ________________________scope
12. study or science of life _________________________logy

1. cardi/o _________________________________ 6. cerebr/o _________________________________
2. hem/o _________________________________ 7. hepat/o _________________________________
3. neur/o _________________________________ 8. psych/o _________________________________
4. gastr/o _________________________________ 9. dermat/o _________________________________
5. path/o _________________________________ 10. rhin/o _________________________________

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Chapter 2
Understanding Suffixes
Learning Objectives
2.1 Define and spell the suffixes often used in 2.3 Use suffixes to build medical terms that
medical terminology. pertain to medical specialties, symptoms,
and diseases.
2.2 Identify suffixes in medical terms.
Inflamed
appendix in
Normal appendicitis
(a) appendix (b)
20 Chapter 2
Getting Started with Suffixes

Review the following list of common suffixes and their definitions. This will help you to recognize suffixes and
their meanings.
Suffixes Definition
-al pertaining to
-ic pertaining to
-itis inflammation
-logy study or science of
-meter measure, measuring instrument
-ous pertaining to
-pathy disease
-scope instrument used for viewing
-scopy process of viewing
2.1 As you learned in Chapter 1, a suffix is the word part that is

attached to the end of the word root. Like the prefix, the suffix
modifies the meaning of a term. The following frames contain
examples of suffixes.
2.2 In the familiar word abnormal, which can be shown as:

ab/norm/al
-al the suffix is ____________________, which means “pertaining to.” It is
the suffix because it is placed at the end of the root and it modifies
the word meaning.
2.3 The medical term endocarditis can be shown as

endo/card/itis
It means “inflammation within the heart.” The suffix is
-itis ____________________, which means “inflammation.” It is a suffix
because it is placed at the end of the root and it modifies the word
meaning.
2.4 The medical term arthropathy can be shown as:

arthr/o/pathy
-pathy It means “disease of the joint.” The suffix is ____________________,
which means “disease.”
Understanding Suffixes 21
2.5 The medical term gastritis can be shown as:

gastr/itis
It means “inflammation of the stomach.” The suffix is
-itis ____________________, and the word root gastr means “stomach.”
Suffix Introduction
Complete the following frames to expand the suffixes you know.
2.6 The suffixes -ic, -ous, and -al all share the same meaning, which
is “pertaining to.” This can be seen in the terms:
pertaining to cardiac, which means “____________________ ________ the heart”;
pertaining to fibrous, which means “____________________ ________ fiber”; and
pertaining to dermal, which means “____________________ ________ the skin.”
2.7 Because the suffix -itis means “inflammation,” the term

inflammation esophagitis means “____________________ of the esophagus.”
2.8 Because the suffix -logy means the “study or science of,”
study or science of the term cardiology means “the ____________________ ________
____________________ ________ the heart.”
2.9 Because the suffix -meter means “measure or

measuring instrument,” a thermometer is an instrument that
measures ____________________ temperature.
2.10 Because the suffix -pathy means “disease,” the term

disease cardiopathy means any “____________________ of the heart.”
2.11 The suffix -scope indicates an instrument that is

used for viewing. A laparoscope is an instrument used for
viewing ____________________ the abdomen.
22 Chapter 2
2.12 Because the suffix -scopy means “process of viewing,” the

process term laparoscopy indicates a ____________________ in which
an instrument (in this case, a laparoscope) is used to view the
abdomen. (See ■ Figure 2.1.)
■ Figure 2.1
Laparoscopy is a surgical
procedure of the abdominal
cavity using a laparoscope,
which is a tubular instrument
inserted into the cavity. It
includes a small camera for
viewing the procedure on a
monitor and surgical tools for
working on internal organs.
Source: S4svisuals/Shutterstock.
PRACTICE: Suffix Introduction

The Right Match
Match the suffix on the left with the correct definition on the right.
______ 1. -meter a. disease
______ 2. -al b. pertaining to
______ 3. -scopy c. inflammation
______ 4. -itis d. pertaining to
______ 5. -logy e. process of viewing
______ 6. -ous f. study or science of
______ 7. -pathy g. measure, measuring instrument
______ 8. -scope h. pertaining to
______ 9. -ic i. instrument used for viewing
Suffix Linkup
Link the suffixes in the list to create the terms that match the definitions. The first one is completed for you as
an example.
Suffix Definition Suffix Definition

-scopy process of viewing -logy study or science of
-meter measure, measuring instrument -itis inflammation
Definition Term
1. study or science of the heart cardiology
2. an instrument that measures temperature thermo ________________
3. a procedure in which an instrument (in this case, a laparoscope) laparo _________________
is used to view the abdomen
4. inflammation of the stomach gastr __________________
Suffixes That Indicate an Action or State

Complete the following frames to learn about suffixes that indicate an action or state.
2.13 In the term syndrome, the suffix -drome, which means “run
or running,” and the prefix syn-, which means “together,” combine
running to literally mean “____________________ together.” The medical
term is formally defined as a group of symptoms that together
are characteristic or indicative of a specific disorder, condition,
or disease.
2.14 In the term hematemesis, the word root hemat, which means
-emesis “blood,” is modified by the suffix ____________________, which
means “vomiting.” The term hematemesis means “vomiting of
blood.”
2.15 The suffix -malacia means “softening” as in the term

softening cardiomalacia, which is the ____________________ or degeneration
of heart tissue, usually from insufficient blood supply or tissue
degeneration.
2.16 In the term biopsy, the suffix -opsy means “view of”; the term is
view defined as the removal and examination (or ____________________)
of living tissue.
2.17 In the term hypoxia, the suffix -oxia means “condition of

oxygen.” Because the prefix hypo- means “deficient, below,” the
oxygen constructed term indicates that the level of ____________________ in
the tissues is below normal.
2.18 The suffixes -phil and -philia mean “loving or affinity for,”
loving or affinity for as in the term hemophilia, which literally means “____________
____________ ____________ ____________ blood.” The medical
meaning of the term is an inherited condition of uncontrolled blood
loss.
24 Chapter 2
2.19 The suffix -phagia means “eating or swallowing.” In the term

dysphagia, the prefix dys-, meaning “bad, abnormal, painful, or
difficult,” adds to the meaning of the term; together these word parts
combine literally to mean “painful or difficult eating or swallowing.”
eating or swallowing Similarly, the medical use of the term is a difficulty in ____________
____________ ____________.
2.20 The suffix -phasia means “speaking.” In the term aphasia, the
prefix a-, which means “without or absence of,” adds to the meaning
of the term; together these word parts combine to literally mean
speaking “without or absence of ____________________.” The term is defined
as an absence or impairment of speech.
-phagia or -phasia?
Don’t confuse the suffix -phagia with the suffix -phasia. Although they are spelled almost the same,
WORDS TO their meanings are very different: -phagia means “eating or swallowing”; -phasia means “speaking.”
Watch Out For To help you remember, try associating the g in -phagia with the g in gastr/o (the combining form for
“stomach”) and the s in -phasia with the s in speaking.
2.21 The suffix -physis means “growth.” In the term hypophysis, it

combines with the prefix hypo-, which means “deficient, below,” to
growth literally mean “____________________ below.” The hypophysis is the
pituitary gland, which is located below the brain.
2.22 In the term quadriplegia, the suffix -plegia means “paralysis.”

When it is combined with the prefix quadri-, which means “four,” the
paralysis whole term means “____________________ of four limbs.”
2.23 In the term osteoma, the suffix -oma means “tumor”; when
combined with the word root oste, the combined word parts mean
tumor “____________________ of bone.”
2.24 The suffix -stasis means “standing still.” In the term

homeostasis, the combining form home/o is included to build the
term and means “sameness, unchanging.” The literal meaning of the
standing still word parts, “sameness, ___________________ _____________,” gives
an idea of continual balance; the term is defined as the process of
maintaining internal stability despite changes in the environment.
PRACTICE: Suffixes That Indicate an Action or State

The Right Match
______ 1. -plegia a. tumor
______ 2. -oma b. speaking
______ 3. -emesis c. growth
______ 4. -phasia d. condition of oxygen
______ 5. -oxia e. paralysis
______ 6. -physis f. softening
______ 7. -malacia g. loving or affinity for
______ 8. -philia h. vomiting
Suffix Linkup
Link the suffixes in the list to create the terms that match the definitions.

-drome run, running -philia loving or affinity for
-opsy view of -stasis standing still
-phagia eating or swallowing
Definition Term
1. a group of symptoms that together are characteristic or indicative of a syn_____________
specific disorder, condition, or disease
2. the removal and examination (or view) of tissue bi_______________
3. a condition of uncontrolled blood loss hemo____________
4. a difficulty in swallowing dys_____________
5. the tendency of an organism or system to maintain internal stability homeo__________
Suffixes That Indicate a Condition or Disease

Complete the following frames to learn about suffixes that indicate a condition or disease.
2.25 In the term arthralgia, the suffix -algia, which means “condition of
pain pain,” combines with the root arthr to mean “_____________________
in a joint.”
2.26 The suffix -asthenia, which means “weakness,” makes the term
weakness myasthenia mean the “____________________ of muscle.”
26 Chapter 2
2.27 The suffix -atresia means “a closure or the absence of a

normal body opening,” so the term hysteratresia is the __________
closure or absence __________ __________ of the uterine cavity.
2.28 Because the suffix -cele means “hernia, swelling, or

protrusion,” when it is added to the combining form mening/o,
hernia meaning “membrane,” it builds the word meningocele, which is a
____________________ of the meninges of the brain or spinal cord,
resulting in tissue that protrudes through an abnormal opening in the
skull or vertebral column. (See ■ Figure 2.2.)
■ Figure 2.2
Illustration of a child born
with spina bifida, with a large
meningocele.
2.29 Because the suffix -dynia means “pain,” the term tenodynia
pain means “____________________ in a tendon.”
2.30 The suffix -ia means “condition of,” so when it is added to the
term that means “no appetite,” we build the term anorexia, which
condition literally means “a ____________________ in which there is no appetite.”
2.31 The suffix -osis also means “condition of.” In the term
adenosis, the word root for gland is included to form the meaning
condition “____________________ of a gland.”
2.32 Another suffix with the meaning “condition or disease” is -ism.

Thus, because the combining form albin/o means “white,” the term
condition albinism means “a ____________________ of white,” or the lack of
skin pigment.
2.33 The suffix -itis means “inflammation.” Adding this ending to

the word root that means “stomach” forms the term gastritis, which
inflammation means “____________________ of the stomach.”
2.34 The suffix -oma means “tumor.” Adding this suffix to the
word root for fat, which is lip, forms the term lipoma, meaning
tumor “____________________ of fat tissue.”
2.35 The suffix -pathy is very common and means “disease,” as in

the terms neuropathy, gastropathy, and adenopathy. In the latter,
disease it makes the term mean “____________________ of a gland.”
2.36 Because -penia means “deficiency or abnormal reduction in

number” and the combining form leuk/o means “white,” the term
deficiency leukopenia means “a ____________________ of white blood cells.”
2.37 The suffix -phobia is well known and means “fear.” Because
the combining form for “water” is hydr/o, the constructed term
fear hydrophobia means “____________________ of water.”
2.38 Because -plasia means “formation, growth,” neoplasia means

growth “new formation or ____________________,” and refers to a tumor.
2.39 Because -rrhagia means “abnormal discharge,” the term

abnormal discharge rhinorrhagia means “____________________ ____________________
of the nose or nosebleed.”
2.40 The suffix -rrhea means “discharge.” Because the combining

form rhin/o means “nose,” the term rhinorrhea refers to a nasal
discharge ____________________ (or runny nose).
2.41 Because -rrhexis means “rupture,” an amniorrhexis is a

rupture ____________________ of the membrane known as the amnion,
which encloses a fetus.
2.42 The suffix -sclerosis means “condition of hardening.” In the

hardening term arteriosclerosis, the artery walls are ____________________ and
losing their elasticity.
2.43 The word spasm and the suffix -spasm both indicate a sudden,
involuntary muscle contraction. Thus, the term bronchospasm indicates
sudden, involuntary a ____________________ ____________________ ____________________
muscle contraction ____________________ of the wall of the bronchi.
28 Chapter 2
PRACTICE: Suffixes That Indicate a Condition or Disease

Suffix Linkup

-asthenia weakness -penia abnormal reduction in number, deficiency
-cele hernia, swelling, protrusion -plasia formation, growth
-dynia condition of pain -rrhagia abnormal discharge
-ia condition of -rrhea discharge
-itis inflammation -rrhexis rupture
-oma tumor
Definition Term
1. a nosebleed rhino______________
2. pain in a tendon teno_______________
3. rupture of the amnion amnio_____________
4. a tumor of fat tissue lip_________________
5. a deficiency of white blood cells leuko______________
6. a condition in which a person has no appetite anorex_____________
7. growth or formation of a tumor neo_______________
8. debility and weakness of muscle my________________
9. a discharge from the nose rhino______________
10. hernia or swelling of the meninges of the brain or spinal cord that meningo___________
protrudes through a hole in the skull or vertebral column
11. inflammation of the stomach gastr______________
The Right Match

______ 1. -spasm a. rupture
______ 2. -algia b. disease
______ 3. -rrhexis c. sudden involuntary muscle contraction
______ 4. -ism d. formation, or growth
______ 5. -oma e. condition of pain
______ 6. -sclerosis f. fear
______ 7. -pathy g. condition of hardening
______ 8. -dynia h. condition or disease
______ 9. -plasia i. abnormal discharge
______ 10. -rrhagia j. tumor
______ 11. -phobia k. condition of pain
Suffixes That Indicate Location, Number, or a Quality

Complete the following frames to learn about suffixes that indicate location, number, or a quality.
2.44 Because the suffix -ad means “toward,” the term cephalad
toward means “____________________ the head.”
2.45 The suffixes -emia and -hemia mean “condition of blood.”

The prefix poly- means “excessive, over, many,” and the root cyt
means “cell.” These word parts combine in the term polycythemia,
which is a condition in which there is an overproduction of red
blood ____________________ cells.
2.46 A word ending in a is a singular form, which is made plural by

adding an e to the end, -ae. For example, a vertebra is a bone of
the spine, or vertebral column. The vertebral column includes 24
vertebrae ____________________ in an adult.
2.47 There are numerous suffixes that mean “pertaining to.”

They include:
■■ -ac
■■ -al
■■ -ar
■■ -ary
■■ -ic
■■ -ous
Here are some examples of terms using these suffixes:

■■ cardiac, which means “pertaining to the heart”
■■ cervical, which means “pertaining to the cervix or neck”
■■ ocular, which means “pertaining to the eyes”
pertaining to ■■ pulmonary, which means “____________________ _________
the lungs”
■■ cephalic, which means “pertaining to the head”
■■ nervous, which means “pertaining to the nerves”
30 Chapter 2
PRACTICE: Suffixes That Indicate Location, Number, or a Quality

The Right Match
______ 1. -ad a. singular
______ 2. -emia b. plural
______ 3. -a c. pertaining to
______ 4. -ac d. toward
______ 5. -ae e. condition of blood
Suffix Linkup
Link the suffixes in the list to create the terms that match the definitions. You may use them more than once.
Suffix Definition
-a singular
-ac pertaining to
-ad toward
-al pertaining to
-ar pertaining to
-ary pertaining to
-hemia condition of blood
-ic pertaining to
-ous pertaining to
Definition Term
1. pertaining to the heart cardi___________________
2. pertaining to the cervix or neck cervic__________________
3. pertaining to the eyes ocul___________________
4. pertaining to the lungs pulmon________________
5. pertaining to bacteria bacteri_________________
6. pertaining to the head cephal_________________
7. pertaining to the nerves nerv___________________
8. toward the head cephal_________________
9. a condition in which there is an overproduction of red blood cells polycyt_________________
Suffixes That Indicate a Medical Specialty

Complete the following frames to learn about suffixes that indicate a medical specialty.
2.48 Because the suffix -iatry means “treatment or specialty”

and pod is a word root that means “feet,” the term podiatry
refers to the field of health care involving the diagnosis and
treatment ____________________ of diseases of the feet.
2.49 The suffix -logist means “one who studies” and the combining
form audi/o means “hearing,” so the term audiologist describes a
studies specialist who ____________________ and treats hearing disorders.
2.50 Similarly, the suffix -logy means “study or science of”; hence,
study the term pathology is the ____________________ of diseases and
the structural and functional changes they cause. A pathologist is
a physician who often manages a lab where specimen samples are
analyzed for diagnostic purposes.
2.51 The suffix -practic comes from the Greek word praktikos, which
means “a practice.” Hence, the term chiropractic is the healthcare
practice ____________________ involving the diagnosis and treatment of
musculoskeletal disorders by manipulation of the spinal column and
other body structures.
PRACTICE: Suffixes That Indicate a Medical Specialty

The Right Match
______ 1. -iatry a. practice
______ 2. -logist b. study or science of
______ 3. -logy c. treatment, specialty
______ 4. -practic d. one who studies
32 Chapter 2
Suffix Linkup
Suffix Definition
-iatry treatment, specialty
-logist one who studies
-logy study or science of
-practic practice
Definition Term
1. a specialist who studies and treats hearing disorders audio_______________
2. the study of diseases and the structural and functional changes caused by them patho______________
3. the healthcare profession involving the practice of diagnosing and treating chiro_______________
musculoskeletal disorders by manipulation of the spinal column and other body
structures
4. the healthcare field involving the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the feet pod________________
Suffixes That Indicate a Procedure or Treatment

Complete the following frames to learn about suffixes that indicate a procedure or treatment.
2.52 The suffix -centesis means “surgical puncture.” When it is

included with thorac/o, the combining form for “chest, thorax,”
we form the term thoracocentesis, which is often shortened
to thoracentesis. It is a medical procedure in which a surgical
puncture ____________________ is made into the chest cavity, usually to
remove unwanted excess fluid.
2.53 The suffixes -clasia, -clasis, and -clast all mean to “break
apart.” So the term osteoclasis describes a surgical procedure
broken apart in which a bone is artificially fractured (or ____________________
____________________) to correct deformity.
2.54 An arthrodesis is a procedure that involves the surgical fixation

or fusion of two or more joints using either bone grafts or metal rods.
fusion The suffix -desis means “surgical fixation or ____________________.”
excision 2.55 The suffix -ectomy means “surgical ____________________,” or

“removal.” For example, a chondrectomy is the excision of cartilage,
and a thyroidectomy is the excision of the thyroid gland in the neck.
(See ■ Figure 2.3.)
■ Figure 2.3
Thyroidectomy. In this minor
surgery, the anterior neck is
opened to remove a diseased
thyroid gland. The gland is the
large structure that has been
pulled to the side prior to its
removal.
Source: Chanawit
Sitthisombat/123RF.com.
2.56 The suffixes -gram, -graph, and -graphy are closely related:
-gram means “a record or image,” -graph means “an instrument
for recording,” and -graphy is a “recording process.” When the
combining forms for electrical and heart, electr/o and cardi/o, are
combined and these suffixes are included, the resulting terms are:
■■ electrocardiogram, a record of the electrical events of the heart
recording ■■ electrocardiograph, an instrument for ____________________
the electrical events of the heart
■■ electrocardiography, the process of recording an
electrocardiogram
2.57 Because the suffix -meter means “measure, measuring

instrument,” a thermometer is an instrument used for
measuring ____________________ temperature.
2.58 Similarly, the suffix -metry means “measurement, process

measurement of measuring.” Hence, oximetry is the ____________________ or
process of measuring oxygen levels in the bloodstream.
2.59 The suffix -pexy means “surgical fixation, suspension,” and the
combining form of the word “breast” is mast/o. Together they form
fixation the term mastopexy, which means “a surgical ____________________
or lifting of the breasts.”
2.60 The suffix -phylaxis means “protection” as in the term

protective prophylaxis, which means “____________________ treatment to
prevent disease.”
34 Chapter 2
2.61 The suffix -plasty means “surgical repair,” so the term gastroplasty
surgical repair means “a ____________________ ____________________ of the stomach.”
(See ■ Figure 2.4.)
Band and staples are

used to create a small
stomach pouch
Pouch
■ Figure 2.4
Gastroplasty. Illustration of a
surgical repair of the stomach
as a treatment for obesity, in
which a band and staples are
inserted to create a small pouch
that serves to reduce stomach
volume.
2.62 Because -rrhaphy means “suturing,” the term herniorrhaphy

suturing means “the ____________________ of a hernia (an abnormal
protrusion).”
2.63 The suffixes -scope and -scopy are very similar: -scope
means “a viewing instrument” and -scopy means “the process of
instrument viewing.” So the term gastroscope means “an ____________________
for examining and treating the stomach,” whereas a gastroscopy
viewing indicates the ____________________, or examination, process itself.
2.64 The suffix -stomy means “surgical creation of an opening,” so

surgical the term gastrostomy means “the ____________________ creation of
an opening into the stomach.”
2.65 The suffixes -tome and -tomy are closely related. The
suffix -tome refers to a cutting instrument and -tomy refers
cutting instrument to an incision. So the craniotome is the ____________________
____________________ used during a craniotomy, which is performed
to access the brain.
2.66 The suffix -tripsy means “surgical crushing,” as in

surgical crushing the term lithotripsy, which means “____________________
____________________ of unwanted stones” that may form in the
kidneys or gallbladder.
2.67 The suffix -ion means “process,” as in the term ovulation, which
process is the ____________________ of ovulating, or releasing an oocyte
(egg cell) from an ovary.
PRACTICE: Suffixes That Indicate a Procedure or Treatment

The Right Match
______ 1. -centesis a. measurement, process of measuring
______ 2. -graphy b. surgical creation of an opening
______ 3. -clast c. fusion
______ 4. -tomy d. process of viewing
______ 5. -metry f. suturing
______ 6. -desis e. recording process
______ 7. -stomy g. break apart
______ 8. -scopy h. process of cutting into
______ 9. -pexy i. surgical puncture
______ 10. -rrhaphy j. excision or surgical removal
______ 11. -ectomy k. surgical repair
______ 12. -plasty l. surgical fixation, suspension
36 Chapter 2
Suffix Linkup
Suffix Definition
-centesis surgical puncture
-clasis break apart
-desis surgical fixation, fusion
-gram a record or image
-graphy recording process
-ion process
-meter measure, measuring instrument
-pexy surgical fixation, suspension
-phylaxis protection
-plasty surgical repair
-scope instrument used for viewing
-tome cutting instrument
-tomy incision, to cut
-tripsy surgical crushing
Definition Term
1. a medical procedure in which a surgical puncture is made into the chest thoraco___________________
cavity to remove fluid
2. a surgical procedure in which a joint is artificially fractured osteo_______________________
(or broken apart) to correct deformity
3. to surgically crush or pulverize kidney stones or gallstones litho_______________________
4. the cutting instrument used during a craniotomy cranio_____________________
5. a procedure that involves the surgical fixation or fusion of two arthro______________________
or more joints using either bone grafts or metal rods
6. the image or recording of the electrical activity of the heart electrocardio_______________
7. the process of recording an electrocardiogram electrocardio_______________
8. an instrument used for measuring oxygen levels in the blood oxi_________________________
9. the process of ovulating ovulat_____________________
10. a surgical fixation or lifting of the breasts masto_____________________
11. protective treatment against disease pro________________________
12. surgical repair of the stomach gastro_____________________
13. an instrument for examining and treating the stomach gastro_____________________
14. a procedure of cutting into the cranium with a craniotome cranio_____________________
CHAPTER REVIEW
Word Building
Construct medical terms from the following meanings. The first question has been completed for you as an example.
1. disease of the joint arthropathy
2. pertaining to the nerves nerv_____________________
3. group of symptoms that together are characteristic or indicative of a syn_____________________
specific disorder, condition, or disease
4. surgical procedure in which a bone is artificially fractured (or broken osteo___________________
apart) to correct deformity
5. benign tumor made of fat tissue lip______________________
6. condition of uncontrolled blood loss hemo___________________
7. specialist who studies and treats hearing disorders audio___________________
8. study of diseases and the structural and functional changes they cause patho___________________
9. vomiting of blood hemat___________________
10. painful or difficult eating or swallowing dys_____________________
11. protective treatment against disease pro______________________
12. surgical puncture into the chest cavity to remove fluid thoraco__________________
13. healthcare field involving the diagnosis and treatment of diseases pod_____________________
of the feet
14. softening or degeneration of heart tissue cardio___________________
15. to surgically crush unwanted stones that may form in the kidneys or litho_____________________
gallbladder
16. pain in a tendon teno_____________________
17. surgical repair of the stomach gastro___________________
18. condition in which a person has no appetite anorex__________________
19. hernia of the meninges of the brain or spinal cord that protrudes through meningo_________________
a hole in the skull or vertebral column
20. level of oxygen in the tissues is below normal hyp_____________________
21. instrument for examining and treating the stomach gastro___________________
22. pertaining to the cervix or neck cervic___________________
23. healthcare practice (diagnosis and treatment) of musculoskeletal chiro____________________
disorders by manipulation of the spinal column and other body structures
24. procedure that involves the surgical fixation or fusion of two or more joints arthro___________________
using either bone grafts or metal rods
25. removal and examination (or view) of tissue bi_______________________
38 Chapter 2
26. debility and weakness of muscle my______________________

27. instrument that measures oxygen levels in blood oxi______________________
28. inflammation of the esophagus esophag_________________
29. process of using an instrument to view the abdomen laparo___________________
30. without or absence of speaking a_______________________
Practice with Suffixes

Circle the suffixes in the following terms, then define the suffix in the space provided.
1. endoscopy
2. oximeter
3. cardiac
4. microbiology
5. endocrinopathy
6. gastritis
7. lymphoma
8. hemophilia
9. paraplegia
10. rhinorrhagia
11. cervical
12. gastroplasty
13. colonostomy
14. pathologist

MyLab Medical Terminology is a premium online homework management system that includes a
host of features to help you study. Registered users will find:

• Videos and audio pronunciations to help enrich your progress
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Chapter 3
Understanding Prefixes
Learning Objectives
3.1 Define and spell the prefixes commonly 3.2 Identify prefixes in medical terms.
used in medical terminology.
3.3 Use prefixes to build medical terms.
Cell
membrane
Intracellular
environment
Extracellular
environment
40 Chapter 3
Getting started with Prefixes

Review the following list of some common prefixes and their definitions. This will help you become more
familiar with prefixes.
Prefixes Definition
a- without, absence of
ab- away from
bi- two
endo- within
hyper- excessive, abnormally high, above
hypo- deficient, abnormally low, below
intra- within
post- to follow after
pre- to come before
sub- under, beneath, below
3.1 A prefix is the word part that is placed before the root
to modify its meaning. The word prefix literally means “to
fix _____________________ at the beginning of a word.” The following
frames contain some examples of prefixes.
3.2 The familiar word abnormal, which can be shown with its word
parts as:
ab/norm/al
includes the prefix ab-, which means “away from.” Therefore,
away from abnormal means “
prefix normal.” The word part ab- is the because it
is placed before the root to modify the word’s meaning.
3.3 The medical term intravenous, which can be shown as:

intra/ven/ous
intra- means “pertaining to within a vein.” The prefix is ,
which means “within.” It is the prefix because it is placed before the
root to modify the word’s meaning.
3.4 The word hypertension can be shown as:

hyper/tens/ion
hyper- The prefix is ____________________, which means “excessive,
abnormally high, or above.” Because tens/o is the combining form
that means “pressure,” hypertension means “high pressure,” usually
referring to the condition of abnormally high blood pressure.
Understanding Prefixes 41
Prefix Introduction
Complete the following frames to expand the prefixes you know.
3.5 The prefix anti- means “against or opposite of” as in the

term anticonvulsive, which is a type of drug used to stop
convulsions ____________________.
3.6 The one-letter prefix that means “without or absence of” is

a- ____________________. An example of its use is found in the term
aphasia, which means “absence of speech.”
3.7 The prefix con- means “with, together, or jointly.” For example,
when twins are conjoined, the con- prefix indicates that the twins are
together joined ____________________.
3.8 Contra- means “counter or against” as in the term contraception,

conception which literally means “against ____________________, or birth.”
contra- or con-?
Don’t confuse the prefix contra- with the prefix con-. Their meanings are very different. Contra-
WORDS TO
means “counter or against”; the prefix con- means “with, together, or jointly.”
Watch Out For
3.9 Meta- means “after or change” as in the term metabolism, which

changed is the process by which foods are ____________________ into energy
for use by the body and energy is used to change molecules into
new substances.
PRACTICE: Prefix Introduction

The Right Match
Match the prefix on the left with the correct definition on the right.
______ 1. meta- a. against or opposite of
______ 2. a- b. after or change
______ 3. contra- c. without or absence of
______ 4. con- d. counter or against
______ 5. anti- e. with, together, or jointly
42 Chapter 3
Prefix Linkup
Link the prefixes in the list to create the terms that match the definitions. The first one is completed for you as
an example.
Prefix Definition
a- without or absence of
con- with, together, or jointly
contra- counter or against
meta- after or change
Definition Term
1. prevention of conception contraception
2. the process by which foods are changed into energy for use by the ____________________bolism
body and the use of energy to change molecules into new substances
3. when twins are joined together ____________________joined
4. the absence of speech ____________________phasia
Prefixes That Indicate Number or Quantity

Complete the following frames to learn about prefixes that indicate number or quantity.
3.10 The prefix ambi- means “both”; the term ambidextrous is the
both ability to use ____________________ hands equally.
3.11 The prefix bi- means “two.” For example,

bifocal ____________________ means “pertaining to two focal points,” as in
eyeglasses that correct for both near vision and far vision.
3.12 The Latin word cuspis means “a point.” In heart anatomy, a

cusp is a pointed flap that forms a heart valve, so the term bicuspid
two refers to a heart valve with “____________________ cusps.”
3.13 The prefix bi- is also in the term bilateral. It means “pertaining
both to two sides,” and its use in medicine refers to __________ sides of
the body.
3.14 The prefix di- means “double.” Because -plegia means

double “paralysis,” diplegia is a ____________________ paralysis, or the loss
of muscle function of the two arms or the two legs.
3.15 The prefix dipl- also means “double.” In the term diplopia, the
prefix dipl- indicates that a person with the condition perceives a
double single object as two images; it is also called ____________________
vision because -opia is a suffix that means “condition of vision.”
3.16 Because the prefix hemi- means “half,” hemiplegia is a

half paralysis of half the body; in other words, on ____________________
or one side of the body.
3.17 The prefix mono- means “one.” Monoplegia means “paralysis

one of ____________________ limb or muscle/muscle group.”
3.18 The prefix multi- means “many, more than once, or numerous.” A
many multipolar neuron is a nerve cell that includes
branches, called dendrites, at one end of the cell. (See ■ Figure 3.1.)
Dendrites
Neuron
■ Figure 3.1
Illustration of a multipolar
neuron, with many branching
dendrites at one end of the cell.
3.19 When a woman’s chart indicates multipara, it means that she

many has given birth times.
3.20 The terms nullipara and nulligravida share the prefix nulli-,
which means “none.” Nullipara means “the condition of never having
never given birth, or no births”; nulligravida means “____________________
having been pregnant or no pregnancies.”
44 Chapter 3
3.21 Because the prefix pan- means “all,” the term pandemic
refers to a disease occurring over a wide geographic area. Also,
all pansinusitis is inflammation of ____________________ paranasal
sinuses on one or both sides of the nose.
poly- 3.22 The term polyphagia includes the prefix ____________________.

The prefix means “excessive, over, or many.” Because the suffix
-phagia means “eating,” polyphagia means “excessive eating.”
excessive 3.23 Polydipsia is the condition of ____________________ thirst.
excessive 3.24 Polyuria is the condition of production of

urine.
many 3.25 Polyarteritis is the inflammation of ____________________

medium and small arteries where they branch.
3.26 The prefix primi- means “first.” A woman who has given birth
first for the ____________________ time is a primipara.
3.27 The word root gravid means “pregnant.” Therefore, a woman

primi- who is pregnant for the first time is a ____________________ gravida.
3.28 The prefix quadri- means “four.” Therefore, when this prefix
is added to the suffix -plegia, which means “paralysis,” the term
four quadriplegia is formed. It means “paralysis of ____________________
limbs.” Another prefix that means “four” is tetra-.
3.29 The prefix semi- means “half or partial.” The term

partially semiconscious means “____________________ conscious.”
3.30 The prefix tri- means “three,” as in tricycle. The term tripara
three means “a woman who has given birth ____________________ times.”
3.31 The tricuspid valve is a valve of the heart containing

three ____________________ cusps, or pointed flaps. The tricuspid valve
controls blood flow between the right atrium and the right ventricle
of the heart.
3.32 The prefix uni- means “one,” similar to mono-. Therefore, a

one unipara woman has given birth to ____________________ child.
PRACTICE: Prefixes That Indicate Number or Quantity

The Right Match
______ 1. di- a. excessive, over, or many
______ 2. ambi- b. half
______ 3. quadri- c. first
______ 4. hemi- d. half or partial
______ 5. bi- e. two
______ 6. primi- f. double
______ 7. tri- g. both
______ 8. pan- h. four
______ 9. semi- i. one
______ 10. uni- j. one
______ 11. multi- k. never or none
______ 12. poly- l. all
______ 13. mono- m. many, more than once, or numerous
______ 14. nulli- n. three
Prefix Linkup
Link the prefixes in the list to create the terms that match the definitions.
Prefix Definition
ambi- both
mono- one
nulli- none
poly- excessive, over, or many
quadri- four
tetra- four
tri- three
Definition Term
1. paralysis of one limb or muscle/muscle group _________________plegia
2. never having been pregnant or no pregnancies _________________gravida
3. the ability to use both hands equally _________________dextrous
4. excessive eating _________________phagia
5. the valve that consists of three cusps that control blood flow _________________cuspid
between the right atrium and the right ventricle
6. a condition of paralysis of all limbs _________________plegia
46 Chapter 3
Prefixes That Indicate Location or Timing

Complete the following frames to learn about prefixes that indicate location or timing.
3.33 The prefix ab- means “away from,” so the term abduction means
away “movement ____________________ from the midline of the body.”
3.34 The prefix ad- means “toward,” so the term adduction means
toward “movement ____________________ the midline of the body.”
3.35 The prefix ana- means “up, toward”; the word root tom means
“to cut”; and the suffix -y means “process of.” So, the literal meaning
anatomy of the term ____________________ means “process of cutting up.”
The term anatomy was first used when the study of the human body
was limited to the dissection of cadavers (lifeless bodies). We now
use the term to mean “structure.”
3.36 The terms prenatal and antenatal share the root nat,
which means “birth.” Both terms mean “before birth,” so both
prefixes, pre- and ante-, have the same meaning, which is
before “____________________” or “to come before.”
3.37 The term dialysis literally means “to loosen through” because
through the prefix dia- means “____________________,” and the suffix
-lysis means “to loosen or dissolve.” The term dialysis refers to
the procedure that filters blood as it moves through a machine,
a procedure that temporarily replaces the normal function of the
kidneys.
3.38 The prefix dis- means “apart or away.” In the term dislocation,
apart the prefix indicates that the dislocated part is ____________________
away or ____________________ from its normal position in the body.
3.39 Ec- and ecto- mean “outside or out.” An ectopic

pregnancy is one in which the fertilized egg implants somewhere
outside ____________________ the uterus.
3.40 The prefix endo- means “within.” Thus, the term endogastric
within means “____________________ the stomach.” (See ■ Figure 3.2.)
Endoscope
■ Figure 3.2 Stomach

Endogastric procedure using Light with
an endoscope to observe the camera
internal stomach lining.
3.41 The prefixes ep- and epi- mean “upon, over, above, or on top.”
upon, over, above, on The epidermis is the outermost layer of skin because it is ______,
top of _____, _____, or _____ ____ ____. the dermis layer.
3.42 The condition in which an eye is turned inward is called

esotropia. To form this term, we add the prefix eso-, which means
inward ____________________, and the suffix -tropia, which means
“condition of turning.”
3.43 The prefixes ex- and exo- mean “outside or away from,” so in
away the condition exotropia, the eye is turned ________________________
from ________________ its normal position.
3.44 The common prefix shared by the terms extracellular,

extra- extracorporeal, and extrauterine is ____________________, which
means “outside.” Therefore, extracellular means “outside the cell”
(see ■ Figure 3.3), extracorporeal means “outside the body,” and
outside extrauterine means “____________________ the uterus.”
Cell
membrane
Intracellular
environment
■ Figure 3.3 Extracellular

A typical human cell. The environment
environment within the cell
is known as the intracellular
environment and the one outside
the cell is the extracellular
environment.
48 Chapter 3
3.45 Infer- has the meaning “below,” as in the term inferior. The term
below inferior indicates a position ____________________ another point of
reference.
3.46 Because the prefix inter- means “between,” the term

between intervertebral indicates a position ____________________ the
vertebrae.
3.47 The terms intracellular and intrauterine share the prefix

intra- ____________________, which means “within.” Therefore, intracellular
means “within the cell” (see Figure 3.3) and intrauterine means
within “____________________ the uterus.”
3.48 Because intra- means “within,” the term intradermal means

within “____________________ the skin.”
3.49 The prefix para- means “alongside or abnormal.” Its use in the
abnormal term paracusis indicates ____________________ hearing or a disorder
in hearing.
3.50 The prefix peri- means “around.” In the term pericardium,

this prefix indicates the membrane that covers the area
around ____________________ the heart.
3.51 The prefix post- means “to follow after.” If we add this prefix to
a suffix that means birth, -partum, the term postpartum is formed,
after which means “to follow ____________________ birth.”
3.52 Notice that the terms postnatal and postpartum share the prefix
post-, which means “to follow after.” Because the term natal and
after suffix -partum have similar meanings, both terms mean “to follow
____________________ birth.”
3.53 The prefixes sub- and hypo- both mean “below.” To build a term
that means “below the skin,” add the prefix ____________________
hypo- to the Latin term for skin, dermis. The resulting term is hypodermis.
An alternate term for the area below the skin attaches the prefix
sub- to another word for skin, cutaneous. The resulting term is
subcutaneous ____________________. (See ■ Figure 3.4.)
Pore of sweat gland
Sensory receptors
Epidermis
Sebaceous
gland
Arrector
Dermis pili muscle
Hair
Nerve
Vein
■ Figure 3.4 Hypodermis Artery
Skin layers. The epidermis is
on top of the dermis, and the
hypodermis (or subcutaneous
layer) is below the dermis. Sweat gland
3.54 The prefixes super- and supra- share the meaning “above”; the
above term superior indicates a position ____________________ another
point of reference, and the term supraorbital is the area above an
eye orbit.
3.55 The prefixes sym- and syn- also share a meaning, which is
“together or joined.” For example, a symptom is an experience
that is added together with others to form an estimate of a
disease, and syndrome is a group of symptoms or signs that occur
together ____________________.
50 Chapter 3
PRACTICE: Prefixes That Indicate Location or Timing

The Right Match
______ 1. ab- ______ 12. dis- a. to come before l. to follow after
______ 2. dia- ______ 13. peri- b. up or toward m. between
______ 3. ad- ______ 14. ex-, exo- c. apart or away n. alongside or abnormal
______ 4. endo- ______ 15. inter- d. outside o. below
______ 5. ante- ______ 16. eso- e. away from p. around
______ 6. extra- ______ 17. sub- f. outside or away from q. outside or out
______ 7. ep-, epi- ______ 18. post- g. toward r. before
______ 8. ana- ______ 19. pre- h. within s. together or joined
______ 9. infer- ______ 20. super-, supra- i. inward t. under, beneath,
______ 10. ec-, ecto- ______ 21. sym-, syn- j. through below
______ 11. para- k. upon, over, above, u. above
or on top
Prefix Linkup
Prefix Definition Prefix Definition

ab- away from infer- below
ana- up, toward para- alongside, abnormal
ante- before pre- to come before
dia- through sub- under, beneath, below
ecto- outside, out syn- together, joined
exo- outside, away from
Definition Term
1. process of cutting up; current meaning is “structure” ____________tomy
2. away from the midline of the body ____________duction
3. a pregnancy in which the fertilized egg implants somewhere outside the uterus ____________pic
4. a procedure that filters blood ____________lysis
5. a condition in which the eye turns away from its normal position ____________tropia
6. a position below another point of reference ____________ior
7. a disorder in hearing ____________cusis
8. below the skin ____________cutaneous
9. a group of symptoms or signs that occur together ____________drome
10. before birth ____________natal
Prefixes That Indicate a Specific Quality about a Term

Complete the following frames to learn about prefixes that indicate a specific quality about a term.
3.56 Because the prefix a- means “without or absence of,” the term
without aseptic means “sterile,” or “pertaining to ____________________
pathogenic organisms.”
3.57 Similarly, asymptomatic means “pertaining to not having

a- symptoms” because the prefix ____________________ means
“without.”
3.58 The prefix an- also means “without or absence of.” Thus, the
without term anoxia means “____________________ oxygen.”
3.59 Because the prefix brady- means “slow” and cardi/o is the
combining form for “heart,” the term bradycardia means “abnormally
slow ____________________ heart rate.”
3.60 The term bradykinesia combines the prefix brady-, which means
“slow,” and the combining form kinesi/o, which means “motion,” to
slow create the meaning “condition of ____________________ motion.”
3.61 The term circumference contains the prefix circum-, which

means “around.” The term circumcision literally translates as a
around “process of cutting ____________________.” Circumcision is a
surgery that cuts around the base of the foreskin to remove it from
the penis.
dys- 3.62 The term dyslexia has the prefix ____________________, which
means “bad, abnormal, painful, or difficult.” It is a learning disability
involving impaired reading, spelling, and writing ability.
3.63 The prefix eu- means “normal or good.” It is a prefix in the term
eupnea, where it alters the meaning of the root word that means
“breath,” pnea, to create the meaning “normal or good breathing.”
It is also a prefix in the term euthyroid, where it alters the meaning
of the word thyroid, an endocrine gland in the neck, to literally mean
good “normal or ____________________ thyroid,” or in clinical language, a
normally functioning thyroid gland.
3.64 The prefixes heter- and hetero- both mean “different.”

Therefore, a heterosexual person has a sexual orientation toward
opposite people of the ____________________ sex.
M03_WING1226_04_SE_C03.indd 51 15/03/18 12:23 PM

52 Chapter 3
3.65 The terms hyperacidity, hyperemesis, hyperkinesia, and

hyper- hyperthermia share the common prefix ____________________, which
means “excessive, abnormally high, or above.”
excessive 3.66 Hyperthyroidism is a condition of ____________________ levels

of thyroid hormones in the body.
3.67 The prefix hypo- means “deficient, abnormally low, or below.”

low Hypothyroidism is a condition of abnormally ____________________
levels of thyroid hormones in the body, causing reduced energy and
weight gain.
3.68 Notice that the prefix hypo- has a meaning opposite to that of
hyper- the prefix ____________________.
3.69 In the term hypocalcemia, hypo- indicates that the level of

abnormally calcium in the blood is ____________________ low.
3.70 The term hypothermia means a “state of abnormally

low ____________________ body temperature.”
3.71 The prefix macro- means “large.” The combining form cyt/o
means “cell,” and the suffix -osis means “condition of.” When
these word parts are combined, the term macrocytosis is created,
which refers to a condition of blood cells that are abnormally
large ____________________.
3.72 The prefix mal- means “bad,” so the term malabsorption literally
bad means “____________________ absorption.”
3.73 The prefix mega- is familiar to many people and is in

common use today. It shares the meaning “large or great” with
the prefix megalo-. So, the term megalocyte literally means
large “____________________ cell.”
3.74 The prefix micro- means “small.” When we add the suffix
-scopy, which means “process of viewing,” we form the term
microscopy, which refers to the procedure of observing objects too
small ____________________ to be seen with the unaided human eye.
3.75 The term neonate refers to a newborn, specifically a baby

neo- within the first 28 days of life. The prefix ____________________
means “new,” and the combining form nat/o means “birth.”
3.76 The prefix pseudo- means “false,” as in the term pseudocyesis,

false which means “____________________ pregnancy.”
3.77 The prefix tachy- means “rapid, fast.” When we add the
combining form cardi/o, which means “heart” with the suffix -a
to form the singular, the term tachycardia is formed. It means “a
rapid ____________________ heart rate.”
3.78 The prefix trans- means “through, across, or beyond,”

through as in transvaginal, which means “____________________ or
across ____________________ the vagina.” Transverse means to
across “lie ____________________ or in a crosswise direction.”
3.79 The prefix ultra- means “beyond normal,” as in ultrasound,

which is a noninvasive diagnostic procedure that provides images of
beyond normal internal structures by bouncing inaudible, or _____________________
, sound waves through the body (■ Figure 3.5).
■ Figure 3.5
Ultrasound imaging. In this
noninvasive procedure, inaudible
sound waves are bounced
through the body, detected by
a sensor, and interpreted by
a computer to reveal internal
structures, such as a fetus within
the uterus.
Source: Olesia Bilkei/Shutterstock.
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54 Chapter 3
PRACTICE: Prefixes That Indicate a Specific Quality about a Term

Prefix Linkup
Prefix Definition Prefix Definition

a- without or absence of megalo- large, great
brady- slow neo- new
circum- around pseudo- false
dys- bad, abnormal, painful, or difficult trans- through, across, or beyond
hyper- excessive, abnormally high, above ultra- beyond normal
mal- bad
Definition Term
1. false pregnancy _________________cyesis
2. sterile, having no pathogenic organisms _________________septic
3. a newborn; specifically, a baby within the first 28 days of life _________________nate
4. abnormally slow heart rate _________________cardia
5. a surgery to remove the foreskin from the penis _________________cision
6. a learning disability involving impaired reading, spelling, and writing ability _________________lexia
7. a condition of excess levels of thyroid hormones in the body _________________thyroidism
8. bad absorption _________________absorption
9. an abnormally large cell _________________cyte
10. a diagnostic procedure using sound waves _________________sound
The Right Match

______ 1. a-, an- a. bad
______ 2. hypo- b. slow
______ 3. neo- c. small
______ 4. tachy- d. false
______ 5. trans- e. around
______ 6. dys- f. normal or good
______ 7. macro- g. deficient, abnormally low, below
______ 8. hyper- h. without or absence of
______ 9. circum- i. different
______ 10. brady- j. rapid, fast
______ 11. micro- k. bad, abnormal, painful, or difficult
______ 12. eu- l. large or great
______ 13. mal- m. large
______ 14. pseudo- n. through, across, or beyond
______ 15. heter-, hetero- o. new
______ 16. mega-, megalo- p. excessive, abnormally high, above
M03_WING1226_04_SE_C03.indd 54 16/03/18 12:18 PM

CHAPTER REVIEW
Word Building
Construct medical terms from the following meanings. The first question has been completed for
you as an example.
1. excessive or abnormally high sensitivity to painful stimuli ____________hyperalgesia
2. a substance that stops convulsions _________________convulsive
3. process by which foods are changed into energy for use _________________bolism
by the body and energy is used to change molecules
4. condition of seeing a single object as two images _________________opia
5. paralysis of half the body _________________plegia
6. has given birth more than once _________________para
7. has never given birth _________________para
8. a disease that is widespread globally _________________demic
9. paralysis of corresponding parts on both sides _________________plegia

of the body
10. inflammation of many medium and small arteries _________________arteritis
11. having given birth for the first time _________________para
12. movement toward the midline of the body _________________duction
13. procedure that filters blood _________________lysis
14. body part that is apart or away from its normal position _________________located
15. pregnancy in which the fertilized egg implants _________________pic

somewhere outside the uterus
16. within the layers of the skin _________________dermal
17. membrane that covers around the heart _________________cardium
18. a group of symptoms or signs occurring together _________________drome
19. pertaining to not having symptoms _________________symptomatic
20. a state of sterility, having no pathogens _________________sepsis
21. slow movement _________________kinesia
22. removal of the foreskin from the penis _________________cision
23. “normal” or “good” breathing _________________pnea
24. abnormally low level of calcium in the blood _________________calcemia
25. false pregnancy _________________cyesis
26. rapid heart rate _________________cardia
27. twins that are joined together _________________joined
56 Chapter 3
28. literally, “against conception” _________________ception

29. ability to use both hands equally _________________dextrous
30. pertaining to two focal points _________________focal
31. paralysis of one limb or muscle/muscle group _________________plegia
32. paralysis of four limbs _________________plegia
33. partially conscious _________________conscious
34. a woman who has given birth three times _________________para
35. a woman who has given birth to one child _________________para
36. away from the midline of the body _________________duction
Practice with Prefixes

Circle the prefixes in the following terms, then define the prefix in the space provided.
Definition
1. intracellular
2. antispasmodic
3. hypertonic
4. bifocal
5. hemiplegia
6. pansinusitis
7. polyuria
8. tricuspid
9. dislocation
10. epidermis
11. intrauterine
12. hypokinesia
13. neonate
14. tachycardia


• Videos, flashcards, and audio pronunciations to help enrich your progress
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Chapter 4
The Human Body in Health

and Disease
Learning Objectives
4.1 Define and spell the word parts used to 4.5 Define the introductory terms associated
create terms for the human body. with medical terminology.
4.2 Identify the building blocks, organ systems, 4.6 Identify the five major diagnostic imaging
and cavities of the body. procedures.
4.3 Identify the anatomical planes, regions, and 4.7 Understand and interpret a Medical Report.
directional terms used to describe areas of
the body.
4.4 Break down and define the important

terms associated with the anatomy and
physiology of the human body.
58 Chapter 4
4.1 A study of medical terminology includes learning about the

human body in a healthy state to better understand the mechanisms
disease of ____________________ and its terminology. In this chapter, you
learn some basics about body organization and some general
principles of function, which are necessary for understanding many
of the medical terms that you encounter later in the book.
Organization of the Body

As the next step in learning the terminology of the human body, in this section you explore how the body is
organized and many of the terms that are used to describe its organization. The combining forms that are pre-
sented in this chapter are listed here for you to preview.
Combining Form Definition Combining Form Definition

abdomin/o abdomen infer/o below
anter/o front inguin/o groin
brachi/o arm later/o side
cardi/o heart lumb/o loin, lower back
caud/o tail medi/o middle
cephal/o head organ/o tool
cervic/o neck pelv/o bowl, basin
chondr/i gristle, cartilage physi/o nature
cran/o, crani/o skull pleur/o pleura, rib
cyt/o cell poster/o back
dist/o distant proxim/o near
dors/o back super/o above
femor/o thigh, femur thorac/o chest, thorax
gastr/o stomach tom/o to cut
glute/o buttock umbilic/o navel, umbilicus
hom/o, home/o same ventr/o belly
ili/o flank, hip, groin
Anatomy and Physiology Introduction

Complete the following frames to learn the basics of anatomy and physiology.
4.2 The study of body structure is called anatomy. The term is

constructed from three word parts, as shown when it is written
as ana/tom/y. The prefix ana- means “up, toward,” the word root
tom means “to cut,” and the suffix -y means “process of.” Thus,
anatomy ____________________ literally means “the process of cutting up.” The
ann AH toe mee word was first used by the ancient Greeks, who used cadaver dissection
to explore body structure. Today, we use the term to describe the study
structure of body ____________________, which includes the identification of body
components and their locations relative to one another.
The Human Body in Health and Disease 59
4.3 The combining form physi/o means “nature,” and the suffix -logy
means “study or science of.” Combining these word parts forms the
physiology term ____________________, which literally means “study of nature.”
fiz ee AHL oh jee Thus, physiology refers to the study of the nature of living things. It
functions is concerned with body ____________________ and seeks answers to
the question, “How does it work?”
4.4 The functions of the body perform work to keep the body
alive and as healthy as possible. Many body functions respond
to a change, like a cold breeze or exposure to a virus, by making
internal adjustments in the body. The goal of these functions is to
keep the internal body in a constant, stable state despite changes
in the world around us. The process of maintaining internal stability
physiology is a central concept of human ____________________ and is called
homeostasis. This word is composed of three word parts, as shown
when it is written as home/o/stasis. The combining form home/o
means “sameness, unchanging” and -stasis is a suffix that means
homeostasis “standing still.” Thus, ____________________ means “maintaining
HOE mee oh STAY siss internal stability.”
4.5 The structure of the body may be described in terms of building

blocks, in which small, simple blocks combine to form larger, more
complex blocks until the ultimate structure, the whole body, is
assembled. Notice in ■ Figure 4.1 that the simplest building block of
the body is known as the atom. The atom is the simplest organized
substance known, although it too is composed of smaller particles.
Atoms may bind together to form molecules, which in turn combine
to form large, nonliving structures such as parts of cells called
organelles. These structures are assembled to form the next level
cell of complexity, the living cell. The ____________________ is the most
basic form of life in the body. Cells may be arranged into similar
groups to form the next level, the tissues. There are four main
tissues categories of ____________________: epithelial tissue, connective
tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. Two or more different
tissues combine to form an organ, which maintains a certain shape
and performs a general function. For example, the stomach, the brain,
organs and the pancreas are ____________________. Organs are associated
with other organs with a common goal of performing a general
function, such as digestion, transportation of oxygen, or maintenance
of the water balance in the body. A group of organs sharing a general
systems function is called a system. There are 11 ____________________ of the
body, which are summarized and illustrated in Table 4.1 ■.
60 Chapter 4
Atoms
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Molecules
Sugars
Proteins
Water
Organelles
Mitochondrion
Nucleus
Ribosome
Cells
Epithelial cell
Nerve cell
Muscle cell
Tissues
Epithelial tissue
Nervous tissue
Muscle tissue
Connective tissue
Organs
Lung
Brain
Stomach
Kidney
Organ Systems
Respiratory system
Nervous system
Digestive system
Circulatory system
Organism
Human Organism
■ Figure 4.1
Building blocks of the body.
Complexity increases in the
direction of the arrow.
Table 4.1 ■ Systems of the Body
Cardiovascular System Function Lymphatic System Function

Transports Removes
substances to unwanted
Tonsils
and from body Thymus substances and
cells. recycle fluid to
Heart
Major arteries
Major veins Lymphatic the bloodstream.
(in red) vessels Spleen
(in blue)
Lymph nodes
Respiratory System Function Digestive System Function

Exchanges Prepares foods
gases between for absorption
Pharynx Nose Pharynx Mouth
Larynx
the external Salivary glands into the
Trachea Bronchi environment and Esophagus bloodstream and
Right lung Left lung blood. Liver eliminate solid
Gallbladder Stomach
Pancreas wastes.
Colon Small intestine
Urinary System Function Female Reproduction Function

Removes Produces female
nitrogenous waste gametes for
and excess water fertilization and
and salt from the provide s upport
Mammary glands
bloodstream. for prenatal
Kidneys (2) Fallopian tube development.
Ureters (2) Uterus Ovary
Urinary bladder
Vagina
Urethra
(continued)
62 Chapter 4
Table 4.1 ■ Systems of the Body (continued)
Male Reproduction Function Nervous System Function

Produces male Controls
gametes for Brain homeostasis
fertilization and by sensing
a means to Spinal cord changes in the
inseminate a environment,
female. Nerves processing
Vas deferens Prostate information, and
Testis Urethra initiating body
Penis responses.
Endocrine System Function Musculoskeletal System Function

Controls Muscles produce
Pituitary gland homeostasis movement of
Thyroid gland by releasing body parts; bones
Thymus hormones into and joints support
Bone
Adrenal glands the bloodstream, Muscle and protect soft
Pancreas which alter body body parts, store
Ovary functions. Joint minerals, and
(female)
Testis (male)
form blood cells.
Tendon
Integumentary System Function

Protects the
Hair body from fluid
loss, injury, and
infection.
Skin
Nails
4.6 Directional terms are words used to describe the relative

location of the body or its parts. Because the body can move into
many positions, such as sitting, standing, lying on one side, or lying
on the back, we need a point of reference before we can describe
the locations of body parts. The body position that is commonly
used as a reference is known as the anatomical position. It is
an erect posture with the face forward, arms at the sides, palms
of the hands facing forward, and legs apart with the feet pointing
forward (■ Figure 4.2). Directional terms are always based on the
anatomical ____________________ position, regardless of the actual body
position of the individual. Because healthcare professionals often
assist a patient lying in bed, two optional terms of position are in
common clinical use. If the patient is lying on the back with the face
upward, the position is called supine, and if the patient is lying on
the belly side, the position is called prone.
Superior
Coronal or
frontal plane
Transverse or
horizontal plane
Midsagittal plane
r
terio
Pos
r
erio
■ Figure 4.2 Ant
Body planes, shown with the
figure in the anatomical position. Inferior
64 Chapter 4
4.7 The most commonly used directional terms are constructed

from word parts, and each includes one word root and one suffix.
The suffixes are either -ior or -al, both with the same meaning of
pertaining to “____________________ ____________________.” The word roots
include super, which means “above”; infer, which means “below”;
anter, which means “front”; poster, which means “back”; medi,
which means “middle”; later, which means “side”; proxim, which
means “near”; dist, which means “distant”; ventr, which means
“belly”; dors, which means “back”; and caud, which means
superior “tail.” Thus, the term ____________________ means “pertaining
to above” and refers to a body part located above, or toward the
head end, relative to another body part. For example, you would
say that the nose is superior to the chest. Also, the term dorsal
means “pertaining to the back.” For example, you would say
dorsal that the shoulder blades are ____________________ to the chest.
Because posterior also means “pertaining to the back,” dorsal and
posterior are interchangeable terms. This is also true of ventral
anterior and ____________________. Table 4.2 ■ provides a summary of the
directional terms and additional examples of how they are used.
Table 4.2 ■ Directional Terms
Term Definition Example

Superior Toward the head end or upper part of the The head is superior to the neck.
super/ior body
Inferior Away from the head end or toward the lower The neck is inferior to the head.
infer/ior part of the body
Anterior Toward the front or belly side The eyes are on the anterior side of the head.
(ventral)
anter/ior
Posterior Toward the back The vertebral column (or backbone) extends
(dorsal) down the posterior (dorsal) side.
poster/ior
Medial Toward the midline, which is an imaginary The nose is medial to the ears.
medi/al vertical line down the middle of the body
Lateral Toward the side The ears are lateral to the nose.
later/al
Superficial External, toward the body surface The skin is superficial to the muscles and
super/ficial body cavities.
Deep Internal, inward from the surface of the body The heart lies deep to the rib cage.
Proximal Toward the origin of attachment to the trunk The elbow is proximal to the wrist.
proxim/al
Distal Away from the origin of attachment to the trunk The knee is distal to the hip and thigh.
dist/al
When to Drop the Combining Vowel

Remember the rule from Chapter 1: When a combining form is joined with a word part that begins
WORDS TO with a vowel, the combining vowel is dropped, as is the case in the directional terms that appear in
Watch Out For Table 4.2.
4.8 A plane is an imaginary flat field that is used as a point of

reference for viewing three-dimensional objects. Anatomical planes
divide the body into imaginary sections that are useful in describing
the location of body parts relative to one another. Three major
anatomical planes ____________________ ____________________ are in common use.
A frontal or coronal plane is a vertical plane passing through the
body from side to side, dividing the body into anterior and posterior
portions. A sagittal (SAJ ih tal) plane is a vertical plane dividing the
sagittal body into right and left portions. A ____________________ plane
dividing the body down the center into equal portions is called
midsagittal, and one dividing the body into unequal portions is
known as parasagittal. Finally, a transverse plane is a horizontal
plane dividing the body into superior and inferior portions. The three
major anatomical planes are shown in Figure 4.2.
4.9 The regions of the body are areas that have been named to give
healthcare workers the ability to communicate possible problems
that may be revealed during a physical examination. The most
regions commonly used names of ____________________ are constructed
from one word root and one suffix, similar to directional terms (see
Frame 4.7). For example, the thoracic region is the area of the
chest. The term is constructed from the word root thorac, which
means “chest, thorax,” and the suffix -ic, which means “pertaining
to.” Also, the abdominal region is the area of the abdomen; the
word root abdomin means “abdomen,” and the suffix -al means
“pertaining to.” The regions are further described in Table 4.3 ■.
Table 4.3 ■ Regions of the Body
Major Body Regions Subdivisions

Head Face, cranium
Neck Anterior neck, posterior neck
Upper appendages Shoulder, axilla (armpit), brachium (upper arm), elbow, antebrachium (forearm),
carpus (wrist), manus (hand), digits (fingers)
Trunk Thorax, abdomen, pelvis, back
Lower appendages Gluteus (buttock), femorus (thigh), knee, crus (leg), tarsus (ankle), pes (foot), digits (toes)
66 Chapter 4
4.10 To aid healthcare professionals in pinpointing problems

associated with the large region of the abdomen with accuracy,
abdominal the ____________________ region is further divided into nine smaller
ab DOMM ih nahl regions. The name of each abdominal region is a constructed
term descriptive of its location. The regions are illustrated in
■ Figure 4.3a and include the epigastric (epi/gastr/ic, which means
hypogastric “on top of the stomach”), ____________________ (hypo/gastr/ic,
HIGH poh GASS trik which means “below the stomach”), umbilical (umbilic/al, which
means “pertaining to the navel)”, right and left hypochondriac
(hypo/chondr/i/ac, which means “below the cartilage” of the ribs),
right and left iliac (ili/ac, which means “pertaining to the hip or
groin”), and right and left lumbar (lumb/ar, which means “pertaining
to the loin”). A second set of abdominal divisions is also shown in
■ Figure 4.3b, in which the abdomen is divided into four quadrants.
The quadrants are the right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper
quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), and left lower
quadrant (LLQ). Referring to these quadrants by name is common
in clinical practice.
■ Figure 4.3
The abdomen
and abdominal
Right Right upper Left upper
regions. (a) The hypochondriac Epigastric Left quadrant (RUQ)
region quadrant (LUQ)
nine abdominal region hypochondriac
region
regions are
mapped according Right Umbilical Left
lumbar region lumbar
to imaginary lines, region region
as shown. (b) The Left lower
abdomen may also Right lower quadrant
Right iliac Hypogastric Left iliac quadrant (RLQ) (LLQ)
be divided into region region
region
four quadrants.
The organs are
superimposed in
(a) (b)
the figure.
4.11 When looking at the body as a whole, you will notice that its
basic design consists of a central trunk, or torso, with attached
appendages appendages, or limbs. The ____________________ are the head,
ap PEN dah jiz arms, and legs. The trunk and head are not solid structures like
the arms and legs, but include spaces that are partially filled with
organs, connecting structures, and fluids. The spaces are called
cavities, and their internal contents are known as viscera. The
cavities are surrounded by a moist membrane that helps control
the spread of infections and keeps the internal organs moist and
cavities lubricated. Thus, the ____________________ are membrane-lined
spaces filled with viscera.
4.12 There are two main cavities, the dorsal cavity and the
ventral cavity. Each of these contains smaller cavities, which
are illustrated in ■ Figure 4.4. As you can see from the figure, the
dorsal cavity ____________________ ____________________ (colored red) includes
the cranial cavity, which houses the brain, and the spinal (vertebral)
cavity, which contains the spinal cord.
ventral cavity 4.13 The ____________________ ____________________ in the

anterior part of the body (colored purple in Figure 4.4) is much
larger than the dorsal cavity. A muscular partition called the
diaphragm (DYE ah fram) divides the ventral cavity into an upper
and lower cavity. The cavity that is superior to the diaphragm
inferior is the thoracic cavity, and the cavity ____________________
to the diaphragm is the abdominopelvic cavity. You learned
in Frame 4.9 that the term thoracic is composed of two word
parts and is written thorac/ic. The term abdominopelvic contains
four word parts and is written abdomin/o/pelv/ic. As the names
suggest, the thoracic cavity lies within the chest, and the
abdominopelvic cavity ____________________ ____________________ lies within the
abdominal and pelvic areas.
68 Chapter 4
POSTERIOR ANTERIOR
Cranial
cavity
Spinal
cavity
Thoracic Pericardial membranes
cavity
Heart
Cranial cavity
Pericardial cavity
Diaphragm Spinal cavity
Abdominal Pleural cavity

cavity
Abdominopelvic
Pelvic cavity
cavity
Pericardial cavity
Diaphragm
(a)
Pleural Spinal cavity

cavity Abdominal Abdominopelvic
cavity cavity
Lung Lung
Pelvic
cavity
Heart
Pericardial cavity Mediastinum
(b)
■ Figure 4.4
Body cavities. The dorsal cavities are shown in red, and the ventral cavities are in purple. (a) Lateral view of a sagittal
section through the body. The insert shows the heart surrounded by the pericardial membranes. (b) Anterior view of a
frontal section through the body. The insert is a transverse section through the thoracic cavity.
4.14 The thoracic cavity contains several smaller cavities. The

pericardial cavity lies along the midline of the thoracic cavity.
The term pericardial consists of three word parts, peri/cardi/al,
and literally means “pertaining to around the heart.” Thus, the
pericardial cavity ____________________ ____________________ surrounds the heart. The
other cavities within the thoracic cavity are the two pleural cavities.
The term pleural is written pleur/al and contains two word parts, pleur,
which means “pleura, rib,” and -al, which means “pertaining to.”
4.15 In addition to the pericardial cavity and the two pleural cavities,
the thoracic cavity includes the area between the two lungs.
Because it lies along the midline and is deep to the breastbone or
mediastinum sternum, it is called the mediastinum. The ____________________
mee dee ah STY num contains the heart, the large blood vessels located above the heart,
and a gland called the thymus gland.
4.16 As you have learned, the abdominopelvic cavity is the large

cavity of the abdominal and pelvic regions. It contains an upper and
lower area, which are not divided by a partition. The upper area is
the abdominal cavity, which contains the liver, stomach, pancreas,
spleen, and most of the small and large intestines. Recall that
abdominal ____________________ literally means “pertaining to the abdomen.”
At the level of the iliac crest (the tips of the hip bones), the pelvic
cavity begins and continues to the base of the abdominopelvic
cavity. The pelvic cavity contains the urinary bladder, internal
reproductive organs, and parts of the small and large intestines. The
pelvic word ____________________ may be separated into its two word
parts, pelv/ic, and literally means “pertaining to a bowl or basin,”
which accurately describes this bowl-shaped cavity.
PRACTICE: Anatomy and Physiology Introduction

The Right Match
Match the combining form on the left with the correct definition on the right.
______ 1. abdomin/o a. skull
______ 2. anter/o b. neck
______ 3. brachi/o c. tail
______ 4. caud/o d. back
______ 5. cephal/o e. distant
______ 6. cervic/o f. front
______ 7. cran/o, crani/o g. abdomen
70 Chapter 4
______ 8. cyt/o h. arm

______ 9. dist/o i. cell
______ 10. dors/o j. head
______ 11. femor/o k. below
______ 12. gastr/o l. groin
______ 13. glute/o m. loin, lower back
______ 14. hom/o, home/o n. tool
______ 15. ili/o o. stomach
______ 16. infer/o p. middle
______ 17. inguin/o q. flank, hip, groin
______ 18. lumb/o r. buttock
______ 19. medi/o s. thigh
______ 20. organ/o t. same
Correct the Spelling

This exercise tests your ability to spell terms correctly. The list on the left column includes terms that are misspelled.
In the right column, write in the correct spelling of the term.
1. abdominole _________________________________
2. thorasik _________________________________
3. parakardeal _________________________________
4. fizeology _________________________________
5. sagitall _________________________________
6. superfishal _________________________________
7. homiostaysis _________________________________
8. diafram _________________________________
Word Root Linkup

Link the word roots in the list to create the terms that match the definitions.
Word Root Definition
abdomin abdomen
cardi heart
chondr gristle, cartilage
pelv bowl, basin
physi nature
Definition Term
1. refers to the study of the nature of living things _____________/o/logy
2. the area of the abdomen _____________/al
3. below the cartilage hypo/_____________/i/ac
4. pertaining to around the heart peri/_____________/al
5. literally means “pertaining to a bowl or basin,” which accurately _____________/ic
describes this bowl-shaped cavity
Medical Terms Introduction

As the next step in learning the terminology of the human body, in this section you explore introductory medi-
cal terms and diagnostic procedures. Here are two combining forms that you will see in this section.
Combining Form Definition

chron/o time
path/o disease
Complete the following frames to learn some introductory medical terms and diagnostic procedures.
4.17 The body’s goal is to keep itself alive and healthy. Each
system performs functions that endeavor to keep the body in a
constant, stable state by adjusting to changes. As you learned in
Frame 4.4, this is the process of maintaining homeostasis. When
homeostasis body functions fail to maintain ____________________, a condition
of instability results that is called disease. In general, the term
disease ____________________ refers to a state of the body in which
dih ZEEZ homeostasis has faltered for any reason.
4.18 The study of disease is a field of medicine called pathology.

This term is derived from the Greek word for suffering or disease,
pathos, creating the combining form path/o. The term is completed
by adding the suffix -logy, which means “study or science of.” A
pathology pathologist is a physician who specializes in ____________________,
path AHL oh jee or the study of disease. In most cases, a pathologist does not treat
individual patients, but manages a clinical lab that evaluates data
about patients to assist other healthcare professionals.
4.19 When examining a patient who is complaining of an illness,

the healthcare professional must first identify the illness before it
can be treated. Identification of the illness is called a diagnosis.
This is a constructed word containing the word parts dia-, which
means “through,” and -gnosis, which means “knowledge.” The
diagnosis ____________________ must be established before a treatment
DYE ag NO sis program can be created.
4.20 To make a diagnosis, a healthcare professional listens to the

patient to learn about clues that might suggest the nature of the
illness. Experiences of the patient resulting from a disease are
called symptoms. They are usually sensations—such as pain, heat,
cold, or pressure—but can also be the loss of sensations, such as
symptoms numbness or loss of appetite. Other ____________________ include
SIMP tumz dizziness, loss of balance, and mental confusion.
72 Chapter 4
4.21 Before a diagnosis can be made, a healthcare professional

often examines the patient for physical signs of disease. A sign
is a finding that can be discovered by an objective examination,
such as a physical exam or lab exam. For example, a thermometer
inserted into the mouth or ear canal will indicate the presence
of an elevated body temperature, or fever, which is a common
sign ____________________ of an infectious disease.
4.22 As part of a diagnosis, a disease is commonly classified by

its expected duration: a brief or a long duration. The term acute
describes a disease of short duration. For example, a head cold
acute is usually an ____________________ disease because of its short
ah KYOOT duration. The medical term for a head cold is acute coryza (kor
EYE zah). Although an acute disease is relatively brief, many such
diseases can have severe effects that can become life-threatening,
so keep in mind that the term does not imply a mild disease.
ACUTE
Did You The term acute is derived from the Latin word acutus, which means “sharp.” It describes
KNOW how a symptom or sign that is of short duration strikes quickly, such as would result from a
stinging stab from a sharp instrument.
4.23 A term frequently used to describe diseases that are of long

duration is chronic. The term is derived from the Greek word for
chronic time, kronos; these ____________________ diseases usually develop
KRON ik slowly and last for many years. An example of a chronic disease is
the skin condition psoriasis (soh RYE ah siss), which lasts a lifetime.
4.24 Diseases may also be classified on the basis of their cause or

origin. One of the most common forms of disease is infection, a
disease caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungal
infection parasites, or protozoans. The presence of ____________________
in FEKK shun results in the development of infectious disease. The cause of
a disease is called its etiology, which literally means “the study
etiology or science of cause.” For example, the ____________________ of
ee tee AHL oh jee the infectious disease malaria is a microscopic protozoan called
Plasmodium, which is passed to us by the bite of an infected
Anopheles mosquito.
4.25 Disease may also be caused by physical injury or trauma.

trauma For example, a fractured bone is a common ____________________
TRAW mah arising from an automobile collision. It is a disease because it
upsets homeostasis—in this case, homeostasis of the bone and
surrounding tissues. Disease resulting from trauma is called
traumatic disease.
4.26 Once a reliable diagnosis is made, the healthcare

professional may predict the probable course of the disease
and its probable outcome. This prediction is called a prognosis.
prognosis ____________________ is a constructed word containing the word
prog NOH sis parts pro-, which means “before,” and -gnosis, “knowledge.”
4.27 As you may suspect, making an accurate diagnosis is an

essential part of medicine. As a result of improving technologies,
making a diagnosis has become a more efficient and reliable practice
than in the past. The most important improvements have been in
the way instruments are able to observe the internal structure and
functions of the body without the need for open surgical procedures.
These noninvasive procedures are called diagnostic imaging. The
diagnostic imaging five major types of ____________________ ____________________ are
endoscopy, CT scan, PET scan, MRI, and ultrasound.
4.28 The use of a long, flexible tube that can be inserted into a
patient is called endoscopy. This constructed term includes two
word parts: endo-, which means “within,” and -scopy, which means
endoscopy “process of viewing.” During the ____________________, a healthcare
end AH skoh pee professional may observe the internal cavities and organs of the
patient with the attachment of a camera at the far end of the tube (■
Figure 4.5). The tube may also contain surgical attachments, enabling
a surgeon to manipulate internal body parts while viewing a monitor.
■ Figure 4.5
Endoscopy. This is a minimally
invasive surgical procedure
because it reduces patient
recovery time and the risk of
infection by avoiding the opening
of body cavities. Instead, a
fiberoptic tube with a camera is
inserted into a body opening,
such as the mouth (shown here),
allowing the surgeon to observe
internal organs and cavities on a
monitor.
Source: Beloborod/Shutterstock.
74 Chapter 4
4.29 A CT (CAT) scan is a diagnostic procedure that combines

multiple x-rays and computer enhancement to produce three-
dimensional images of internal body structures (■ Figure 4.6). The
CT scan term ____________________ ____________________ is an acronym
for computed tomography scanning. As a result of the computer
enhancement, cross-sectional images or “slices” of body regions
are produced. CT scans are useful, speedy, and relatively low cost
when cross-sectional images of organs in the chest or abdomen,
muscles, and joints are needed, as in the evaluation of trauma.
■ Figure 4.6
CT scan. The patient is
undergoing the scan in the
procedure room while the
radiologic technician is
monitoring the instrument
behind the glass wall. The CT
scan image is visible on the
monitor.
Source: Linda Bartlett/National
Cancer Institute.
4.30 A PET scan is a procedure that detects the journey of a

radioactive-labeled substance, such as glucose (sugar), through the
body. The PET scan instrument contains scanners that respond to
radiolabeled glucose and computers that create an image to track
the pathway of the glucose as it is metabolized by body cells. As
PET scan a result, the ____________________ ____________________ reveals
areas of the body that have an unusually high metabolic rate, such
as tumors (■ Figure 4.7). The term PET is an acronym for positron
emission tomography.
■ Figure 4.7
PET scan. (a) Photograph of a PET
scan instrument. After receiving
a radiolabeled mixture (usually in
the form of an ingested drink), the
patient lies on the table while the
table moves into the doughnut-
shaped scanner. Source: Ververidis
Vasilis/Shutterstock. (b) The
scanner detects the radiolabeled
mixture while it is metabolized
by the patient, and interprets the
data to form an image like the one
shown. Areas of metabolically
active cells may glow yellow
(shown here) or use other colors
to highlight their presence.
Source: Monet_3k/Shutterstock. (a) (b)
4.31 Among all the diagnostic imaging techniques available, the

MRI has generated the most excitement in the medical community
because it offers the clearest, most complete images of internal
anatomy. The term MRI is an acronym for magnetic resonance
imaging. The instrument includes magnets that respond to hydrogen
atoms in the body by sending signals to a computer, which analyzes
the information to produce three-dimensional images (■ Figure 4.8).
Unlike CT and PET scans, MRI does not use radioisotopes and is
MRI thereby safer to use. The ____________________ can be used to
diagnose many forms of cancer, joint disease, and trauma.
■ Figure 4.8
MRI. The patient enters the
MRI instrument through the
“doughnut” opening, while a
technician monitors progress in
an adjacent room. An MRI of the
head is visible on the monitor.
Source: James Steidl/
Shutterstock.
4.32 Ultrasound imaging, or sonography, involves the pulsation

of harmless sound waves through a body region. As the waves
travel through tissues of varying density, they produce echoes
that can be detected by a probe and interpreted by a computer
ultrasound imaging (■ Figure 4.9). Because of its harmless nature, ____________________
____________________ has proven useful in prenatal care by
providing an early glimpse of the developing fetus (a child before
birth) in the uterus.
■ Figure 4.9
Ultrasound imaging. The use
of sound waves produces a
computer-enhanced image of
the pregnancy status on the
monitor, giving the parents an
exciting early view of their child
and healthcare professionals a
valuable tool for mapping the
progress of the pregnancy.
Source: Monkey Business
Images/Shutterstock.
76 Chapter 4
UNDERSTANDING MEDICAL REPORTS

As you approach the ends of Chapters 5–15, you will come upon a section titled Medical Report Exercises.
In each of these chapters, the exercises present a clinical issue that is very similar to the type of patient
concerns you will encounter while working in medical health care. Each exercise begins with information about
the patient, which is obtained by way of an interview that includes a physical exam of the patient. The patient
information is recorded and becomes a part of the patient’s medical record, or chart, and is available for the
health professionals assigned to the patient’s care. To help prepare you for a career in health care, the format
of the medical record is presented using the popularized SOAP standard, which is an acronym for Subjective,
Objective, Assessment, and Plan. Here’s what each of these terms means:
Subjective: What the patient has experienced regarding his or her present illness, usually recorded in his or
her actual words as symptoms. This may also be called History of the Present Illness (abbreviated Hx or HPI).
Objective: The unbiased facts of the illness, usually based on the results of the physical exam (abbreviated
PE) and recorded as measurable physical signs.
Assessment: The diagnosis (abbreviated Dx) made by the medical team of the patient’s illness.
Plan: The medical strategies employed in improving the patient’s health, such as any lab or imaging
procedures, surgery, or medications (abbreviated Rx).
Here is what the SOAP version of a medical record often looks like.
CARDIOLOGY SERVICES
Phone: (211) 594-4000 • Fax (211) 594-4001
Date: 07/15/2017
Patient: Williams, James Patient ID: 123456
Dob: 3/20/1978 Age: 39 Sex: Male Allergies: NKDA (no known drug allergy)
Provider: Robert A. Young, MD
S Subjective:
“Lately I have noticed pain in my chest during exercise, and I feel out of breath more quickly than usual. I am
extremely worried.”
39 y/o male describes chest pain and shortness of breath during workouts. Noted patient clenching his jaw
and fist while describing his chest pain and shortness of breath. Patient denied radiating pain, nausea, or
vomiting. The chest pain “disappeared” within a few seconds after exercising. He indicated he has no family
or personal history of heart disease.
O Objective:
Vital Signs: T (body temperature): 98.2°F; P (pulse rate): 60; R (breathing rate): 20; BP (blood pressure): 160/90
Ht: 5’10”
Wt: 210 lb
General Appearance: Slightly overweight. Noted no obvious signs of physical distress such as edema, pallor,
or diaphoresis. Overall health appears WNL (within normal limits).
Heart: Rate at 60 beats per minute, with no extra sounds, regular rhythm, no murmurs.
Lungs: Lungs clear, no rales or wheezes.
Abd: Bowel sounds normal all four quadrants; no tenderness or masses.
MS: Joints and muscles symmetric; no swelling, masses, or deformity.
A Assessment:
Chest pain (angina pectoris).
P Plan:
Evaluate heart function and cause of chest pain with stress ECG. Rx to include beta-blocker and, to reduce BP
(blood pressure), ACE inhibitor. Consult for possible angioplasty.
CHAPTER REVIEW
Word Building
Construct medical terms from the following meanings. (Some are built from word parts; some are not.) The
first question has been completed for you as an example.
1. identification of an illness dia/gnosis
2. maintaining internal stability home/o/___________
3. common synonym of CAT scan _______________ scan
4. of long duration _______________/ic
5. the study of disease _______________/o/logy
6. a disease of short duration _______________ (do this one on your own!)
7. divides the body into superior and inferior portions _______________ plane
8. body cavity inferior to the diaphragm _______________/_____/__________/ic cavity
9. procedure using a long flexible tube _______________/scopy
10. term for a finding following an objective examination _______________
11. formed from similarly grouped cells _______________
12. area of the chest _______________/ic region
13. MRI magnetic _______________ imaging
14. on top of the stomach _______________/_______________/ic
15. pertaining to the lung _______________/al
16. divides the body vertically into right and left portions _______________ plane
17. pertaining to the navel _______________/al
18. science or study of the cause of disease _______________/o/logy
19. study of body structure _______________/tom/y
20. study of nature _______________/o/logy

Definition Use in a Term
1. abdomin/o _________________________________ _________________________________
2. crani/o _________________________________ _________________________________
3. infer/o _________________________________ _________________________________
4. poster/o _________________________________ _________________________________
5. proxim/o _________________________________ _________________________________
6. super/o _________________________________ _________________________________
7. thorac/o _________________________________ _________________________________
8. tom/o _________________________________ _________________________________
9. pleur/o _________________________________ _________________________________
10. pelv/o _________________________________ _________________________________
78 Chapter 4


Chapter 5
The Integumentary System

Learning Objectives
5.1 Define the word parts used to create 5.3 Build medical terms from the word parts
medical terms of the integumentary system. associated with the integumentary system.
5.2 Break down and define common medical 5.4 Pronounce and spell common medical
terms used for symptoms, diseases, terms associated with the integumentary
disorders, procedures, treatments, and system.
devices associated with the integumentary
system.
80 Chapter 5
Anatomy and Physiology Terms

Review the combining forms that specifically apply to the anatomy and physiology of the integumentary sys-
tem. Note that the combining forms are colored red to help you identify them when you see them again later
in the chapter.

aden/o gland follicul/o little follicle
aut/o self kerat/o hard
cutane/o skin onych/o nail
cyan/o blue seb/o sebum, oil
derm/o, dermat/o skin
integumentary 5.1 The ____________________ system forms the entire surface area
IN teg yoo MEN tar ee of the body. It is dominated by the largest organ of the body, the
skin. The skin is composed of two distinct layers: an inner, deep
layer composed of connective tissue known as the dermis and an
outer layer of epithelium called the epidermis. The term dermis
epidermis means “skin,” and the term ____________________ means “on top
of skin.” The integumentary system also includes smaller accessory
organs embedded within the skin, such as hair and hair follicles,
nails, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and sensory receptors.
Immediately below the skin is an area of connective tissue that binds
the skin to the muscles and is rich in blood vessels and nerves.
Called the hypodermis or subcutaneous layer, it is a region of
the body that commonly receives injections. The term hypodermis
means “below the skin.” Because cutane/o also means “skin,”
subcutaneous ____________________ also means “below the skin.”
sub kyoo TANE ee us
5.2 The primary function of the integumentary system is protection.

protection ____________________ is provided against outside temperature
changes, dehydration, and infectious microorganisms that may
cause disease. In addition, the sweat glands, blood vessels, and
regulate a layer of fat help the skin to ____________________ internal body
temperature, while receptors in your skin provide the ability to detect
changes in the environment, giving the skin the added function
sensation of ____________________.
The Integumentary System 81
5.3 Review the anatomy of the integumentary system by studying

the illustration of the skin in ■ Figure 5.1 and the illustration of nails
in ■ Figure 5.2.
Pore of sweat gland
Epidermis
Sensory receptors
Sebaceous gland
Arrector pili muscle

Dermis
Hair follicle
Hair root
Nerve
Subcutaneous Vein
layer Artery
■ Figure 5.1
Anatomy of the skin. Illustration
of a section of skin showing key
structures. Sweat gland
Direction of growth
Free edge
Nail bed (underneath)
Cuticle
Lateral nail groove
Lunula
Nail root
Lunula
Nail body Cuticle
Nail bed
Adipose tissue
Phalanx (bone)
■ Figure 5.2
Nail structure, top view and
side view.
82 Chapter 5
Medical Terms of the Integumentary System

5.4 The integumentary system can experience many types of
challenges to its homeostasis. As the outermost organ of the
body, the skin is more exposed to the extremes of the external
organ environment than any other ____________________, subjecting it to
temperature fluctuations, physical injury, and invasion by unwanted
microorganisms. Many types of inherited and acquired diseases
skin may also afflict the ____________________. In many cases, it is
the first part of the body to display signs and symptoms of an
internal disorder because it is the body part with which we are most
familiar—we often see, feel, and touch our skin throughout the day.
protection The ____________________ that it provides to your overall health is
significant: A loss of skin, such as occurs in a severe burn, can lead to
severe consequences due to dehydration and infection, even death.
5.5 The medical field that specializes in the health and disease of the
integumentary system is known as dermatology (derm ah TAHL oh jee).
dermat/o/logy This term is a constructed word, written __________/_____/______,
using the combining form that means “skin,” dermat/o, to carry
the primary meaning. A physician specializing in dermatology is
commonly known as a dermatologist (derm ah TAHL oh jist).
5.6 In the following sections, we review the prefixes, combining

forms, and suffixes that combine to build the medical terms of the
integumentary _____________________ system.
Signs and Symptoms of the Integumentary System
KEY TERMS A–Z 5.7 A common injury to the skin caused by scraping produces a
superficial wound called an abrasion. Practice spelling this term:
abrasion _____________________. It is derived from the Latin word abrasus,
ah BRAY zhun which means “to scrape off.”
5.8 An abscess is a localized elevation of the skin containing a

abscess cavity, which is a sign of a local infection. The ____________________
AB sess cavity contains a mixture of bacteria, white blood cells, damaged
tissue, and fluids collectively known as pus and is surrounded by
inflamed tissue. Several medical terms may be used to describe
the production of pus. They are suppuration (suhp ah RAY shun),
purulence (PEWR yoo lens), and pyogenesis (PIE oh JENN eh SISS).
ABSCESS
Did You Many medical terms of the integumentary system are derived directly from Latin or Greek
words with descriptive meanings. For example, the word abscess is derived from the
KNOW original Latin word abscessus, which means “a going-away” (which is what you hope to
happen soon to the abscess if one appears on your skin, since they can be very painful).
5.9 Cellulite is a local uneven surface of the skin and is a sign of

cellulite subcutaneous fat deposition. ____________________ is relatively
SELL yoo light common in women on the thighs and buttocks.
5.10 An injury to the skin resulting in a break through the epidermis

and into the dermis or deeper layers of skin requires the process
of healing. During this process, epidermal cells migrate to the
wound and produce new cells while cells within the dermis produce
additional protein fibers. If the wound is too large for the epidermal
cells to close the breakage, additional protein fibers (collagen) will
be produced to seal the wound. In this case, the wound becomes
closed by the formation of scar tissue. A clinical term for scar is
cicatrix cicatrix. ____________________ is a Latin word that means “scar.”
SIK ah trix The plural form is cicatrices (sik ah TRYE sees).
5.11 The clinical term for pimple is comedo. It is a local elevation

of the skin arising from a minor infection of sebaceous (oil) glands.
Bacteria feed on the oil, attracting the movement of white blood
cells and their products and resulting in the localized inflammation.
comedo In Latin, the word ____________________ means “glutton,” referring
KOM ee doh to the fact that the lesion is caused by the action of “gluttonous”
bacteria. The plural form is comedones (KOM ee DOH neez).
5.12 Commonly known as a bruise, a contusion (kon TOO zhun)

is a discoloration and swelling of the skin resulting from tissue
damage to the blood vessels of the dermis or deeper tissues. Thus,
contusion a ____________________ is a common sign following a physical
kon TOO zhun trauma, such as an automobile accident or a blow to the face.
5.13 The combining form for the color blue is cyan/o. Adding
the ending -osis, which means “condition of,” produces the term
cyanosis ____________________. It is a blue tinge of color to an area of the
sigh ah NO siss skin and is a sign of a cardiovascular or respiratory disturbance.
Cyanosis is usually apparent most clearly in the lips and fingertips.
A patient exhibiting this sign is called cyanotic.
84 Chapter 5
5.14 Derived from the Greek word kystis that means “bladder,”
a cyst is a closed sac or pouch on the surface of the skin that is
filled with liquid or semisolid material. Notice that the c in the term
cyst ____________________ sounds like an s.
sist
5.15 An injury often leads to inflammation, which includes swelling.

Swelling occurs when fluid accumulates in a confined space, such
as beneath the skin. The clinical term for fluid accumulation is
edema. It is derived from the Greek word oidema, which means
“swelling.” Caused by the leakage of fluid across capillary walls,
edema ____________________ is a common sign of injury and infection.
eh DEE mah
5.16 The Greek word that means “blush” is erythema. We use the
same word for any redness of the skin. It is a common sign of injury
or infection. The correct spelling is the same as the original Greek
erythema word; it is spelled ____________________.
ehr ih THEE mah
5.17 The clinical term for a narrow break or slit in the skin is fissure.
It is derived from the Latin word for a split or crack, fissura, and is
illustrated in ■ Figure 5.3 with other signs of skin disease. Write the
fissure correct spelling of this term: ____________________.
FISH er
A pustule is a small, elevated,

circumscribed lesion of the
A macule is a skin that is filled with pus;
discolored spot on whitehead
the skin; freckle
An erosion or ulcer is an
A wheal is a localized, eating or gnawing away of
evanescent elevation tissue; decubitus ulcer
of the skin that is often
accompanied by
itching; urticaria
A fissure is a crack-like
sore or slit that extends
A papule is a solid, through the epidermis into
circumscribed, elevated the dermis; athlete’s foot
area on the skin; pimple
■ Figure 5.3 A vesicle is a small fluid-filled sac;

Common skin signs. Each of the blister. A bulla is a large vesicle.
illustrations depicts a section
through skin.
5.18 If an abscess is associated with a hair follicle, the local swelling

on the skin is called a furuncle. Commonly known as a boil, it is
derived from the Latin word for boil, furunculus. A photograph of a
furuncle ____________________ is provided in ■ Figure 5.4.
FOO rung kl
■ Figure 5.4
Furuncle.
Source: FCG/Shutterstock.
5.19 A local hard area on the skin, or perhaps elsewhere in the

body, is known as an induration. This word is derived from the
Latin word induratio, which means “the process of becoming firm
induration or hard.” An ____________________ is usually a sign of an excessive
in doo RAY shun deposit of collagen or calcium.
5.20 The French word for yellow is jaune. It is the origin of the
clinical term for an abnormal yellow coloration of the skin and eyes,
jaundice jaundice. In most cases, ____________________ is a sign of liver or
JAWN diss gallbladder disease. The yellowing results from an abnormal release
of bile pigments by the liver.
5.21 You have learned that a cicatrix (scar) may be formed when
skin undergoes repair from an injury (see Frame 5.10). An overgrowth
of scar tissue that forms an elevated lesion on the skin is known as a
keloid keloid. This large scar, or ____________________, is often discolored,
KEE loyd which sets it apart from adjacent, normal skin (■ Figure 5.5). The
term is derived from a Greek word for “spot,” kelis.
■ Figure 5.5
Keloids. A single keloid is visible
on the shoulder of this patient as
an elevated, pigmented lesion.
Source: WEERACHAT/
Shutterstock.
86 Chapter 5
5.22 A laceration is the common result of an injury caused by a

tear or perhaps a cut by a sharp object with an irregular surface. A
laceration ____________________ penetrating the dermis and extending for more
LASS err AY shun than one inch often requires stitching with sutures to close the wound.
5.23 A discolored flat spot on the skin surface, such as a freckle,

is clinically called a macule, which means “little spot” in Latin. A
macule ____________________ is a sign of sun damage to the skin, and the
MAK yool tendency to develop them is genetically determined. A macule is
illustrated in Figure 5.3.
5.24 Similar to a macule but darker in color, a nevus is a pigmented

spot that is commonly called a mole (■ Figure 5.6). It is actually
a sign of a benign tumor, and if its edges become irregular or the
nevus color changes, the ____________________ should be examined as a
NEE vus suspected malignancy known as a melanoma (see Frame 5.51).
■ Figure 5.6
Nevus.
Source: D. Kucharski, K.
Kucharska/Shutterstock.
5.25 Pallor is an abnormally pale color of the skin. Derived from the
pallor Latin word pallor that means “paleness,” ____________________ is a sign
PAL or of an internal condition causing a decreased flow of blood to the skin.
5.26 A papule is a general term describing any small, solid elevation

papule on the skin (see Figure 5.3). An example of a ____________________
PAP yool is a comedo, or pimple. The term is derived from the Latin word
papula, which means a “small pimple.”
5.27 Petechiae is a term derived from a Latin word that

means “small red or purple dots.” The presence of dot-sized
petechiae _____________________ on the surface of the skin is a sign of the
peh TEE kee eye abnormal rupture of small blood vessels in the dermis.
5.28 The symptom of itchy skin is known as pruritus. As you might

pruritus suspect, ____________________ means “an itching” in Latin.
proo RYE tuss
Pruritus
You might think at first glance that pruritus (“an itching”) is a constructed term that uses the suffix
WORDS TO -itis, meaning “inflammation.” This isn’t the case, however. Make a note of the spelling of this non-
Watch Out For constructed Latin term. The correct spelling of pruritus has a u near the end.
5.29 The Greeks used the word porphyra to name a shellfish that
releases a purple dye. In time, it was changed to name the color
purple. Dermatologists use a form of the word, purpura, for a
purpura symptom of purple-red skin discoloration. ____________________
PER pew rah is usually the result of a hemorrhage (one or more broken blood
vessels) that spread blood through the skin.
5.30 You learned from Frame 5.8 that pus is a fluid containing
bacteria, white blood cells, and their products. A general term for
an elevated area of the skin filled with pus is pustule. An example
pustule of a ____________________ is a whitehead with pus. A pustule is
PUS tyool illustrated in Figure 5.3.
5.31 An ulcer is an erosion through the skin or mucous membrane

(see Figure 5.4). The term is derived from the Latin word that
means “a sore,” ulcus. A common form of ulcer arises from lack of
movement when lying supine for an extended period of time. It is
ulcer called a decubitus (dee KYOO bih tus) ____________________. Because
ULL ser a decubitus ulcer may arise in patients confined to bedrest for long
periods of time, the erosion is commonly called a bed sore.
5.32 A common allergic skin reaction to medications, foods,

infection, or injury produces small fluid-filled skin elevations, known
as urticaria (■ Figure 5.7). Derived from the Latin word urtica, this
urticaria sign is commonly known as hives. ____________________ is usually
er tih KARE ree ah accompanied by itching, or pruritus (see Frame 5.28).
■ Figure 5.7
Urticaria, or hives, is an allergic
reaction resulting in small skin
vesicles (Frame 5.34).
Source: Ipen/Shutterstock.
88 Chapter 5
5.33 A wart is a sign of infection by a papilloma virus. The wart, or

verruca from its original Latin, is an effort by the skin to rid itself
of the virus and is observed as a skin elevation with a thickened
verruca epidermis. A ____________________ can be treated with antiviral
ver ROO kah medication.
5.34 A vesicle is a small elevation of the epidermis that is filled

with fluid containing little or no pus (see Figure 5.3). A blister is an
vesicle example of a ____________________ that results from injury to the
VESS ih kl skin.
5.35 A temporary, itchy elevation of the skin, often with a white center
wheal and red perimeter, is called a wheal. A ____________________ is a
WEEL symptom of an allergic reaction of the skin and is illustrated in Figure 5.3.
PRACTICE: Signs and Symptoms of the Integumentary System

The Right Match
______ 1. cellulite a. localized skin swelling that is a sign of infection
______ 2. abscess b. abnormal yellow coloration of the skin
______ 3. cicatrix c. a local uneven surface of the skin caused by fat deposition
______ 4. abrasion d. an erosion through the skin or mucous membrane
______ 5. jaundice e. itchy skin
______ 6. nevus f. clinical term for scar
______ 7. pruritus g. a pigmented spot on the skin; a mole
______ 8. ulcer h. scraping injury to the skin
______ 9. cyst i. a wart
______ 10. erythema j. elevated area of the skin filled with pus
______ 11. furuncle k. temporary, itchy elevation of the skin
______ 12. pustule l. redness of the skin
______ 13. verruca m. abscess associated with a hair follicle; a boil
______ 14. wheal n. a closed sac or pouch filled with liquid or semisolid material
______ 15. comedo o. any small, solid elevation on the skin
Correct the Spelling

The terms in the left column have been spelled incorrectly. Write in the correct spelling in the space provided.
1. erithemma _________________________________
2. peritis _________________________________
3. absess _________________________________
4. ertikaria _________________________________
5. paller _________________________________
6. keeloid _________________________________
Diseases and Disorders of the Integumentary System

Review some of the word parts that specifically apply to the diseases and disorders of the integumentary sys-
tem that are covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you identify
them: prefixes are yellow, combining forms are red, and suffixes are blue.
Prefix Definition Combining Form Definition Suffix Definition

ec- outside, out actin/o radiation -a singular
par- alongside, aden/o gland -ia condition of
abnormal albin/o white -ic pertaining to
carcin/o cancer -ism condition or
cellul/o little cell disease
chym/o juice -itis inflammation
crypt/o hidden -malacia softening
derm/o, dermat/o skin -oma tumor
follicul/o little follicle -osis condition of
hidr/o sweat -pathy disease
kerat/o hard -rrhea discharge
leuk/o white
melan/o black
myc/o fungus
onych/o nail
pedicul/o body louse
scler/o hard
trich/o hair
xer/o dry
KEY TERMS A–Z 5.36 Acne is an uncomfortable condition of the skin resulting from
bacterial infection of sebaceous glands and ducts (■ Figure 5.8). The
acne skin disease known as ____________________ is characterized by the
AK nee presence of numerous open comedones (blackheads) and closed
comedones (whiteheads) in affected parts of the face and may also
involve the neck, back, and chest. Acne is the most common skin
disease of adolescence, caused by rapid growth of sebaceous
glands during this period of life. The term acne is derived from a
similar Greek word that means “facial eruption.”
■ Figure 5.8
Acne.
Source: Ocskay Bence/Shutterstock.
90 Chapter 5
5.37 Actinic keratosis is a precancerous condition of the skin

caused by exposure to sunlight. It forms skin lesions resulting from
overgrowths of the epidermis, usually with scaly surfaces. The term
actinic keratosis ____________________ ____________________ is a constructed word,
ak TIN ik * kair ah TOH siss actin/ic kerat/osis, in which actinic means “pertaining to radiation”
and keratosis means “a condition of hard.” In general, any form of
keratosis produces a sign of scaly skin.
5.38 A genetic condition characterized by the reduction of the

pigment melanin in the skin is known as albinism. The term
albinism ____________________ uses the combining form albin/o, which is
AL bin izm derived from the Latin word for white, albus. The constructed word,
albin/ism, means “a condition or disease of white.” The term albino
refers to a person afflicted with albinism.
5.39 A loss or lack of scalp hair is a clinical sign known as baldness,

or alopecia. The term alopecia is from the Greek word alopex, which
means “fox,” and refers to a form of hair loss (called mange) that
may be seen in foxes. Alopecia may be a sign of an infection of the
scalp, high fever, drug reactions, chemotherapy, or emotional stress.
alopecia Alternatively, the common appearance of ____________________
al oh PEE she ah in men, often called male-pattern baldness, is the result of a
genetically controlled factor that prevents the development of hair
follicles in certain areas of the scalp.
5.40 A burn is an injury to the skin caused by excessive exposure to

fire, electricity, chemicals, or sunlight. The extent of injury caused by
burn the ____________________ is determined by the amount of surface
area damaged, called total body surface area (TBSA), and the
depth of the damage. A burn becomes life-threatening when a large
TBSA has become damaged, exposing the body to infection. The
depth of burn classification is illustrated in ■ Figure 5.9.
Sweat pore Hair
Epidermis
Partial
thickness,
superficial
Partial Dermis
thickness,
deep
Full
thickness Subcutaneous layer
Blood vessels (adipose and connective tissue)
■ Figure 5.9
Classification of burn injury by
depth in skin. Nerves Sebaceous
gland
5.41 A carbuncle is a skin infection composed of a cluster of furuncles,

or boils (■ Figure 5.10). The most common source of infection is
carbuncle Staphylococci bacteria, or “staph.” The term ____________________ is
KAR bung kl derived from the Latin word carbo, which means “live coal” and refers
to the hot pain associated with this disease.
■ Figure 5.10
Carbuncle.
Source: Rob Bouwman/
Shutterstock.
5.42 Remember that the combining form carcin/o means “cancer.”

When you add the suffix that means “tumor,” it forms the word
carcinoma ____________________. Several forms of cancer, or carcinoma, affect
kar sih NOH mah the skin. Basal cell carcinoma (■ Figure 5.11) and squamous cell
carcinoma are tumors arising from the epidermis that usually remain
localized, although the lesions do spread and can become serious
if they are not treated. Squamous cell carcinomas, in particular, can
be dangerous, while the less dangerous basal cell carcinomas are
more common. The third major form of skin cancer is melanoma,
which is described later in Frame 5.51.
■ Figure 5.11
Basal cell carcinoma.
Source: Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention.
92 Chapter 5
5.43 Cellulitis is an inflammation of the connective tissue in the

dermis (■ Figure 5.12). It is caused by an infection that spreads
from the skin surface or hair follicles to the dermis and sometimes
the subcutaneous tissue. It is usually bacterial in origin. The term
cellulitis ____________________ is a constructed word, cellul/itis, which
sell you LYE tiss literally means “inflammation of little cells.” The related term used for
follicle infection, folliculitis (foh LIK yoo LYE tiss), is also a constructed
word. It means “inflammation of little follicles.”
■ Figure 5.12
Cellulitis.
5.44 Dermatitis is a generalized inflammation of the skin, involving

edema (Frame 5.15) of the dermis (■ Figure 5.13). In addition to
swelling, symptoms may include pruritus (Frame 5.28), urticaria
(Frame 5.32), vesicles (Frame 5.34), and wheals (Frame 5.35), or some
dermatitis combination of these. The major types of ____________________
der mah TYE tiss include contact dermatitis, caused by physical contact with a
triggering substance such as poison ivy; seborrheic (SEB or EE ik)
dermatitis, which is an inherited form characterized by excessive
sebum production; and actinic dermatitis, caused by sunlight
exposure. Eczema is a superficial form of dermatitis and may
also be called atopic dermatitis. The primary symptoms of
eczema ____________________ include severe, chronic pruritus and deep
EK zeh mah scaliness. Dermatitis is a constructed word, dermat/itis, which literally
means “inflammation of the skin,” and eczema is derived from the
Greek word ekzeo, which means “to boil over.”
■ Figure 5.13
Dermatitis.
Source: joseph s l tan matt/Shutterstock.
5.45 Ecchymosis is a condition of the skin caused by leaking blood

vessels in the dermis, producing purplish patches of purpura (Frame
5.29) that are larger in size than petechiae (Frame 5.27). The term
ecchymosis ___________________ is a constructed word, ec/chym/osis, which
ek ih MOH siss literally means “condition of juice leaking out.” The combining form
chym/o comes from the Greek word chymus, meaning “juice.”
5.46 A viral skin eruption producing clusters of deep blisters is

known as herpes. The vesicles (Frame 5.34) appear periodically,
affecting the borders between mucous membranes and skin. There
herpes are several types of ____________________, all of which are caused
HER peez by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). The major types are oral herpes,
caused by herpes virus type 1 (■ Figure 5.14), and genital herpes,
caused by herpes virus type 2. Herpes is an infectious disease,
transferable when the vesicles burst open and physical contact is
made between the carrier and another person. In the absence of
lesions, it may also be transferable by body fluid contact.
■ Figure 5.14
Herpes. The blisters often last
for several days to a week and
form in response to periodic
outbreaks of the virus.
Source: Sergii Chepulskyi/
Shutterstock.
5.47 Sweating (perspiration) is a normal response by the skin’s

sweat glands to cool the body when you are hot, physically active,
or nervous. In the condition hyperhidrosis, the individual sweats
often and more than a normal amount. It is a constructed term,
written hyper/hidr/osis, which literally means “condition of excessive
sweat” because hidr/o is the combining form for “sweat.” The
hyperhidrosis condition of ____________________ may be caused by a nervous
HIGH per high DROH sis disorder, low blood sugar, or a thyroid disease.
94 Chapter 5
5.48 Impetigo is a contagious skin infection (■ Figure 5.15). Similar

to oral herpes due to the development of small vesicles (Frame 5.34)
usually forming around the lips, it is often caused by bacteria that
enter a break in the skin (such as an animal or insect bite) and is
characterized by the presence of golden crusts following the rupture
impetigo of the vesicles. The term ____________________ is a Latin word
imp eh TYE goh meaning “scabby eruption.”
■ Figure 5.15
Impetigo. Note the presence
of yellow crusts, which
distinguishes this condition
from the blisters in oral herpes
(Figure 5.14).
Source: Mediscan/Alamy Stock
Photo.
5.49 Kaposi sarcoma is a form of skin cancer arising from the

connective tissue of the dermis (■ Figure 5.16). It is indicated
by the presence of brown or purple patches on the skin and
Kaposi sarcoma appears among some elderly patients. ____________________
KAP oh see * sar KOH mah ____________________ is also a common condition associated with
HIV/AIDS.
■ Figure 5.16
Kaposi sarcoma on the skin of
the ankle.
5.50 As some people age, their skin becomes lighter in color due
to reduced activity of the pigment-producing cells in the skin,
the melanocytes. This condition is called leukoderma. The term
leukoderma ____________________ is a constructed word, leuk/o/derm/a, which
loo koh DER mah literally means “white skin.”
5.51 The most life-threatening skin cancer is malignant melanoma,

which is shown in ■ Figure 5.17. It arises from the cells normally
providing the pigment melanin (MELL ah nin) to the skin, called
melanoma melanocytes (mell AN oh sites). ____________________ is a constructed
mell ah NOH mah term, melan/oma, which literally means “black tumor.” Once
established in the skin, the tumor grows rapidly and metastasizes (goes
elsewhere in the body). About one-half of cases arise from nevi (moles).
■ Figure 5.17
Melanoma. The telltale signs of
this form of skin cancer include
a change in size or color of
a nevus and, as seen in this
specimen, irregular borders.
Source: Librakv/Shutterstock.
5.52 The combining form for nail is onych/o and is used in the
construction of terms relating to nail diseases. In general, a disease
of the nail is an onychopathy (ON ih KOHP a thee). In the nail condition
called onychocryptosis, a nail becomes buried in the skin due to
abnormal growth. It is commonly called an ingrown nail. The term
onychocryptosis ____________________ is a constructed word, onych/o/crypt/osis,
ON ih koh krip TOH siss and means “condition of hidden nail.”
5.53 In the condition onychomalacia, the nails are abnormally

soft. The condition may be a result of calcium or vitamin D
deficiency or a fungal infection (described in Frame 5.54). The term
onychomalacia ____________________ is a constructed word, onych/o/malacia,
ON ih koh mah LAY she ah which means “softening of the nail.”
onychomycosis 5.54 The condition ____________________ is a fungal infection of one

ON ih koh my KOH siss or more nails (■ Figure 5.18). Notice that the word root for fungus,
myc, is included in this constructed term, onych/o/myc/osis, to form
its meaning into “condition of nail fungus.”
■ Figure 5.18
Onychomycosis.
Source: Australis Photography/
Shutterstock.
96 Chapter 5
5.55 In paronychia, the prefix par-, which means “alongside,

abnormal,” is included to build the term. Thus, the constructed word
par/onych/ia means “condition of alongside the nail.” As you might
paronychia guess, ____________________ is an infection around the nail.
pair oh NIK ee ah
5.56 The Latin word for a parasitic body louse is pediculus, which is
the origin of the combining form of pedicul/o. When this combining
form is combined with the suffix for “condition of,” it forms the
pediculosis constructed word ____________________. Pediculosis occurs
peh dik yoo LOH siss mostly on the scalp, where it is called head lice, but it may also be
found in the pubic region (called pubic lice) and other parts of the
body (called body lice). Pediculosis can be treated effectively with
medicated shampoo. The small eggs laid by lice can sometimes be
seen attached to hair shafts and are called nits.
5.57 Psoriasis is a painful, chronic disease of the skin characterized

by the presence of red lesions covered with silvery epidermal scales
(■ Figure 5.19). Believed to be an autoimmune disease of the skin
in which the body’s own white blood cells attack healthy cells,
psoriasis ____________________ is a Greek word meaning “to itch” and is
soh RYE ah siss spelled exactly like the clinical term.
■ Figure 5.19
Psoriasis.
Source: Hriana/Shutterstock.
Psoriasis
Psoriasis is a very commonly misspelled term. It is one of the medical terms that is spelled with a
WORDS TO silent p (terms with the word root psych are the others). One way to remember to include the p is to
Watch Out For think of the patches of red lesions that characterize this condition.
5.58 The condition scabies is a skin eruption caused by the

female itch mite, which burrows into the skin to extract blood
(■ Figure 5.20). From the Latin word scabere that means “scratch,”
scabies ____________________ produces the symptoms of dermatitis
SKAY bees (Frame 5.44), such as erythema (Frame 5.16), swelling or edema
(Frame 5.15), and pruritus (Frame 5.28).
■ Figure 5.20
Scabies.
Source: Jaroslav Moravcik/
Shutterstock.
5.59 Scleroderma uses the combining form scler/o, which means

“hard.” It is an abnormal thickening or hardness of the skin,
caused by overproduction of collagen in the dermis. The term
scleroderma ____________________ is a constructed word, scler/o/derm/a, which
sklair oh DER mah means “skin hardness.”
5.60 Systemic lupus erythematosus, abbreviated SLE, is a

chronic, progressive disease of connective tissue in many organs
systemic lupus including the skin. The early stages of ____________________
erythematosus ____________________ ____________________, commonly referred to
sis TEM ik * LOO pus * as just lupus, are marked by red patches on the skin of the face and
air ih them ah TOH siss joint pain.
Did You LUPUS

The Latin word for wolf is lupus. The disease lupus was named by the appearance of the
KNOW reddish face rash that reminded early physicians of the face of a wolf.
98 Chapter 5
5.61 Tinea is a fungal infection of the skin. It is often called

ringworm because of the ring-shaped pattern on the skin that
forms in response to the fungi (■ Figure 5.21). In fact, the term
tinea ____________________ is the Latin word for worm or larval moth.
TIN ee ah The three major forms of tinea are tinea capitis, which forms on
the scalp and can lead to alopecia (Frame 5.39); tinea pedis, which
forms on the feet and is also known as athlete’s foot; and tinea
corporis, which may occur elsewhere on the body.
■ Figure 5.21
Tinea. Although it is a fungal
infection, tinea is often called
ringworm.
Source: Mediscan/Alamy Stock
Photo.
5.62 A general term for a disease affecting the hair is trichopathy

(trye KOH path ee), which connects the combining form for hair (trich/o)
and the suffix for disease (-pathy). The condition trichomycosis is
a fungal infection of hair. In this constructed term, trich/o/myc/osis,
the combining form for hair and the word root for fungus are
trichomycosis combined to form the term ____________________.
TRIK oh my KOH siss
5.63 The combining form xer/o means “dry”; when this is

combined with the word root that means “skin,” it forms the word
xeroderma ____________________. Not surprisingly, the disease xeroderma is
zee roh DER mah characterized by abnormally dry skin. It is caused by hyposecretion
(abnormally low secretion) of the oil glands and is an inherited
condition. It is a constructed term, xer/o/derm/a, which literally
means “dry skin.”
PRACTICE: Diseases and Disorders of the Integumentary System

The Right Match
______ 1. tinea a. results from bacterial infection of sebaceous glands and ducts
______ 2. acne b. autoimmune disease of the skin characterized by red lesions
______ 3. burn covered with silvery epidermal scales
______ 4. herpes c. baldness
______ 5. alopecia d. contagious bacterial skin infection with a yellowish crust
______ 6. impetigo e. caused by excessive exposure to fire, electricity, chemicals,

or sunlight
______ 7. scabies
f. skin eruption caused by the female itch mite
______ 8. psoriasis
g. viral skin eruption that produces clusters of deep blisters
h. fungal infection of the skin
Break the Chain

a) Separate each term into its word parts; each word part is labeled for you (p = prefix, r = root,
cf = combining form, and s = suffix).
1. a) dermatitis dermat/itis
r s
b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? inflammation
2. a) melanoma ________/________
r s
3. a) onychomycosis ________/___/________/________
cf r s
b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the second word root? __________________________________
4. a) pediculosis ________/________
r s
5. a) scleroderma ________/___/________/________
cf r s
b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the combining form? ____________________________________
6. a) trichomycosis ________/___/________/________
cf r s
100 Chapter 5
7. a) cellulitis ________/________
r s
8. a) leukoderma ________/___/________/________
cf r s
b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the second word root? __________________________________
Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Integumentary System

Review some of the word parts that specifically apply to the treatments, procedures, and devices of the integ-
umentary system that are covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help
you identify them: prefixes are yellow, combining forms are red, and suffixes are blue.
Combining Form Definition Suffix Definition

abras/o to rub away -ectomy surgical excision, removal
aut/o self -ion process
derm/o, dermat/o skin -plasty surgical repair
rhytid/o wrinkle -tome cutting instrument
KEY TERMS A–Z 5.64 A biopsy is a minor surgery involving the removal of tissue for
biopsy evaluation. Abbreviated bx or Bx, a ____________________ is usually
BYE op see a necessary step toward making a diagnosis of a suspected tumor
of the skin.
5.65 Wounds are often complicated by physical contact with a

dirty object, including the ground. To clean the wound, a procedure
called debridement is often used (■ Figure 5.22). A French word
debridement meaning “unbridled,” ____________________ involves excision
de-BREED-ment (surgical removal) of foreign matter and unwanted tissue.
■ Figure 5.22
Debridement, or wound
cleansing.
Source: Katarzyna
Bialasiewicz/123RF.com.
5.66 Remember that the combining form derm/o means “skin.”

When combined with the suffix that means “process” and the
combining form that means “to rub away,” abras/o, it forms the
dermabrasion word ____________________. Dermabrasion is a form of cosmetic
DERM ah BRAY zhun surgery, in which the skin is surgically changed to improve
appearance. During dermabrasion, abrasives similar to sandpaper
are used to remove unwanted scars and other elevations and may
also be used to remove tattoos. Alternatives to dermabrasion include
chemical peels, in which a chemical agent is used to remove the
outer epidermal layers to treat acne, wrinkles, and sun-damaged skin.
5.67 Some burns and similar injuries cause extensive damage

to a large area of skin, challenging the normal healing process.
In these cases, the surgical procedure of dermatoautoplasty
may be used to improve healing. This is a constructed term that
can be written as dermat/o/aut/o/plasty. In this term, note the
combining form that means “self,” aut/o. This surgery involves using
the patient’s own skin as a graft, usually after it has grown in a
dermatoautoplasty media solution. ____________________ is also called an autograft.
DER mah toh AW toh Alternatively, a skin graft from another person may be used. This
PLASS tee procedure is called dermatoheteroplasty (DER mah toh HETT er oh
PLASS tee), or allograft. During both procedures, an instrument
called a dermatome (DER mah tohm) is used to cut thin slices of skin
dermatome for grafting. A ____________________ may also be used to excise
DER mah tohm small skin lesions. Recall that the suffix -tome means “cutting
instrument.”
5.68 The general term for a surgical procedure of the skin is

dermatoplasty. This term uses the combining form that means
“skin” with the suffix -plasty, which means “surgical repair.” In
dermatoplasty ____________________, skin tissue is transplanted to the body
DER mah toh plass tee surface.
emollient 5.69 An ____________________ is a chemical agent that softens

ee MALL ee ant or smooths the skin. Topical and oral antibiotics (ahn tye bye OT iks)
are used to manage infections, such as acne and carbuncles.
Retinoids (RET ih noydz) may also be used to manage certain forms
of acne because they cause the upper layers of the epidermis to
slough away. Acne and related disorders may also be treated by
ultraviolet light therapy, which causes a similar effect on the
epidermis.
102 Chapter 5
5.70 Plastic surgery is a popular form of skin treatment that is used for
skin repair following a major injury, correction of a congenital defect, or
cosmetic improvement. Several of the terms related to plastic surgery
use the combining form rhytid/o, which means “wrinkle.” Plastic
surgeries that are primarily cosmetic include rhytidoplasty (RIT ih doh
PLASS tee), which is the surgical repair of skin wrinkles (■ Figure 5.23);
rhytidectomy ____________________, during which wrinkles are surgically removed;
rit ih DEK toh mee and liposuction (LIE poh suk shun), which is the removal of subcutaneous
fat (fat immediately deep to the skin) by insertion of a device that
applies a vacuum to pull the fat tissue out of the body.
■ Figure 5.23
Rhytidoplasty. This is a common
form of plastic surgery in which
the skin is pulled and sutured to
decrease skin wrinkles.
Source: Kim Steele/Photodisc/
Getty Images.
The Y in Rhytid
It may be tempting to spell the term rhytidectomy with an i instead of a y. One way to remember
WORDS TO to use a y is to think of the word elderly. As you’ve learned, the word root rhytid means “wrinkle.”
Watch Out For Elderly people commonly have wrinkles, and the word elderly ends with a y.
PRACTICE: Treatments, Procedures, and Devices

of the Integumentary System
The Right Match
______ 1. biopsy a. chemical agent that softens or smooths the skin
______ 2. emollient b. wound-cleaning procedure
______ 3. debridement c. surgically changing the skin to improve appearance
______ 4. cosmetic surgery d. surgery that uses a patient’s own skin as a graft
______ 5. autograft e. the removal of tissue for evaluation
Linkup
than once. Remember to add in combining vowels when needed—and that some terms do not use any com-
bining vowel. The first one is completed for you as an example.
Combining Form Suffix

abras/o -ectomy
aut/o -ion
derm/o, dermat/o -plasty
rhytid/o -tome
Definition Term
1. use of abrasives to remove unwanted scars and tattoos dermabrasion
2. surgical repair of skin wrinkles _________________
3. surgical repair of the skin _________________
4. surgery that involves the use of the patient’s own skin to improve healing _________________
5. an instrument that is used to cut thin slices of skin for grafting _________________
Abbreviations of the Integumentary System

The abbreviations that are associated with the integumentary system are summarized here. Study these abbrevia-
tions and review them in the exercise that follows.
Abbreviation Definition Abbreviation Definition

BCC basal cell carcinoma SLE systemic lupus erythematosus
bx, Bx biopsy SqCCa squamous cell carcinoma
HSV herpes simplex virus TBSA total body surface area
104 Chapter 5
PRACTICE: Abbreviations
Fill in the blanks with the abbreviation or the complete medical term.
Abbreviation Medical Term

1. ____________________ biopsy
2. BCC ______________________________________________
3. ____________________ systemic lupus erythematosus
4. SqCCa ______________________________________________
5. ____________________ total body surface area
6. HSV ______________________________________________
CHAPTER REVIEW
Word Building
Construct medical terms from the following meanings. The first question has been completed for you as an
example.
1. literally means “black tumor” melanoma
2. inflammation of connective tissue ____________________itis
3. disease of the nail ____________________pathy
4. fungal infection of a nail onycho____________________
5. abnormally dry skin ____________________derma
6. a skin wound caused by scraping abras____________________
7. an infection arising from a follicle ____________________itis
8. disease that affects the hair tricho____________________
9. blisters that later form a yellowish crust ____________________igo
10. a small, solid circumscribed skin elevation nev____________________
11. a discolored flat spot ____________________ule
12. derived from the Latin word “to soften” emoll____________________

In the space provided, write the definition of the combining form, followed by one example of the combining
1. derm/o _________________________________ _________________________________
2. follicul/o _________________________________ _________________________________
3. actin/o _________________________________ _________________________________
4. kerat/o _________________________________ _________________________________
5. melan/o _________________________________ _________________________________
6. trich/o _________________________________ _________________________________
7. onych/o _________________________________ _________________________________
Complete the Labels

Complete the blank labels in ■ Figure 5.24 by writing the labels in the space provided.
Pore of sweat gland
1. ___________________
Sensory receptors
2. _______________
_______________
Arrector pili muscle
Dermis
3. _____________ follicle
4. Hair _______________
Nerve
Subcutaneous Vein
layer Artery
■ Figure 5.24
Anatomy of the skin. 5. _______________
1. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
4. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
5. ______________________________________________________________________________________________


106 Chapter 5
MEDICAL REPORT EXERCISES

Sally Garcia
Read the following medical report, then answer the questions that follow.
PEARSON GENERAL HOSPITAL

Phone: (211) 594-4000 • Fax (211) 594-4001
Medical Consultation: Dermatology Date: 07/15/2017

Patient: Sally Garcia Patient ID: 123456
Provider: Jane K. Hernandez, MD
Subjective:
“For the past month the skin of my right arm has been very itchy, and sometimes painful. I have noticed
swelling there also.”
21 y/o female describes discomfort of the right arm for the past month. About a month ago, she began
working in a factory warehouse where she reports exposure to dust and high humidity. She reports that
chemicals had been used in the workplace, but she does not know what chemicals. She indicated no relevant
family history issues of the skin.
Objective:
Ht: 5′5″
Wt: 123 lb
General Appearance: No obvious signs of physical stress noted, such as edema, pallor, or diaphoresis.
Except for right arm, skin appears healthy. Skin of right arm shows some erythema and edema, and
formation of scar tissue is evident. There is a 3 cm * 1 cm keloid on the lateral aspect of right arm.
Heart: Rate at 78 bpm, with no abnormal sounds.
Lungs: CTA
MS: Joints and muscle symmetric. No swelling, masses, or deformity.
Assessment:
Contact dermatitis of right arm.
Plan:
1. Treat dermatitis with topical 2% cortisone. Advise patient to refrain from scratching the site.
2. Schedule follow-up appointment in 2 weeks. If inflammation persists, antibiotic ointment to be
administered.
Photo Source: Imging/Shutterstock.

Comprehension Questions
1. What is the probable cause of the scars on her arm? ______________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
2. If the symptom of pruritus returns after the initial treatment, how might the formation of new scar tissue
be prevented? ________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Why do you think antibiotic therapy is included in the follow-up treatment if the condition persists?
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
Case Study Questions

The following case study provides further discussion regarding the patient in the medical report. Fill in the
blanks with the correct terms. Choose your answers from the following list of terms. (Note that some terms
may be used more than once.)
actinic keratosis ulcers pruritus emollients
dermatitis biopsy vesicles
keloids dermatology cicatrices
At the (a) ______________________ clinic where patients with skin ailments are referred, Sally Garcia,
a patient with an unusual skin condition, was observed. The skin condition included a generalized skin
inflammation, or (b) ______________________, which included abnormal redness, swelling, and pain.
Skin damage caused by sunlight, a precancerous condition known as (c) ______________________
______________________, was ruled out as a diagnosis, along with all known forms of skin cancer. Rather,
an allergic agent was the likely cause. After several days of general inflammation, fluid-filled skin elevations,
or (d) ______________________, appeared. The elevations gave the patient symptoms of itching or
(e) ______________________. Scratching the elevations produced open sores, or (f) ______________________,
which upon healing left scars, or (g) ______________________. In some areas, the scar tissue became
overgrown, forming (h) ______________________. Treatment included the application of topical ointments,
or (i) ______________________, and antibiotic treatments were prescribed during follow-up.

108 Chapter 5
Patricia Velasquez
For a greater challenge, read the following medical report and answer the questions that follow.

Phone: (211) 594-4000 • Fax (211) 594-4001
Medical Consultation: Dermatology Date: 05/30/2017

Patient: Patricia Velasquez Patient ID: 123456
Provider: Robert M. O’Brady, MD
Subjective:
“The skin on the top of my right shoulder is sensitive to the touch and hurts when I put on clothes.”
27 y/o female complains of skin sensitivity and pain at the top of her right shoulder. She has spent a lot of
time outdoors since childhood due to her interest in competitive swimming and diving. She knows of no
history of skin disease in her immediate family.
Objective:
Ht: 5′3″
Wt: 110 lb
General Appearance: No obvious signs of physical stress noted, such as edema, pallor, or diaphoresis.
Skin tone is healthy. Numerous freckles and nevi are present, and at the top of the right shoulder is a single
nevus larger than others that is not circumscribed and surrounded with erythema. The nevus measures
0.9 cm dia.
Lungs: CTA
MS: Joints and muscle symmetric, with very little SC fat. No swelling, masses, or deformity.
Assessment:
Possible melanoma on right shoulder.
Plan:
Outpatient excision of mass approved by patient, with lidocaine injection and removal with #8 scalpel.
Biopsy sent to lab for analysis.
Photo Source: ESB Basic/Shutterstock.

1. What patient behaviors support the initial diagnosis? ______________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What is a common word for nevus? _____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Do you think antibiotic therapy should be included in the treatment? ________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________

The following case study provides further discussion regarding the patient in the medical report. Recall the
terms from this chapter to fill in the blanks with the correct terms.
Patricia Velasquez, a 25-year-old female, had trained for competitive swimming and diving since the age
of 12 years. According to her mother, Patricia has had no prior medical concerns and was given the usual
vaccinations as a young child. Several months before Patricia’s visit to her personal physician, she had been
complaining of a nagging irritation on the skin of her right shoulder. Because, at first, she believed the skin
irritation to be a minor response to a new skin lotion, or (j) ____________________, she delayed consulting
a physician. When her mother noticed the mole, or (k) ____________________, on Patricia’s right shoulder
had changed in shape and become darker, she decided to make an appointment. After a physical exam
with otherwise negative findings, her personal physician observed the mole and referred her immediately to
a skin specialist, or (l) ____________________. Upon observing the nevus, which had increased in size from
0.5 cm to 0.9 cm since her prior appointment only 3 weeks earlier, the skin specialist recorded the lesion as
a possible form of skin cancer arising from pigment-producing skin cells, called (m) ____________________.
He determined that an immediate course of action was necessary and asked for Patricia’s approval to remove
the suspected tumor as an outpatient treatment in his office. Patricia agreed, and the specialist performed
the minor surgery within minutes. The specimen was sent to the lab for analysis as part of the biopsy
procedure, abbreviated (n) ____________________. Because of the large incision necessary, a skin repair
procedure, (o) ____________________, was performed to aid healing and prevent the formation of a scar,
or (p) ____________________. Although the lab reported that the specimen was positive for melanoma, the
specimen did not show evidence of metastasis, so no further cancer treatments were deemed necessary.
Chapter 6
The Skeletal and Muscular

Systems
Learning Objectives
6.1 Define and spell the word parts used to 6.3 Build medical terms from word parts
create medical terms for the skeletal and associated with the skeletal and muscular
muscular systems. systems.
terms used for symptoms, diseases, terms associated with the skeletal and
disorders, procedures, treatments, and muscular systems.
devices associated with the skeletal and
muscular systems.
The Skeletal and Muscular Systems 111

The following table provides the combining forms that commonly apply to the anatomy and physiology of the
skeletal and muscular systems. Note that the combining forms are colored red to help you identify them when
you see them again later in the chapter.

arthr/o joint orth/o straight
articul/o joint oste/o bone
burs/o purse or sac, bursa pariet/o wall
carp/o wrist patell/o patella
chondr/o cartilage ped/o child
condyl/o knuckle of a joint petr/o stone
cost/o rib phalang/o phalanges
cran/o, crani/o skull, cranium phys/o growth
fasci/o fascia pub/o pubis
femor/o thigh, femur radi/o radius
fibr/o fiber sacr/o sacred, sacrum
fibul/o fibula skelet/o skeleton
ili/o flank, hip, groin, ilium of spondyl/o vertebra
the pelvis stern/o chest, sternum
ischi/o haunch, hip joint, ischium synov/o, synovi/o synovial
menisc/o meniscus tars/o tarsal bone
muscul/o muscle ten/o, tendon/o stretch, tendon
my/o, myos/o muscle vertebr/o vertebra
myel/o bone marrow
6.1 The skeletal and muscular systems are combined in this chapter
because their organs, bones, and muscles are closely connected.
musculoskeletal Together they form the ____________________ system. Notice how
MUS kyoo loh SKEHL eh tahl this constructed term is assembled with four word parts: muscul/o/
skelet/al. As you know, the bones and muscles work together to
movement support the body and produce body ____________________. In
fact, nearly every one of the 206 bones in your body receives an
attachment to one or more muscles.
112 Chapter 6
6.2 Each bone is an organ, composed of mainly connective tissue

receiving blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves. Bones support and
protect soft internal organs, store mineral salts including calcium and
phosphorus, and produce blood cells within the red bone marrow. They
also serve as an attachment site for muscles. Joints are organs of the
musculoskeletal system too and include the knee, elbow, shoulder, hip,
and anywhere else in the body where two opposing bones meet. Each
muscle ____________________ is an organ also, composed mainly of skeletal
muscle tissue and connective tissue. Muscles are attached to bones
by way of tough, dense bands of connective tissue called tendons.
As a muscle shortens in length by contraction, it pulls on the tendons
bones attaching to ____________________ to produce body movement. The
range of motion (ROM) produced by the muscle contraction is mainly
determined by the type of joint between the opposing bones. The
joints of the body allowing the greatest ROM, such as the shoulder and
knee, are known as synovial joints because they are filled with a shock-
absorbing fluid called synovial fluid. Ligaments, like tendons, are also
bands of dense connective tissue, but they extend from bone to bone
to stabilize and strengthen joints. For example, the anterior cruciate
ligament (ACL) is a ligament that stabilizes the knee joint.
6.3 Review the anatomy of the musculoskeletal system by studying

■ Figures 6.1 through 6.3.
Proximal epiphysis
Spongy bone
Compact bone
Medullary cavity
Periosteum
Diaphysis
Endosteum
Nutrient foramen
Nutrient vessel
Epiphyseal plate
■ Figure 6.1 Distal epiphysis
Parts of a bone.
Frontal bone
Skull
Maxilla
Mandible
Clavicle
Scapula
Sternum
Rib
Humerus
Vertebra
Ulna
Radius
Ilium
Sacrum
Coccyx
Ischium
Carpals
Pubis Metacarpals
Phalanges
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
■ Figure 6.2 Metatarsals
The bones of the skeleton. Phalanges
The skeleton, anterior view.
114 Chapter 6
Temporalis Frontalis
Masseter Orbicularis oculi

Facial
Zygomaticus
Platysma
Orbicularis oris
Trapezius
Shoulder
Deltoid Sternohyoid
Neck
Sternocleidomastoid
Pectoralis
major
Biceps brachii
Latisimus Arm
Thorax dorsi
Brachialis
Serratus
anterior Rectus
abdominis
Abdomen
Brachioradialis External
oblique
Extensor carpi
radialis longus
Tensor
Extensor carpi fasciae
radialis brevis latae
Forearm Extensor Iliopsoas
digitorum
Pectineus
Abductor
pollicis longus Adductor
longus
Extensor
pollicis brevis Sartorius Thigh
Gracilis
Rectus
femoris
Peroneus Vastus
longus medialis
Gastrocnemius Vastus
lateralis
Extensor
Leg digitorum
longus
Soleus
Tibialis
anterior
■ Figure 6.3
The major muscles of the human
body, anterior view.
Medical Terms of the Skeletal and Muscular Systems

6.4 The diseases of the skeletal and muscular systems are often
the result of physical injury but can also be caused by infections,
tumor development, endocrine disease, and inherited disorders.
The branch of medicine focusing on these diseases is known as
orthopedics, which is commonly abbreviated to ortho. The term
orthopedic ____________________ is a constructed word: orth/o/ped/ic. It includes
OR thoh PEE dik the combining form orth/o, which is derived from the Greek word
orthos and means “straight,” and the word root ped, which is also
from the Greek language and means “child.” A physician specializing
orthopedist in this field of medicine is called an ____________________.
(OR thoh PEE dist)
ORTHOPEDICS
Did You The term orthopedics was first coined in 1740 by French physician Nicholas Andry, who com-
KNOW bined the two Greek word parts orthos (“straight”) and ped (“child”) into the term o rthopedie
(“straightening a child”) to describe his medical practice of treating the broken limbs of children.
The anglicized version of this term, orthopedic, entered worldwide medical use in 1840.

muscular skeletal and ____________________ systems.
MUS kyoo lar
Signs and Symptoms of the Skeletal and Muscular Systems

Here are the word parts that specifically apply to the signs and symptoms of the skeletal and muscular sys-
tems that are covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you identify
a- without, absence of arthr/o joint -a singular
brady- slow kinesi/o motion -algia condition of pain
dys- bad, abnormal, my/o muscle -dynia condition of pain
p
ainful, difficult tax/o reaction to a stimulus, -ia condition of
hyper- excessive, abnormally movement -y process of
high, above ten/o stretch, tendon
troph/o development
116 Chapter 6
KEY TERMS A–Z 6.6 Referring to the preceding word parts table, notice that the suffix
-algia means “condition of pain.” Add that to a combining form that
means “joint,” and it forms the word that means “condition of joint
arthralgia pain,” or ____________________. This is often the first symptom of joint
ahr THRAL jee ah or bone disease. Arthralgia is also a common complaint following
injury to a joint. The constructed form of this word is arthr/algia.
6.7 The word root tax means “reaction to a stimulus.” By adding

the prefix a- (“without”), the meaning of the term becomes
negative. When the suffix -ia (“condition of”) is added, it forms the
ataxia word ____________________, which is the inability to coordinate
ah TAK see ah muscles during a voluntary activity. Ataxia is a sign of a nervous
system disorder, often inherited, that results in a loss of muscle
coordination. The constructed form of this word is a/tax/ia.
6.8 Stabilizing a broken limb by casting it in plaster is a common

treatment for bone fractures. It prohibits movement of the limb to
promote the healing process. Unfortunately, the lack of movement
leads to a reduction in muscle strength due to disuse, a sign of
reduced muscle size known as atrophy. The muscle reduction is
reversible when healing is complete and muscle activity is restored.
atrophy Similar to the term ataxia, the term ____________________ also uses
AT roh fee the prefix a- to make the meaning of the word root negative. The
word root troph means “development” and -y means “process of.”
The three word parts that form the word can be written as a/troph/y.
6.9 An abnormally slow movement is a clinical sign of an

underlying bone, muscle, or nervous disorder. It is known as
bradykinesia ____________________, which literally means “condition of slow
BRAD ee kih NEE see ah motion.” This term is a constructed word that can be written as
brady/kines/ia, in which brady- means “slow,” kinesi is the word root
that means “motion,” and the suffix -ia means “condition of.” (Note
that the i at the end of the word root is dropped when using a suffix
that begins with an i.)
6.10 The abnormal reduction of calcium in bone is a clinical sign

known as decalcification, which is often caused by a hormonal
disorder upsetting the calcium balance between the bloodstream
decalcification and bone. In many patients, ____________________ can be treated
DEE kal sih fih KAY shun with a combination of hormonal therapy, a diet rich in calcium and
vitamin D, and mild exercise.
6.11 Difficulty in movement is a common sign of a musculoskeletal

disorder. Remember from the term bradykinesia that the word root
kinesi means “motion” and the suffix -ia means “condition of.” When
dyskinesia the prefix dys- is added, it forms the word ____________________, which
diss kih NEE see ah literally means “condition of bad, abnormal, painful, or difficult motion.”
The constructed form of dyskinesia can be written as dys/kines/ia.
6.12 A general symptom of progressive muscle weakness

that results from a genetic mutation is often called a
dystrophy ___________________, which literally means “process of (-y) bad,
DISS troh fee abnormal, painful, or difficult (dys-) development (troph).” It is a
constructed term that can be written as dys/troph/y. The progressive
muscle weakness is a common symptom of nine known forms of
the disease, most of which appear during early childhood and are
collectively called muscular dystrophies.
6.13 The sign of excessive muscle growth or development is known

hypertrophy as ____________________. Although it is an abnormality, it is often
high PER troh fee induced by exercise enthusiasts by adding tension to weight-training
activities. Muscular hypertrophy is produced by the addition of protein
to muscle fibers, which is stimulated by strenuous muscle activity. The
constructed form of this word is hyper/troph/y, in which hyper- means
“excessive,” troph means “development,” and -y means “process of.”
6.14 During strenuous exercise, muscle cell activity may exceed the
capacity of the cell to obtain and use oxygen during metabolism.
When this occurs, the resulting “oxygen debt” will cause the cell to
metabolize without oxygen (called anaerobic respiration), resulting
in the buildup of lactic acid in the muscle tissue. Because lactic acid
causes muscle pain, a common symptom of strenuous exercise is
myalgia ____________________, which literally means “condition of muscle
my AL jee ah (myo) pain (-algia).” Its constructed form is my/algia. This form of
myalgia is temporary, lasting about one day. Chronic forms of
myalgia usually suggest an underlying musculoskeletal disease.
6.15 Tendon pain, or tenodynia, is a common symptom of

“weekend athletes”: people who work inactive jobs during the
workweek and become very active on their days off. The symptom of
tenodynia ____________________ usually indicates minor injury to one or more
TEN oh DINN ee ah tendons, often lasting weeks or months. The suffix -dynia means
“condition of pain,” and ten/o means “stretch, tendon.” The constructed
form of this term is ten/o/dynia. If tenodynia is intense, it may indicate
tearing of the tendons, which requires medical intervention. Remember
that another suffix with the meaning of “condition of pain” is -algia.
118 Chapter 6
PRACTICE: Signs and Symptoms of the Skeletal and Muscular Systems

Break the Chain
b) For the Bonus Question, write the requested definition in the blank that follows.
1. a) arthralgia arthr/algia
r s
b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? condition of pain
2. a) ataxia ________/________/________
p r s
3. a) atrophy ________/________/________
p r s
4. a) bradykinesia ________/________/________
p r s
5. a) dyskinesia ________/________/________
p r s
6. a) dystrophy ________/________/________
p r s
7. a) hypertrophy ________/________/________
p r s
8. a) myalgia ________/________
r s
9. a) tenodynia ________/___/________
cf s
Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal and Muscular Systems

Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the diseases and disorders of the skeletal and muscular sys-
tems and are covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you identify

a- without, absence of ankyl/o crooked -algia condition of pain
epi- upon, over, above, arthr/o joint -asthenia weakness
on top burs/o purse or sac, bursa -cele hernia, swelling,
para- alongside, abnormal carcin/o cancer protrusion
poly- excessive, over, carp/o wrist -emia condition of blood
many chondr/o cartilage -genesis origin, cause
quadri- four condyl/o knuckle of a joint -itis inflammation
fibr/o fiber -malacia softening
kyph/o hump -oma tumor
leuk/o white -osis condition of
lith/o stone -plasia formation, growth
lord/o bent forward -plegia paralysis
menisc/o meniscus -ptosis drooping
my/o, myos/o muscle
myel/o bone marrow
oste/o bone
por/o hole
sarc/o flesh, meat
scoli/o curved
spondyl/o vertebra
synov/o, synovi/o synovial
ten/o, tendon/o stretch, tendon
120 Chapter 6
KEY TERMS A–Z 6.16 Dwarfism is a condition characterized by abnormally

short limbs and stature. A disease that causes dwarfism is
achondroplasia ____________________. The term combines the prefix a- (“without,
ah kon droh PLAY zee ah absence of”), the combining form chondr/o (“cartilage”), and the
suffix -plasia (“formation, growth”) to form the meaning “without
cartilage formation.” The constructed form of this term is a/chondr/
o/plasia. About 80% of the cases of achondroplasia are caused by
a random mutation of genes before birth, and the remaining 20%
of cases are inherited. In either type, the condition involves the
abnormal lack of growth of the skeleton, mainly long bones, resulting
in a short and disproportional body form. See ■ Figure 6.4.
■ Figure 6.4
Achondroplasia. The individual
in this photograph has the
reduced limb development that
typifies this cause of dwarfism.
Source: Sam100/Shutterstock.
6.17 In the disease that literally means “condition of crooked,”

ankylosis ____________________, joints are abnormally stiff and movement is
an kill OH siss difficult. Ankylosis is the abnormal adhesion of two bones, which
damages the joint structure between them. When the condition
affects two or more bones of the vertebral column to cause a
rigid spine, it is called ankylosing spondylitis (AS), in which
spondylitis means “inflammation of vertebrae” (■ Figure 6.5). The
constructed form of the term ankylosis is ankyl/osis, and spondylitis
is spondyl/itis.
Spine without Spine with

ankylosing spondylitis ankylosing spondylitis
■ Figure 6.5
Ankylosing spondylitis. Side
view of two subjects, in which
a normal spine is compared to
a spine with this condition. The
inset shows a magnified view
of the fusion that has occurred Vertebrae fused
togrether
between adjacent vertebrae,
which causes the loss of
flexibility and posture.
6.18 The general disorder resulting in inflammation and degeneration

arthritis of a joint is known as ____________________. It literally means “joint
ahr THRYE tiss inflammation,” which is easy to see in the constructed form of the
term, arthr/itis, in which arthr means “joint” and the suffix -itis means
“inflammation.” There are two major forms of arthritis, each with
a different cause. Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common condition as
people age, in which the joint structures become worn over time
and are gradually replaced by bone. See ■ Figure 6.6. Rheumatoid
arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease, in which joint structures
become eroded by the action of the body’s own white blood cells.
■ Figure 6.6
Arthritis. (a) Photograph of
osteoarthritis within the joints
of the fingers. (b) Progressive (a)
changes of rheumatoid arthritis:
(1) inflammation of synovial
membrane; (2) progressive
inflammation and beginning
of cartilage destruction; (3)
complete loss of synovial
membrane; and (4) complete
joint loss.
Photo Source: Catalin Petolea/
Shutterstock. (b) 1 2 3 4
122 Chapter 6
INFLAMMATION
Did You The suffix -itis is used frequently in this chapter and means “inflammation.” The Latin word
KNOW inflammatio is the origin of this term, which literally means “to ignite” or “set ablaze.” Because
the symptoms of inflammation are heat, swelling, redness, and pain, this term is aptly named!
6.19 In the joint disease arthrochondritis, the articular cartilage

within synovial joints undergoes inflammation, resulting in joint
arthrochondritis pain during movements. Unlike arthritis, ____________________ is
AHR throh kon DRY tiss usually a temporary condition caused by a localized infection. As
a constructed term, it can be written arthr/o/chondr/itis by putting
together the combining form arthr/o (“joint”) with the word root
chondr (“cartilage”) and the suffix -itis (“inflammation”).
6.20 A bunion is an abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of

bunion the big toe. A ____________________ is caused by an inflammation of
BUN yun a bursa near the big toe.
BUNION
Did You The term bunion is derived from the Old French word buigne, which means “a swelling
KNOW caused by a blow to the head.” However, the modern meaning is limited to a swelling of
the big toe.
6.21 Remember that the suffix -itis means “inflammation,” and the
word root burs means “purse or sac,” referring to a fluid-filled sac or
bursa that cushions certain joints. So the inflammation of a bursa is
bursitis known as ____________________. The constructed form of this term
ber SIGH tiss is burs/itis.
6.22 A calcium deposit within a bursa is known as a bursolith. The

bursolith diagnosis of a ____________________ is confirmed with an x-ray, and
BER soh lith it is often surgically removed. The word root lith is derived from the
Greek word lithos, which means “a stone.” The constructed form of
this term is burs/o/lith. (Note that no suffix is used in this term.)
6.23 People working at computer stations for extended periods

of time increase their risk of a repetitive stress injury of the wrist.
carpal tunnel syndrome Commonly known as ____________________ ____________________
KAR pahl * TUN ul * SIN drohm ____________________, or CTS, it is characterized by inflammation of
the wrist (tenosynovitis; see Frame 6.57) that causes pressure against
the median nerve, resulting in local pain and restricted movement.
6.24 Also known as “wrist drop,” the condition carpoptosis is a

weakness of the wrist resulting in difficulty supporting the hand.
carpoptosis ____________________ is a constructed term: carp/o/ptosis. It literally
KAR pop TOH siss means “drooping of the wrist” (-ptosis is the suffix that means
“drooping,” and the combining form carp/o means “wrist”).
6.25 Prolonged, involuntary muscular contractions cause pain

wherever they occur, often striking the stomach wall or thigh
muscles after strenuous exercise. The painful contractions are called
cramps ____________________.
6.26 A general term describing a disease of joints in which the

cartilage undergoes degeneration is called degenerative joint
DJD disease, abbreviated ____________________. This type of disease
is progressive, becoming worse in time. During the process of joint
degeneration, the articular cartilage degrades and is often replaced
with bone. Arthritis (see Frame 6.18) is the most common form of DJD.
6.27 Children are occasionally born with a disease causing skeletal

muscle degeneration, resulting in progressive muscle weakness and
deterioration. Abbreviated DMD, it is called Duchenne muscular
dystrophy. Although it is the most intensively researched of the
nine forms of muscular dystrophy (see Frame 6.12), a cure for
Duchenne muscular ____________________ ____________________ ____________________
dystrophy is yet to be found.
doo SHEN * MUS kyoo lar *
DIS troh fee
6.28 When the suffix that means “inflammation” is combined with

the word root condyl (“knuckle of a joint”) and the prefix epi- (“upon,
epicondylitis over, above, on top”), it forms the term ____________________. The
ep ih kon dih LYE tiss epicondyles are small bony elevations on the humerus near the elbow
joint. In epicondylitis, this area of the elbow becomes inflamed, usually
due to an injury. The constructed form of this term is epi/condyl/itis.
6.29 A disease of unknown origin that produces widespread pain

of musculoskeletal structures of the limbs, face, and trunk is known
as fibromyalgia. This term is constructed with the combining form
fibr/o, the word root my, and the suffix -algia, which together mean
fibromyalgia “condition of pain of the fibers and muscles.” ____________________
FIE broh my AHL jee ah can be written as the constructed form fibr/o/my/algia. Also known as
fibromyalgia syndrome, there is some evidence that it may be a form
of autoimmune disease, possibly triggered by infections or injury.
124 Chapter 6
fracture 6.30 The clinical term for a break in a bone is ____________________.

FRAK sher The most common fractures are simple, or closed, in which the
fracture is not visible from the skin, and open, or compound, in
which parts of the fractured bone visibly penetrate through the
skin to cause bleeding. Open fractures carry a much higher risk of
infection. Other types of fractures are described in Table 6.1 ■.
Table 6.1 ■ Common Bone Fractures

Type of Type of
Fracture Definition Illustration Fracture Definition Illustration
Colles’ A break in the greenstick A slight break in a
(KOH leez) distal part of the bone that appears
radius, common as a slight fissure
in children in an x-ray exam
comminuted A break or spiral A spiral-shaped

breaks resulting break, often
in fragmentation caused by twisting
of the bone stresses along the
shaft
oblique A break along an compression A crushed break

oblique angle of in a vertebra often
the bone shaft due to an impact
or fall
transverse A break along a pathological A fracture caused

transverse plane by another disease
of the bone process that weak-
shaft ens the bone Comminuted
fracture
6.31 In gout, a person experiences sharp pain in the joints of the toes,
especially the big toe. See ■ Figure 6.7. The pain of ____________________
gout is often exacerbated by a diet high in protein because the disorder
GOWT is caused by an abnormal accumulation of uric acid crystals in the
joints, which are waste products of protein metabolism. It is a form of
arthritis because of the injury it causes to the joints. It is sometimes
called gouty arthritis. Roughly 8 million people are currently diagnosed
with gout in the United States, most of whom are men.
■ Figure 6.7
Gout. Also known as gouty
arthritis, it often strikes the big
toe, as seen in this illustration.
GOUT
Did You The term gout is derived from the Latin word gutta, which means “a drop.” The foot pain that
characterizes gout was thought to be caused by a body fluid dripping internally onto the joint.
KNOW It was a malady common to European aristocracy before the 20th century, made worse by
poor dietary habits that included diets high in protein and low in fresh vegetables and fruits.
6.32 The rupture of an intervertebral disk, which is a joint between

two adjacent vertebrae of the spine, is called a herniated disk. It
causes pressure against spinal nerves or the spinal cord to produce
herniated disk back pain. A ____________________ ____________________ is a back
HER nee ay ted * disk injury often caused by a sudden movement or an attempt to lift a
heavy object. See ■ Figure 6.8.
Surgical exposure
Cross section of lower lumbar
showing disk herniation
compression Spinal cord
of nerve root
Nerve root
Nucleus
■ Figure 6.8 pulposus
Herniated disk. A herniated
disk is a protrusion of the disk’s
gelatinous center, called the
nucleus pulposus, which often
pushes into the spinal cord or
spinal nerves to cause pain
and loss of movement (left
illustration). The illustration on
the right shows the back surgery
necessary to access the injury.
126 Chapter 6
6.33 Spinal curvatures are normal and help us to stand erect.

However, some individuals suffer from a deformity of the spine
that alters the normal curves. The three primary spinal deformities
kyphosis are kyphosis, lordosis, and scoliosis. A ____________________
kih FOH siss occurs when the upper thoracic curve bends posteriorly, causing
an abnormal hump at the upper back (kyph means “hump”)
that often accompanies osteoporosis (see Frame 6.45). A
lordosis ____________________ is an exaggerated anterior spinal curve in
lor DOH siss the lumbar area (lord means “bent forward”).
scoliosis A ____________________ is a lateral curvature of the spine with a
SKOH lee OH siss congenital origin, usually in the thoracic or lumbar regions (scoli
means “curved”). See ■ Figure 6.9. All three terms for abnormal
spinal curvatures are constructed terms. For example, scoliosis
can be written as scoli/osis.
Kyphosis
Scoliosis
■ Figure 6.9 Lordosis

Spinal disfigurements. Kyphosis,
or humpback, in which the upper
thoracic curve bends posteriorly;
lordosis, an exaggerated anterior
curve in the lumbar region; and
scoliosis, a lateral curvature.
6.34 The congenital disease called Marfan’s syndrome results

in excessive cartilage formation at the epiphyseal plates (growth
plates), forming abnormally long limbs and a tall, thin body form.
Marfan’s syndrome The heart valves of those suffering from ____________________
mahr FAHNZ * SIN drohm ____________________ are also deformed, resulting in valvular heart
disease. Some forensic scientists have argued that Abraham Lincoln
suffered from this syndrome.
6.35 A meniscus is a crescent-shaped band of cartilage that

supports certain joints, such as the knee and shoulder. The term
meniscus is derived from the Greek word for “crescent moon,”
meniskos. Inflammation of a meniscus results in joint pain and is
meniscitis called ____________________. As a constructed term, it is written
MEN ih SIGH tiss as menisc/itis.
6.36 Myasthenia gravis is characterized by a progressive

failure of muscles to respond to nerve stimulation. The term
myasthenia gravis ____________________ ____________________ means “serious
my ass THEE nee ah * muscle weakness.” The word gravis means “serious,” and you
GRAHV iss may recognize myasthenia, which means “muscle weakness,” as
a constructed term: my/asthenia.
6.37 The red bone marrow is the site of blood cell formation. A
malignant tumor associated with this tissue is a myeloma, sometimes
called multiple myeloma or plasma-cell myeloma. It arises when a
type of white blood cell, called a plasma cell, undergoes mutations
to form a tumor that first appears in red bone marrow. The term
myeloma ____________________ literally means “tumor of bone marrow,” in
my ah LOH mah which the root word myel/o means “bone marrow” and the suffix
-oma means “tumor.” The constructed form is myel/oma.
6.38 A muscle is surrounded by a layer of tough connective tissue,

known as fascia. An injury to a muscle may cause the muscle to tear
through the fascia, causing a protrusion. This condition is known as
myocele a myocele. The constructed form of the term ____________________
MY oh seel is my/o/cele, which is composed of the combining form for
muscle, my/o, and the suffix -cele, which means “hernia, swelling,
protrusion.”
6.39 A common result of muscle injury is a local inflammation known

as myositis. Combining myos (which means “muscle”) and -itis
myositis (“inflammation”), the constructed form of ____________________ is
my oh SIGH tiss myos/itis.
6.40 When injured or exposed to infection, bone tissue often

responds with inflammation. This condition, which combines the
suffix that means “inflammation” and oste, the word root meaning
osteitis “bone,” is known as ____________________, which literally means
OSS tee EYE tiss “inflammation of bone.” The constructed form is oste/itis.
6.41 Also called Paget disease, osteitis deformans results in bone

deformities due to a failure of bone remodeling, which is a balance
between bone loss and bone deposition. Common symptoms of
osteitis deformans ____________________ ____________________ include severe bone
OSS tee EYE tiss * day FOR pain and frequent fractures. Recent evidence suggests this disease
manz may be caused by a combination of environmental and genetic
factors. It strikes roughly 1% of the adult population in the United
States, mainly men over age 40.
128 Chapter 6
6.42 An inherited disease resulting in impaired bone growth

and fragile bones is known as osteogenesis imperfecta.
The term means “imperfect bone development.” Tragically,
osteogenesis imperfecta ____________________ ____________________ is progressive, leading
OSS tee oh JEN eh siss * im to severe bone pain, skeletal deformities, and frequent fractures.
per FEK tah
6.43 The suffix -malacia means “softening,” and the combining form
oste/o means “bone.” A disease resulting in the softening of bones
osteomalacia is generally known as ____________________. It is a constructed
OSS tee oh mah LAY she ah term with three word parts: oste/o/malacia. The cause is usually a
hormonal imbalance, resulting in the gradual loss of calcium from
bone tissue.
6.44 The word root myel means “bone marrow.” Inflammation

of the red bone marrow is a painful disease known as
osteomyelitis ____________________, which literally means “inflammation of
OSS tee oh my eh LYE tiss bone marrow and bone.” The usual cause is a bacterial infection.
Osteomyelitis is a constructed term with four word parts: oste/o/
myel/itis.
6.45 The abnormal loss of bone density is a common result of

aging, especially among postmenopausal women. The condition is
called osteoporosis and results in a loss of posture and flexibility
and an increased risk of fractures. See ■ Figure 6.10. The term
osteoporosis ____________________ literally means “condition of holes in bone.”
OSS tee oh por ROH siss (The word root por means “hole.”) The constructed term includes
four word parts: oste/o/por/osis.
(a) (b)
5’6’
5’3’
5’
4’9’
4’6’
■ Figure 6.10
Osteoporosis. (a) A section 4’3’
through normal spongy bone.
(b) A section through a bone
with osteoporosis reveals a
reduction of bone spicules and
additional space. (c) Spinal
curvatures resulting from
osteoporosis of the vertebral
column with advancing age. (c) Age 30 50 70
6.46 An osteosarcoma (■ Figure 6.11) is bone cancer arising from

connective tissue, usually within the bone itself. It is an aggressive
form of cancer, striking mostly the young and middle teens. The
osteosarcoma constructed form of ________________ is oste/o/sarc/oma. A second
OSS tee oh sar KOH mah form of malignant bone cancer arises from the cells of the red bone
marrow and is called leukemia (loo KEE mee ah). This term literally
means “condition of white blood,” named because of the high levels
of deformed white blood cells in a blood sample that are a diagnostic
of the disease. Leukemia is described further in Chapter 7.
Osteosarcoma
■ Figure 6.11
Osteosarcoma. X-ray of
the leg revealing an internal
osteosarcoma just below the
knee joint on the tibia.
Source: Wonderisland/
Shutterstock.
130 Chapter 6
6.47 The suffix -plegia means “paralysis.” One form of paralysis

paraplegia is ____________________, in which there is a loss of sensation
PAR ah PLEE jee ah or voluntary movement of the area of the body below the hips,
including both legs. In another form of paralysis, all four limbs
are without sensation or voluntary movement. The term for this
form of paralysis utilizes a prefix that means “four” and is called
quadriplegia ____________________.
KWAHD rih PLEE jee ah
polymyositis 6.48 The term ____________________ means “inflammation of many

PAHL ee my oh SYE tiss muscles.” It is an autoimmune disease because the inflammation is
the result of the body’s own white blood cells attacking otherwise
healthy tissue, in this case muscle tissue. The constructed form of
this term is poly/myos/itis, in which the prefix poly- means “many,”
myos means “muscle,” and the suffix -itis means “inflammation.”
6.49 Children with a long-term deficiency of vitamin D or calcium

in the diet may exhibit bowed legs and growth retardation. The
condition is known as rickets, which is a modern version of the
rickets Greek word rhakitis that means “spine.” Most ____________________
RIHK ehts cases occur in developing countries because of widespread
malnutrition. The skeletal deformities result from insufficient levels
of vitamin D, calcium, or both in the bloodstream that lead to
bone softening. When bone softening occurs in adults, it is called
osteomalacia (Frame 6.43).
6.50 The rotator cuff is a combination of four muscles and their

tendons that surround and stabilize the shoulder joint: teres minor,
supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and subscapularis. A trauma to the
shoulder can tear one or more tendons and muscles, resulting in a
rotator cuff injury ____________________ ____________________ ____________________
that can cause local inflammation, pain, and joint dislocation.
6.51 A trauma to the vertebral column may result in

spinal cord injury ____________________ ____________________ ____________________,
which is abbreviated SCI. If severe, the injury can cause paralysis of
areas of the body below the vertebral level of the injury.
6.52 The clinical term that is formed by combining the suffix

meaning “inflammation,” the word root arthr, meaning “joint,” and
spondylarthritis the word root spondyl, meaning “vertebra” is ____________________,
SPON dill ahr THRYE tiss which means “inflammation of joints of vertebrae.” It is a general
term for inflammatory diseases of the joints and their associated
tendons and ligaments. Because the most common source of
inflammation occurs in intervertebral joints, the most common
symptom is low back pain. Ankylosing spondylitis, described in
Frame 6.17, is an example of spondylarthritis. The constructed
form of this term is spondyl/arthr/itis.
sprain 6.53 A ____________________ is a tear of collagen fibers within a

ligament. See ■ Figure 6.12. It is usually caused by stretching the
ligament beyond its normal range without warming up or slowly
stretching before exercise.
■ Figure 6.12
Sprain. A sprain involves
damage to one or more First-degree sprain Second-degree sprain Third-degree sprain
ligaments and is categorized Localized joint pain and Detectable joint laxity, plus Complete disruption of
into three degrees of injury as tenderness, but no joint laxity. localized pain and tenderness. ligaments and gross joint
instability.
shown.
6.54 Similar to a sprain but involving a muscle, a

strain ____________________ is usually caused by stretching a muscle
beyond its normal range. Muscle tissue tearing and the resulting
capillary damage often cause a bruise.
132 Chapter 6
6.55 The temporomandibular joint is the junction of the mandible

and the temporal bone, which allows the lower jaw to move
when speaking and chewing. A disease of this joint is known as
temporomandibular ____________________ ____________________ ____________________,
joint disease or TMJ, and results in frequent dislocations that make it difficult and
TEMP or oh man DIH byoo painful to move the jaw during speaking and chewing.
lahr * JOYNT * dis EEZ
6.56 Inflammation of a tendon is a common sports injury and is

tendonitis known as ____________________. An example occurs when damage
TEN dunn EYE tiss is caused by throwing a ball without warming up, which is known as
rotator cuff tendonitis. Tendonitis is a constructed term, written as
tendon/itis.
6.57 A form of tendonitis that includes inflammation of the synovial

tenosynovitis membrane surrounding the joint is known as ____________________.
TEN oh sin oh VYE tiss This term has four word parts: ten/o/synov/itis, in which ten/o
means “stretch, tendon,” synov means “synovial,” and -itis means
“inflammation.”
PRACTICE: Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal and Muscular Systems

The Right Match
______ 1. Pott’s a. an abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the big toe
______ 2. gout b. a condition that causes skeletal muscle degeneration, which
______ 3. bunion results in progressive muscle weakness and deterioration;
abbreviated DMD
______ 4. Duchenne muscular dystrophy
c. prolonged, involuntary muscular contractions
______ 5. cramps
d. a trauma that causes tearing of tendons and/or muscles of
______ 6. sprain
the shoulder
______ 7. fracture
e. caused by an abnormal accumulation of uric acid crystals in
______ 8. strain the joints; usually affects the big toe joints
______ 9. comminuted f. an injury that results from stretching a muscle beyond its
______ 10. rotator cuff injury normal range
g. a type of fracture that involves a break resulting in
fragmentation of the bone
h. a tear of collagen fibers within a ligament
i. a type of fracture that involves a break at the ankle that
affects both bones of the leg
j. clinical term for a break in the bone
Linkup
Link the word parts in the list to create the terms that match the definitions. You may use word parts
more than once. Remember to add combining vowels when needed and that some terms do not use any
combining vowel. The first one is completed as an example.
Prefix Combining Form Suffix

epi- arthr/o -asthenia
poly- burs/o -itis
condyl/o -malacia
lith/o -osis
lord/o
menisc/o
my/o, myos/o
oste/o
synov/o
ten/o
Definition Term
1. weakness in the muscles myasthenia
2. inflammation of many muscles simultaneously ____________________
3. a spine deformity with an anterior curve of the spine ____________________
4. inflammation of bony elevations (epicondyles) near the elbow joint ____________________
5. inflammation and degeneration of a joint ____________________
6. a gradual and painful softening of bones ____________________
7. inflammation of a bursa ____________________
8. inflammation of bone tissue ____________________
9. a calcium deposit or stone within a bursa ____________________
10. inflammation of a meniscus ____________________
11. form of tendonitis that also involves inflammation of the synovial membrane ____________________
134 Chapter 6
Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Skeletal

and Muscular Systems
Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the treatments, procedures, and devices associated with the
skeletal and muscular systems and are covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-
coded to help you identify them: combining forms are red and suffixes are blue.

arthr/o joint -centesis surgical puncture
burs/o purse or sac, bursa -clasia, -clasis break apart
chir/o hand -desis surgical fixation, fusion
chondr/o cartilage -ectomy surgical excision, removal
cost/o rib -gram a record or image
crani/o skull, cranium -graphy recording process
electr/o electricity -iatry treatment, specialty
fasci/o fascia -ist one who specializes
lamin/o thin, lamina -lysis loosen, dissolve
my/o muscle -pathy disease
orth/o straight -plasty surgical repair
oste/o bone -rrhaphy suturing
pod/o foot -scope instrument used for viewing
spondyl/o vertebra -scopy process of viewing
syn/o connect -tic pertaining to
ten/o stretch, tendon -tomy incision, to cut
vertebr/o vertebra
KEY TERMS A–Z 6.58 The suffix -centesis means “surgical puncture,” and the
combining form arthr/o means “joint.” Many joint injuries result
in the condition of inflammation, which may slow healing and
lead to additional complications. In the procedure known as
arthrocentesis ____________________, excess fluids are aspirated, or withdrawn by
AHR throh sen TEE siss suction, through a surgical puncture into the synovial cavity of the
joint. See ■ Figure 6.13. This constructed term includes three word
parts: arthr/o/centesis.
■ Figure 6.13
Arthrocentesis. The aspiration
of fluid is a common treatment
Aspiration of Palmaris
for joint injuries resulting in
wrist joint longus tendon
inflammation, such as carpal
tunnel syndrome (CTS), shown Median nerve
in this illustration.
6.59 Occasionally, an abnormally stiff joint must be broken during

surgery to increase the range of motion, or ROM. This procedure
arthroclasia is called ____________________, in which the suffix -clasia means
ahr throh KLAY see ah “break apart.” After arthroclasia, it is common to undergo ROM
exercises to increase muscle strength and joint mobility. Arthroclasia
is a constructed term with three word parts: arthr/o/clasia.
6.60 The suffix -desis means “surgical fixation, fusion.” Thus, the
arthrodesis term ____________________ means “surgical fixation of a joint.” The
ahr throh DEE siss constructed form of this term is arthr/o/desis.
6.61 Prior to joint surgery, it is common to obtain an x-ray of the

joint after injection of contrast media, air, or both to highlight the
synovial joint. The image is printed on a film or recorded digitally and
arthrogram is called an ____________________ because the suffix -gram means
AHR throh gram “a record or image” (■ Figure 6.14). The constructed form of this
term is arthr/o/gram.
■ Figure 6.14
Arthrogram. X-ray of the lower
back and pelvis that reveals
inflammation (in red) of an
intervertebral disc.
Source: Tlegend/Shutterstock.
6.62 The suffix -lysis means “loosen, dissolve.” During an

arthrolysis ____________________, a joint is loosened of abnormal restrictions,
ahr THROL oh siss such as calcium deposits and bursoliths (see Frame 6.22). The
constructed form of this term is arthr/o/lysis.
6.63 The suffix -plasty means “surgical repair.” The goal of an

arthroplasty ____________________ procedure is to repair a joint. A complete
AHR throh PLASS tee arthroplasty refers to a joint replacement, the most common of
which is a knee replacement. The constructed form of this term is
arthr/o/plasty.
136 Chapter 6
6.64 An endoscopic visual examination of a joint cavity uses an

instrument that integrates fiber optics, live-action photography,
and computer enhancement, known as an arthroscope. The
arthroscopy viewing process is called ____________________. When arthroscopy
ahr THROSS koh pee is part of a surgery, the procedure is called arthroscopic surgery.
See ■ Figure 6.15.
■ Figure 6.15
Arthroscopic surgery. In this
photograph, the knee joint
is undergoing surgery with a
specialized endoscope called
an arthroscope in the procedure
known as arthroscopic knee
surgery.
Source: Samrith Na Lumpoon/
Shutterstock.
6.65 The suffix -tomy means “incision, to cut.” A surgical incision

arthrotomy into the synovial cavity of a joint is known as ____________________.
ahr THROTT oh mee The constructed form of the term is arthr/o/tomy.
6.66 A surgery involving the removal of a bursa from a joint is known

bursectomy as a ____________________. The constructed form of the term is
ber SEK toh mee burs/ectomy, in which burs means “purse or sac” and
-ectomy means “surgical excision or removal.”
6.67 The field of therapy that is centered on manipulation of bones

and joints, most commonly the vertebral column, is known as
chiropractic ____________________. A practitioner of this therapy is called a
KIGH roh PRAK tik chiropractor (KIGH roh prak tor). The term chiropractor is constructed
from the combining form chir/o, which means “hand,” and the suffix
-practic, which means “one who practices.”
6.68 Surgical excision, or removal, of the cartilage associated with

chondrectomy a joint is a common procedure known as ____________________.
kon DREK toh mee The surgery commonly uses arthroscopy to reduce the size of
the incision and improve the surgeon’s view. Chondrectomy is a
constructed term that can be written as chondr/ectomy to reveal
its two word parts: chondr, which means “cartilage,” and -ectomy,
which means “surgical excision or removal.”
-ectomy or -tomy?
These two suffixes look very similar, but how do you tell them apart? One easy way is to r emember
WORDS TO that -ectomy means “excision” (see how they both start with an e?). The suffix -tomy means
Watch Out For “incision” or “to cut,” and this meaning does not start with an e.
6.69 The suffix -plasty means “surgical repair.” Surgical repair of

chondroplasty cartilage associated with a joint is known as ____________________.
KON droh plass tee The constructed form of the term is chondr/o/plasty.
6.70 A surgery involving the removal of a rib (the combining form is

costectomy cost/o) is known as a ____________________.
koss TEK toh mee
6.71 When one or more bones of the cranium (crani/o)

undergo repair during surgery (-plasty), the procedure is called
cranioplasty ____________________. The constructed term for this procedure is
KRAY nee oh plass tee crani/o/plasty.
6.72 To perform surgery of the brain, a craniotomy is required,

during which the surgeon enters the cranial cavity by cutting
an opening through the cranium. The constructed form of
craniotomy ____________________ is written as crani/o/tomy, in which the
KRAY nee OTT oh mee combining form crani/o means “skull, cranium” and the suffix -tomy
means “incision, to cut.”
138 Chapter 6
6.73 A surgical procedure that is used frequently to reduce the pain

of a herniated disk by surgically removing the intervertebral disk is a
diskectomy ____________________. It may also be called a spinal fusion when
disk EK toh mee the adjacent vertebrae are fused together following the removal of
the disk. An alternate term for spinal fusion is spondylosyndesis
(SPON dih loh sin DEE siss), which literally means “surgical fixation
to connect vertebrae.” This constructed term includes four word
parts: spondyl/o/syn/desis, in which the combining form spondyl/o
means “vertebra,” syn means “connect,” and the suffix -desis
means “surgical fixation, fusion.” Also performed to treat a herniated
disk is a laminectomy (lahm ih NEK toh mee), during which the part
of a vertebra known as the lamina is surgically removed to relieve
pressure on the spinal cord.
6.74 The strength of a muscle contraction can be measured and

recorded by a procedure called electromyography (EMG). It utilizes
an instrument that electrically stimulates a muscle, and the resulting
contraction is recorded and analyzed on a computer. In this term,
electr/o means “electricity,” my/o means “muscle,” and -graphy
electromyography means “recording process.” ____________________ includes five
ee LEK troh my OG rah fee word parts: electr/o/my/o/graphy (■ Figure 6.16).
■ Figure 6.16
Electromyography. Photograph
of a patient undergoing electrical
muscle stimulation and analysis
for muscle function testing.
Source: Photoshooter2015/
Shutterstock.
6.75 A surgical incision into the connective tissue sheath

surrounding a muscle, called fascia, is known as a
fasciotomy ____________________. The constructed form of this term is
FASH ee OTT oh mee fasci/o/tomy.
6.76 Orthopedic surgeons, or orthopedists, treat fractures by

aligning the broken bones to their normal positions in a procedure
known as reduction (■ Figure 6.17), which means “bringing
back to normal”. Manipulating the bone without surgery during
closed fracture reduction is known as ____________________ ____________________
reduction ____________________. If surgical intervention is needed to align
and stabilize the broken area, the procedure is called open fracture
reduction. During this procedure, pins, screws, rods, or plates may
be inserted to stabilize the alignment, known as internal fixation. In
external fixation, metal rods and pins are attached from outside the
skin surface. External fixation carries the advantage of avoiding the
use of a plaster cast for immobilization. If the normal healing process
is impeded, bone grafting or electrical bone stimulation may be
applied to stimulate the healing process.
■ Figure 6.17
Fracture reduction. X-ray of two
lower legs, right (R) and left (L),
following orthopedic surgery.
The right tibia and fibula, both
with a simple fracture, have been
treated through closed fracture
reduction by placing the limb
within a plaster cast to immobilize
it. The left tibia and fibula have a
more severe injury, both with a
compound comminuted fracture.
As a result, an open fracture
reduction has been performed to
connect the shattered bones with
metal pins to an external metal
rod (white), in the procedure
called external fixation.
Source: Jarva Jar/Shutterstock.
6.77 The combining form my/o means “muscle.” A muscle can

tear during a serious injury and require surgical intervention to
myoplasty promote healing. During a ____________________, a muscle
MY oh plass tee undergoes surgical repair (the suffix -plasty means “repair”).
The constructed form of the term is my/o/plasty. The repair often
includes suturing the torn ends together in a procedure known
myorrhaphy as ____________________. The constructed form of the term is
my OR ah fee my/o/rrhaphy, in which the suffix -rrhaphy means “suturing.”
140 Chapter 6
6.78 The most common pharmacological treatment for any

condition, including inflammation or pain of muscle or bone tissue,
is the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, commonly
NSAIDs abbreviated ____________________. Examples of NSAIDs are aspirin
and ibuprofen.
6.79 The field of medical support involving the construction and

fitting of orthopedic appliances, such as lifts, artificial limbs, and
retraction devices, to assist a patient is known as orthotics.
Formed from the combining form orth/o, which means “straight,”
and the suffix -tic, which means “pertaining to,” this constructed
term includes three word parts: orth/o/tics. A specialist in
orthotics ____________________ is called an orthotist (or THOTT ist). The
or THOTT iks medical term for an artificial limb is prosthesis (pross THEE siss),
which literally means “to place in addition” (■ Figure 6.18).
■ Figure 6.18
An orthotics lab. An orthotist is
adjusting a prosthetic device on
a patient who lost both legs to
enable him to walk again.
Source: Mykola Komarovskyy/
Shutterstock.
ostectomy 6.80 An ____________________ is the surgical removal, or excision,

oss TEK toh mee of bone tissue. It is performed to remove unwanted bony formations.
The constructed form of this term is ost/ectomy, in which the suffix
meaning “surgical excision or removal” is added to the word root
for bone (ost).
6.81 In some cases, it becomes necessary to break a bone

purposely to correct a defect or an improperly healed fracture.
Formed by adding the suffix -clasis, meaning “break apart,” to the
combining form for bone (oste/o), the name of the procedure is
osteoclasis ____________________. It is a constructed term: oste/o/clasis.
OSS tee oh KLAY siss
6.82 A medical field that emphasizes the relationship between the

musculoskeletal system and overall health with an emphasis on
body alignment and nutrition is called osteopathy. The constructed
osteopathy form is oste/o/pathy. A physician trained in ____________________ is
OSS tee OPP ah thee known as an osteopath or osteopathic surgeon and is symbolized
by the abbreviation DO (Doctor of Osteopathy).
6.83 The surgical repair of bone is a general procedure known as

osteoplasty ____________________. This term is formed by adding the suffix
OSS tee oh plass tee -plasty (“surgical repair”) to the combining form oste/o (“bone”).
The constructed form is oste/o/plasty.
-pathy or -plasty?
These two suffixes look very similar, but how do you tell them apart? The suffix -pathy means “disease,”
WORDS TO whereas the meaning of the suffix -plasty is “surgical repair.” One easy way to tell them apart is to think
Watch Out For of the sound of -plasty: it sounds like “plaster,” which is a home product that is used to repair walls.
6.84 The Greek word for foot is podos. When the combining form
of this Greek word (pod/o) is combined with the suffix -iatry, which
means “treatment or specialty,” the result is the constructed term
podiatry ____________________, which is the specialty that focuses on foot
poh DYE ah tree health. A healthcare professional trained in this field is called a
podiatrist (poh DYE ah trist).
6.85 A very common treatment for most internal injuries of the

musculoskeletal system, such as sprains (Frame 6.53) and strains
(Frame 6.54), is often called by its popular acronym, RICE. The
RICE meaning of ____________________ is rest, ice compresses,
compression of the injury site, and elevation of the injured limb.
6.86 Some injuries involve damage to both the muscle and its
associated tendon. The surgical procedure involving the repair of
tenomyoplasty both muscle and tendon is called a ____________________. This
TEN oh MY oh plass tee constructed term is shown as ten/o/my/o/plasty to reveal its word
parts: the combining forms ten/o, meaning “stretch, tendon,” and
my/o, meaning “muscle,” and the suffix -plasty, meaning “surgical
repair.”
142 Chapter 6
6.87 Stepping into a hole and falling can cause a serious injury to
the calcaneal tendon of the ankle. This tendon, also known as the
Achilles tendon, attaches the powerful calf muscles to the large heel
bone (calcaneus). If it tears, mobility of the affected leg becomes
impossible until surgical intervention corrects the injury. The surgery
tenorrhaphy is called a ____________________ and involves the suturing of a
ten OR ah fee tendon to close a tear. This constructed term is ten/o/rrhaphy to
reveal its word parts. In this term, the suffix -rrhaphy, which means
“suturing,” is added to the combining form that means “stretch,
tendon.”
tenotomy 6.88 A tenorrhaphy often includes the ____________________

ten OTT oh mee procedure, during which one or more incisions are made into a
tendon. Also a constructed term, it is written as ten/o/tomy, using
the combining form that means “stretch, tendon” and the suffix that
means “incision, to cut.”
6.89 A surgical procedure that repairs damaged or diseased

vertebroplasty vertebrae is called a ____________________. Adding the combining
VERT eh broh plass tee form that means “vertebra” with the suffix that means “surgical
repair” creates this constructed term. It includes three word parts:
vertebr/o/plasty.
PRACTICE: Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Skeletal

and Muscular Systems
The Right Match
______ 1. reduction a. the most common pharmacological treatment for inflammation or
______ 2. aspiration pain of muscle or bone tissue
______ 3. arthrocentesis b. a procedure in which adjacent vertebrae are fused together following
a diskectomy
______ 4. nonsteroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs c. withdrawing by suction
______ 5. spinal fusion d. a procedure in which excess fluids are aspirated through a surgical
puncture in the joint
______ 6. arthroscopy
e. a procedure that aligns broken bones to their normal positions
______ 7. chondroplasty
f. an x-ray image of a joint
______ 8. tenorrhaphy
g. healthcare specialty that focuses on foot health
______ 9. podiatry
h. an endoscopic visual examination of a joint cavity
______ 10. arthrogram
i. surgical repair of cartilage
j. a surgery that sutures a tear in a tendon
Break the Chain

1. a) arthrodesis ________/___/________
cf s
2. a) chondrectomy ________/________
r s
3. a) craniotomy ________/___/________
cf s
b) Bonus Question: Does this term contain a prefix? ________________________________________________
4. a) laminectomy ________/________
r s
5. a) electromyography ________/___/________/___/________
cf cf s
b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the second combining form? _____________________________
6. a) orthotics ________/___/________
cf s
7. a) osteoclasis ________/___/________
cf s
8. a) tenomyoplasty ________/___/________/___/________
cf cf s
9. a) osteoplasty ________/___/________
cf s
144 Chapter 6
Abbreviations of the Skeletal and Muscular Systems

The abbreviations that are associated with the skeletal and muscular systems are summarized here. Study
these abbreviations and review them in the exercise that follows.

ACL anterior cruciate ligament, a OA osteoarthritis
ligament that stabilizes the ortho orthopedics
knee joint RA rheumatoid arthritis
AS ankylosing spondylitis RICE rest, ice, compression, elevation
CTS carpal tunnel syndrome
ROM range of motion
DJD degenerative joint disease
SCI spinal cord injury
DMD Duchenne muscular dystrophy
THR total hip replacement
DO physician specializing in
TKA total knee arthroplasty
osteopathy
TKR total knee replacement
EMG electromyography
HNP herniated nucleus pulposus, TMJ temporomandibular joint disease
a herniated intervertebral disk Vertebrae
MG myasthenia gravis C1 through C7 the seven cervical vertebrae
NSAIDs nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory T1 through T12 the twelve thoracic vertebrae
drugs L1 through L5 the five lumbar vertebrae

1. ____________________ spinal cord injury
2. TKA ______________________________________________
3. ____________________ rheumatoid arthritis
4. DMD ______________________________________________
5. ____________________ herniated nucleus pulposus
6. EMG ______________________________________________
7. ____________________ anterior cruciate ligament
8. THR ______________________________________________
9. ____________________ the five lumbar vertebrae
10. CTS ______________________________________________
11. ____________________ range of motion
12. OA ______________________________________________
13. ____________________ total knee replacement
14. T1–T12 ______________________________________________
15. ____________________ degenerative joint disease
16. TMJ ______________________________________________
17. ____________________ myasthenia gravis
18. AS ______________________________________________
CHAPTER REVIEW
Word Building
1. a gradual and painful softening of bone osteomalacia
2. abnormal loss of bone density osteo____________________
3. paralysis of lower body, including both legs ____________________plegia
4. abnormal lateral curve of the spine scoli____________________
5. inflammation of a tendon and synovial membrane teno____________________
6. x-ray image of a joint arthro___________________
7. inflammation of a meniscus ____________________itis
8. surgical incision into a joint arthro___________________
9. muscular weakness my______________________
10. protrusion of muscle through its fascia myo_____________________
11. a repetitive stress injury of the wrist ______________tunnel syndrome
12. a therapy in which a joint is loosened of its restrictions arthro____________________
13. a viral infection of bone that accelerates bone loss ____________________’s disease
14. a rupture of an intervertebral disk ____________________ disk
15. surgical repair of a joint arthro___________________
16. pain in a tendon teno_____________________
17. a calcium deposit within a bursa burso____________________
18. abnormal condition of joint stiffness ____________________osis


1. ankyl/o _________________________________ _________________________________
2. arthr/o _________________________________ _________________________________
3. burs/o _________________________________ _________________________________
4. spondyl/o _________________________________ _________________________________
5. myel/o _________________________________ _________________________________
6. oste/o _________________________________ _________________________________
7. chondr/o _________________________________ _________________________________
8. synovi/o _________________________________ _________________________________
146 Chapter 6
Complete the Labels

Complete the blank labels in ■ Figures 6.19, 6.20, and 6.21 by writing the labels in the spaces provided.
Proximal epiphysis
Spongy bone
1. __________________ __________________
Medullary cavity
2. ___________________
3. ___________________
Endosteum
Nutrient foramen
Nutrient vessel
Epiphyseal plate
■ Figure 6.19 Distal 4. ___________________
Parts of a bone.
1. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
4. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
5. _________________
Skull
Maxilla
Mandible
6. _________________
Scapula
Sternum
Rib
7. _________________
Vertebra
Ulna
Radius
Ilium
8. _________________
Coccyx
Ischium
Carpals
Pubis Metacarpals
9. _________________
10. __________________
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
■ Figure 6.20 Phalanges
The bones of the skeleton.
5. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
6. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
7. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
8. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
9. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
10. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
148 Chapter 6
Temporalis Frontalis
Masseter Orbicularis oculi

Facial
Zygomaticus
Platysma
Orbicularis oris
Trapezius
Shoulder
11. ____________ Sternohyoid
Neck
13. _____________
Pectoralis
major
14. __________
Latisimus Arm
brachii
Thorax dorsi
Brachialis
Serratus
anterior Rectus
abdominis
Abdomen
Brachioradialis External
oblique
Extensor carpi
radialis longus
Tensor
Extensor carpi fasciae
radialis brevis latae
Forearm Extensor Iliopsoas
digitorum
Pectineus
Abductor
pollicis longus Adductor
longus
Extensor
pollicis brevis Sartorius Thigh
Gracilis
15. ______
femoris
Peroneus Vastus
longus medialis
12. _______________ Vastus

lateralis
Extensor
Leg digitorum
longus
Soleus
Tibialis
anterior
■ Figure 6.21
The major muscles.
11. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
12. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
13. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
14. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
15. ______________________________________________________________________________________________

Jorge Johnson

Phone: (211) 594-4000 • Fax (211) 594-4001
Medical Consultation: Orthopedics Date: 09/11/2017

Patient: Jorge Johnson Patient ID: 123456
Dob: 5/20/1982 Age: 35 Sex: Male Allergies: NKDA
Provider: Jonathon McIntyre, MD
Subjective:
“My right ankle hurts a lot, even when I am lying down. I twisted it while playing touch football just
10 hours ago.”
35 y/o male. The patient is in great discomfort. Swelling of the right ankle is apparent, and some bleeding
is present at the injury site.
Objective:
Ht: 6'2"
Wt: 203 lb
General Appearance: Physical stress is noted by diaphoresis, heavy breathing, facial expression of
iscomfort, edema of the right ankle. Break in the skin at the right ankle with minor bleeding.
d
MS: Joints and muscles symmetric. No swelling, masses, or deformity in areas other than right ankle.
Assessment:
Compound Pott’s fracture at the distal end of r. tibia and fibula with tendonitis of Achilles tendon.
Plan:
Apply RICE STAT. X-ray right ankle. If confirmed, prep for ortho surgery to remove bone fragments and
realign fracture. Close and cast injury in plaster, with follow-up in 2 weeks.
Photo Source: Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock.

150 Chapter 6
1. What is the evidence supporting a diagnosis of a compound fracture? _______________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Why are x-rays required before treatment can begin? ______________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
3. In what area of the body might a Pott’s fracture occur? _____________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________

blanks with the correct terms. Choose your answers from the list of terms that precedes the case study.
(Note that some terms may be used more than once.)
compound myositis Pott’s
myalgia polymyositis tendonitis
A 35-year-old patient named Jorge Johnson received injuries during a weekend touch football game in
the park. Upon his arrival at emergency, he presented an open, or (a) ____________________, fracture of
the distal end of the right tibia and fibula, pain, and discoloration of the ankle that suggested damage to
a tendon, or (b) ____________________, and muscle tenderness or (c) ____________________ that suggested
damaged muscle fibers, or (d) ____________________, and inflammation of all muscles of the right lower
extremity, or (e) ____________________. An x-ray examination revealed a fracture at the right ankle, called
a (f) ____________________ fracture, with associated inflammation of the Achilles tendon, or generalized
(g) ____________________.
Debra Simpson
For a greater challenge, read the following medical report and answer the critical thinking questions that follow.

Phone: (211) 594-4000 • Fax (211) 594-4001
Medical Consultation: Orthopedics Date: 09/19/2017

Patient: Debra Simpson Patient ID: 123456
Provider: Paula S. Medina, MD
Subjective:
“I have a lot of trouble moving: walking, climbing into and out of bed, reaching for cans out of my cabinet. I can’t
stand straight anymore without pain. My hands hurt most of the time, sometimes worse when it’s cold out.”
85 y/o widowed patient lives alone, with three children living within 50 miles. She says this is her first visit
to a medical institution in 25 years. Her discomfort is apparent in her face and voice. She keeps as active as
possible, although recently she has stopped her daily walks due to the pain.
Objective:
Ht: 5'3"
Wt: 129 lb
General Appearance: Skin pallor with numerous pigmented patches, eyes clear, stooped posture with
yphosis, walks with shuffling gait, low energy, voice faint and crackling.
k
MS: Joints and muscles symmetric for her age. Swelling and erythema at the joints of hands and feet,
e specially at carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints.
Assessment:
Osteoporosis, osteoarthritis
Plan:
HRT with calcium/vit D supplements. Recommend NSAIDs to help manage the OA.
Photo Source: Absolut/Shutterstock.

152 Chapter 6
1. What is the diagnosis? _________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What term is abbreviated OA? __________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
3. What is the meaning of the term osteoporosis? ____________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________

The following case study provides further discussion regarding the patient in the medical report.
Recall the terms from this chapter to fill in the blanks with the correct terms.
Debra Simpson, an 85-year-old female, was initially seen by her personal general practitioner when she
complained of difficulty in movement, or (h) ____________________, and joint pain, or (i) ____________________,
of both wrists. The GP referred her to (j) ____________________ due to an abnormal bent-over posture,
called a (k) ____________________, the presence of a minor back hump, or (l) ____________________,
and x-ray exams that indicated a loss of bone density. Based on these findings, the initial diagnosis was
(m) ____________________. The orthopedist also reported advanced joint degeneration in her carpometacarpal
and metacarpophalangeal joints that was diagnosed as (n) ____________________ due to her advanced age.
Treatments were prescribed to include hormone therapy with calcium supplements, mild exercise for the bone
loss, and NSAIDs for OA management.


Chapter 7
Blood, the Lymphatic System,

and Immunology
Learning Objectives
7.1 Define and spell the word parts used to 7.3 Build medical terms from the word parts
create terms for the blood, the lymphatic associated with the blood, the lymphatic
system, and immunology. system, and immunology.
terms used for symptoms, diseases, terms associated with the blood, the
disorders, procedures, and treatments lymphatic system, and immunology.
associated with the blood, the lymphatic
system, and immunology.
154 Chapter 7

blood, the lymphatic system, and immunology. Note that the combining forms are colored red to help you
identify them when you see them later in the chapter.

aden/o gland lymph/o clear water or fluid
bacteri/o bacteria path/o disease
blast/o germ, bud, developing cell splen/o spleen
erythr/o red thromb/o clot
hem/o, hemat/o blood thym/o wartlike, thymus gland
immun/o exempt, immunity tox/o poison
leuk/o white
7.1 Although the blood is a tissue that is part of the cardiovascular

system, the blood is also closely associated with another system,
the lymphatic system. Therefore, the blood and lymphatic system
are combined in this chapter. In the human body, blood is normally
found only within the heart and blood vessels of the cardiovascular
blood system. As ____________________ courses through these organs, it
performs its primary function of transport. Blood includes a watery
medium, called plasma, which carries within its current two major
types of cells: red blood cells (RBCs), which transport oxygen, and
white blood cells (WBCs), which combat infection. Red blood cells
are also called erythrocytes, which mean “red cells.” Similarly, white
blood cells are also called leukocytes, which mean “white cells.”
Fragments of cells are also present in blood. Called platelets, they
trigger the formation of blood clots to reduce blood loss following an
injury. Another type of body fluid, known as lymph, also transports
substances throughout the body, but this fluid is found only within
lymphatic vessels.
lymph 7.2 Lymphatic vessels and ____________________ are important

parts of the lymphatic system, along with the lymph nodes, spleen,
and thymus gland. Lymph carries the components of immunity, such
as white blood cells and the products they use to fight infection.
Amazingly, blood and lymph are intertwined because lymph is
formed from blood during capillary exchange and rejoins the
bloodstream later. And, because both blood and lymph carry white
blood cells, both fluids are involved in the fight against infection.
Blood, the Lymphatic System, and Immunology 155
transport 7.3 The primary function of blood is the ____________________ of

substances throughout the body. Vital substances carried by the blood
include oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, enzymes, nutrients, and
waste materials. The blood also protects against infectious disease and
helps regulate body temperature. The primary function of the lymphatic
protection system is ____________________ from infectious disease. It also
recycles fluids from the extracellular environment to the bloodstream.
7.4 Review the anatomy of the blood and lymphatic system by

studying ■ Figure 7.1 and ■ Figure 7.2.
White blood cell (monocyte) Platelets Red blood cells

White blood cell
(lymphocyte)
■ Figure 7.1
A blood smear. The smear
reveals representative cells from
each formed element group: red
blood cells, platelets, and two
white blood cells (shown is a
lymphocyte and a monocyte).
Tonsil
Lymphatic vessel
Thymus gland
Thoracic duct
Spleen
Lymph nodes
■ Figure 7.2
The lymphatic system.
Lymphatic vessels, major lymph
nodes, and lymphatic organs.
The direction of lymph flow is
toward the heart.
156 Chapter 7
Medical Terms of the Blood, the Lymphatic System,

and Immunology
7.5 Because blood is a vital fluid, making sure it is healthy is an
important part of healthcare management. Like any other tissue,
blood can become diseased from any one of several sources,
including inherited abnormalities, infection, or tumor development.
The loss of blood itself can become a life-threatening situation if
intervention is not provided in time, due to its important function
transport as a ____________________ medium for gases, enzymes, nutrients,
hormones, blood cells, and other substances. Fortunately, blood
serves as an important diagnostic tool. Because blood can be
conveniently removed from a blood vessel and analyzed, it is an
important avenue for testing body chemistry as well as blood cells
diagnostic during a ____________________ evaluation.
7.6 The general field of medicine focusing on blood-related

disease is known as hematology (HEE mah TAHL oh jee). You should
recognize this term as being constructed of three word parts and
hemat/o/logy shown as ________/_____/______. It includes the combining form
hemat/o, which is derived from the Greek word for blood, haima,
and the suffix -logy that means “study or science of.” A physician
specializing in the treatment of disease associated with blood is
hematologist called a ____________________ (HEE mah TAHL oh jist) or, alternatively,
a hematopathologist (hee MAH toh path AHL oh jist).
7.7 The lymphatic system has dual functions: filtering and

recycling of fluid to the bloodstream and battling against
infection ____________________. A disease of the lymphatic system can affect
either function, or perhaps both. Also, because the lymphatic system
components are distributed throughout the body, a lymphatic
disease can spread quickly to distant areas of the body. In fact,
metastasizing cancer cells often use the low-pressure current of
lymph the ____________________ to travel from one area of the body to
another. In addition to tumors, lymphatic disease also includes
infections that may overwhelm the immune response and inherited
conditions that result in deficiencies in immune protection.
7.8 Our understanding of infectious disease has grown rapidly during

the past 50 years, due mainly to new information coming from research
labs. The field of medicine that treats this form of disease is generally
called immunology (IM yoo NAHL oh jee) or, at some hospitals,
infectious disease. The term immunology refers to the body’s ability
to defend against infection and includes a variety of mechanisms.
immun/o/logy This is a constructed term, written as ________/_____/______, where
immun/o is a combining form derived from the Latin word immunis,
which means “exempt or immunity,” and -logy is the often-used
suffix that means “study or science of.” Subspecialties in the field of
infectious disease include virology (vih RAHL oh jee; study of viruses) and
bacteriology ____________________ (bak TEER ee AHL oh jee; study of bacteria).

lymphatic blood, the ____________________ system, and immunology.
lim FAT ik
Signs and Symptoms of the Blood, the Lymphatic System,

and Immunology
Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the signs and symptoms of the blood, the lymphatic system,
and immunology that are covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help
you identify them: prefixes are yellow, combining forms are red, and suffixes are blue.

an- without, absence of bacteri/o bacteria -emia condition of blood
iso- equal cyt/o cell -ia condition of
macro- large erythr/o red -lysis loosen, dissolve
poly- excessive, over, many hem/o blood -megaly abnormally large
leuk/o white -osis condition of
poikil/o irregular -penia abnormal reduction in
splen/o spleen number, deficiency
thromb/o clot -rrhage abnormal discharge
tox/o poison
KEY TERMS A–Z 7.10 The presence of red blood cells of unequal size in a sample of
blood is an abnormal finding. It is a sign known as anisocytosis.
The constructed form of this term is an/iso/cyt/osis, in which an-
is a prefix that means “without or absence of,” iso- is a prefix that
means “equal,” cyt/o is the combining form for “cell,” and -osis
anisocytosis means “condition of.” Thus, ____________________ literally means
an EYE soh sigh TOH siss “condition of without equal cells.”
158 Chapter 7
7.11 The presence of bacteria in a sample of blood is a sign of

an infection and is called bacteremia, as shown in ■ Figure 7.3.
The constructed form of this term reveals two word parts,
bacter/emia. Because the suffix -emia means “condition of blood,”
bacteremia ____________________ literally means “condition of bacteria in the
bak ter EE mee ah blood.”
Red blood cells

Bacteria
■ Figure 7.3
Bacteremia. Illustration of blood
infected with bacteria, as seen
through a microscope.
7.12 The suffix -penia means “abnormal reduction in number,

erythropenia deficiency.” It is used in the term ____________________ to describe
ee RITH roh PEE nee ah an abnormally reduced number of red blood cells in a sample of
blood. This constructed term is written erythr/o/penia. It is also
called erythrocytopenia, which is also a constructed term and is
erythr/o/cyt/o/penia written _______/___/____/___/______.
7.13 The rupture of red blood cells may occur if a blood transfusion
is not compatible with the recipient’s blood, or during a salt
imbalance in which more salt is present in the cells than in the
plasma. The rupture of the red blood cell membrane is called
hemolysis hemolysis. The constructed form of ____________________ is written
hee MALL ih siss hem/o/lysis, which literally means “dissolve blood.”
7.14 The abnormal loss of blood from circulation is a sign of trauma

hemorrhage or illness. It is called ____________________, which is a constructed
HEM eh rihj term written hem/o/rrhage.
7.15 An abnormally reduced number of white blood cells in a

leukopenia sample of blood is a sign of disease called ____________________.
loo koh PEE nee ah The constructed form of this term is leuk/o/penia. It is also called
leukocytopenia (LOO koh SIGH toh PEE nee ah), which is also a
leuk/o/cyt/o/penia constructed term and is written _______/___/____/___/______.
7.16 The presence of abnormally large red blood cells in a sample

of blood is a sign of disease and is called macrocytosis. The
macrocytosis constructed form of ____________________ is written macro/cyt/osis,
MAK roh sigh TOH siss which literally means “condition of large cell.”
7.17 The combining form poikil/o means “irregular.” Normally,

red blood cells are round biconcave disks, but the sign of
poikilocytosis ____________________ occurs when more than 10% of the cells
POY kih loh sigh TOH siss have irregular shapes. The constructed form of this term is poikil/o/
cyt/osis, which literally means “condition of irregular cell.”
7.18 The prefix poly- means “excessive, over, many.” When

combined with the word roots that mean cell (cyt) and blood
(hem) and the suffix that means “condition of” (-ia), the term
polycythemia ____________________ is formed. This constructed term is written
pall ee sigh THEE mee ah poly/cyt/hem/ia. Polycythemia is an abnormal increase in the
number of red blood cells in the blood. It results from a genetic
mutation within stem cells of the red bone marrow, and may also
be called erythrocytosis (eh RITH roh sigh TOH siss). This is also a
constructed term, written erythr/o/cyt/osis, that literally means
“condition of red cell.”
7.19 The suffix -megaly means “abnormally large.” Abnormal

enlargement of the spleen is a sign of injury or infection and is
splenomegaly called ____________________. The constructed form is written
splee noh MEG ah lee splen/o/megaly, which literally means “abnormally large spleen.”
7.20 An abnormally reduced number of platelets in a sample

of blood is a sign of disease and is called thrombopenia. The
thrombopenia constructed form of ____________________ is thromb/o/penia.
throm boh PEE nee ah It is also called thrombocytopenia (THROM boh SIGH toh PEE
nee ah), which is also a constructed term and is written
thromb/o/cyt/o/penia _______/___/_____/___/_______.
7.21 The presence of toxins in the bloodstream is known as

toxemia ____________________. The constructed form is tox/emia, which
tahk SEE mee ah literally means “condition of blood poison.”
160 Chapter 7
PRACTICE: Signs and Symptoms of the Blood,

the Lymphatic System, and Immunology
The Right Match
______ 1. anisocytosis a. presence of bacteria in the blood
______ 2. bacteremia b. abnormally reduced number of red blood cells
______ 3. splenomegaly c. abnormally large red blood cells
______ 4. toxemia d. presence of red blood cells of unequal size
______ 5. erythropenia e. abnormal increase in number of red blood cells
______ 6. macrocytosis f. irregularly shaped red blood cells
______ 7. poikilocytosis g. presence of toxins in the bloodstream
______ 8. polycythemia h. abnormal loss of blood from the circulation
______ 9. hemorrhage i. abnormal enlargement of the spleen
Break the Chain

The first set has been completed as an example.
1. a) polycythemia poly/cyt/hem/ia
p r r s
Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? condition of
b)
2. a) thrombopenia ________/___/________
cf s
b)
Bonus Question: What is the definition of the combining form?
3. a) leukopenia ________/___/________
cf s
b)
Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix?
4. a) hemolysis ________/___/________
cf s
b)
5. a) leukocytopenia ________/___/________/___/________
cf cf s
b)
Bonus Question: What is the definition of the first combining form?
Diseases and Disorders of the Blood, the Lymphatic System,

and Immunology
Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the diseases and disorders of the blood, the lymphatic sys-
tem, and immunology that are covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to
help you identify them: prefixes are yellow, combining forms are red, and suffixes are blue.

an- without, aden/o gland -emia condition of
absence of aut/o self blood
ana- up, toward botul/o sausage -genic pertaining to
mono- one fung/o fungus producing, forming
globin/o protein -ial pertaining to
hem/o, hemat/o blood -ic pertaining to
hydr/o water -ism condition or
disease
iatr/o physician
-itis inflammation
idi/o individual
-oma tumor
immun/o exempt, or immunity
-osis condition of
leuk/o white
-pathy disease
lymph/o clear water or fluid
-philia loving, affinity for
necr/o death
-phobia fear
nosocom/o hospital
-phylaxis protection
nucle/o kernel, nucleus
-rrhagic pertaining to
path/o disease
abnormal discharge
sept/o putrefying; wall or partition
staphylococc/o Staphylococcus (bacterium)
streptococc/o Streptococcus (bacterium)
thym/o wartlike, thymus gland
KEY TERMS A–Z 7.22 The acronym for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is
AIDS ____________________. This devastating disease is caused by the
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which disables the immune
response by destroying important white blood cells known as helper
T cells. The loss of immune function allows opportunistic diseases
to proliferate, such as pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci,
dementia, Kaposi’s sarcoma, and many others, any of which
eventually cause death if aggressive medical intervention is not
provided. There is no cure, although many patients respond well to
antiretroviral therapy if it is available. Commonly referred to as H-I-V
AIDS (written HIV/AIDS), it is the most deadly infectious disease on
our planet, with nearly 37 million people infected and over 1 million
deaths each year.
162 Chapter 7
7.23 An allergy is the body’s immune response to allergens, which

are foreign substances that produce a reaction including immediate
allergy inflammation. An ____________________ may strike in different
AL er jee forms, the most common of which are allergic rhinitis (hay fever),
which affects the mucous membranes of the nasal cavity and throat,
and allergic dermatitis, which affects the skin where it has been in
physical contact with the allergen (■ Figure 7.4).
■ Figure 7.4
The patient is undergoing an
allergy skin test by receiving
subdermal inoculations of
allergens. Inflammation (redness,
swelling, heat, and pain) of the
inoculated area is evidence of an
allergic reaction.
Source: Gorillaimages/
Shutterstock.
7.24 An immediate allergic reaction to a foreign substance that

includes rapid inflammation, vasodilation, bronchospasms,
shortness of breath, and spasms of the GI tract is called
anaphylaxis. In severe cases, it can become life-threatening if
medical intervention is not available. This term is constructed
from the prefix ana- that means “up, toward” and the suffix
-phylaxis that means “protection.” Thus, the constructed form of
anaphylaxis ____________________ is written ana/phylaxis.
AN ah fih LAK siss
7.25 The prefix an- means “without, absence of,” and the suffix
-emia means “condition of blood.” Combining these two word
parts forms the term anemia, which literally means “without
blood.” The constructed form of this term is written an/emia.
anemia ____________________ is the reduced ability of red blood cells to
ah NEE mee ah deliver oxygen to tissues. It may result from a reduced number of
normal circulating red blood cells or a reduction in the amount of the
oxygen-binding protein in red blood cells called hemoglobin. Some
common forms of anemia include aplastic anemia, in which the red
bone marrow fails to produce sufficient numbers of normal blood cells;
iron-deficiency anemia, caused by a lack of available iron, resulting
in the body’s inability to make adequate amounts of hemoglobin;
sickle cell anemia, in which the hemoglobin is defective within cells,
resulting in misshaped red blood cells that cause obstructions in blood
vessels (■ Figure 7.5); and pernicious (per NISH us) anemia, caused by
a failure to acquire vitamin B12 into the bloodstream for its delivery to
red bone marrow, which requires it to produce new red blood cells.
Microinfarct
■ Figure 7.5 Necrotic

tissue
Sickle cell anemia. Damaged
(a) Illustration of a blockage in tissue
a blood vessel resulting from Inflamed
sickled cells forming a mass, tissue
resulting in the reduction of Hypoxic cells
blood flow downstream and Mass of sickled
the death of tissue (necrosis). cells obstructing
capillary lumen
(b) Microphotograph of a blood
Capillary
vessel that is blocked by a mass
(a) (b)
of sickled cells.
7.26 A bacterial disease that has been threatened to be used

in bioterrorism, which is the application of disease-causing
microorganisms (pathogens) to cause harm to a population, is
anthrax. The spores of the bacteria can survive within a powder
that can be distributed through the air, making it very dangerous. If
anthrax inhaled, ____________________ is usually fatal. The term is derived
AN thraks from the Greek word anthrakos, which means “coal,” referring to the
blackening effect the infection has on the skin and lungs.
164 Chapter 7
7.27 A disease that is caused by a person’s own immune response

attacking otherwise healthy tissues is called autoimmune disease.
The term autoimmune is a constructed term, written aut/o/immune,
and literally means “self-exempt” or “self-immunity.” Examples of
autoimmune disease ____________________ ____________________ include rheumatoid
au toh im YOON * dis EEZ arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, and
psoriasis. The triggering mechanism that results in autoimmune
disease is not yet known.
7.28 One lethal form of foodborne illness is called botulism. This

disease was first recorded in Europe in 1735 when villagers died
after eating German sausage, thereby earning its name after the
Latin word for sausage, botulus. It is caused by the ingestion of
food contaminated with the neurotoxin produced by the bacterium
botulism Clostridium botulinum. ____________________ usually occurs when
BAHT yoo lizm canned food is not prepared properly and is often fatal because
of the extreme toxic nature of the botulism neurotoxin: about one
millionth of a gram can kill an adult.
7.29 A disease that is capable of transmission from one person to

communicable disease another is called a ____________________ ____________________.
kah MYOON ik ah bul * dis EEZ Also known as a contagious disease, it may be transmitted by
direct contact with an infected person, indirectly by way of contact
with infected body fluids or other materials, or by way of vectors,
usually biting arthropods such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas
(■ Figure 7.6).
■ Figure 7.6
A sneeze is a common source of
transmission of a communicable
disease. As you can see, it
propels infectious material
outward for a considerable
distance.
Source: Courtesy of Public
Health Image Library, Centers
For Disease Control and
Prevention.
7.30 Diphtheria is an infectious disease resulting in acute

inflammation of the mucous membranes, primarily in the
mouth and throat. Derived from the Greek word for “leather,”
diphtheria ____________________ is characterized by the formation of an
diff THEER ee ah obstructive, leatherlike membrane in the throat. It is illustrated in
■ Figure 7.7. Diphtheria is now a very rare disease in the United
States, thanks to a vaccine (often combined with vaccines against
tetanus and pertussis, known as DTaP) that has been widely
administered to children since the 1960s.
■ Figure 7.7
Diphtheria. The bacteria that
cause this disease, called
Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Corynebacterium
diphtheriae
proliferate in the mucous
(Klebs-Löffler bacilli)
membranes of the throat to
establish a leathery, white
covering.
DIPHTHERIA
Did You Before the availability of the diphtheria vaccine and antibiotics, diphtheria was a life-
threatening scourge among children, killing thousands each year in the United States. It
KNOW is caused by the toxins produced by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which
produces inflammation of the throat and the formation of a thick secretion. Because the
infected throat becomes covered with a leathery membrane, it was named after the Greek
word for leather, diphthera.
7.31 Derived from the Greek word dyskrasia, which means “difficult
dyscrasia temperament,” the clinical term ____________________ is any
diss KRAY zee ah abnormal condition of the blood. Apparently, this condition was
named after a correlation between a difficult temperament and blood
disease was observed.
166 Chapter 7
7.32 The leakage of fluid from the bloodstream into the interstitial
space between body cells causes swelling and is one aspect of
edema inflammation. The swelling is called ____________________, as
eh DEE mah shown in ■ Figure 7.8. The term is derived from the Greek word
oidema, which means “swelling.”
■ Figure 7.8
Edema. The patient’s edema of
both lower limbs is the result of
plasma leaking across damaged
blood vessels into the interstitial
space, producing swelling and
pain.
Source: Valerio Pardi/
Shutterstock.
7.33 The combining form for fungus is fung/o, and the suffix -emia
means “condition of blood.” Putting these word parts together
forms the term fungemia, which is a fungal infection that spreads
throughout the body by way of the bloodstream. As a constructed
fungemia term, ____________________ is written fung/emia and literally means
fun JEE mee ah “condition of blood fungus.” Another common term for this infection
is fungal septicemia.
7.34 When a word root for blood, hemat/o, is combined with the
hematoma suffix that means “tumor” (-oma), the term ____________________
HEE mah TOH mah is formed. It is a mass of blood outside blood vessels and confined
within an organ or space within the body, usually in a clotted form
(■ Figure 7.9). Commonly known as a bruise or a contusion when it is
visible through the skin, a hematoma is usually the result of injury or
disease. The constructed form of this term is written hemat/oma.
■ Figure 7.9
Hematoma. A hematoma around
the right eye caused by an
injury. A hematoma is the result
of bleeding below the surface
of the skin and is also known as
a contusion or bruise when it is
visible through the skin.
Source: Molodec/Shutterstock.
7.35 A general term for a disease that affects hemoglobin within red
blood cells is hemoglobinopathy. This constructed term contains
five word parts, as shown when it is written as hem/o/globin/
o/pathy. It literally means “disease of blood protein.” Because sickle
cell anemia is a disease that affects hemoglobin (Frame 7.25), it is a
hemoglobinopathy form of ____________________.
HEE moh gloh bin AH path ee
7.36 An inherited bleeding disorder that results from defective or

missing blood-clotting proteins that are necessary components in the
coagulation process is known as hemophilia. Because the clotting
proteins normally stop the loss of blood after minor injuries, a patient
hemophilia suffering from ____________________ experiences an abnormal loss
HEE moh FILL ee ah of blood with any physical injury. The term is a constructed term,
written hem/o/philia, which literally means “love for blood.”
7.37 An infectious disease that causes internal bleeding, or internal

hemorrhage (Frame 7.14), and high fevers is generally known as
hemorrhagic fever ____________________ ____________________. The disease is often
HEM or AJ ik caused by viruses, such as Ebola, and some forms exhibit a high
rate of mortality.
7.38 A condition that is caused by a medical treatment is called an

iatrogenic disease. This constructed term combines the combining
form that means “physician,” iatr/o, with the suffix that means
“pertaining to producing, forming,” -genic. The resulting constructed
iatrogenic disease form is written iatr/o/genic. An example of an ____________ _______
EYE ah troh JEN ik * dis EEZ is the development of a MRSA infection (Frame 7.58) following a
surgical procedure.
7.39 A disease that develops without a known or apparent cause

idiopathic disease is called an ____________________ ____________________. The
id ee oh PATH ik * dis EEZ constructed form of this term is idi/o/path/ic, which literally means
“pertaining to individual disease.”
7.40 A condition resulting from a defective immune response is

called an immunodeficiency. It occurs when there are insufficient
numbers of functional white blood cells, especially lymphocytes,
available to defend the body from sources of infection. A closely
related term is immunocompromised, which is used to describe a
immunodeficiency patient suffering from an ____________________.
IM yoo noh dee FISH ehn see
168 Chapter 7
7.41 A reduction of an immune response may be caused by disease

or by use of chemical, pharmacological, or immunologic agents.
The suppressed status of the immune response that results is called
immunosuppression ____________________.
IM yoo noh suh PREH shun
7.42 The combination of two blood types that results in the

incompatibility destruction of red blood cells is called ____________________. It may
IN kum PAT ih BILL ih tee occur during a blood transfusion, causing severe consequences,
including the possibility of death if the donor blood antibodies attack
the recipient’s red blood cells.
7.43 A multiplication of disease-causing microorganisms, or

pathogens, in the body is called an infection. The term is derived from
the Latin word infectus, which means “to color, stain, or dye,” referring
to the discoloration of skin during an infection. A disease caused by
infection ____________________ is called an infectious disease. The reaction of
in FEK shun the body against an infection is illustrated in ■ Figure 7.10.
Connective tissue Epithelium
Inflammatory
exudate
■ Figure 7.10 3
4
Reaction against infection.
Pathogens may invade the 6
body by a puncture through the
skin. The result of invasion is
5
the proliferation of pathogens
within body tissues, or infection.
Blood vessel
The body responds to the
infection by mounting an attack
1. Dirty nail punctures skin.
that begins with inflammation,
2. Bacteria enter and multiply.
which promotes the movement
of phagocytes to the site of the 3. Injured cells release histamine.
infection. Phagocytes localize 4. Blood vessels dilate and become permeable,
releasing inflammatory exudate.
the pathogens and destroy
5. Blood flow to the damaged site increases.
them by phagocytosis. Pus is
6. Neutrophils (polymorphs) move toward bacteria
released, which is composed of (chemotaxis) and destroy them (phagocytosis).
dead bacteria and phagocytes.
7.44 The physiological process that serves as the body’s initial

response to injury and many forms of illness involves the swelling of
body tissue. Known as inflammation, the swelling results from the
movement of plasma from capillaries into the extracellular space to
produce edema (Frame 7.32), or fluid accumulation in tissue (see
inflammation Figure 7.10). The common symptoms of ____________________
in flah MAY shun include swelling, redness, heat, and pain. The term inflammation is
derived from the Latin word inflammatio, which means “to ignite” or
“to set ablaze.”
7.45 A viral disease characterized by fever and an acute

inflammation of respiratory mucous membranes is called influenza.
influenza Commonly called “the flu,” ____________________ is highly
in floo EHN zah contagious, and the virus is capable of mutating to escape detection
by white blood cells.
7.46 A form of cancer that literally means “condition of white blood

leukemia cells” is ____________________. Leukemia originates from cells within
loo KEE mee ah the blood-forming tissue of the red marrow. The constructed form of
the term is written leuk/emia. The primary tumor of leukemia spreads
throughout the red marrow, transforming the blood-forming tissue
into a dysfunctional mass that produces abnormal white blood cells
in very large numbers and red blood cells in fewer numbers
(■ Figure 7.11). As a result, common symptoms of leukemia include
immunodeficiency (Frame 7.40), the development of opportunistic
infections, and malaise (low energy) resulting from the reduced
production of red blood cells (anemia; Frame 7.25).
Normal Blood Leukemia
■ Figure 7.11
Leukemia. Illustration comparing
a normal blood smear with a
blood smear from a leukemia
patient. Notice the reduced
red blood cells and increased
(abnormal) white blood cells in
the leukemia blood.
Source: Alila Medical Media/
Shutterstock. Erythrocytes Neutrophil Lymphocyte Monocyte Platelets
170 Chapter 7
7.47 Inflammation of the lymph nodes is a condition called

lymphadenitis. The constructed form of this term is lymph/aden/itis.
lymphadenitis The acute form of ____________________ is common during
limm fad eh NYE tiss infections. The chronic form indicates a more serious disorder may
be the cause, such as lymphoma (Frame 7.48).
7.48 The general term for a form of cancer that begins in a type of
lymphoma white blood cell, called a lymphocyte, is ____________________. The
limm FOH mah constructed form uses the suffix -oma, which means “tumor,” and
is written lymph/oma. There are two main categories of lymphomas,
both named after English physician Thomas Hodgkin, who in 1845
first described this cancer of lymphatic tissue with symptoms of
swollen lymph nodes and fatigue and the development of numerous
infections. The two main categories of lymphoma are Hodgkin
lymphoma, characterized by its altered lymphocytes called Reed-
Sternberg cells, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), which
includes fast-growth and slow-growth forms. Although progress is
being made in chemotherapies, lymphomas remain deadly diseases.
According to the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes
of Health, in 2016 NHL is expected to cause 72,580 cases and
20,150 deaths, whereas the less-frequent Hodgkin lymphoma is
expected to cause 8,500 cases and 1,120 deaths.
7.49 A disease caused by a parasitic protozoan that infects red

blood cells and the liver during different parts of its life cycle is called
malaria. The vector, or carrier, of the protozoan is the Anopheles
mosquito, and the symptoms of malaria include periodic flare-ups
malaria of high fever. The term ____________________ literally means “bad
mah LAIR ee ah air,” referring to the swampy marshlands where the mosquitoes
proliferate to cause higher incidences of the disease.
MALARIA
Did You The term malaria is derived from combining the Italian word for bad, mal, with that of air,
aria. It was first used during the Middle Ages, when malaria was believed to have been
KNOW
caused by breathing bad air near swamplands. We now know that this dreaded disease is
caused by the bite of an Anopheles mosquito carrying the protozoan known as Plasmo-
dium. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), in 2015 an estimated 214 million
cases of malaria were reported worldwide with 438,000 deaths, making malaria the third
deadliest infectious disease in the world. (HIV/AIDS is the deadliest infectious disease, and
tuberculosis ranks second.)
7.50 Measles is an acute viral disease that often begins as a fever,

followed by the development of a skin rash containing numerous
vesicles and often accompanied by a general inflammation of the
respiratory tract (■ Figure 7.12). Before the availability of a widely
measles distributed vaccine, ____________________ killed thousands of
children and adults each year in the United States. A clinical
synonym is rubeola. The word measles is derived from the Middle
English word maselen, which means “many little spots,” and rubeola
is from the Latin word rubeus, which means “red.”
■ Figure 7.12
Measles. A photograph of a
child stricken with measles,
showing the tell-tale sign of the
skin rash.
Health Image Library, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention.
7.51 A viral disease characterized by enlarged lymph nodes

and spleen, atypical lymphocytes, throat pain, pharyngitis,
fever, and fatigue is called mononucleosis. Also called
infectious mononucleosis, it is caused by the Epstein-Barr
virus and is a communicable disease (■ Figure 7.13). The term
mononucleosis ____________________ is derived from this disease’s characteristic
MAHN oh nook lee OH siss feature of the presence of abnormally high numbers of a certain
type of white blood cells, called mononuclear leukocytes, in a
blood sample. The mononuclear leukocytes increase in number to
destroy the invading Epstein-Barr virus. The term mononucleosis is
a constructed term made up of the prefix mono-, meaning “one,” the
word root nucle, meaning “kernel, nucleus,” and the very common
suffix -osis, meaning “condition of.” It is written as mono/nucle/osis.
Atypical
Pharyngitis lymphocytes
■ Figure 7.13 and throat pain
Mononucleosis. Infectious
mononucleosis is caused by the
Epstein-Barr virus and produces
the symptoms of swollen
palatine tonsils (pharyngitis),
swollen cervical lymph nodes
(lymphadenopathy), high fever,
fatigue, and a blood sample
that reveals large numbers of Swollen
mononuclear leukocytes. lymph nodes
172 Chapter 7
7.52 The death of one or more cells or a portion of a tissue or organ

necrosis is called necrosis. The term ____________________ is derived from
neh KROH siss the Greek word nekrosis, which means “death.” A cell or cells,
tissue, or organ that is dead is often called necrotic. A photograph
of necrosis of a hand, which was caused by infection with plague
(Frame 7.54), is shown in ■ Figure 7.14.
■ Figure 7.14
Photograph of the hand of a
patient who has tested positive
for Yersinia pestis, and is
thereby diagnosed with bubonic
plague. One sign of this dreaded
disease is the blackened
necrosis of hands and feet.
7.53 An infectious disease that is contracted during a hospital stay is

called a nosocomial infection. The term nosocomial is derived from
the Greek word nosokomeion, which means “hospital.” The most
nosocomial infection common cause of ____________________ ____________________
noh soh KOH mee al * in FEK in recent years has been a lack of handwashing, made worse by
shun the development of antibiotic-resistant strains of Staphylococcus
(Frame 7.58).
7.54 Any infectious disease that is widespread and causes extensive

mortality is called a plague. The term is derived from the Latin word
plago, which means “to strike or beat.” The term originated from the
first recorded outbreak of bubonic plague in 542 ad. Today, the term still
plague applies to the bubonic ____________________, which is caused by the
playg bacterium Yersinia pestis and is characterized by high fever, enlarged
lymph nodes (called buboes), skin discoloration, internal hemorrhage,
and pneumonia. The bacteria are transmitted by the bite of a flea that
may jump from small mammals, such as rats, to humans (Figure 7.14).
7.55 A viral infection that is spread from the saliva of an infected

animal, usually by way of a bite, is known as rabies. In Latin, rabies
means “savage, fierce,” which refers to the ferocity of infected
animals. The virus acts on the central nervous system to cause
paranoia and paralysis and is usually fatal, unless early diagnosis
rabies and treatment is provided. ____________________ has also been
RAY beez called hydrophobia (HIGH droh FOH bee ah), which literally
means “fear of water” and refers to the symptom of a fear of water
appearing during the stage of mental deterioration. Hydrophobia is a
constructed term, written as hydr/o/phobia.
7.56 A system-wide disease caused by the presence of bacteria

and their toxins in the circulating blood is called septicemia. This
is a constructed term written sept/ic/emia and literally means
“condition of putrefying (decaying) blood.” The word root, sept, is
derived from the Greek word sepsis, which means “putrefying.” If not
septicemia treated quickly, ______________ may progress into a life-threatening
sep tih SEE mee ah systemic inflammatory response, known by its Greek origin as
sepsis. A person suffering from this condition is referred to as septic
and requires immediate medical intervention to survive. A septic
patient is in danger of developing septic shock, which includes a
dangerous drop in blood pressure that often leads to death.
7.57 A viral disease caused by the variola virus that was the scourge
of the human population before its eradication in 1977 is known
as smallpox. The term was first used around 150 ad to distinguish
the disease from syphilis, the “great pox,” which at the time
was characterized by the formation of large pustules on the skin
that exceeded the pustules of smallpox in size and number. The
smallpox eradication of ____________________ was the crowning achievement
of the World Health Organization, which battled the disease with an
aggressive vaccination (Frame 7.89) campaign for about 8 years.
Although it is eradicated from the population, reserves of variola
remain in guarded storage for research purposes.
174 Chapter 7
7.58 The presence of the bacterium Staphylococcus in the blood is

a condition known as staphylococcemia. Only two word parts, the
word root staphylococc and the suffix meaning “condition of blood,”
staphylococcemia -emia, are used to construct ____________________, which is written
STAFF ih loh kok SEE mee ah staphylococc/emia. Staphylococcus is a frequent cause of infections
in wounds, a complication of normal healing. An infection caused
by Staphylococcus is commonly called a staph infection. It is also
the most common cause of foodborne illness, skin inflammation,
osteomyelitis (infection of bone), and nosocomial infections
(Frame 7.53). Varieties of Staphylococcus that are resistant to
antibiotics are one of the greatest challenges to antiseptic medical
procedures. These resistant strains are abbreviated MRSA, for
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and are pronounced
“mersa.”
7.59 The presence of the bacterium Streptococcus in the

blood is known as streptococcemia. The constructed term
streptococcemia ____________________ is written streptococc/emia. An infection
STREP toh kok SEE mee ah caused by Streptococcus is commonly called a strep infection. It
frequently begins in the throat as a form of pharyngitis called strep
throat or in the mouth following a dental procedure and, if not
managed, may spread to the bloodstream, which distributes the
infection to vital organs.
7.60 A disease caused by a powerful neurotoxin released by the

common bacterium Clostridium tetani is called tetanus. The toxin
acts on the central nervous system to cause convulsions and
spastic paralysis (in which muscles are unable to relax). The term
tetanus ____________________ is derived from the Latin word tetanos,
TETT ah nuss which means “convulsive tension.” Infection can be obtained from a
puncture wound that is not properly cleaned, but is easily prevented
with periodic vaccination (Frame 7.88). (See Figure 7.10.)
7.61 A tumor originating in the thymus gland is called a thymoma.

thymoma The constructed form of ____________________ uses the word root
thigh MOH mah thym and the suffix -oma and is written thym/oma.
PRACTICE: Diseases and Disorders of the Blood,

the Lymphatic System, and Immunology
The Right Match
______ 1. sickle cell anemia a. disease caused by a neurotoxin released by Clostridium tetani
______ 2. rabies b. anemia resulting from defective hemoglobin within cells, resulting in
______ 3. botulism misshaped red blood cells
______ 4. Hodgkin disease c. viral infection that is spread from the saliva of an infected animal
______ 5. tetanus d. condition resulting from a defective immune response
______ 6. immunodeficiency e. any infectious disease that is widespread and causes extensive
mortality
______ 7. fungemia
f. fungal infection that spreads throughout the body by way of the
______ 8. plague bloodstream
______ 9. diphtheria g. a cancer of lymph nodes
______ 10. malaria h. caused by a neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum
i. disease caused by a parasitic protozoan that infects red blood cells
and the liver
j. infectious disease resulting in acute inflammation with formation of a
leathery membrane in the throat
Linkup
bining vowel. The first one is completed for you as an example.

mono- aden/o -emia
an- botul/o -genic
globin/o -ic
hemat/o -ism
hem/o -itis
hydr/o -oma
iatr/o -osis
lymph/o -pathy
nucle/o -philia
sept/o -phobia
thym/o
176 Chapter 7
Definition Term
1. system-wide disease caused by the presence of bacteria and their toxins septicemia
in the circulating blood
2. tumor originating in the thymus gland ____________________
3. reduced ability of red blood cells to deliver oxygen to tissues ____________________
4. poisoning caused by the ingestion of food contaminated with the toxin ____________________
produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum
5. blood outside the blood vessels and confined within an organ or space within ____________________
the body, usually in a clotted form
6. a condition that is caused by a medical treatment ____________________
7. an inherited bleeding disorder that results from missing or deficient blood- ____________________
clotting proteins
8. general term for a disease that affects hemoglobin within red blood cells ____________________
9. inflammation of the lymph nodes ____________________
10. a viral disease characterized by enlarged lymph nodes, atypical lymphocytes, ____________________
throat pain, pharyngitis, fever, and fatigue
11. another term for rabies that refers to infected animals’ inability to drink water ____________________
due to progressive paralysis
Treatments and Procedures of the Blood, the Lymphatic System,

and Immunology
Here are the word parts that specifically apply to the treatments and procedures of the blood, the lymphatic
system, and immunology that are covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded
to help you identify them: prefixes are yellow, combining forms are red, and suffixes are blue.
anti- against, opposite of aden/o gland -crit to separate
pro- before aut/o self -ectomy surgical excision, removal
bi/o life -logous pertaining to study
globin/o protein -logy study or science of
hem/o, hemat/o blood -lysis loosen, dissolve
hom/o same -phylaxis protection
immun/o exempt, immunity -stasis standing still
lymph/o clear water or fluid -therapy treatment
splen/o spleen -tic pertaining to
thromb/o clot
KEY TERMS A–Z 7.62 A curative treatment involving the use of a substance with
known toxicity to bacteria is called antibiotic therapy. The
constructed form of the term antibiotic is written anti/bi/o/tic,
which literally means “pertaining to against life.” The antibiotic
may be obtained from a fungus, usually a mold, or other bacteria.
antibiotic therapy ____________________ ____________________ is effective only
AN tih bye AHT ik * THAIR ah against bacteria, many types of which are capable of developing
pee resistance, especially when antibiotics are not administered
properly.
DISCOVERY OF ANTIBIOTICS
Did You The first antibiotic was discovered in 1928 by Sir Alexander Fleming, who found that a
KNOW common bread mold (a fungus) could produce toxins capable of killing bacterial colonies
(■ Figure 7.15). The Penicillium mold produces an antibacterial toxin that is now known as
penicillin. In time, the fungal toxins were proven to be effective against many strains of bac-
teria, and their use as antibiotics has been hailed as the single most important treatment
against bacterial infections ever.
■ Figure 7.15
Alexander Fleming photographed in his lab where he observed the natural
competition between a fungus and bacteria in 1928, which gave rise to the
discovery of antibiotics.
Source: Pictorial Press Ltd./Alamy.
7.63 A chemical agent that delays or prevents the clotting process in

blood is called an anticoagulant. It is often administered to reduce
the likelihood of clot formation after surgery. The most common
anticoagulant ____________________ agent is warfarin (Coumadin).
AN tye koh AG yoo lant
178 Chapter 7
7.64 A pharmacological therapy that is useful in battling a class

of viruses that tend to mutate quickly, called retroviruses, is often
antiretroviral therapy called ____________________ ____________________. It is used
AN tye REH troh VYE ral * against HIV, the virus that causes AIDS (Frame 7.22). The drugs
THAIR ah pee form a cocktail that includes nucleotide analog reverse transcriptase
inhibitors and protease inhibitors, which block HIV replication by a
variety of means.
7.65 The process in which pathogens are rendered less virulent,

or infectious, prior to their incorporation into a vaccine preparation
attenuation is called ____________________. The term is derived from the Latin
ah TEN yoo AY shun word attenuatus, which means “to make thin.”
7.66 A transfusion of blood donated by a patient for their personal

use is called an autologous transfusion. The term includes a
constructed form that is written aut/o/logous and means “pertaining
autologous transfusion to study of self.” ____________________ ____________________ is a
aw TALL oh guss * trans common procedure before surgery to avoid potential incompatibility
FYOO zhun or contamination of blood (see ■ Figure 7.16).
■ Figure 7.16
Blood transfusion. A transfusion
of one’s own blood is called
an autologous transfusion (see
Frame 7.66). A transfusion of
donated blood from another
person is called a homologous
transfusion (see Frame 7.78).
7.67 A test or series of tests on a sample of blood plasma

to measure the levels of its composition, including glucose,
albumin, triglycerides, pH, cholesterol, and electrolytes is called
blood chemistry ____________________ ____________________.
7.68 A clinical test to determine infection in the blood is called a

blood culture ____________________ ____________________. It is performed by
placing a sample of blood in a nutrient-rich liquid medium in an effort
to grow populations of bacteria for analysis.
7.69 The introduction of blood, blood products, or a blood

substitute into a patient’s circulation to restore blood volume to
normal levels is called blood transfusion. The two main types
blood transfusions of ____________________ ____________________ are autologous
transfusion (Frame 7.66) and homologous transfusion (Frame
7.78). (See Figure 7.16.)
7.70 A common procedure to treat leukemia (Frame 7.46), or

injury resulting from radiation therapy or chemotherapy, is a
bone marrow transplant ____________________ ____________________ ____________________.
It involves the removal of a sample from a compatible donor, usually
from red marrow in the pelvis, and its inoculation into the recipient’s
red marrow (■ Figure 7.17).
Cortical bone
Spongy bone
Marrow
■ Figure 7.17
Bone marrow transplant. A bone
marrow transplant is usually
extracted from red bone marrow
within a donor’s pelvis with a
syringe, and then inoculated into
the recipient’s red bone marrow.
180 Chapter 7
7.71 A timed blood test to determine the time required for a

blood clot to form is called coagulation time. One form of
coagulation time this ____________________ ____________________ test, called
koh ahg yoo LAY shun prothrombin time (PT), measures the time required for prothrombin,
a precursor blood-clotting protein, to form thrombin. Thrombin
then acts on the blood protein fibrinogen to form fibrin, a threadlike
protein that coagulates blood. This procedure is often used to
monitor the effects of anticoagulants (Frame 7.63). Another type
of test is used to evaluate clotting ability and is called partial
thromboplastin time (PTT).
7.72 A common laboratory test that evaluates a sample of blood

to provide diagnostic information about a patient’s general health
is abbreviated CBC, which means complete blood count. A
complete blood count ____________________ ____________________ ____________________
includes several specific tests, including hematocrit (Frame 7.74),
hemoglobin (Frame 7.76), red blood count (Frame 7.85), and white
blood count. Sometimes a platelet count (PLT) is also included
(Frame 7.83).
7.73 A microscopic count of the number of each type of white

differential count blood cell in a sample of blood is called ____________________
____________________. The procedure uses staining techniques to
highlight the features of white blood cells, allowing the hematologist
to distinguish between the types.
7.74 A procedure included in a complete blood count that measures

the percentage of red blood cells in a volume of blood is called
hematocrit. This constructed term includes the suffix -crit, which
means “to separate,” and is written hemat/o/crit. Abbreviated HCT
hematocrit or Hct, a ____________________ is obtained by centrifuging a sample
hee MAT oh krit of blood to separate the cells from plasma in the centrifuge tube.
The percentage of red blood cells is then calculated and recorded
as the “hematocrit.” The normal range in males is 38.8–50%, and in
females, 34.9–44.5%.
7.75 The general field of medicine focusing on blood-related disease

hematology is called ____________________. The constructed form of this term is
HEE mah TALL oh jee hemat/o/logy.
7.76 A procedure included in a complete blood count that measures

the level of hemoglobin in red blood cells (in grams) is simply called
hemoglobin ____________________ and is abbreviated HGB or Hgb. Any level
HEE moh gloh binn below normal is diagnosed as a form of anemia (Frame 7.25).
7.77 The stoppage of bleeding is a physiological process known as

hemostasis. It literally means “standing still blood.” The constructed
hemostasis form of ____________________ is written hem/o/stasis.
HEE moh STAY siss
7.78 Transfusion of blood that is voluntarily donated by another

homologous transfusion person is called a ____________________ ____________________. The
hoh MALL oh guss * trans term homologous is a constructed term written hom/o/logous and
FYOO zhun means “pertaining to study of the same.” It requires blood-type work
called crossmatching to prevent incompatibility (Frame 7.42). (See
Figure 7.16.)
7.79 A treatment that establishes immunity against a particular

foreign substance that may otherwise cause disease is called
immunization ____________________. The treatment includes inoculation of
IM yoo nih ZAY shun antigen components that stimulate the patient’s immune response
to produce memory lymphocytes and antibodies, which will be
available in the blood to provide immune protection when a future
exposure occurs (■ Figure 7.18).
■ Figure 7.18
Immunization with a vaccine.
A healthcare professional is
injecting a vaccine into the
patient’s arm to provide him with
acquired immunity against the
influenza virus.
Source: Image Point Fr/
Shutterstock.
7.80 The science concerned with immunity and allergy is called

immunology ____________________. The constructed form of this term is
IM yoo NAHL oh jee immun/o/logy.
182 Chapter 7
7.81 The treatment of infectious disease and certain cancers by

the administration of pharmacological agents, such as serum,
gamma globulin, treated antibodies, activated white blood cells, and
immunotherapy suppressive drugs is called ____________________. This constructed
IM yoo noh THAIR ah pee term is written immun/o/therapy.
7.82 The suffix -ectomy means “surgical excision, removal.”

Placing this suffix at the end of a word root for an organ describes
the procedure that surgically removes the organ. For example,
the surgical removal of one or more lymph nodes is called
lymphadenectomy ____________________. The constructed form of this term reveals
limm fad eh NEK toh mee three word parts, lymph/aden/ectomy.
7.83 A laboratory procedure that calculates the number of platelets

in a known volume of blood is called a platelet count, or PLT. A
platelet count reduced ____________________ ____________________ suggests a
potential failure of hemostasis (Frame 7.77) because platelets play a
major role in blood clot formation and coagulation.
7.84 Any treatment that tends to prevent the onset of an infection or

other type of disease is called prophylaxis. For example, thoroughly
prophylaxis washing your hands is a ______________ against spreading an
proh fih LAK siss infection with contaminated fingers. The constructed form is written
as pro/phylaxis, which literally means “protection before.”
7.85 A lab test included in a complete blood count that measures

the number of red blood cells within a given volume of blood
red blood count is called a ____________________ ____________________
____________________, or RBC.
7.86 The surgical removal of the spleen is often necessary if it has

ruptured, which may occur during a physical injury to the left side
splenectomy of the trunk. The procedure is called ____________________. The
splee NEK toh mee constructed form of this term is written splen/ectomy. Note that in
the term splenectomy, one e from spleen is dropped.
7.87 A treatment that is performed to dissolve an unwanted blood

thrombolysis clot, or thrombus, is called ____________________. The constructed
throm BALL ih siss form of this term is thromb/o/lysis, which literally means “dissolve
clot.”
7.88 The inoculation of a foreign substance that has reduced

virulence, or a reduced ability to cause infection, as a means
of providing a cure or prophylaxis (Frame 7.84), is called a
vaccination ____________________.
VAK sih NAY shun
7.89 A preparation that is used to activate an immune response to

provide acquired immunity against an infectious agent is called a
vaccine ____________________.
vak SEEN
VACCINES
Did You Vaccines have been in use since the Middle Ages or possibly earlier, when scrapings from
KNOW smallpox sores were given to people as prophylaxis against this deadly disease. The use of
the term vaccine (derived from the Latin word vaccinus, which means “relating to a cow”)
began in 1796, when Edward Jenner published his findings that scrapings of skin pustules
from people infected with a similar virus that produced a different disease contracted from
milking cows, known as cowpox, provided immunity against the variola virus that causes
smallpox.
PRACTICE: Treatments and Procedures of the Blood, the Lymphatic System,

and Immunology
The Right Match
______ 1. attenuation a. measures the number of red blood cells
______ 2. hematocrit b. procedure that establishes immunity against a particular antigen
______ 3. vaccine c. process in which pathogens are rendered less virulent, or infectious,
______ 4. immunization prior to their incorporation into a vaccine
______ 5. red blood count d. tests on a sample of plasma to measure the levels of certain chemicals
______ 6. prothrombin time e. a timed test for coagulation rate
______ 7. blood chemistry f. measures the percentage of red blood cells in a volume of blood by
centrifuging a sample
______ 8. antiretroviral therapy
g. drugs used to battle retroviruses
______ 9. prophylaxis
h. a preventative treatment
______ 10. antibiotic therapy
i. a therapy against bacterial infections
j. a preparation used to activate an immune response
184 Chapter 7
Break the Chain

1. a) immunotherapy ________/___/________
cf s
b)
2. a) splenectomy ________/________
r s
b)
Bonus Question: What is the definition of the word root?
3. a) lymphadenectomy ________/________/________
r r s
b)
Bonus Question: What is the definition of the second word root?
4. a) immunology ________/___/________
cf s
b)
5. a) homologous ________/___/________
cf s
b)
6. a) hematology ________/___/________
cf s
b)
7. a) autologous ________/___/________
cf s
b)
8. a) antibiotic ________/________/___/________
p cf s
b)
Bonus Question: What is the definition of the prefix?
9. a) hemostasis ________/___/________
cf s
b)
10. a) thrombolysis ________/___/________

cf s
b)
Abbreviations of the Blood, the Lymphatic System, and Immunology

The abbreviations that are associated with the blood, the lymphatic system, and immunology are summarized
here. Study these abbreviations and review them in the exercise that follows.

AIDS acquired immunodeficiency NHL non-Hodgkin lymphoma
syndrome PLT platelet count
CBC complete blood count PT prothrombin time
HCT, Hct hematocrit PTT partial thromboplastin time
HGB, Hgb hemoglobin RBC red blood cell or red blood count
HIV human immunodeficiency virus WBC white blood cell or white blood
MRSA methicillin-resistant Staphylococ- count
cus aureus

1. ____________________ acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
2. CBC __________________________________
3. ____________________ platelet count
4. RBC __________________________________
5. ____________________ hemoglobin
6. PT __________________________________
7. ____________________ partial thromboplastin time
8. WBC __________________________________
9. ____________________ hematocrit
10. HIV __________________________________
11. ____________________ Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
12. NHL __________________________________
CHAPTER REVIEW
Word Building
Construct medical terms from the following meanings. (Some are built from word parts, some are not.) The
first question has been completed as an example.
1. reduced ability of blood to deliver oxygen anemia
2. presence of red blood cells of unequal size ________________cytosis
3. any abnormal condition of the blood dys________________
4. a serious protozoan infection of red blood cells ________________ aria
5. abnormal reduction of red blood cells erythro________________
186 Chapter 7
6. inherited defect in blood coagulation ________________philia

7. cancer originating in red bone marrow, producing abnormal ________________emia
white blood cells
8. abnormally large red blood cells macro________________
9. condition of staphylococci (bacteria) in the blood staphylococc________________
10. disease caused by immune reaction against own tissues ________________disease
11. abnormal increase in number of red blood cells ________________ia
12. cancer of lymphatic tissue with Reed-Sternberg cells ________________disease
13. presence of bacteria and toxins in the blood septic________________
14. inflammation of the lymph nodes ________________itis

1. bacteri/o _________________________________ _________________________________
2. immun/o _________________________________ _________________________________
3. hem/o, hemat/o _________________________________ _________________________________
4. erythr/o _________________________________ _________________________________
5. aden/o _________________________________ _________________________________
6. lymph/o _________________________________ _________________________________
7. splen/o _________________________________ _________________________________
8. tox/o _________________________________ _________________________________
9. sept/o _________________________________ _________________________________
10. leuk/o _________________________________ _________________________________
Complete the Labels

Complete the blank labels in ■ Figures 7.19 and 7.20 by writing the labels in the spaces provided.
1.________________________ 2.________________________ 3._________ ____________ ____________

Lymphocyte
■ Figure 7.19
A blood smear.
Tonsil
4. ___________________ ___________________
5. ___________________ ___________________
Thoracic duct
6. ___________________
7. ___________________ ___________________
■ Figure 7.20
The lymphatic system.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
188 Chapter 7

Millie Nyugen

Phone: (211) 594-4000 • Fax (211) 594-4001
Medical Consultation: Hematology Date: 12/17/2017

Patient: Millie Nyugen Patient ID: 123456
Provider: Sylvia S. Hernandez, MD
Subjective:
“I have felt warm, tired, and achy for the past few days or so, with headaches at night mostly. During this
time I have been taking my temperature and it has been between 99 and 101°F. A few weeks ago I noticed
tenderness in both armpits and in the groin area.”
55 y/o female patient has no prior hospitalizations or serious complaints. Her demeanor is cheerful,
although very concerned about her health. She has also indicated a loss of energy during the past week.
Objective:
Ht: 5'2"
Wt: 110 lb
General Appearance: Pallor and diaphoresis of the skin, with mild edema around the eyes and in the neck.
Swollen lymph nodes in cervical, axial, and inguinal regions.
MS: Joints and muscles symmetric. No swelling, masses, or deformity.
Blood: CBC with RBCs normal; WBCs elevated 25%. Blood culture positive for S. aureus.
Assessment:
Staphylococcemia
Plan:
Antibiotic therapy with two IV antibiotics to be administered STAT with daily evaluation until blood culture
confirms cleared. Follow-up in 2 weeks after discharge.
M07_WING1226_04_SE_C07.indd 188 15/03/18 12:37 PM

1. What complaints support the diagnosis?
2. Why do you think antibiotics might fail as a treatment?

3. What does the term staphylococcemia mean?


The following Case Study provides further discussion regarding the patient in the medical report. Fill in the
blanks with the correct terms. Choose your answers from the list of terms that precedes the case study. (Note
that some terms may be used more than once.)
antibiotic Hodgkin disease lymphadenitis septicemia
blood culture immunodeficiency immunotherapy splenomegaly
differential count infection lymphoma staphylococcemia
A 54-year-old female, Millie Nyugen, was admitted to the infectious disease wing of the clinic after having
been referred by her personal physician, due to a prolonged fever and mild inflammation of the lymph
nodes, called (a) ____________________, in the neck, armpit, and groin regions. The doctor’s initial diagnosis
was an unspecified disease of the lymph nodes, or lymphadenopathy, and she was concerned about a
possible tumor originating in the lymph nodes, or (b) ____________________, which might include cancer
of the nodes, or (c) ____________________. Upon more thorough examinations, no evidence of a tumor
was found. However, an abnormal enlargement of the spleen, or (d) ____________________, was observed.
Blood tests including a(n) (e) ____________________ were ordered to look for multiplication of pathogens,
or a(n) (f) ____________________. The tests were positive for bacteria, indicating the patient suffered from
(g) ____________________, or bacterial infection of the blood. Further tests identified the common bacterium
Staphylococcus as the causative pathogen, providing the diagnosis of (h) ____________________. The patient
was administered (i) ____________________ therapy. However, after 2 weeks, the symptoms failed to lessen.
The patient had developed a deficient immune response, or (j) ____________________. To combat this,
(k) ____________________ was begun immediately that included antibody treatments in combination with
antibiotic therapy. A complete recovery resulted after 3 months of treatment.

190 Chapter 7
Shane Alexander
For a greater challenge, read the medical report provided and answer the critical thinking questions that follow.

Phone: (211) 594-4000 • Fax (211) 594-4001
Medical Consultation: Infectious Disease Date: 04/11/2017

Patient: Shane Alexander Patient ID: 123456
Provider: T.R. McBain, MD
Subjective:
“For the past several months I’ve felt very tired all the time. I fall asleep easily, and it’s hard to get up out of
bed in the morning and make it to school. I’ve been getting sick a lot lately too.”
17 y/o male patient appears lethargic, with slow verbal responses to questions. He seems to have a viral cold,
and indicates that he’s had this cold for weeks. He is very concerned about his lack of energy and states he
is getting behind in school. He says he has not yet eaten today due to his hectic schedule and is hungry. He
states that his diet has been limited lately. He has been eating fast foods due to his schedule. He does not like
red meat or vegetables.
Objective:
Ht: 6'1"
Wt: 167 lb
General Appearance: No obvious signs of physical stress noted, such as edema, pallor, or diaphoresis. Skin
appears healthy, with no discoloration.
HEENT: Minor erythema and swelling of throat; eyes and ears clear.
Blood: CBC: WBCs normal; RBCs 37%; HCT 35%
Assessment:
Anemia, possibly iron deficient
Plan:
Prescribe iron and folic acid supplements; refer to Social Services to request them to meet with his parents/
guardian and discuss dietary requirements for health.
Photo Source: Tracy Whiteside/Shutterstock.
M07_WING1226_04_SE_C07.indd 190 15/03/18 12:42 PM

1. Why were dietary supplements administered to the patient? ________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What is anemia? ______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
3. How do the patient complaints point to the diagnosis? _____________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________

A 17-year-old male named Shane Alexander was seen by his personal physician after complaining of low
energy and susceptibility to infections. Prior to seeing the patient, the physician suspected that a nonspecific
blood disorder, or (l) ____________________, was the cause of the symptoms and ordered tests to measure
the levels of blood components, known as a (m) ____________________, including a test for the percentage
of red blood cells, called a (n) ____________________, and a test for the levels of hemoglobin in the blood,
called a (o) ____________________. The tests showed low hemoglobin and low numbers of red blood cells,
suggesting a general condition of (p) ____________________. Dietary supplements of iron and folic acid were
administered.


Chapter 8
The Cardiovascular System

Learning Objectives
create terms for the cardiovascular system. associated with the cardiovascular system.
terms used for symptoms, diseases, terms associated with the cardiovascular
devices associated with the cardiovascular
system.
The Cardiovascular System 193

cardiovascular system. Note that the combining forms are colored red to help you identify them when you see
them again later in the chapter.

angi/o blood vessel pect/o, pector/o chest
aort/o aorta valvul/o little valve
arter/o, arteri/o artery vas/o vessel
atri/o atrium vascul/o little vessel
cardi/o heart ven/o vein
coron/o crown or circle, heart ventricul/o little belly, ventricle
my/o, myos/o muscle
8.1 Every one of the 50 trillion or so cells in your body requires a

continuous supply of oxygen and nutrients and an unending removal
of waste materials. To meet these demands, the blood carries
these materials by way of the body’s circulation within a series of
closed tubes, called blood vessels, pushed along mainly by the
movements of the heart. Blood vessels include arteries that carry
blood away from the heart, veins that carry blood toward the heart,
and microscopic capillaries that bridge arteries and veins, whose
thin walls permit the exchange of materials between blood and
interstitial fluid. The movement and transport of blood is thereby
cardiovascular achieved by the ____________________ system, which consists of
kar dee oh VAS kyoo lar the heart and blood vessels, as the word parts that form the term
cardiovascular suggest. The constructed form is cardi/o/vascul/ar,
in which cardi/o is a combining form that means “heart,” and vascul
is a word root that means “little vessel.” The continuous flow of
blood ____________________ to all tissues is vital to maintain normal body
functions. If the supply of oxygen or nutrients or the removal of
carbon dioxide is reduced or cut off, even for a few minutes, the
affected cells will die. Thus, a disease of the cardiovascular system
can pose life-threatening risks to health and survival.
8.2 The functions of the cardiovascular system may be summarized

as:
heart ■■ Propulsion of blood by the ____________________
■■ Transport of blood to all body tissues by the
blood vessels ____________________ ____________________
■■ Exchange of materials between the blood and body tissues
194 Chapter 8
8.3 Review the anatomy of the cardiovascular system by studying

■ Figure 8.1 and ■ Figure 8.2.
AIR (OXYGEN)
Trachea
Right Left
lung lung
Right pulmonary artery Left pulmonary artery
Lung
Lung capillaries
capillaries
Left
pulmonary
veins
Right
pulmonary
veins
Heart
(blood)
Vein Artery
Arterioles
Venules
BODY CAPILLARIES
= Blood low in oxygen and high in carbon

dioxide (deoxygenated)
= Blood high in oxygen and low in carbon

dioxide (oxygenated)
■ Figure 8.1
The cardiovascular system. A schematic view of the closed circulation of blood.
The heart is sectioned, and the capillaries are enlarged to enable you to see them.
The black arrows indicate the direction of blood flow.
Superior vena cava
Aorta
Pulmonary trunk
Left atrium
Aortic valve
Right atrium
Mitral (bicuspid) valve
Pulmonary valve
Left ventricle
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium
Inferior vena cava
■ Figure 8.2
Internal anatomy of the heart. The heart is sectioned to reveal its internal features.
Medical Terms of the Cardiovascular System

8.4 Many diseases of the cardiovascular system have a profound
effect on the body’s overall health. The result of cardiovascular
disease is often the reduction or stoppage of blood flow to one
or more parts of the body, which results in the death of cells. If
blood ____________________ flow reduction affects a large area or a critical
organ like the brain, kidneys, or heart itself, the resulting cell death
can produce a condition that quickly becomes life-threatening.
8.5 The division of medicine known as cardiology (kar dee AHL oh

jee) provides clinical treatment for heart disease. Cardiology is a
cardi/o/logy constructed term, _____/_____/_____, where the combining form
cardi/o means “heart” and the suffix -logy means “study or science
of.” A physician specializing in this field is called a cardiologist.
cardiologist Generally, a ____________________ also treats conditions associated
kar dee AHL oh jist with blood vessels because of the close functional relationship
between blood vessels and the heart.
196 Chapter 8

cardiovascular ____________________ system.
Signs and Symptoms of the Cardiovascular System

Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the signs and symptoms of the cardiovascular system that
are covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you identify them: pre-
fixes are yellow, combining forms are red, and suffixes are blue.

a- without, angi/o blood vessel -a singular
absence of cardi/o heart -algia condition of pain
brady- slow cyan/o blue -dynia condition of pain
dys- bad, abnormal, pect/o, pector/o chest -genic pertaining to producing,
painful, difficult rhythm/o, rrhythm/o rhythm forming
tachy- rapid, fast sten/o narrow -ia condition of
-osis condition of
-plegia paralysis
-sis state of
-spasm sudden involuntary muscle
contraction
KEY TERMS A–Z 8.7 The primary symptom of an insufficient supply of oxygen
angina pectoris to the heart is chest pain called ____________________
an JYE nah * PEK tor iss ____________________. This Latin term literally means “chest choke.”
The level of chest pain varies with the patient, varying from a very
slight pressure to an overbearing pain that radiates to the shoulders,
upper left arm, and back.
8.8 The common combining form of “blood vessel” is angi/o.

Blood vessel disorders include abnormal muscular contractions,
or spasms, of the smooth muscles in the vessel walls. This sign is
angiospasm called ____________________. The constructed form of this term is
AN jee oh spazm angi/o/spasm.
8.9 Narrowing of a blood vessel is a sign of cardiovascular disease,

causing a reduction of blood flow to the part of the body at the
receiving end of the narrowed vessel. This sign is called angiostenosis.
The constructed form of this term is angi/o/sten/osis and includes
one combining form: angi/o, which means “blood vessel,” and the
word root sten, which means “narrow.” Thus, the literal meaning of
angiostenosis ____________________ is “condition of a narrow blood vessel.”
AN jee oh sten OH siss
8.10 The prefix a- means “without, absence of,” and the prefix dys-
means “bad, abnormal, painful, difficult.” In some cases, they may
be used interchangeably. For example, a loss of the normal rhythm
arrhythmia of the heart is called ____________________, which means “condition
ah RITH mee ah of without rhythm” and is written a/rrhythm/ia. An alternate term for
an abnormal heart rhythm is dysrhythmia. The constructed form of
this term is written dys/rhythm/ia.
Arrhythmia and Dysrhythmia

These two medical terms relating to the abnormal rhythm of the heart are very similar in their mean-
WORDS TO ings, but they have important differences. As you have learned, the prefix a- means “without,
Watch Out For absence of,” and the prefix dys- means “bad, abnormal, painful, difficult.” Now look closer at the
word roots. They are not identical. The term arrhythmia (“condition of without rhythm”) has an extra
r. To remember which term is spelled with two rs, it might help to think of the expression “without
rhyme or reason.” A condition of arrhythmia is a heartbeat “without rhyme or reason,” whereas a
condition of dysrhythmia is a heartbeat with an abnormal rhythm. Arrhythmia is used much more fre-
quently than dysrhythmia.
8.11 The common word root for heart is cardi. You will find it
used in many terms in this chapter. In the term bradycardia, the
prefix that means “slow” is used to form the meaning “slow heart.”
bradycardia ____________________ is an abnormally slow heart rate, usually
brad ee KAR dee ah under 60 beats per minute at rest. The normal resting heart rate
ranges from 60 to 90 beats per minute.
8.12 The most common term for chest pain is, simply, chest
pain, abbreviated CP. An alternate term may also be used for
this symptom. This term, cardiodynia, uses the suffix -dynia,
which means “condition of pain.” The constructed form of
cardiodynia ____________________ is cardi/o/dynia.
kar dee oh DIN ee ah
198 Chapter 8
8.13 The suffix -genic means “pertaining to producing,

forming.” When combined with the word part for heart, the term
cardiogenic ____________________ is formed. The constructed form of the term
kar dee oh JENN ik is written cardi/o/genic. It refers to a symptom or sign that originates
from a condition of the heart. For example, the pain sensation of
angina pectoris (Frame 8.7) is a cardiogenic symptom because it is
caused by insufficient blood flow to the heart.
8.14 A symptom in which a blue tinge is seen in the skin

and mucous membranes is called cyanosis, which literally
means “condition of blue.” The constructed form is cyan/osis.
cyanosis ____________________ is caused by oxygen deficiency in tissues
sigh ah NOH siss and is a common sign of respiratory failure often caused by
cardiovascular disease.
8.15 A symptom of pounding, racing, or skipping of the heartbeat

palpitation is called ____________________. The term is derived from the Latin
pal pih TAY shun word palpitatus, which means “a throbbing.”
8.16 The opposite of the prefix brady- is the prefix tachy-,

which means “rapid, fast.” A rapid heart rate is called
tachycardia ____________________. It may be a symptom of heart disease if the
tack ee KAR dee ah heart exceeds 100 beats per minute at rest.
8.17 A temporary loss of consciousness and posture is known as

syncope. Commonly known as “fainting,” it is often the result of a
temporary reduction of blood flow to the brain. Frequent episodes
may be symptoms of a cardiovascular disease. For example,
heart disease may cause fainting spells, referred to as cardiogenic
syncope _______________. The term syncope is derived from the Greek word
SIN koh pee synkope, which means “to cut short.”
PRACTICE: Signs and Symptoms of the Cardiovascular System

Break the Chain
a) Separate each term into its word parts; each word part is labeled for you. (p = prefix, r = root,
1. a) angiostenosis angi/o/sten/osis
cf r s
b)
2. a) bradycardia ________/________/________
p r s
b)
3. a) cardiodynia ________/___/________
cf s
b)
4. a) cardiogenic ________/___/________
cf s
b)
5. a) cyanosis ________/________
r s
b)
6. a) angiospasm ________/___/________
cf s
b)
The Right Match

______ 1. cyanosis a. sign or symptom that originates from a condition of the heart
______ 2. angina pectoris b. pounding, racing, or skipping of the heartbeat
______ 3. syncope c. opposite of bradycardia; fast heartbeat
______ 4. cardiogenic d. pain associated with the heart
______ 5. cardiodynia e. chest pain or pressure
______ 6. arrhythmia f. blue tinge in the skin and mucous membranes
______ 7. tachycardia g. fainting
______ 8. palpitation h. term that literally means “condition of without rhythm”
200 Chapter 8
Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular System

Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the diseases and disorders of the cardiovascular system that

endo- within angi/o blood vessel -ac pertaining to
epi- upon, over, above, aort/o aorta -ade process
on top arter/o, arteri/o artery -al pertaining to
hyper- excessive, abnormally ather/o fatty plaque -ar pertaining to
high, above cardi/o heart -emia condition of blood
hypo- deficient, abnormally coron/o crown or circle, heart -ic pertaining to
low, below
hem/o blood -ion process
peri- around
isch/o hold back -itis inflammation
poly- excessive, over, many
my/o muscle -megaly abnormally large
phleb/o vein -oma tumor
scler/o hard -osis condition of
sept/o putrefying; wall, partition -pathy disease
sten/o narrow
tampon/o plug
tens/o pressure
thromb/o clot
valvul/o little valve
KEY TERMS A–Z 8.18 An abnormal bulging of an arterial wall is called an

aneurysm and is shown in ■ Figure 8.3. The term is derived
from the Greek word aneurysma, which means “a widening.” An
aneurysm ____________________ is usually caused by a congenital defect or
AN yoo rism an acquired weakness of the arterial wall, which worsens in time
as blood is pushed against it. The bursting of a large aneurysm is
usually life-threatening, resulting in massive hemorrhage.
■ Figure 8.3
Aneurysm
Aneurysm. Photograph of the
aorta, the large blood vessel
arising from the heart, with a Aorta
large bulge, or aneurysm, in
its wall (just to the left of the
tubing). An aneurysm is caused
by a weakened blood vessel
wall that is in danger of bursting,
which often results in a life-
threatening hemorrhage.
Source: Kalewa/Shutterstock.
8.19 Inflammation of the heart and blood vessels is a disease

called angiocarditis. It is usually caused by a widespread bacterial
infection of the blood, or septicemia (Frame 8.55). The four word
angiocarditis parts of ____________________ are shown when it is written angi/o/
AN jee oh kar DYE tiss card/itis.
8.20 A term describing a tumor arising from a blood vessel

combines the word root for blood vessel, angi, with the suffix for
angioma tumor, -oma, to form ____________________. This constructed term
an jee OH mah is written angi/oma. Also known as hemangioma (heh MAN jee OH
mah), it is a benign clump of endothelium forming a mass. In some
cases the mass can obstruct the flow of blood through the vessel.
The term hemangioma carries a second meaning of a red or purple
birthmark on the skin that does not obstruct blood flow.
8.21 The aortic valve is the semilunar valve located at the base of
the aorta, which normally prevents blood from returning to the left
ventricle. If it fails to close completely during ventricular diastole,
blood may return to the left ventricle, causing the left ventricle to
work harder. This condition is called aortic insufficiency. The
aortic insufficiency long-term result of ____________________ ____________________,
ay OR tik * in suf FISH un see abbreviated AI, is a chronic condition of the heart known as
congestive heart failure, which is described in Frame 8.36. An
alternate term for AI is aortic regurgitation.
8.22 The word root sten means “narrow.” An aortic stenosis is a

narrowing of the aortic valve, located between the left ventricle and
aortic stenosis aorta. An ____________________ ____________________ causes the
ay OR tik * sten OH siss left ventricle to work harder than normal. It is usually a more serious
condition than aortic insufficiency, although the long-term effect
is similar, leading to congestive heart failure (Frame 8.36). It is a
constructed term, written aort/ic sten/osis.
aortitis 8.23 Inflammation of the aorta is called ____________________. The

ay or TYE tiss constructed form of this term is aort/itis. Often caused by a bacterial
infection, it can lead to acute aortic insufficiency (Frame 8.21).
8.24 A general term for a disease of an artery is

arteriopathy ____________________. This constructed term uses the suffix -pathy
ahr tee ree AH path ee (meaning “disease”) and is written arteri/o/pathy.
202 Chapter 8
8.25 One common form of arteriopathy occurs when an artery wall

becomes thickened and loses its elasticity, resulting in a reduced
flow of blood to the tissues. The risk of developing this disease,
known as arteriosclerosis, increases with advanced age. The
arteriosclerosis constructed form of ____________________ is arteri/o/scler/osis,
ahr TEE ree oh skleh ROH siss which literally means “condition of hard artery.” If coronary arteries
supplying the heart are damaged by this disease, the condition is
called arteriosclerotic heart disease (ASHD).
8.26 A term describing a specific form of arteriosclerosis (Frame 8.25),

in which one or more fatty plaques form along the inner walls of arteries,
uses the combining form that means “fatty plaque,” ather/o, to form
atherosclerosis the term ____________________. The plaques thicken with time, which
ATH er oh skleh ROH siss reduces the flow of blood through the affected vessel (■ Figure 8.4). The
constructed form of this term is ather/o/scler/osis, which literally means
“condition of hard fatty plaque.” A major cause of coronary artery
disease (Frame 8.38), atherosclerosis poses an immediate threat to
life if a plaque disrupts blood flow and releases blood clots, which may
trigger an acute myocardial infarction (Frame 8.49).
Coronary artery
Adventitia
Plaque Media
Interna
(a)
Endothelium
Collagen
Plaque Smooth muscle cell
Cholesterol crystal
Lipid
Internal elastic
lamina (damaged)
Fibrosis
(b)
■ Figure 8.4
Atherosclerosis. (a) A sectioned
coronary artery that exhibits an
accumulation of fatty plaque,
which reduces the internal
diameter of the vessel. (b) In this
close-up, you can see that the
plaque consists of cholesterol,
triglycerides, phospholipids,
collagen, and smooth muscle
cells. (c) Two types and degrees
of atherosclerotic narrowing, or Moderate atherosclerotic Almost complete atherosclerotic
stenosis. (c) narrowing of the lumen occlusion of the lumen
8.27 A general condition present at birth that centers on a mal-

function of the heart is called a congenital heart disease. One
form of this disease occurs when an infant’s heart allows blood
to move between the two atria because of a small opening in the
wall separating them. Known as an atrial septal defect, it results
atrial septal defect in a reduction of blood flow to the lungs. As a result, the tissues
AY tree al * SEP tal * DEE fekt of an infant with ____________________ ____________________
____________________ become starved of oxygen. Atrial and sep-
tal are constructed terms, as you can see when they are written as
atri/al and sept/al.
8.28 The suffix -megaly means “abnormally large.” In the condi-

tion atriomegaly, the atria have become abnormally enlarged or
dilated, reducing their ability to push blood into the ventricles.
atriomegaly The constructed form of ____________________ reveals three
AY tree oh MEG ah lee word parts: _____/_____/_____. It is a form of cardiomegaly
atri/o/megaly (Frame 8.32).
8.29 An injury to the atrioventricular node (AV node), which normally

receives impulses from the sinoatrial node (SA node) and transmits
them to the ventricles to stimulate ventricular contraction, is called
atrioventricular block an ____________________ ____________________, or AV block. The
AY tree oh ven TRIK yoo lar injury is usually caused by a myocardial infarction (Frame 8.49),
during which the cells of the AV node die due to a loss of blood flow.
The term atrioventricular is a constructed term: atri/o/ventricul/ar.
cardiac arrest 8.30 The cessation of heart activity is called ____________________

KAR dee ak * ah REST ____________________. As you should know, cardiac is a
constructed term written cardi/ac. Arrest means “stop.” In sudden
cardiac arrest, abbreviated SCA, the patient may have little or
no warning signs; often the arrest causes death. According to the
American Heart Association, more than 320,000 people die from
an SCA each year in the United States. Most deaths occur within
minutes, primarily due to a sudden loss of blood flow to the brain.
The most common cause of SCA is an electrical disturbance to
the heart that causes arrhythmia (Frame 8.10), although it may also
follow a myocardial infarction, or heart attack (Frame 8.49).
204 Chapter 8
8.31 Acute compression of the heart due to the accumulation of

fluid within the pericardial cavity is known as cardiac tamponade.
The term is constructed from word parts and is shown as cardi/ac
cardiac tamponade tampon/ade. It literally means “pertaining to heart plug process.”
KAR dee ak * tamp oh NAHD ____________________ ____________________ is a complication of
an inflammatory disease of the pericardium known as pericarditis
(Frame 8.52).
8.32 Recall that the suffix -megaly means “abnormally large.” The
cardiomegaly abnormal enlargement of the heart is called ____________________,
KAR dee oh MEG ah lee which occurs when the heart must work harder than normal to meet
the oxygen demands of body cells. The constructed form of this
term is cardi/o/megaly.
8.33 A general term for a disease of the myocardium of the heart is

cardiomyopathy cardiomyopathy. The constructed form of ____________________
KAR dee oh my OPP ah thee reveals five word parts: cardi/o/my/o/pathy. The most common
causes of cardiomyopathy include coronary artery disease (Frame
8.38), viral or bacterial infection, and stress during pregnancy.
8.34 An inflammation of the valves of the heart is called

cardiovalvulitis (■ Figure 8.5). The constructed form of this term
is cardi/o/valvul/itis. As you know, cardi/o means “heart,” and the
suffix -itis means “inflammation.” The word root valvul means “little
valve.” The most common causes of this disease are bacterial infec-
tion, which leads to the deposition of calcium deposits on heart
cardiovalvulitis valves (known as vegetations), and congenital defects, which result
KAR dee oh val vyoo LYE tiss in abnormally shaped valves. ____________________ is usually diag-
nosed from the presence of a heart murmur (Frame 8.44), which is a
gurgling sound detected during auscultation (Frame 8.68).
■ Figure 8.5
Cardiovalvulitis. The human
heart has been sectioned to
reveal the left ventricle and Aortic valve vegetations
origin of the aorta, with the
aortic valve between them.
The yellow growths, called
vegetations, on the aortic
valve have been caused by
a Streptococcus infection,
rendering the valve disfigured
and thereby unable to direct the
flow of blood properly.
Source: Courtesy of the Public
8.35 A congenital (present at birth) heart disease affecting the

infant’s aorta is coarctation of the aorta. The term coarctation
is derived from the Latin word coarcto, which means “to press
coarctation together.” ____________________ of the aorta causes reduced sys-
koh ark TAY shun temic circulation of blood and accumulation of fluid in the lungs and
requires surgical repair.
8.36 A chronic form of heart disease characterized by the failure

of the left ventricle to pump enough blood to supply systemic
tissues is called congestive heart failure (CHF). Also known as
left-ventricular failure, the reduced function of the left ventricle
congestive heart failure characteristic of ____________________ ____________________
____________________ makes the heart work harder, resulting in
cardiomegaly (Frame 8.32), pulmonary congestion (fluid in the lungs),
and reduced left-ventricle function that eventually leads to cardiac
arrest (Frame 8.30). The primary symptoms of CHF include short-
ness of breath and fatigue.
8.37 If a disease of one or both lungs affects blood flow within

the lungs, blood may back up in the right ventricle of the heart (the
right ventricle normally pumps blood to the lungs). As a result, the
right ventricle will be forced to work harder but with less efficiency,
which enlarges the heart on the right side. A chronic enlargement
and reduced efficiency of the right ventricle resulting from backup
of the pulmonary circulation is called cor pulmonale. A French
cor pulmonale word that literally means “heart lung,” ____________________
kor * pull moh NAY lee ____________________ is also known as right-ventricular failure.
8.38 A general term for a disease that afflicts the coronary arteries
coronary artery disease supplying the heart is ____________________ ____________________
____________________ (CAD). The most common form of CAD is
atherosclerosis (Frame 8.26). Because the coronary arteries supply
the heart with blood, an alternate term to coronary artery disease is
coronary heart disease (CHD).
206 Chapter 8
8.39 Occlusion is a general term that means “blockage.” A coro-

nary occlusion is a blockage within a coronary artery, resulting in a
reduced blood flow to an area of the heart muscle. The most com-
coronary occlusion mon single cause of a ____________________ ____________________
is atherosclerosis (Frame 8.26). Atherosclerosis or other diseases
may also lead to emboli (drifting blood clots), and a congenital ste-
nosis may also contribute to coronary occlusion.
8.40 A blockage or occlusion that forms when a blood clot or

other foreign particle (including air or fat) moves through the cir-
culation is called an embolism. The term is derived from the
embolism Greek word embolisma, which means “piece or patch.” An
EM boh lizm ____________________ can produce a severe circulatory restriction
when the blood clot or particle, called an embolus (plural form is
emboli), lodges in an artery.
8.41 Inflammation of the endocardium, the thin membrane lining the

inside walls of the heart chambers, is an acute disease called
endocarditis ____________________. The constructed form of this term is endo/
EHN doh kar DYE tiss card/itis. Because the endocardium also covers the heart valves,
endocarditis often results in cardiovalvulitis (Frame 8.34). It is usually
caused by a bacterial infection.
8.42 A condition of uncoordinated, rapid contractions of the muscle

fibrillation forming the ventricles or atria is called ____________________.
fih bril AY shun It is a severe form of arrhythmia (Frame 8.10). Atrial fibrillation
(A-fib) leads to a reduction of blood expelled from the atria and is
usually not fatal, although it poses an increased risk of stroke due
to blood clots forming in the left atrium that may lodge in the brain.
However, ventricular fibrillation results in circulatory collapse due
to the failure of the ventricles to expel blood. It is often fatal within
5 minutes if medical intervention through CPR (Frame 8.71) or
defibrillation (Frame 8.74) is not immediately available.
8.43 A block or delay of the normal electrical conduction of the heart

heart block is called ____________________ ____________________. It is often the
result of a myocardial infarction (Frame 8.49) that damages the SA
node or AV node, which normally manage the rhythmic contractions
of the heart.
8.44 An abnormal sound heard during auscultation (Frame 8.68) of

the heart is a heart murmur. An “innocent” ____________________
heart murmur ____________________ is not associated with a heart condition and
is very common, while murmurs that are not innocent suggest heart
disease such as cardiovalvulitis (Frame 8.34). A common source
of heart murmur is a leaky mitral valve (the atrioventricular valve on
the left side), and is known as mitral valve prolapse (MVP). Most
people with MVP have an innocent heart murmur, but in some, the
prolapse causes regurgitation of blood through the damaged mitral
valve into the left atrium and thereby requires medical intervention.
8.45 The presence of dilated, or varicose, veins in the anal region

hemorrhoids is called ____________________. The condition produces symptoms
HEM oh roydz of local pain and itching. It usually results from too much pressure
on the veins in the anal wall, producing swollen veins within the anal
columns (internal hemorrhoids) or near the anal opening (external
hemorrhoids).
8.46 Persistently high blood pressure while at rest is an abnormal

hypertension condition called ____________________. This constructed term
HIGH per TEN shun is written hyper/tens/ion and means “process of abnormally
high pressure.” It includes essential hypertension, in which
the condition is not traceable to a single cause, and secondary
hypertension, in which the high blood pressure is caused by the
effects of another disease, such as atherosclerosis or diabetes.
Although hypertension usually produces no symptoms, it is one of
the most common causes of stroke and kidney failure.
8.47 A condition of abnormally low blood pressure is called

hypotension ____________________, which includes the prefix hypo- that means
HIGH poh TEN shun “deficient, abnormally low, below.” It is usually an acute reaction to
hemorrhage, hypothermia (abnormally low body temperature), or
septicemia (Frame 8.55).
8.48 An abnormally low flow of blood to the tissues is the

condition known as ischemia. The term is a constructed term,
isch/emia, which literally means “condition of holding back blood.”
ischemia Coronary ____________________ is caused by an occlusion, such
iss KEE mee ah as atherosclerotic plaque (Frame 8.26), emboli (Frame 8.40), or
thrombosis (Frame 8.57), and, because it damages the heart, can
lead to a life-threatening myocardial infarction (Frame 8.49).
208 Chapter 8
8.49 Death of a portion of the myocardium is called myocardial

infarction, abbreviated MI. The term infarction is derived from the
Latin word infarctus, which means “stuff into.” In medicine, the term
is used to describe a death of cells resulting from a sudden loss of
blood flow (■ Figure 8.6). The term myocardial is constructed from
word parts, as shown when it is written as my/o/cardi/al, which
myocardial infarction means “pertaining to heart muscle.” If the ____________________
my oh KAR dee al * in FARK ____________________ affects a large or functionally critical part of
shun the heart, arrhythmia (Frame 8.10), cardiac arrest (Frame 8.30), or
both may follow. The common name for an MI is a heart attack.
According to the American Heart Association, approximately
790,000 individuals experience heart attacks in the United States
each year, roughly 25% of which are fatal.
Area of infarct
(a) (b)
■ Figure 8.6
Myocardial infarction. (a) A heart with a myocardial infarction of the ventricle wall, in which cardiac
cells have died and surrounding tissues have become damaged. The right image is a section through
the heart. (b) Photograph of a human heart (postmortem) to reveal the the dead cardiac tissue
(necrosis), which perished due to a sudden loss of blood flow.
Photo Source: Mediscan/Alamy Stock Photo.
8.50 Inflammation of the myocardium of the heart is an acute

myocarditis condition called ____________________. The constructed form of
my oh kar DYE tiss this term is my/o/card/itis. Often caused by bacterial infection, it is a
form of cardiomyopathy (Frame 8.33).
8.51 A congenital condition characterized by an opening between

the pulmonary artery and the aorta at birth due to a failure of the
fetal vessel, called the ductus arteriosus, to close is called patent
ductus arteriosus. The term patent means “open.” The condition
patent ductus arteriosus ____________________ ____________________ ____________________
PAY tent * DUCK tuss * ahr permits the flow of blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta,
tee ree OH siss which bypasses the pulmonary circulation.
8.52 Inflammation of the membrane surrounding the heart, the

pericarditis pericardium, is called ____________________. The constructed form
pair ih kar DYE tiss of the term is written peri/card/itis. It is usually caused by bacterial
infection and affects both layers of the pericardium (the outer
pericardial sac and the inner epicardium).
8.53 A word root for vein is phleb, and it is used in the construction
of the term that means “inflammation of a vein.” The term is
phlebitis ____________________, and its constructed form is phleb/itis. In
fleh BYE tiss the related condition thrombophlebitis (THROM boh fleh BYE tiss), the
inflammation of the vein includes an obstruction by a blood clot.
8.54 Simultaneous inflammation of many arteries is a condition

polyarteritis known as ____________________. The constructed form of this term
PALL ee ahr ter EYE tiss reveals three word parts and is poly/arter/itis.
8.55 A bacterial infection of the bloodstream is called septicemia.

Because the bacteria are carried throughout the body by way of the
infected blood, it becomes widespread and life-threatening quickly.
septicemia The constructed form of ____________________ is sept/ic/emia,
SEP tih SEE mee ah which literally means “condition of putrefying blood.” Recall that
sepsis is a Greek word that means “putrefying.”
8.56 A severe congenital disease in which four defects associated

with the heart are present at birth is called tetralogy of Fallot. The
four defects are pulmonary stenosis (narrowing of the pulmonary
valve), ventricular septal defect (Frame 8.59), incorrect position
of the aorta, and right-ventricular hypertrophy. As a result of
tetralogy of Fallot ____________________ ____________________ ____________________,
teh TRALL oh jee * of * fah the pulmonary circulation is partially bypassed.
LOH
210 Chapter 8
8.57 The presence of stationary blood clots within one or more

blood vessels is called thrombosis. The term is the Greek word
thrombosis for clotting, thrombosis. A coronary ____________________ is often
throm BOH siss caused by atherosclerosis (Frame 8.26), and its rupture can result
in sudden cardiac arrest (Frame 8.30) due to an acute myocardial
infarction (Frame 8.49).
varicosis 8.58 An abnormally dilated vein is called ____________________,

vair ih KOH siss or varicose vein. Varicosis is a constructed term, written varic/osis,
which literally means “condition of dilated vein.” It results when
valves within a superficial vein of the leg or elsewhere fail, allowing
blood to pool in response to gravitational forces (■ Figure 8.7).
Open
Closed
Varicose
vein
Normal vein – competent Dilated vein – incompetent

valves valves
(a)
■ Figure 8.7
Varicosis. (a) Varicose veins
develop due to the failure of
valves in the superficial veins
of the leg, which leads to blood
accumulation in response
to gravity and vein dilation.
(b) Photograph of spider veins
(small varicose veins) of the leg.
Photo Source: Schankz/
Shutterstock. (b)
8.59 A congenital disease in which an opening in the septum

(sept/o in this case means “wall, partition”) separating the right and
ventricular septal defect left ventricles is present at birth is called ____________________
vehn TRIK yoo lar * SEPP tal * ____________________ ____________________, abbreviated VSD. The
DEE fekt opening allows some blood to flow from the left ventricle to the right
ventricle, reducing blood flow to body organs while dangerously
increasing blood flow to the lungs.
PRACTICE: Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular System

Linkup
bining vowel. The first one is completed as an example.

hyper- angi/o -ion
peri- ather/o -ism
cardi/o -itis
embol/o -oma
my/o -osis
scler/o -pathy
tens/o
thromb/o
varic/o
Definition Term
1. An occlusion of blood flow embolism____________
2. A general term for a disease of the myocardium of the heart ____________________
3. A specific form of arteriosclerosis in which one or more fatty plaques form along ____________________
the inner walls of arteries
4. A tumor arising from a blood vessel ____________________
5. Inflammation of the membrane surrounding the heart ____________________
6. Inflammation of the heart and blood vessels ____________________
7. An abnormally dilated vein ____________________
8. The presence of a stationary blood clot within a blood vessel ____________________
9. Persistently high blood pressure ____________________
212 Chapter 8
The Right Match

______ 1. aneurysm a. a disease of the coronary vessels
______ 2. cardiac tamponade b. a congenital heart defect
______ 3. cor pulmonale c. a block of the heart conduction system
______ 4. heart murmur d. a blockage in a coronary vessel
______ 5. cardiac arrest e. abnormal bulging of an arterial wall
______ 6. coronary artery disease f. an abnormal sound heard through auscultation
______ 7. coronary occlusion g. cessation of heartbeat
______ 8. atrial septal defect h. uncoordinated, rapid heartbeat
______ 9. congestive heart failure i. literally, “heart lung”
______ 10. heart block j. left-ventricular failure
______ 11. fibrillation k. caused by fluid within the pericardial cavity
Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Cardiovascular System

Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the treatments, procedures, and devices associated with the
cardiovascular system and are covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to
help you identify them: prefixes are yellow, combining forms are red, and suffixes are blue.

endo- within angi/o blood vessel -ac pertaining to
ultra- beyond normal aort/o aorta -ary pertaining to
arter/o, arteri/o artery -ectomy surgical excision, removal
cardi/o heart -gram a record or image
coron/o crown or circle, -graphy recording process
heart -ist one who specializes
ech/o sound -lytic pertaining to loosen, dissolve
electr/o electricity -meter measure, measuring instrument
embol/o plug -metry measurement, process of
man/o thin, scanty measuring
phleb/o vein -plasty surgical repair
pulmon/o lung -rrhaphy suturing
son/o sound -scopy process of viewing
sphygm/o pulse -stomy surgical creation of an opening
thromb/o clot -tomy incision, to cut
valvul/o little valve
KEY TERMS A–Z 8.60 A diagnostic procedure that includes x-ray photography, MRI,
or CT scan images of a blood vessel after injection of a contrast
medium is called angiography. This constructed term is written
angiography angi/o/graphy. The image resulting from ____________________ is
an jee OG rah fee called an angiogram (AN jee oh gram), which is written angi/o/gram.
When the procedure is focused on the heart, it is called cardiac
angiography or coronary angiography.
8.61 The surgical repair of a blood vessel is generally known as

angioplasty ____________________. The constructed form of this term is angi/
AN jee oh plass tee o/plasty. It includes procedures to reopen blocked vessels, such as
balloon angioplasty, in which a balloon is inserted into a blocked
vessel and inflated (■ Figure 8.8), and laser angioplasty, which uses
a laser beam to open a blocked artery.
■ Figure 8.8
Artery
Angioplasty. One popular form
is called balloon angioplasty,
shown here. A balloon catheter
is threaded into the blocked
artery and positioned into the
Atheromatous
obstructed area (left). The plaque
balloon is then inflated, which
presses the plaque against
the vessel wall (right). After the
balloon catheter is withdrawn,
the plaque remains flattened, Uninflated balloon Balloon
improving the flow of blood on catheter inflated
through the vessel.

Source: Pearson Education Inc.
8.62 The use of a flexible fiber-optic instrument, or endoscope,

to observe a diseased blood vessel and to assess any lesions is a
angioscopy procedure called ____________________. This constructed term is
AN jee OS koh pee written angi/o/scopy. The endoscope is often a modified instrument,
called an angioscope, which includes a camera at one end and a
video monitor at the opposite end.
8.63 The suffix -stomy means “surgical creation of an opening.”

The surgical procedure that involves the creation of an opening
into a blood vessel, usually for the insertion of a catheter, is called
angiostomy ____________________. The constructed form of this term is
an jee OS toh mee angi/o/stomy.
8.64 The surgical incision into a blood vessel is called

angiotomy ___________________, which uses the suffix -tomy that means
an jee OT oh mee “incision, to cut.” The constructed form of this term reveals three
word parts, as shown in angi/o/tomy.
214 Chapter 8
8.65 A procedure that obtains an x-ray image, MRI, or CT scan

aortography image of the aorta is called ____________________. The constructed
AY or TOG rah fee form of this term is aort/o/graphy. The image is called an
aortogram.
8.66 A procedure that obtains an image of an artery is known as

arteriography ____________________. The constructed form of this term is arteri/
ahr tee ree OG rah fee o/graphy, which literally means “process of recording an artery.” The
image is called an arteriogram.
arteriotomy 8.67 An incision into an artery is called an ____________________.

ahr tee ree OT oh mee This constructed term is written arteri/o/tomy. It is usually
performed to repair an injured artery during a procedure known as
an arterioplasty. The conclusion of the procedure is achieved by
suturing the opening, called arteriorrhaphy.
8.68 An important part of a physical examination involves listening

to internal sounds using a stethoscope (STETH oh skope) and is called
auscultation ____________________. Certain sounds suggest abnormalities
oss kull TAY shun of heart function, especially arrhythmias and valve disorders
(■ Figure 8.9).
■ Figure 8.9
Auscultation. A pediatrician is
performing auscultation on an
infant to check for possible heart
disorders.
Shutterstock.
AUSCULTATION
Did You Auscultation is derived from the Latin word ausculto, which means “to listen.” During the
ancient times of Aristotle, early physicians practiced this form of evaluation by pressing
KNOW
an ear against the patient’s chest. The stethoscope, which literally means “instrument to
view the chest,” is a device that made this procedure much more efficient by amplifying the
sounds. French physician Rene Laennec was the inventor of the first stethoscope in 1816.
He rolled paper into a tube shape to listen to the chest sounds of a young female patient
to avoid unwanted contact between his ear and her chest. He was excited to learn of the
amplified effect of the tube and developed a wooden tube that became widely used within a
few years. Today, stethoscopes include two rubber earpieces and an amplifying bell or cone.
8.69 Insertion of a narrow flexible tube, called a catheter, through a

cardiac catheterization blood vessel leading into the heart is called ____________________
KAR dee ak * kath eh ter ih ____________________ (■ Figure 8.10). The procedure is performed to
ZAY shun withdraw blood samples from heart chambers, measure pressures,
and inject contrast medium for imaging purposes. The term catheter
is derived from the Greek word katheter, which means “to send
down.”
■ Figure 8.10
Cardiac catheterization. Insertion
of a tube, called a catheter,
through a blood vessel. In this
example, the catheter is inserted
into the brachial artery of the
arm and is pushed through
vessels until reaching the interior
of the heart.
8.70 A cardiac pacemaker is a battery-powered device that is

implanted under the skin and wired to the inner wall of the heart
to help control abnormal heart rhythms (■ Figure 8.11). It produces
timed electric pulses that replace the function of the SA node as a
treatment for a heart block and certain other arrhythmias. Recently,
cardiac pacemaker the ____________________ ____________________ has been
KAR dee ak * PAYS may ker improved to adjust to the patient’s physical activity and SA node
function. This is called an on-demand pacemaker.
Pacemaker
■ Figure 8.11
Cardiac pacemaker. The
pacemaker device is implanted
beneath the skin near the heart.
216 Chapter 8
8.71 An emergency procedure that is used to maintain some

blood flow to vital organs until the heart can be restarted is
cardiopulmonary commonly abbreviated CPR, which means ____________________
resuscitation ____________________. It consists of rhythmic chest compression. If
KAR dee oh PULL mon air ee the restoration of breathing is also needed, artificial respiration may
* ree SUSS ih TAY shun be included. The constructed form of this term is written cardi/o/
pulmon/ary resuscitation. The term resuscitation is derived from the
Latin word resuscitatio, which means “to revive.”
8.72 A surgical procedure that involves removing a blood vessel

from another part of the body and inserting it into the coronary
coronary artery bypass circulation is called ____________________ ____________________
graft ____________________ ____________________, or CABG. The grafted
vessel restores blood flow to an oxygen-deprived area of the heart
by carrying blood around an occluded (blocked) coronary artery
(■ Figure 8.12).
Saphenous Aorta
vein grafts
Occlusion
Occlusion
■ Figure 8.12
Coronary artery bypass graft
(CABG). The grafts are often
obtained from the patient’s
saphenous veins in the legs
and are inserted to carry blood
around the blockage (occlusion).
8.73 An artificial, metallic scaffold that is used to support an injured

blood vessel, compress an atherosclerotic plaque, or anchor a
surgical implant or graft is called a stent (■ Figure 8.13). In coronary
circulation, a coronary stent may be implanted into a coronary
artery that is occluded to restore blood flow to an oxygen-deprived
coronary stent part of the heart. A ____________________ ____________________
may also be used to prevent closure of a coronary artery after
angioplasty (Frame 8.61).
■ Figure 8.13
Coronary stent. Insertion of
a stent to open a coronary Unexpanded stent on catheter
artery that is blocked by an
atherosclerotic plaque is a
popular surgery that improves
blood flow to the heart. The
top figure shows the stent,
temporarily attached to a
Sheath removed from stent
catheter, in place in the area
of the occluding plaque. The
middle figure shows the process
of expanding the stent, which
pushes the plaque to clear the
occlusion. In the bottom figure,
the catheter has been removed Expanded stent in place
and the stent is fully expanded,
and will remain in place after the
surgery.
Source: Pearson Education, Inc.
218 Chapter 8
8.74 In cases in which an arrhythmia progresses to the state of

ventricular fibrillation (Frame 8.42), an electric charge may be
applied to the chest wall to stop the heart conduction system
momentarily, then restart it to establish a more normal heart
defibrillation rhythm. This procedure is called ____________________. In most
dee fib rih LAY shun cases, the electric charge is applied to the skin of the chest with
paddles using an automated external defibrillator. Abbreviated
AED, a portable unit is illustrated in ■ Figure 8.14a. Alternatively,
a smaller device may be surgically implanted under the skin with
electrodes terminating directly on the heart. This device is called an
implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) and is illustrated in
■ Figure 8.14b.
Emergency medical technician

helping with defibrillation
Pads with electrodes stick

to patient’s chest
AED has written ICD

instructions and gives
voice instructions
Automated external defibrillator (AED)

(checks heart rhythm and can send electric
shock to restore normal rhythm)
(a) (b)
■ Figure 8.14
Defibrillator. Defibrillators are devices that supply a voltage charge to the heart in the hope of restarting
the cardiac cycle (heartbeat). (a) A portable automated external defibrillator (AED). The unit includes
two paddles that are pressed against the external chest wall, which deliver a brief voltage charge from
a generator to the patient. AEDs are given credit for saving thousands of lives every year, mainly from
sudden cardiac arrest (SCA). (b) An implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD), which is used during
surgery and may be inserted for postsurgical maintenance.
8.75 An ultrasound procedure that evaluates blood flow through a

blood vessel is called Doppler sonography. It is often performed
on the heart or on the carotid artery of the neck to evaluate
problems in blood flow in a noninvasive manner, and it may also
be used to monitor pulse rate from peripheral arteries. In the term
Doppler sonography ____________________ ____________________, sonography is a
DOP ler * son OG rah fee constructed term, written son/o/graphy, which literally means
“recording process of sound.”
8.76 An ultrasound procedure that directs sound waves through

the heart to observe heart structures in an effort to evaluate heart
echocardiography function is called ____________________ (■ Figure 8.15). This is
ek oh kar dee OG rah a constructed term with five word parts that is written ech/o/
fee cardi/o/graphy. The procedure may also be called cardiac
ultrasonography (KAR dee ak * ul trah son OG rah fee). The record or
image of the data is typically called an echocardiogram (ek oh KAR
dee oh gram). If a heart condition is suspected, it is often performed
during or immediately after exercise using a treadmill or stationary
bicycle to reproduce the dysfunction for closer evaluation, in the
procedure known as a stress ECHO.
(a)
■ Figure 8.15
Echocardiography. (a) The procedure
is performed by placing electrodes on
the chest wall, which sends ultrasound
pulses to the heart. A receiver, held
by the physician or technician, picks
up echoes from the pulses and sends
them to a computer for analysis.
(b) A monitor displays the flow of
blood passing through the heart
(red and yellow) and action of the
heart valves, providing a record that
may be digitally saved and printed.
Source: (a) Anamaria Mejia/
Shutterstock (b) cylonphto/123RF.com. (b)
220 Chapter 8
8.77 In the procedure known as electrocardiography, electrodes

are pasted to the skin of the chest to detect and record the
electrical events of the heart conduction system (■ Figure 8.16).
electrocardiography The constructed form of ____________________ is written electr/o/
ee LEK troh KAR dee AWG rah cardi/o/graphy. The record or image of the data is called an
fee electrocardiogram and abbreviated ECG or EKG (the K is from the
Greek word for heart, kardia) (see Figure 8.16b). Electrocardiography
is used extensively to evaluate heart function and is the most
common method for diagnosing a heart attack. It is particularly
useful in diagnosing cardiac arrhythmias (Frame 8.10). When
measured during physical activity using a treadmill or stationary
bicycle, it is called a stress ECG.
Sinoatrial node
Atrioventricular node
R
P T
Q
ST segment
PR
interval S
QT interval
Time(s) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
P = Atrial depolarization
(b) QRS = Ventricular depolarization
T = Repolarization
(a)
■ Figure 8.16
An electrocardiogram may be obtained while at rest (shown) or during exercise when it is called a stress ECG.
(a) Electrodes are placed on the patient’s chest to record the electrical events within the heart, and the results are
collected by computer and displayed on a monitor. (b) Each cardiac cycle of a normal electrocardiogram includes three
peaks or waves, called the P wave, QRS wave, and T wave.
Source (a): Lapina/Shutterstock.
Echocardiography and Electrocardiography

Echocardiography and electrocardiography are both methods of measuring heart function. The two
WORDS TO medical terms are similar enough in construction and in meaning to be confusing. Let the word parts
Watch Out For provide the clue. Remember that one hears an echo, and thus, echocardiography is the procedure
that uses ultrasound technology to make measurements of heart function. Also remember a synonym
for ultrasound is sonography, which means “recording process of sound.”
8.78 The suffix -ectomy means “surgical excision, removal.” The

surgical removal of a floating blood clot, or embolus (Frame 8.40), is
embolectomy called ____________________. The constructed form of this term is
EM boh LEK toh mee embol/ectomy.
8.79 The removal of the inner lining of an artery to remove a

fatty plaque is a surgical procedure called endarterectomy. The
endarterectomy constructed form of ____________________ is end/arter/ectomy,
END ahr teh REK toh mee which literally means “surgical excision or removal of within artery.”
The most common surgical site for this procedure is the carotid
artery in the neck, which is subject to developing atherosclerotic
plaques (Frame 8.26). Note that the o ending in the prefix endo- is
deleted from this constructed term for ease of pronunciation.
8.80 A portable electrocardiograph may be worn by the patient to

monitor electrical activity of the heart over 24-hour periods. The
Holter monitor device is called a ____________________ ____________________ and
is useful in detecting periodic or transient cardiac abnormalities
(■ Figure 8.17).
■ Figure 8.17
Holter monitor. Photograph of
a portable Holter monitor on a
male patient.
Source: Papa1266/Shutterstock.
8.81 A drug that is commonly used as an emergency vasodilator

to treat severe angina pectoris (Frame 8.7) or myocardial infarction
(Frame 8.49) is the compound nitroglycerin. The vasodilation that
nitroglycerin results from ____________________ temporarily improves blood flow
NIGH troh GLIH ser ihn to the heart and other vital organs.
222 Chapter 8
8.82 Phlebectomy is constructed from the word root meaning

“vein” (phleb) and the suffix meaning “surgical excision,
removal” (-ectomy). From its word parts, we know that a
phlebectomy ____________________ is a procedure involving the surgical removal
fleh BEK toh mee of a vein. The constructed form of this term is phleb/ectomy.
8.83 A puncture into a vein to remove blood for sampling or

donation is called phlebotomy (■ Figure 8.18). This constructed
term combines the word root for vein, the combining vowel o,
and the suffix meaning “incision or to cut” to create the term
phlebotomy ____________________, which is written phleb/o/tomy. Although the
fleh BOT oh mee word part for incision is included, a small puncture is made rather
than an incision when withdrawing blood (called a venipuncture).
A healthcare professional who performs this procedure is called a
phlebotomist (fleh BOT oh mist).
■ Figure 8.18
Phlebotomy. In this common
procedure, a syringe needle
punctures a vein, usually in the
arm, and withdraws blood for
sampling or donation.
Source: Courtesy of the Public
8.84 A noninvasive procedure that provides blood flow images

using positron emission tomography (PET) techniques combined
with radioactive isotope labeling may be used to produce images
of the heart to reveal functional defects. The procedure is called
positron emission ____________________ ____________________ ____________________
tomography scan ____________________, or PET scan.
PAHZ ih tron * ee MISH uhn *
toh MOG rah fee
8.85 A common procedure that measures arterial blood

sphygmomanometry pressure is called ____________________. This constructed term
SFIG moh mah NOM eh tree is written sphygm/o/man/o/metry, which literally means “the
process of measuring scanty gas.” It utilizes a device called a
sphygmomanometer (sfig moh mah NOM eh ter), which consists
of an arm cuff and air pressure pump with a pressure gauge
(■ Figure 8.19). In recent years, the mercury pressure gauge has
been replaced by aneroid dials and digital technology.
■ Figure 8.19
Sphygmomanometry.
Photograph of a physician taking
blood pressure readings with the
use of a sphygmomanometer,
which includes an arm cuff and
pressure gauge.
Source: Keith Brofsky/
Photodisc/Getty Images.
8.86 Treatments to dissolve unwanted blood clots are often

necessary after surgery to prevent the development of emboli (Frame
8.40). It is also performed soon after a myocardial infarction (Frame
8.49) to minimize damage to the heart and is credited with saving
thrombolytic therapy many lives. Known as ____________________ ____________________,
throm boh LITT ik * THAIR ah it includes the use of drugs such as streptokinase and tissue
pee plasminogen activator (TPA). The constructed term thrombolytic is
made up of the combining form that means “clot” (thromb/o) and the
suffix that means “pertaining to loosen or dissolve” (-lytic).
8.87 If a heart condition is suspected, a cardiologist will often

require the patient to undergo exercise during echocardiography
or electrocardiography (or both) in an effort to examine
heart function under stress. The most common term for this
treadmill stress test procedure is ____________________ ____________________
____________________.
8.88 The surgical repair of a heart valve is called

valvuloplasty ____________________. The constructed form of this term is written
VAL vyoo loh plass tee valvul/o/plasty. If repair is not possible due to the extent of the
damage or defect, valve replacement may be required using an
artificial valve or a porcine (pig) valve.
224 Chapter 8
PRACTICE: Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the

Cardiovascular System
The Right Match
______ 1. cardiac pacemaker a. an artificial metallic scaffold that is implanted to open a blocked
______ 2. defibrillation coronary artery
______ 3. phlebotomy b. a drug that is commonly used as an emergency vasodilator
______ 4. Holter monitor c. a patient undergoes exercise before or during echocardiography to

examine heart function under stress
______ 5. coronary stent
d. a battery-powered device that is implanted under the skin and wired
______ 6. PET scan
to the wall of the heart
______ 7. stress ECHO e. puncture into a vein, usually to remove blood for sampling or
______ 8. nitroglycerin donation
______ 9. auscultation f. a portable electrocardiograph worn by the patient
______ 10. Doppler sonography g. an electric charge applied to the chest wall to stop the heart con-
duction system momentarily, then restart it with a more normal
heart rhythm
h. a noninvasive procedure that provides blood flow images using
positron emission tomography techniques combined with radioac-
tive isotope labeling
i. an ultrasound procedure that evaluates blood flow
j. a physical examination that involves listening to internal sounds
Break the Chain

1. a) arteriogram ________/___/________
cf s
b)
2. a) echocardiography ________/___/________/___/________
cf cf s
b)
Bonus Question: What is the definition of the first combining form?
3. a) embolectomy ________/________
r s
b)
4. a) sphygmomanometry ________/___/________/___/________
cf cf s
b)
5. a) phlebotomist ________/___/________/________
cf r s
b)
6. a) electrocardiography ________/___/________/___/________
cf cf s
b)
7. a) cardiopulmonary ________/___/________/________
cf r s
b)
Bonus Question: What is the definition of the word root in the first word?
8. a) endarterectomy ________/________/________
p r s
b)
Bonus Question: What is the definition of the prefix?
9. a) valvuloplasty ________/___/________
cf s
b)
Abbreviations of the Cardiovascular System

The abbreviations that are associated with the cardiovascular system are summarized here. Study these
abbreviations and review them in the exercise that follows.

AED automated external defibrillator CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation
A-fib atrial fibrillation ECG, EKG electrocardiogram
AI aortic insufficiency ICD implantable cardioverter defibrillator
AS aortic stenosis LA left atrium
ASD atrial septal defect LV left ventricle
ASHD arteriosclerotic heart disease MI myocardial infarction
AV atrioventricular MVP mitral valve prolapse
CABG coronary artery bypass graft PET positron emission tomography
CAD coronary artery disease RA right atrium
CHD coronary heart disease RV right ventricle
CHF congestive heart failure SCA sudden cardiac arrest
CP chest pain VSD ventricular septal defect
226 Chapter 8

1. ____________________ congestive heart failure
2. ASD
3. ____________________ coronary artery bypass graft
4. MI
5. ____________________ positron emission tomography
6. CPR
7. ____________________ arteriosclerotic heart disease
8. AV
9. ____________________ electrocardiogram
10. CAD
11. ____________________ automated external defibrillator
12. RV
13. ____________________ ventricular septal defect
14. MVP
CHAPTER REVIEW
Word Building
Construct medical terms from the following meanings. (Some are built from word parts, some are not.) The
first question has been completed as an example.
1. generalized disease of the heart muscle cardiomyopathy
2. inflammation of the heart and blood vessels angio____________________
3. narrowing of a blood vessel angio____________________
4. tumor arising from a blood vessel angi____________________
5. hardening of the arteries ____________________sclerosis
6. abnormally slow heart rate ____________________cardia
7. a sensation of pain in the heart cardio____________________
8. incision into an artery to remove plaque end____________________ectomy
9. abnormal hypertrophy of the heart cardio____________________
10. inflammation of the inner heart membrane endo____________________
11. an abnormal heart rhythm a____________________
12. high blood pressure that is persistent ____________________tension
13. death of a portion of the myocardium _______cardial in_______________
14. inflammation of the myocardium myo____________________
15. a process of recording heart electrical activity ____________________cardiography


1. angi/o _________________________________ _________________________________
2. cardi/o _________________________________ _________________________________
3. hem/o _________________________________ _________________________________
4. phleb/o _________________________________ _________________________________
5. sten/o _________________________________ _________________________________
6. scler/o _________________________________ _________________________________
7. thromb/o _________________________________ _________________________________
8. ech/o _________________________________ _________________________________
9. arter/o _________________________________ _________________________________
10. coron/o _________________________________ _________________________________
11. electr/o _________________________________ _________________________________
12. valvul/o _________________________________ _________________________________
13. isch/o _________________________________ _________________________________
14. sphygm/o _________________________________ _________________________________
228 Chapter 8
Complete the Labels

Complete the blank labels in the illustrations by writing the labels in the spaces provided.
1. AIR (OXYGEN)
2. Trachea
Right Left
3. Right pulmonary artery lung lung
Left pulmonary artery
1._____________ 1._________________
2._________________
Right
pulmonary
veins
4._______________
Veins 3. _______________
Arterioles
Venules
BODY CAPILLARIES
= Blood low in oxygen and high in carbon

dioxide (deoxygenated)
■ Figure 8.20
= Blood high in oxygen and low in carbon
The cardiovascular system. dioxide (oxygenated)
4.
5.
6.
Superior vena cava
7.
5. ______________
8.
Pulmonary trunk Left atrium
Aortic valve
Right atrium 7. ______________ valve
Pulmonary valve
8. ______________ ventricle
Tricuspid valve
6. ______________ ventricle Endocardium

Myocardium
■ Figure 8.21 Epicardium
Internal anatomy of the heart. Inferior vena cava
The heart is sectioned to reveal
its internal features.

Robert Gorman

Phone: (211) 594-4000 • Fax (211) 594-4001
Medical Consultation: Cardiology Date: 10/22/2016

Patient: Robert Gorman Patient ID: 123456
Provider: Richard Freemann, MD
Subjective:
“I have been experiencing chest pain for the past couple of weeks, unlike any I’ve felt before. I am also tired
most of the time and have lost my appetite.”
62 y/o male patient has a recent history of mild chest pain, shortness of breath, and malaise. No murmur has
yet been reported. The patient says he underwent tooth extractions a month ago and had been given antibiot-
ics by the dentist, but since he wasn’t feeling ill, he did not take them. Patient reports his father died at 79 y/o
due to CHF.
Objective:
Ht: 5'8"
Wt: 183 lb
General Appearance: Some pallor and edema present in the face and neck. Mild diaphoresis. No noticeable
discolorations of the skin.
Heart: Rate at 80 bpm, with possible murmur at mitral valve.
CV: ECG normal. Stress ECHO shows minor vegetations of mitral valve.
Assessment:
Endocarditis with cardiovalvulitis on left side
Plan:
Long-term IV drip with nonpenicillin antibiotic. If there is no improvement in 4 weeks, consult for
valvuloplasty.
Photo Source: Aletia2011/Fotolia.

230 Chapter 8
1. What complaints support the diagnosis?

2. Why is the patient history an important part of this diagnosis?

______________________________________________________________________________________________
3. What is the meaning of the abbreviation CHF?


angina pectoris angiostenosis atherosclerosis block
cardiologist cardiology cardiovalvulitis electrocardiography
endocarditis myocardial infarction stress ECHO valvuloplasty
A patient named Robert Gorman complained of pain in the heart area of the chest, or
(a) ____________________, and was subsequently referred to (b) ____________________ for immediate
diagnosis and treatment. The specialist, a (c) ____________________, diagnosed the pain as having a
cause from insufficient blood supply to the heart. The patient was given medication and educated about
heart disease management. Several weeks later, the patient was readmitted due to continued complaints
of chest pain. After evaluating heart electrical events with (d) ____________________, the physician
performed a technique using sound waves to evaluate heart activity during physical exercise, known as a(n)
(e) ____________________ ____________________. The ECG showed a normal conduction system, thereby
ruling out damage to the conduction system, or a heart (f) ____________________. The stress ECHO also
showed mostly normal results, ruling out damage to the heart muscle, or a(n) (g) ____________________
____________________, because the heart muscle was receiving sufficient levels of oxygen. Because blood
flow was normal, the narrowing of a coronary artery, generally called a(n) (h) ____________________, was
eliminated as a cause, which also eliminated the common plaque-forming disease that causes a stenosis,
known as (i) ____________________. However, the stress ECHO did reveal abnormal valvular activity during
ventricular contraction, or systole, indicating a valvular disorder called (j) ____________________. A course
of treatment was ordered that included a long-term, nonpenicillin antibiotic therapy with an IV drip. If
the patient did not improve, consideration for a surgical operation to repair a damaged valve, called (k)
____________________, would be made.

232 Chapter 8
Danika Price
For a greater challenge, read the following medical report and answer the critical thinking questions that fol-
low from the information in the chapter.

Phone: (211) 594-4000 • Fax (211) 594-4001
Medical Consultation: Cardiology Date: 12/09/2016

Patient: Danika Price Patient ID: 123456
Provider: Donald H. Surley, MD
Subjective:
“I have been experiencing pain in my upper abdomen that comes and goes. It started about a week ago, and
it interrupts my sleep.”
42 y/o female patient describes the pain as recent, within 1 week, occurring between the median and radiat-
ing to the left upper quadrant. According to her it is a sharp, intermittent pain, which increases in intensity
when she stands from a sitting or lying position.
Objective:
Ht: 5'7"
Wt: 135 lb
General Appearance: No pallor, edema, or diaphoresis of the skin. No noticeable discolorations of the skin.
No masses.
AbD: Bowel sounds normal all four quadrants. Tenderness of the LUQ with palpation.
CV: ECG normal. Aortogram reveals abnormal swelling of the aorta inferior to the celiac trunk.
Assessment:
Aortic aneurysm of upper abdominal aorta inferior to celiac trunk
Plan:
Angioplasty with stent insertion at aortic aneurysm.

1. What is the actual cause of the abdominal pain reported by the patient? ____
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What procedure provided the evidence for the diagnosis?
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
3. What is an angioplasty and how might it correct an aortic aneurysm?
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________

The following case study provides additional discussion of the patient’s condition in the medical report. Fill in
the blanks with the correct terms from your readings in this chapter.
Danika Price, a 42-year-old female patient with a history of persistently high blood pressure, or
(l) __________________, complained of intermittent pain sensations in the upper abdomen. Upon evaluation
during which an x-ray was taken of the aorta, called a(n) (m) ____________________, it became apparent that
the source of the pain was from abdominal spasms of the aorta wall, called (n) ____________________, due to
an abnormal dilation of the vessel wall known as a(n) (o) ____________________. To prevent a possible rupture
of the wall of the aorta, a surgical repair called a(n) (p) ____________________ was scheduled. During the
repair, an incision was made into the wall of the vessel in a procedure called a(n) (q) ____________________
and the vessel wall received a stent to strengthen it. The patient made a complete recovery, and received
education on ways to control her essential hypertension.


Chapter 9
The Respiratory System

Learning Objectives
create terms for the respiratory system. associated with the respiratory system.
terms used for symptoms, diseases, terms associated with the respiratory
devices associated with the respiratory
system.

respiratory system. Note that the combining forms are colored red to help you identify them when you see

alveol/o air sac, alveolus phragm/o, phragmat/o partition
bronch/o, bronch/i airway, bronchus pleur/o rib, pleura
hem/o, hemat/o blood pneum/o, pneumon/o air, lung
laryng/o voice box, larynx pulmon/o lung
lob/o a rounded part, lobe rhin/o nose
muc/o mucus sept/o putrefying; wall, partition
nas/o nose sinus/o cavity
ox/i oxygen thorac/o chest, thorax
pharyng/o throat, pharynx trache/o windpipe, trachea
9.1 The respiratory (RESS pih rah tor ee) system brings oxygen into
the bloodstream, where it is transported to all body cells. The
system gets its name from its function: The process of providing
cells with oxygen is commonly known as respiration. This term is
derived from the Latin word respiratio, which means “to breathe
again.” In addition to bringing oxygen into the bloodstream, the
respiratory system ____________________ ____________________ also removes the
waste product, carbon dioxide, from the blood and channels it
outside the body.
9.2 When you inhale through the nose, air enters the body and
flows through a series of chambers and tubes, known as the
upper respiratory tract. It includes the nasal cavity, pharynx,
and larynx. The lower portion of the respiratory system,
lower respiratory tract known as the ____________________ ____________________
____________________, consists of the trachea in the neck and
chest; the bronchial tree, which branches extensively throughout
the lungs; the tiny air sacs within the lungs known as alveoli; and
the lungs themselves. Gas exchange occurs within the lungs across
the walls of alveoli and adjacent capillaries and begins when air
enters your alveoli during inhalation. The oxygen in the air then
alveoli diffuses from the ____________________ into capillaries to enter the
al-VEE-oh-leye bloodstream. Carbon dioxide diffuses in the opposite direction (from
capillaries to alveoli), enabling you to remove the carbon dioxide
from your blood with exhalation.
236 Chapter 9
9.3 The functions of the respiratory system may be summarized as

follows:
oxygen ■■ Providesa stream of ____________________ into the blood
through the process of inhalation, followed by diffusion.
carbon dioxide ■■ Removes ____________________ ____________________ from the
blood through the process of diffusion, followed by exhalation.
9.4 Review the anatomy of the respiratory system by studying

■ Figure 9.1a and Figure 9.1b.
Nasal cavity
Hard palate
Soft palate
Palatine tonsil
Pharynx
Epiglottis
Larynx
Esophagus
Tongue
Mandible
Hyoid bone
Thyroid cartilage
Pharynx
Trachea
Larynx
Trachea (a)
Right lung
■■Figure 9.1
The respiratory system.
(a) Sagittal section of the head Left primary bronchus
and neck, revealing the organs Heart (in Right primary bronchus
of the upper respiratory tract: mediastinum)
Left lung
the nose, pharynx, and larynx. Diaphragm
(b) The organs of the lower
respiratory tract, which includes
the trachea, right and left
primary bronchi, bronchial tree,
and lungs. (b)
Medical Terms of the Respiratory System

9.5 Oxygen is a molecule that is required for energy production
during cell metabolism. If cells are not continually supplied with
oxygen, they perish because they are unable to perform their
functions without energy. Many diseases of the respiratory system
reduce the amount of oxygen that is normally supplied to body cells.
Severe cases can lead to a failure of oxygen delivery and result in
large-scale death of cells and ultimately the death of the patient.
Respiratory diseases may also increase the levels of carbon dioxide,
the toxic metabolic waste product. The buildup of carbon dioxide in
the blood and other tissues combines with water to form acid, which
becomes life-threatening quickly.
The most common symptoms of respiratory disease are
breathing problems. If these problems are not identified and
treated early, additional complications may arise. In general,
respiratory ____________________ disease may be caused by congenital
conditions, infections, allergies, tumors, heart disease, or injury.
9.6 The clinical treatment of a respiratory disease is performed

by a physician with a specialization in treating the body
region, the particular disorder, or a set of similar disorders. For
example, lung disease is treated by a pulmonary specialist, or
pulmonologist ____________________, disease of the pharynx is treated by an
ear, nose, and throat (ENT) specialist, or otolaryngologist, and
cancer lung cancer is treated by a ____________________ specialist, or
oncologist. Often assisting the physician is a respiratory therapist
who has received special training in the operation of equipment used
to diagnose or treat breathing problems.
9.7 In the following sections, you will study the prefixes, combining
respiratory system.
238 Chapter 9
Signs and Symptoms of the Respiratory System

Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the signs and symptoms of the respiratory system that are
covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you identify them: prefixes
are yellow, combining forms are red, and suffixes are blue.

a-, an- without, absence of bronch/o airway, bronchus -algia condition of pain
brady- slow capn/o carbon dioxide -dynia condition of pain
dys- bad, abnormal, hem/o blood -emia condition of blood
painful, difficult laryng/o voice box, larynx -oxia condition of oxygen
epi- upon, over, above, orth/o straight -phonia condition of sound
on top ox/i oxygen or voice
eu- normal, good rhin/o nose -pnea breath
hyper- excessive, abnormally thorac/o chest, thorax -ptysis to cough up
high, above -rrhagia abnormal discharge
hypo- deficient, abnormally -spasm sudden involuntary
low, below muscle contraction
tachy- rapid, fast -staxis dripping
KEY TERMS A–Z 9.8 The suffix meaning “condition of oxygen” is -oxia. When
the prefix that means “without, absence of” is added, the term
anoxia ____________________ is made, which is the absence of oxygen.
ah NOK see ah Anoxia occurs when oxygen delivery to the body’s tissues or organs
is absent due to any cause. The constructed form of anoxia is
an/oxia.
9.9 The suffix -phonia means “condition of sound or voice.”

Adding the prefix that means “without, absence of” forms the
aphonia term ____________________, which is the absence of voice. The
ah FOH nee ah constructed form of this term is a/phonia.
9.10 The suffix -pnea means “breath.” Adding the prefix that means
apnea “without, absence of” forms the term ____________________, which
AP nee ah is a longer-than-normal pause between breaths. This constructed
a/pnea term is ____________________/____________________. A common
form of apnea is known as sleep apnea, in which one or more
pauses in breathing or shallow breaths occur while sleeping. In
sleep apnea ____________________ ____________________, the pauses may last
for a few seconds to several minutes, usually anywhere from 5 to 30
or more times per hour. When normal breathing resumes, a choking
or snorting sound is often made.
9.11 Adding the prefix brady-, which means “slow,” to the suffix that
means “breath” produces the term for an abnormal slowing of the
bradypnea breathing rhythm, ____________________. The constructed form of
brad ip NEE ah bradypnea is brady/pnea.
9.12 A narrowing of the airway caused by the contraction of smooth

muscles in the walls of the tiny tubes known as bronchioles within
the lungs is called bronchospasm. The constructed form of this
bronchospasm term is bronch/o/spasm. A ____________________ is a common sign
BRONG koh spazm of the respiratory disease, asthma (Frame 9.31).
9.13 The sign known as Cheyne-Stokes respiration is a repeated

pattern of distressed breathing marked by a gradual increase
of deep breathing, followed by shallow breathing and apnea.
Cheyne-Stokes ___________________-____________________ ____________________
respiration is a sign of brain dysfunction or congestive heart failure.
chain stohks * ress pih RAY
shun
9.14 The prefix dys- means “bad, abnormal, painful, or difficult.”

When used with the suffix that means “condition of sound or voice,”
dysphonia the term ___________________ is formed. It is the symptom of a
diss FOH nee ah hoarse voice. The constructed form of dysphonia is dys/phonia.
9.15 Adding the prefix dys- to the suffix that means “breath” forms
dyspnea the term ____________________. It is the symptom of difficult
DISP nee ah breathing, usually caused by a respiratory disease or cardiac
disorder. In contrast, a normal breathing rhythm is called eupnea
(yoop NEE ah). The constructed form of dyspnea is dys/pnea, and
eupnea is eu/pnea.
Terms with No Word Roots

Many terms related to the respiratory system contain no word root (or combining form), such as
WORDS TO dysphonia, dyspnea, epistaxis, hyperpnea, and hypopnea. Don’t let those terms confuse you when
Watch Out For you’re interpreting their meanings.
240 Chapter 9
9.16 A nosebleed is clinically called epistaxis. It is a constructed

term that literally means “dripping upon” and is written epi/staxis. An
epistaxis ____________________ can be a sign of high blood pressure, a nasal
ep ih STAK siss sinus infection, inhalation of a toxic irritant or particle, or a blow to
the face. It is also called rhinorrhagia (rye noh RAH jee ah), another
constructed term. The constructed form is rhin/o/rrhagia and literally
means “abnormal discharge of nose.”
9.17 The symptom of coughing up and spitting out blood is called

hemoptysis ____________________, which combines the combining form hem/o
hee MOP tih siss that means “blood” and the suffix -ptysis that means “to cough up.”
The constructed form of this term is hem/o/ptysis.
9.18 A term composed of two word parts that literally means “chest
hemothorax blood” is ____________________. It is the pooling of blood within
hee moh THOH raks the pleural cavity surrounding the lungs (■ Figure 9.2). The term is
written hem/o/thorax. Note that this term has no prefix or suffix; it is
constructed of a combining form (hem/o) and a noun (thorax).
Pleural cavity
■■Figure 9.2 filled with blood
Hemothorax. The clinical sign of
hemothorax is the presence of
blood in the pleural cavity, which
surrounds both lungs.
9.19 The prefixes hyper- and hypo- have opposite meanings. For
example, excessive levels of carbon dioxide in the blood is a sign
hypercapnia of respiratory failure and is called ____________________, since the
HIGH per KAP nee ah combining form for carbon dioxide is capn/o. The opposite sign, in
which carbon dioxide blood levels are deficient, or abnormally low,
hypocapnia is __________________.
HIGH per KAP nee ah
9.20 The sign of abnormally deep breathing or an abnormally high

hyperpnea rate of breathing is called ____________________ and is common
HIGH perp NEE ah among patients suffering from the respiratory disease, emphysema
(Frame 9.42). Hyperpnea is also a common symptom of heart failure.
By contrast, the sign of abnormally rapid shallow breathing is more
common among patients experiencing anxiety (panic) attacks and is
hyperventilation called __________________. The constructed form of hyperpnea is
HIGH per vent ih LAY shun written hyper/pnea, and that of hyperventilation is hyper/ventilation.
9.21 The opposite sign of hyperpnea is abnormally shallow breathing

hypopnea and is called ____________________. This constructed term is written
high POPP nee ah hypo/pnea.
9.22 A reduced breathing rhythm that fails to meet the body’s

hypoventilation gas exchange demands is called ____________________. The
HIGH poh vent ih LAY shun constructed form of this term is hypo/ventilation. It is opposite to an
accelerated shallow breathing rhythm, which you learned is called
hyperventilation (Frame 9.20).
9.23 Abnormally low levels of oxygen in the blood is a sign of a

respiratory deficiency called hypoxemia. This constructed term is
written hyp/ox/emia. Notice that the letter o in hypo- is dropped
because the combining form, ox/i, begins with a vowel. This rule
hypoxemia makes ____________________ easier to pronounce. Similarly, this
high pahk SEE mee ah rule is also used to form the term hypoxia, which is written as
hypoxia hyp/ox/ia. __________________ is the sign of abnormally low levels of
high PAHK see ah oxygen throughout the body.
9.24 A laryngospasm is the closure of the glottis, the opening

into the larynx, due to muscular contractions of the throat.
laryngospasm ____________________ is a constructed term with three word parts:
lair ING goh spazm laryng/o/spasm.
9.25 The combining form orth/o means “straight.” When the

suffix for breath is added, the term orthopnea is formed.
orthopnea ____________________ is the limited ability to breathe when lying
or THAHP nee ah down and becomes relieved when sitting upright. The constructed
form of this term is orth/o/pnea.
242 Chapter 9
9.26 The term paroxysm refers to a sudden onset of symptomatic

paroxysm sharp pain or a convulsion. ____________________ is derived from
pahr AHK sizm the Greek word paroxysmos, which means “to sharpen or to irritate.”
When used with the respiratory system, paroxysm refers to a severe
coughing spell.
9.27 Respiratory diseases often include the symptom of sputum,

which is an expectorated (coughed out from the lungs) matter.
sputum ____________________ contains mucus, inhaled particulates, and
SPYOO tum sometimes pus or blood.
9.28 The prefix tachy- means “rapid or fast.” When combined

with the suffix that means “breath,” it forms the term
tachypnea ____________________. The constructed form of this term for rapid
tak ihp NEE ah breathing is written tachy/pnea.
9.29 The symptom of pain in the chest region is called

thoracalgia ____________________. The constructed form of this term is written
thor ah KAL jee ah thorac/algia; notice the combining vowel (the o) has been dropped
because the suffix begins with a vowel. An alternate term with the
same meaning is thoracodynia (THOR ah koh DIN ee ah).
PRACTICE: Signs and Symptoms of the Respiratory System

The Right Match
______ 1. thoracalgia a. severe coughing spell (in respiratory system)
______ 2. apnea b. coughing up and spitting out blood
______ 3. eupnea c. expectorated (spit-out) matter that contains mucus,
______ 4. bradypnea inhaled particulates, and sometimes pus and blood
______ 5. paroxysm d. normal breathing
______ 6. hemoptysis e. slow breathing
______ 7. sputum f. pause in breathing
______ 8. hemothorax g. excessive carbon dioxide blood levels
______ 9. hypercapnia h. deficient levels of oxygen in the blood
______ 10. hypoxemia i. pain in the chest region
______ 11. Cheyne-Stokes respiration j. blood in the pleural cavity

k. pattern of repeated distressed breathing marked by a
gradual increase of deep breathing, followed by shallow
breathing and apnea
Break the Chain

1. a) bronchospasm bronch/o/spasm
cf s
b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? sudden involuntary muscle contraction
2. a) dysphonia ________/________
p s
3. a) dyspnea ________/________
p s
4. a) epistaxis ________/________
p s
5. a) hyperpnea ________/________
p s
6. a) laryngospasm ________/___/________
cf s
b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the combining form?_____________________________________
244 Chapter 9
Diseases and Disorders of the Respiratory System

Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the diseases and disorders of the respiratory system that are

a- without, atel/o incomplete -al pertaining to
absence of bronch/o, bronch/i airway, bronchus -ary pertaining to
epi- upon, over, carcin/o cancer -ectasis expansion, dilation
above, on top coccidioid/o Coccidioides immitis -genic pertaining to
(a fungus) producing, forming
coni/o dust -ia condition of
cyst/o bladder, sac -ic pertaining to
embol/o plug -ism condition or
fibr/o fiber disease
glott/o opening into the -itis inflammation
windpipe -oma tumor
laryng/o voice box, larynx -osis condition of
myc/o fungus
nas/o nose
pharyng/o throat, pharynx
pleur/o rib, pleura
pneum/o, pneumon/o air, lung
pulmon/o lung
py/o pus
rhin/o nose
sinus/o cavity
sphyx/o pulse
sten/o narrow
tonsill/o almond, tonsil
trache/o windpipe, trachea
tubercul/o little swelling
KEY TERMS A–Z 9.30 The word root meaning “pulse” is sphyx. It is included in the
term asphyxia, which is the absence of respiratory ventilation. In
other words, it is the inability to breathe. The constructed form of
asphyxia ____________________ is a/sphyx/ia and literally means “condition
ass FIK see ah of without pulse.”
9.31 A chronic condition of the lungs that is characterized by

widespread narrowing of the bronchioles, bronchospasms
(Frame 9.12), and formation of mucous plugs is known as asthma.
The term is derived from the Greek word asthma, which means “to
asthma pant.” Illustrated in ■ Figure 9.3, ____________________ produces the
AZ mah symptoms of wheezing, shortness of breath (SOB), chest pain, and
frequent coughing during an episode, the frequency of which varies
with every patient. It is regarded as an inflammatory response to an
allergic substance by the lungs. According to the American Academy
of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology roughly 25 million Americans
suffer from this chronic disease, 10 million of whom are under the age
of 18 years. When asthma is complicated with bronchitis (see Frame
9.34), it is referred to as asthmatic bronchitis (az MAHT ik * brong KYE tiss).
Normal bronchiole Constricted bronchiole
Contracted
■■Figure 9.3 smooth muscle
Asthma. A normal bronchiole
(left) compared to an asthmatic
bronchiole (right). During an
asthma “attack,” the bronchioles
undergo spasms that reduce
the airway diameter. In addition, Smooth
muscle
the mucous membrane lining
the bronchioles swells, and
thickened mucous secretions Mucous Excessive Swollen
form plugs that further reduce membrane mucus mucous
the airway. secretion membrane
9.32 The alveoli in the lungs normally retain a small amount of

air even during a forced expiration, which prevents them from
collapsing completely. In the condition called atelectasis, trauma or
disease disables this protective mechanism and causes the alveoli
atelectasis to collapse, preventing air from entering. ____________________ is a
at eh LEK tah siss constructed term composed of two word parts, atel, which means
“incomplete,” and -ectasis, which means “expansion, dilation.” Its
constructed form is written atel/ectasis. When the alveoli in a lung
collapse due to the abnormal entry of air into the pleural cavity, the
condition is commonly called collapsed lung (Frame 9.54).
bronchiectasis 9.33 Another term that uses the suffix -ectasis is ____________________,
BRONG kee EK tah siss which is a chronic, abnormal dilation (widening) of the bronchi. The
constructed form of this term is bronchi/ectasis.
246 Chapter 9
9.34 Recall that the suffix that means “inflammation” is -itis. This
will be used in many terms in this section. Inflammation of the
bronchitis bronchi is called ____________________. The constructed form of this
brong KYE tiss term is bronch/itis. Bronchi are large tubes that branch into much
smaller tubes within the lungs known as bronchioles (the suffix -oles
means “tiny”). When these small air tubes undergo inflammation,
bronchiolitis the condition is called ____________________, written with its word
brong kee oh LEYE tiss parts as bronchiol/itis. Acute bronchitis is usually associated with a
respiratory tract infection. Chronic bronchitis is usually caused by
smoking, although allergies may cause this condition in some people.
Bronchiolitis can be caused by either infection or allergy and can
become life-threatening if the swelling closes off airflow to the alveoli.
9.35 An aggressive form of cancer arising from cells within the

bronchi is known as bronchogenic carcinoma (■ Figure 9.4).
The constructed form of this term is written bronch/o/genic
carcin/oma. According to the National Cancer Institute (NCI), in
2016 there were approximately 224,000 new cases and 158,000
bronchogenic deaths due to ____________________ ____________________ in
carcinoma the United States, making it the most deadly form of any type of
brong koh JENN ik * kar sih cancer. According to the American Lung Association, each year
NOH mah more people die from bronchogenic carcinoma than from the next
three most common cancers combined (colon, breast, and prostate).
It is commonly referred to as lung cancer and includes two major
types: small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non–small cell lung cancer
(NSCLC). It is well established that smoking tobacco products is the
cause of at least 90% of all cases of bronchogenic carcinoma.
■■Figure 9.4
Bronchogenic carcinoma (lung
Bronchial
cancer). (a) An illustration of a tumor
sectioned lung with tumors that Primary
originated from the bronchial tumor
wall. (b) Photograph of part of a
lung removed after death. The
yellow area is a large tumor and
the blackened areas suggest the
patient was a heavy smoker.
Photo Source: Courtesy of
National Institutes of Health,
National Cancer Institute Visuals (a) (b)
Online.
9.36 An acute inflammatory disease involving the bronchioles and

the alveoli is called bronchopneumonia. This constructed term
contains four word parts: bronch/o/pneumon/ia. It is usually caused
by a bacterial infection that involves the bronchi and the soft tissue
of the lungs, causing the alveoli to fill with fluid and leading to the
bronchopneumonia loss of air space. ____________________ often occurs in a lobe of a
BRONG koh noo MOH nee ah lung, lending it the alternate name of lobar pneumonia.
9.37 A reduced flow of air to and from the alveoli in the lungs may
be the result of chronic bronchitis (Frame 9.34) or emphysema
(Frame 9.42). When both conditions appear simultaneously, the
diagnosis is given as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,
chronic obstructive abbreviated COPD. ____________________ ____________________
pulmonary disease ____________________ ____________________ is a progressive
disease (gets worse with time) that makes breathing very difficult
and is primarily caused by smoking tobacco products.
9.38 The combining form myc/o means “fungus.” A fungal infection

of the upper respiratory tract, which often spreads to the lungs and
other organs, is called coccidioidomycosis. This constructed term
is coccidioid/o/myc/osis and is based on the name of the causative
fungus, Coccidioides immitis. Also called valley fever due to its place
coccidioidomycosis of origin in the San Joaquin Valley of California, ____________________
kok SIDD ee oy doh mye is caused by inhaling spores of the fungal pathogen.
KOH siss
9.39 The common cold is caused by a virus that infects the upper
respiratory tract, resulting in local inflammation. The condition
is clinically called coryza, which is derived from the Greek word
for runny nose, koryza. Because a cold is an acute illness, it is
coryza often called acute ____________________. It is also called rhinitis
koh RYE zah (rye NYE tiss), due to the inflammation of the nasal mucosa.
9.40 A viral infectious disease that is relatively common among

infants and young children produces a characteristic hoarse cough
with a sound resembling the bark of a dog or seal. Commonly known
as croup, the cough results from a swelling of the larynx in response
croup to a viral infection. The clinical term for ____________________ is
kroop laryngotracheobronchitis (lair RING goh TRAY kee oh brong KYE tiss).
The constructed form of this term reveals six word parts: laryng/o/
trache/o/bronch/itis.
248 Chapter 9
9.41 A severe hereditary disease that is characterized by excess

mucus production in the respiratory tract, digestive tract, and
elsewhere is called cystic fibrosis and is abbreviated CF. This
cystic fibrosis constructed term is written cyst/ic fibr/osis. ____________________
SISS tik * fye BROH siss ____________________ literally means “condition of fibrous cysts
(bladders)” and is named after the characteristic fibrosis and cysts
that form in the pancreas. CF causes difficulty breathing because of
the dense mucus that obstructs the airways. It strikes roughly 1 in
3,000 children in the United States and is commonly fatal before the
age of 40 years, usually from chronic infections.
9.42 A chronic lung disease characterized by the symptoms of

dyspnea (Frame 9.15), a chronic cough, formation of a barrel chest due
to labored breathing, and a gradual deterioration caused by chronic
hypoxemia (Frame 9.23) and hypercapnia (Frame 9.19) is called
emphysema. It is a Greek word that means “to inflate.” The symptoms
arise when the alveolar walls deteriorate, resulting in a loss of elasticity
that causes an inability to exhale normally, making breathing extremely
emphysema difficult. Smoking is the leading cause of ____________________, and
em fih SEE mah when it is combined with chronic bronchitis, the patient is diagnosed
with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), described in
Frame 9.37. Emphysema is illustrated in ■ Figure 9.5.
Normal lung Emphysema
Alveoli
Normal
(a) (b) Patient with

emphysema
■■Figure 9.5
Emphysema. (a) Illustration comparing normal lungs and emphysemic lungs. The insets illustrate
how alveolar walls deteriorate in emphysema, reducing their surface area by convergence.
(b) Comparison of a patient with and without emphysema. Characteristic signs of emphysema
include reduced weight, a barrel chest, and a drawn facial appearance, all due to the need to
inhale deeply and forcibly exhale with nearly every breath.
9.43 Inflammation of the epiglottis is called epiglottitis. This

constructed term includes three word parts: epi/glott/itis.
epiglottitis ____________________ is usually caused by a bacterial infection that
ep ih glah TYE tiss spreads from the throat to the epiglottis and can be very serious
because of the danger of it causing airway obstruction, especially
among children.
laryngitis 9.44 An acute inflammation of the larynx is called ____________________.

LAIR in JYE tiss The constructed form of this term is laryng/itis. It is characterized by the
symptom of dysphonia (Frame 9.14).
9.45 A form of pneumonia (Frame 9.52) that is caused by the

bacterium Legionella pneumophila is called Legionnaires’ disease,
legionellosis or ____________________.
lee juh nell OH siss
LEGIONNAIRES’ DISEASE
Did You Legionellosis was first identified in 1976, when many members at an American Legion
convention became afflicted with an infection that caused 21 deaths. It took intensive
KNOW research to reveal the causative bacteria and why it spread so quickly: it was delivered
throughout the hotel ventilation system under ideal conditions for the bacteria to proliferate.
9.46 Recall that the suffix -itis means “inflammation.” Inflammation

nasopharyngitis of the nose and pharynx is thereby called ____________________.
nay zoh FAIR in JYE tiss The constructed form of this term is written nas/o/pharyng/itis. It
may be caused by an allergic reaction or bacterial or viral infection.
9.47 An acute infectious disease characterized by inflammation of

the larynx, trachea, and bronchi that produces spasmodic coughing
is called pertussis. The term is a Latin word that means “intense
pertussis cough.” ____________________ is commonly known as whooping
per TUSS siss cough because of the noise produced at the end of a cough when
the larynx spasms, producing a long inspirational noise. If not
treated, it can become fatal due to the exhaustive coughing and
obstructed airflow. Pertussis is a preventable disease with early
childhood vaccination (often called DTaP).
250 Chapter 9
pharyngitis 9.48 Inflammation of the pharynx is called ____________________.

FAIR in JYE tiss The constructed form of this term is written pharyng/itis. Pharyngitis
is commonly called “sore throat.”
9.49 Effusion refers to the leakage of fluid. In the disease

pleural effusion ____________________ ____________________, fluid leaks into the
PLOO ral * eh FYOO zhun pleural cavity. It usually occurs as a response by the body to injury
or infection of the pleural membranes surrounding the lungs. Pleural
is a constructed term, pleur/al.
9.50 Inflammation of the pleural membranes is called

pleuritis ____________________. This constructed term is written pleur/itis.
ploo RYE tiss It is also called pleurisy. Inflammation of the pleural membranes
and the lungs is a disease called pleuropneumonia (PLOO roh noo
MOH nee ah).
9.51 Inflammation of the lungs, when caused by the chronic

inhalation of fine particles, is called pneumoconiosis. The
constructed form of this term is pneum/o/coni/osis, which literally
means “condition of dusty lungs.” The term arose because the
disease is usually caused by mining and manufacturing activities.
The inflammation leads to the formation of a fibrotic (scar) tissue
around alveoli, reducing their ability to stretch with incoming air,
which impedes the efficiency of gas exchange. The most common
pneumoconiosis forms of ____________________ are asbestosis (az bess TOH siss),
noo moh KOH nee OH siss caused by inhalation of asbestos fibers, and silicosis (sill ih KOH siss),
caused by inhalation of fine silicone dust.
9.52 Inflammation of soft lung tissue (excluding the bronchi) that

results in the formation of an exudate (fluid) within alveoli is the
general condition known as pneumonia. The constructed form
of this term is pneumon/ia. The exudate fills the alveoli, which
impedes the efficiency of gas exchange (■ Figure 9.6). The filling
of alveoli with exudate has the same effect as drowning, so
pneumonia ____________________ is sometimes referred to as “drowning in
noo MOH nee ah your own fluids.” Pneumonia is usually caused by bacterial, viral,
or fungal pathogens, which trigger the inflammatory response,
although it can also be caused by smoke inhalation. Viral and
bacterial pneumonia are leading causes of death worldwide.
Fungal pneumonia is relatively rare, although infection by the fungus
Pneumocystis jiroveci is a common sign of HIV/AIDS.
■■Figure 9.6
Pneumonia. This common lung
inflammation may be caused
by bacteria, viruses, or fungi
and is often diagnosed with
a chest x-ray. In this chest
x-ray of infected lungs, the
inflammation appears as the
cotton-like whitish areas, known
as opacities.
Source: Joloei/Shutterstock.
9.53 An inflammatory condition of the lungs that is independent of

pneumonitis a particular cause is called ____________________. The constructed
NOO moh NYE tiss form of this term is written pneumon/itis. Pneumonitis is often
associated with pulmonary edema (Frame 9.55), which is the
accumulation of fluid within the lungs.
252 Chapter 9
9.54 A pneumothorax is the abnormal presence of air or gas

within the pleural cavity (■ Figure 9.7). It is caused by a penetrating
injury to the chest or severe coughing and leads to collapsed lung
pneumothorax (Frame 9.32). ____________________ is a constructed term: pneum/o/
NOO moh THOH raks thorax.
Parietal pleura
Torn pleura
Outside air entering

Visceral pleura
pleural cavity
Pleural cavity
■■Figure 9.7
Pneumothorax. The abnormal
presence of air or gas within
the pleural cavity is usually Collapsed left lung
caused by a penetrating chest
wound. This illustration shows a
movement of air into the pleural
cavity, which has collapsed the Inspiration Diaphragm
left lung while pushing the heart
and trachea to the right side.
9.55 The accumulation of fluid within the lungs is a response to

infection or injury and is called pulmonary edema. The most
pulmonary edema common cause of ____________________ ____________________
PULL mon air ee * eh is cardiovascular disease, including congestive heart failure.
DEE mah Pulmonary edema may also arise from adult respiratory distress
syndrome (ARDS), which you learn about soon in Frame 9.58.
Pulmonary edema is often associated with pneumonia (Frame 9.52)
and pneumonitis (Frame 9.53). Pulmonary is a constructed term with
two word parts, pulmon/ary, and edema means “swelling.”
9.56 A blood clot that moves along with the bloodstream is called an
embolus (EM boh lus). It is derived from the Greek word embolos,
which means “a plug.” An embolus can become dangerous if it
lodges in a blood vessel, causing an occlusion that blocks the
flow of blood to form an embolism. A blockage in the pulmonary
pulmonary embolism circulation by a blood clot is called a ____________________
PULL mon air ee * EM ____________________. Abbreviated PE, it is often a complication to
boh lizm an injury or surgery elsewhere in the body. Pulmonary embolism is a
constructed term: pulmon/ary embol/ism.
9.57 The presence of pus in the pleural cavity is called pyothorax.

pyothorax This constructed term is written py/o/thorax. ____________________
pye oh THOH raks is also known as empyema (em pye EE mah), which is composed of
mostly Greek word parts that mean “leakage of pus within.”
9.58 A severe respiratory disease that is characterized by rapid

respiratory failure is known as respiratory distress syndrome
(RDS). It occurs in two different forms. One form affects newborns
and is called neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS).
It is caused by insufficient surfactant, which is an oily substance
produced by alveolar cells. Surfactant prevents alveoli from
sticking together following a deep exhalation, and thereby helps
neonatal respiratory to prevent atelectasis (Frame 9.32). ____________________
distress syndrome ____________________ ____________________ ____________________
mainly strikes premature infants because they have not yet
developed the ability to produce surfactant. The second form of RDS
affects adults and is called adult (or acute) respiratory distress
syndrome (ARDS). It is caused by severe lung infections or injury
that result in damage to lung capillary walls and bronchioles, causing
a rapid accumulation of purulent fluid into alveoli and bronchioles
that places the patient in immediate danger of “drowning in their
own fluids.” Thus, ARDS often involves pneumonia (Frame 9.52) and
pulmonary edema (Frame 9.55). It requires swift medical intervention
with blood transfusions, anti-inflammatory drugs, and antibiotics to
save the patient’s life.
9.59 Inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity

is called rhinitis. The constructed form of this term is rhin/itis. Acute
rhinitis ____________________ is one of the clinical terms for the common
rye NYE tiss cold (Frame 9.39).
9.60 A severe, rapid-onset viral infection resulting in respiratory

distress that includes acute lung inflammation, alveolar
damage, and atelectasis (Frame 9.32) is often referred to by its
severe acute respiratory abbreviation, SARS. The long form is ____________________
syndrome ____________________ ____________________ ____________________.
It is usually caused by a virus and can become fatal due to the
aggressive immunological response that injures alveoli and
bronchioles.
254 Chapter 9
9.61 Similar to rhinitis (Frame 9.59), the condition known as

sinusitis ____________________ is an inflammation of the mucous membranes.
sigh nuss EYE tiss It affects the nasal cavity and also the paranasal sinuses that are
located within the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones of
the skull. The constructed form of this term is sinus/itis.
9.62 Inflammation of one or more tonsils is called

tonsillitis ____________________. This constructed term is tonsill/itis.
TAHN sill EYE tiss
tracheitis 9.63 Inflammation of the trachea is called ____________________.

tray kee EYE tiss The constructed form of this term is trache/itis. It is usually caused
by a bacterial infection that travels downward from the larynx. If
the inflammation leads to a narrowing of the trachea, it is called
tracheostenosis _______________ because the combining form that means “narrow”
TRAY kee oh steh NOH siss is sten/o. Also constructed of word parts, it includes four:
trache/o/sten/osis.
9.64 Infection of the lungs by the bacterium Mycobacterium

tuberculosis tuberculosis causes the disease ____________________, abbreviated
too BER kyoo LOH siss TB (■ Figure 9.8). This term is constructed of two word parts,
tubercul/osis, and literally means “condition of a little swelling.” The
little swelling, or tubercle, is a colony of bacteria within the soft tissue
of the lung that forms a hardened barrier, preventing white blood
cells from entering and destroying the bacteria. In time, the bacterial
colonies multiply throughout the lung until necrosis and inflammation
overwhelm the function of gas exchange. In its active state, TB is a
severely life-threatening disease, ranking as the world’s second most
lethal infectious disease (HIV/AIDS is first) with over 1 million deaths
each year, according to the World Health Organization.
■■Figure 9.8
Tuberculosis. A chest x-ray is
often used to diagnose TB in a
patient. The white clusters in the
lungs indicate the presence of
TB colonies, called tubercles.
Source: Puwadol
Jaturawutthichai/Shutterstock.
upper respiratory 9.65 A generalized infection of the upper respiratory tract (nasal
infection cavity, pharynx, and larynx) is called a(n) ____________________
____________________ ____________________, or URI.
PRACTICE: Diseases and Disorders of the Respiratory System

Linkup
than once. Remember to add combining vowels when needed—and that some terms do not use any

a- bronch/o, bronch/i -ary
coni/o -ectasis
embol/o -ia
legionell/o -ism
pleur/o -itis
pneum/o -genic
pulmon/o -osis
sinus/o
sphyx/o
sten/o
tonsill/o
trache/o
tubercul/o
Definition Term
1. inflammation of the pleurae; also called pleurisy pleuritis
2. inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nasal cavity and also the ____________________
paranasal sinuses
3. dilation of the bronchi ____________________
4. narrowing of the trachea ____________________
5. the absence of respiratory ventilation, or suffocation ____________________
6. inflammation of a tonsil ____________________
7. lung cancer ____________________
8. inflammation of the lungs caused by the chronic inhalation of fine particles, ____________________
which leads to the formation of a fibrotic tissue around the alveoli
9. infection of the lungs by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis ____________________
10. pneumonia caused by the bacterium Legionella pneumophila ____________________
11. blockage in the pulmonary circulation by a mobile blood clot ____________________
256 Chapter 9
The Right Match

______ 1. emphysema a. severe viral infection resulting in respiratory distress that includes lung
______ 2. pertussis inflammation, alveolar damage, and atelectasis
______ 3. asthma b. condition of pus in the pleural cavity
______ 4. severe acute respiratory c. inflammation of the trachea

syndrome d. collapse of alveoli in the lungs
______
5. croup e. also known as whooping cough
______
6. atelectasis f. clinical term for the common cold
______
7. tracheitis g. condition of the lungs that is characterized by widespread narrowing
______
8. tuberculosis of the bronchioles and formation of mucous plugs
______
9. coryza h. chronic lung disease named by a Greek word that means “to inflate”
______
10. pyothorax i. a barking cough caused by an acute obstruction in the larynx
among children
j. a highly contagious bacterial disease
Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Respiratory System

Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the treatments, procedures, and devices of the respiratory
system that are covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you identify

anti- against, aden/o gland -al pertaining to
opposite of angi/o blood vessel -ary pertaining to
endo- within bronch/o airway, bronchus -centesis surgical puncture
dilat/o to widen -ectomy surgical excision,
laryng/o voice box, larynx removal
lob/o a rounded part, lobe -gram a record or image
ot/o ear -graphy recording process
ox/i oxygen -ion process
pleur/o pleura, rib -logist one who studies
pneum/o, pneumon/o lung, air -meter measure, measuring
pulmon/o lung instrument
rhin/o nose -metry measurement,
process of measuring
sept/o putrefying; wall,
partition -oid resembling
spir/o breathe -plasty surgical repair
thorac/o chest, thorax -scope instrument used for
viewing
trache/o windpipe, trachea
-stomy surgical creation of
an opening
KEY TERMS A–Z 9.66 A clinical test performed on sputum to identify the presence
of bacteria that react to acid is called acid-fast bacilli smear,
acid-fast bacilli smear abbreviated AFB. An ____________________-____________________
____________________ ____________________ is frequently used with
chest x-rays to confirm a diagnosis of tuberculosis (Frame 9.64).
An AFB smear is shown in ■ Figure 9.9.
■■Figure 9.9
Acid-fast bacilli smear.
Photograph through a
microscope of a sample taken
during an AFB procedure.
The red structures are
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the
cause of TB.
9.67 A pharyngeal tonsil is called an adenoid (ADD eh noyd). This

constructed term, written aden/oid, means “resembling a gland.” In
some cases, a chronically inflamed adenoid is surgically removed
to avoid complications, including obstruction of the nasopharynx.
Remember that the suffix -ectomy means “surgical excision,
removal.” So, combine that with the term adenoid, and it creates the
adenoidectomy name for this procedure, ____________________. The constructed
ADD eh noyd EK toh mee form of this term reveals three word parts: aden/oid/ectomy.
Because the adenoid is one of several types of tonsils, its removal
may also be called tonsillectomy (TAHN sil EK toh mee).
9.68 A histamine is a compound released by certain cells in response

to allergens. Histamines cause bronchial constriction and blood vessel
dilation. A therapeutic drug that inhibits the effects of histamines is
antihistamine called an ____________________, which uses the prefix that means
an tih HISS tah meen “against, opposite of.” Because antihistamines cause bronchial
dilation, they are useful as a treatment against swollen airways.
258 Chapter 9
9.69 A clinical test on arterial blood to identify the levels of

arterial blood gases oxygen and carbon dioxide is called ____________________
____________________ ____________________. It is abbreviated ABGs.
9.70 The removal of fluid, air, or foreign bodies with suction is a

aspiration procedure called aspiration. ____________________ is derived from
ass pih RAY shun the Latin word aspiratus, which means “to breathe on,” and is a
common procedure for clearing the airway of obstructions.
9.71 A procedure that involves listening to sounds within the

body as part of a physical examination, often with the aid of a
auscultation stethoscope, is called auscultation. The term ____________________
aw skull TAY shun is derived from the Latin word ausculto, which means “to listen to.”
As part of a physical examination that addresses the respiratory
system, auscultation involves listening to breathing sounds during
inhalation and exhalation (■ Figure 9.10). Abnormal sounds include
wheezing, a sign of asthma (Frame 9.31); rales, a sign of pulmonary
edema (Frame 9.55) or atelectasis (Frame 9.32); and gurgles, a sign
of pneumonia (Frame 9.52).
■■Figure 9.10
Auscultation. A stethoscope
is pressed against the body
wall to listen for sound waves
associated with breathing.
Shutterstock.
9.72 A procedure that uses a bronchodilating agent to relax the

smooth muscles of the airways in an effort to stop bronchial
constriction, thereby allowing the patient to breathe easier, is
bronchodilation called ____________________. The constructed form of this term is
BRONG koh dye LAY shun bronch/o/dilat/ion, which means “process of widening the airway.”
9.73 The suffix -graphy means “recording process.” The x-ray

bronchography imaging of the bronchi is called ____________________. This
brong KOG rah fee procedure produces an x-ray image of the bronchi called a
bronchogram (BRONG koh gram) and uses a contrast medium
to highlight the bronchial tree. In many respiratory clinics,
bronchography is being replaced by bronchoscopy (Frame 9.74) and
CT scans to provide improved observation of the bronchi.
9.74 Remember that the suffix -scopy means “process of

viewing.” The evaluation of the bronchi using a flexible fiber-
optic tube mounted with a small lens at one end and attached
to an eyepiece and computer monitor at the other end is called
bronchoscopy ____________________. This constructed term is bronch/o/scopy.
brong KOSS koh pee The instrument is a modified endoscope, known as a bronchoscope
(BRONG koh skope), which is inserted through the nose to observe the
trachea and bronchi (■ Figure 9.11).
Cross Section
of Scope
Viewing channel
Eye piece
Light source
Biopsy forceps and

instrument channel
Flexible
bronchoscopic
tube
■■Figure 9.11
Bronchoscopy.
260 Chapter 9
9.75 Diagnostic imaging of the chest by a computed tomography (CT)

chest CT scan instrument is called ____________________ ____________________
____________________ (■ Figure 9.12). The procedure is used to
diagnose respiratory tumors, pleural effusion, pleuritis, and other
diseases by providing three-dimensional images of the thoracic
cavity.
■■Figure 9.12
Chest CT scan. A series of CT
images provides numerous
layers of the chest to reveal a
diagnostic three-dimensional
analysis of respiratory disease.
Source: Blue Planet Earth/
Shutterstock.
9.76 An x-ray image of the thoracic cavity that is used to diagnose

tuberculosis, tumors, and other conditions of the lungs is called
chest x-ray a ____________________ ____________________ (■ Figure 9.13).
Abbreviated CXR, it is also called a chest radiograph.
■■Figure 9.13
Chest x-ray. A physician is
examining chest x-rays with
the aid of a plastic model of the
bronchial tree.
Source: Courtesy of National
Institutes of Health Image Bank.
9.77 A device that is commonly used to regulate breathing during

sleep as a treatment for sleep apnea (Frame 9.10) is called continuous
CPAP positive airway pressure, abbreviated ____________________. The
CPAP machine includes a mask that fits over the mouth and nose, or
just the nose, and gently blows air to encourage rhythmic breathing
(■ Figure 9.14).
■■Figure 9.14
Continuous positive airway
pressure (CPAP) device. The
sleeping subject is receiving
the benefits of the flow of air
generated by the CPAP device.
Source: Chalermpon Poungpeth/
Shutterstock.
9.78 A physician specializing in the treatment of upper

respiratory tract disease is called an ENT, which is the
ear, nose, and throat abbreviation of ________________ ____________________
specialist _______________ ____________________ ____________________.
Alternate terms include otolaryngologist (OH toh LAIR in GAHL
oh jist), otonasolaryngologist (OH toh NAY so LAIR in GAHL oh jist),
and otorhinolaryngologist (oh toh RYE no LAIR in GAHL oh jist).
The constructed form of otorhinolaryngologist is ot/o/rhin/o/
laryng/o/logist.
9.79 Insertion of a noncollapsible breathing tube into the trachea

through the nose or mouth is called endotracheal intubation
(EHN doh TRAY kee al * in too BAY shun). It is performed to open the
airway or, if the patient is comatose, to keep the airway open.
endotracheal ____________________ is a constructed term, endo/trache/al, which
means “pertaining to within the trachea.”
9.80 A drug that breaks up mucus and promotes the coughing

reflex to expel the mucus is called an expectorant. The term
expectorant ____________________ is derived from the Latin word expectoro,
ek SPEK toh rant which means “spit out of the chest.”
262 Chapter 9
9.81 A valuable postoperative breathing therapy is called incentive

spirometry (■ Figure 9.15). It involves the use of a portable
spirometer (Frame 9.93) to promote deeper breathing to improve
lung expansion after an operation. Usually self-administered,
incentive spirometry ____________________ ____________________ reduces pulmonary
in SEHN tiv * spy RAH meh tree complications and helps to correct atelectasis (Frame 9.32).
■■Figure 9.15
Incentive spirometry. A portable
incentive spirometer is useful for
encouraging patients to exercise
their breathing function following
an operation.
9.82 An inhaler is a small handheld device containing a prescription

medication, such as albuterol, that delivers a specific dosage of
aerosolized medicine for inhalation to open (dilate) the bronchiolar
inhaler airways. An ____________________ is commonly used as a primary
self-administered response to asthma (Frame 9.31) and may be
prescribed for other breathing disorders as well. Two types are in
general use: a “controller inhaler” is used regularly to help prevent
asthma symptoms by controlling lung inflammation, and a “rescue
inhaler” is used to stop asthma symptoms once they have begun.
9.83 Surgical removal of the larynx is performed during a

laryngectomy ____________________. The constructed form of this term is written
lair in JEK toh mee laryng/ectomy. It is often required as a treatment for laryngeal
cancer and is usually followed by training or insertion of a device to
enable the patient to communicate orally. Laryngectomy patients
have a permanent tracheostomy (Frame 9.102).
9.84 A diagnostic procedure that uses a modified endoscope, called

a laryngoscope (lair RING goh skope), to visually examine the larynx is
laryngoscopy called ____________________.
lair ring GOSS koh pee
9.85 A surgical incision into the larynx and trachea is usually

performed to provide a secondary opening for inspiration and
expiration, allowing air to bypass the upper respiratory tract.
Remember that the suffix -tomy means “incision, to cut.” Combine
that with the combining forms for larynx and trachea, and you form
laryngotracheotomy the term for this procedure, ____________________. The constructed
lair ring goh TRAY kee form of this term reveals five word parts: laryng/o/trache/o/tomy.
OTT oh mee
9.86 Surgical removal of a single lobe of a lung is sometimes

required as a treatment for lung cancer, if the tumor is isolated in
one lobe (the right lung has three lobes, and the left lung has two).
lobectomy The procedure is called ____________________. It may involve
loh BEK toh mee the removal of more than one lobe if required. Lobectomy is a
constructed term: lob/ectomy.
9.87 A medical treatment to provide supplemental oxygen to

patients in respiratory distress is called mechanical ventilation.
It provides assisted breathing using a ventilator, which pushes
mechanical ventilation air into the patient’s airway (■ Figure 9.16). ____________________
____________________ is often used by a respiratory therapist in a
clinical setting or by an emergency medical technician at the site of
injury and in transit to a hospital.
■■Figure 9.16
Mechanical ventilation. The
photograph shows a patient
receiving breathing assistance
by the use of a portable
mechanical ventilator.
Source: Beerkoff/Shutterstock.
264 Chapter 9
9.88 A device used to convert a liquid medication to a mist and

deliver it to the lungs with the aid of deep inhalation is called a
nebulizer nebulizer (■ Figure 9.17). The term ____________________ is derived
NEBB yoo lye zer from the Latin word nebula, which means “fog.”
■■Figure 9.17
Nebulizer. The nebulizer
converts a liquid medication to a
mist that is easily inhaled. A face
mask, such as the one shown
here, is often included to direct
the mist.
Source: Kleber Cordeiro/
Shutterstock.
9.89 The suffix -metry means “measurement, process of

measuring,” and the combining form that means “oxygen” is
ox/i. Therefore, the procedure that measures oxygen levels in
the blood using an instrument called an oximeter (ok SIM eh ter) is
oximetry called ____________________. The constructed form of this term
ok SIM eh tree is ox/i/metry. A small, widely used oximeter that provides a digital
readout of oxygen levels is called a pulse oximeter (■ Figure 9.18)
because it also monitors pulse rate. The pulse oximeter is usually
attached to a finger and includes sensors with a computer chip that
determines oxygen levels carried by hemoglobin in the red blood
cells moving through capillaries in the dermis of the skin.
■■Figure 9.18
Pulse oximetry. The small device
provides a digital readout of
oxygen levels in the blood.
Source: toysf400/Shutterstock.
9.90 The suffix -centesis means “surgical puncture.” The surgical

puncture and aspiration of fluid from the pleural cavity is a
pleurocentesis diagnostic procedure called ____________________. After aspiration,
ploor oh sehn TEE siss the fluid is analyzed for the presence of bacteria and white blood
cells, the presence of which indicates pleuritis (Frame 9.50).
Pleurocentesis is a constructed term, pleur/o/centesis. It is also
called thoracentesis (Frame 9.98) or thoracocentesis.
9.91 Many terms in this section have used the suffix that means
“surgical excision, removal,” -ectomy. A word root that means
“lung” is pneumon. Therefore, surgical removal of a lung is called
pneumonectomy ____________________, or pneumectomy (noo MEK toh mee). It is
NOO moh NEK toh mee performed as a radical treatment for lung cancer, in which tumors
have progressed throughout one lung. The constructed form of
pneumonectomy is pneumon/ectomy. If the surgery is limited to
the removal of a single lobe, recall that the procedure is called a
lobectomy (Frame 9.86).
9.92 A diagnostic procedure that evaluates the blood circulation of

the lungs is called pulmonary angiography. In this procedure, x-ray
images are taken of the lungs following the injection of a contrast
pulmonary angiography medium into the pulmonary circulation. ____________________
PULL mon air ee * AN jee ____________________ is a constructed term represented as
OG rah fee pulmon/ary angi/o/graphy, which literally means “recording of blood
vessel pertaining to lung.”
266 Chapter 9
9.93 A series of diagnostic tests performed to determine the

cause of lung disease by evaluating lung capacity through the
pulmonary function tests use of spirometry (Frame 9.81) is called ____________________
____________________ ____________________ (abbreviated
PFTs). Spirometry involves breathing into a tube connected to
an instrument, called a spirometer. Both are terms that use the
combining form that means “breathe,” spir/o. Spirometry measures
the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during a normal breathing
cycle, called tidal volume (TV), the amount of air forcefully exhaled,
called expiratory reserve volume (ERV), the volume of air forcefully
inhaled, called inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), and other values
shown in ■ Figure 9.19.
Inspiratory reserve volume - 3100 mL
Tidal volume - 500 mL

Expiratory reserve volume - 1200 mL
Residual volume - 1200 mL
(a)
■■Figure 9.19
Pulmonary function test
(PFT): spirometry. (a) Normal
respiratory volumes, as
measured during spirometry.
A patient’s spirometry data
are compared to this chart to
identify breathing deficiencies.
(b) Photograph of a patient
exhaling into a spirometer during
a pulmonary function test, with
the assistance of a respiratory
therapist.
Source: Phanie/ScienceSource. (b)
9.94 A physician specializing in the treatment of diseases affecting

the lower respiratory tract, particularly the lungs, is called a
pulmonologist pulmonary specialist or ____________________.
PUL moh NAHL oh jist
9.95 An emergency procedure that is used to restore breathing is

known as pulmonary resuscitation. The most common form is
resuscitation cardiopulmonary ____________________, or CPR, which uses chest
ree SUSS ih TAY shun compressions with the patient lying supine (on the back).
RESUSCITATION
Did You The term resuscitation is derived from the Latin word resuscito, which means “to rise up
KNOW again” or “revive.” Its present meaning refers to any procedure that involves a restoration of
body functions such as breathing and blood flow to vital organs and includes the popular
technique of compressing the chest and heart called cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).
It also includes mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, in which air is blown into the patient’s mouth
while holding the nose, and the Heimlich maneuver, during which an obstruction (usually
food) may be dislodged by reaching around a standing patient and pushing upward on the
diaphragm to force an expulsion of air.
9.96 Add the combining form that means “nose” (rhin/o) to the suffix
rhinoplasty that means “surgical repair” to form the term ____________________,
RYE noh plass tee which is the surgical repair of the nose. This constructed term is
rhin/o/plasty. Although this procedure is commonly used to modify
the external appearance of the nose during cosmetic surgery, it may
include septoplasty (SEP toh plass tee), during which deviation of the
nasal septum is corrected to improve breathing. The combining form
in this term, sept/o, means “wall, partition.”
268 Chapter 9
9.97 A simple skin test to determine the presence of a tuberculosis

TB skin test infection is called a TB skin test. During a ____________________
____________________ ____________________, a purified protein
derivative (PPD) sample of the TB bacillus is injected beneath the
epidermis of the skin (called an intradermal injection). A reddened,
swollen skin lesion at the injection site a few days later indicates
a previous exposure (■ Figure 9.20) and requires follow-up
confirmation with a chest x-ray (Frame 9.76), a sputum AFB smear
(Frame 9.66), or both. The TB skin test is also called PPD skin test
and Mantoux skin test (after French physician Charles Mantoux).
0.1 ml tuberculin
injected just under skin
surface of forearm. Pale elevation
results. Needle bevel directed upward
to prevent too-deep penetration.
Test read in 48–72 hours. Extent of

induration determined by direct
observation and palpation; limits
marked. Area of erythema
has no significance.
Diameter of marked indurated

area measured in transverse plane.
Reactions over 9 mm in diameter are
■■Figure 9.20
regarded as positive; those 5–9 mm are
The TB (PPD) skin test. It is questionable, and test may be repeated after 7 or
in common use as an initial more days to obtain booster effect. Less than 5 mm of
screening for tuberculosis. induration is regarded as negative.
9.98 The suffix that means “surgical puncture” is -centesis.

Surgical puncture using a needle and syringe into the thoracic
cavity to aspirate pleural fluid for diagnosis or treatment is called a
thoracentesis ____________________. It is also called thoracocentesis (THOR ah
THOR ah sehn TEE siss koh sehn TEE siss) or pleurocentesis (Frame 9.90). Thoracentesis is a
constructed term, thora/centesis; note that, in this term, the syllable
co is removed from the combining form thorac/o. The procedure
is often used to treat pleural effusion (Frame 9.49) by draining the
excess fluid from the pleural cavity.

Surgical puncture into the chest cavity, usually for the insertion
thoracostomy of a drainage or air tube, is called a ____________________.
THOR ah KOSS toh mee The constructed form of this term is written thorac/o/stomy.
The procedure is often termed “placing a chest tube.”
9.100 Recall the suffix that means “incision, to cut.” Add this to the
combining form that means “chest, thorax,” and you form the term
thoracotomy ____________________, which is a surgical incision into the chest
THOR ah KOTT oh mee wall. The constructed form of this term is thorac/o/tomy.
9.101 The suffix -plasty means “surgical repair.” Surgical repair of

tracheoplasty the trachea is called ____________________. The constructed form of
TRAY kee oh PLASS tee this term reveals three word parts: trache/o/plasty.
9.102 Recall the suffix that means “surgical creation of an opening.”

Surgical creation of an opening into the trachea, usually for the insertion
tracheostomy of a breathing tube, is called ____________________. This constructed
TRAY kee OSS toh mee term is trache/o/stomy. The procedure is shown in ■ Figure 9.21.
■■Figure 9.21
Tracheostomy. A tracheotomy,
or incision into the trachea, is
performed to create an opening
into the trachea as shown in this
series of illustrations.
9.103 Surgical incision into the trachea is a required part

of a tracheostomy (Frame 9.102). The incision is called a
tracheotomy ____________________. The constructed form of this term is
TRAY kee OTT oh mee trache/o/tomy.
270 Chapter 9
9.104 A diagnostic tool that uses nuclear medicine, or the use

of radioactive material, to evaluate pulmonary function is called
ventilation-perfusion scanning. It can identify pulmonary
embolism (Frame 9.56) and pulmonary edema (Frame 9.55).
ventilation-perfusion ____________________-____________________ ____________________
scanning is also called lung scan and V/Q scan (the Q stands for “quotient”).
PRACTICE: Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Respiratory System

The Right Match
______ 1. pulmonary function tests a. breaks up mucus and promotes coughing
______ 2. pulse oximeter b. also called PPD skin test and Mantoux skin test
______ 3. bronchodilation c. measurement of oxygen and carbon dioxide blood levels
______ 4. arterial blood gases d. device used to convert a liquid medication to a mist and
______ 5. TB skin test deliver it to the lungs
______ 6. auscultation e. physical examination that includes listening to sounds within
the body
______ 7. ventilation-perfusion scanning
f. a blood oxygen measuring device that reads oxygen levels
______ 8. nebulizer
by noninvasive physical contact with a finger
______ 9. pulmonary angiography
g. procedure that uses a bronchodilating agent in an inhaler
______ 10. expectorant to reduce bronchial constriction
h. x-ray of lung blood vessels
i. diagnostic tool that uses nuclear medicine, or the use of
radioactive material, to evaluate pulmonary function
j. use of spirometry to evaluate lung function
Break the Chain

1. a) tracheotomy ________/___/________
cf s
2. a) thoracentesis ________/________
r s
3. a) pneumonectomy ________/________
r s
4. a) bronchoscopy ________/___/________
cf s
5. a) adenoidectomy ________/________/________
r s s
b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the first suffix? _________________________________________
6. a) bronchodilation ________/___/________/________
cf r s
7. a) lobectomy ________/________
r s
8. a) rhinoplasty ________/___/________
cf s
9. a) septoplasty ________/___/________
cf s
272 Chapter 9
Abbreviations of the Respiratory System

The abbreviations that are associated with the respiratory system are summarized here. Study these abbre-
viations and review them in the exercise that follows.

ABGs arterial blood gases NSCLC non–small cell lung cancer
AFB acid-fast bacilli smear PE pulmonary embolism
ARDS adult (acute) respiratory distress PPD purified protein derivative
syndrome PFTs pulmonary function tests
CF cystic fibrosis RDS respiratory distress syndrome
COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary SARS severe acute respiratory
disease syndrome
CPAP continuous positive airway SCLC small cell lung cancer
pressure device SOB shortness of breath
CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation TB tuberculosis
CXR chest x-ray URI upper respiratory infection
ENT ear, nose, and throat specialist V/Q scan ventilation-perfusion scanning
NRDS neonatal respiratory distress
syndrome

1. ____________________ continuous positive airway pressure device
2. ____________________ tuberculosis
3. ARDS ______________________________________________
4. ____________________ chest x-ray
5. CPR ______________________________________________
6. ____________________ cystic fibrosis
7. URI ______________________________________________
8. ____________________ small cell lung cancer
9. COPD ______________________________________________
10. ____________________ pulmonary embolism
11. AFB ______________________________________________
12. ____________________ neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
13. SOB ______________________________________________
14. ____________________ pulmonary function tests
15. PPD ______________________________________________
CHAPTER REVIEW
Word Building
1. inflammation of the larynx laryngitis
2. absence of oxygen _________________oxia
3. inflammation of the bronchi bronch_________________
4. respiratory failure characterized by atelectasis respiratory _________________
5. physical exam that includes listening to body sounds _________________ (do this one on your own!)
6. deficient oxygen levels in the blood hyp_________________
7. difficulty breathing _________________pnea
8. excessive carbon dioxide levels in the blood hyper_________________
9. abnormal dilation of the bronchi bronchi _________________
10. lung inflammation due to dust inhalation _________________coniosis
11. cancer arising from cells within the bronchi bronchogenic _________________
12. an inherited disease of excessive mucus production cystic _________________
13. inflammation of the trachea trache_________________
14. the absence of respiratory ventilation _________________sphyxia
15. x-ray image of the bronchi broncho_________________
16. surgical puncture and aspiration of fluid from thora_________________
the pleural cavity
17. measurement of oxygen levels in the blood oxi_________________


1. bronch/o _______________________________ _______________________________
2. laryng/o _______________________________ _______________________________
3. ox/i _______________________________ _______________________________
4. rhin/o _______________________________ _______________________________
5. atel/o _______________________________ _______________________________
6. pleur/o _______________________________ _______________________________
7. pneum/o, pneumon/o _______________________________ _______________________________
8. pulmon/o _______________________________ _______________________________
274 Chapter 9
Complete the Labels

Complete the blank labels in ■ Figure 9.22 by writing the labels in the spaces provided.
Nasal cavity
1. Hard
Soft palate
2.
Pharynx
3.
Larynx
Esophagus
Tongue
Mandible
Hyoid bone
4. ________________ cartilage
5.
Trachea
Larynx
6. (a)
7. Right _____________
Left main bronchus

Heart (in 8. Right
mediastinum)
Left lung
Diaphragm
■■Figure 9.22
The respiratory system. (b)
1. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
4. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
5. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
6. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
7. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
8. ______________________________________________________________________________________________

Geoffrey Piscotti

Phone: (211) 594-4000 • Fax (211) 594-4001

Patient: Geoffrey Piscotti Patient ID: 123456
Provider: Maria S. Zargas, MD
Subjective:
Described with help from Mom: “My chest hurts when I breathe, so I cough a lot. I’m tired a lot, and I have a
stuffy nose that sometimes bleeds.”
6 y/o male has difficulty breathing. His mother indicates it is interrupting his sleep, leaving him tired dur-
ing the day. He coughs frequently and expressed sputum tinged with blood while in the examination room.
Mother is a respiratory therapist in downtown clinic with known TB exposures. Father is a schoolteacher.
Objective:
Ht: 3¿5–
Wt: 55 lb
General Appearance: Skin with pallor, mild diaphoresis. Mild edema of the face around the eyes. Eyes
unclear with mild conjunctivitis.
Lungs: Bronchial, tracheal congestion present; congestion in left lung during auscultation with minor rales
and gurgles.
HEENT: Swelling of nasal cavity with evidence of recent epistaxis; erythema and swelling of throat.
Lab: Skin test positive for TB. AFB positive for TB. TB in left lung confirmed by chest x-ray.
Assessment:
Active TB
Plan:
Admit and provide oxygen assist with TB antibiotic cocktail by IV drip. After release and return home, follow
with long-term antibiotic cocktail supervised by adult with weekly clinic visits. Report infection to County
Health and CDC.
Photo Source: Pavel L Photo and Video/Shutterstock.
M09_WING1226_04_SE_C09.indd 275 15/03/18 12:46 PM

276 Chapter 9
1. What complaints support the diagnosis? _________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Based on the family history, how do you think the TB infection originated? ____________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
3. What is the meaning of the abbreviation TB? ______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________

acid-fast bronchitis coryza (or acute rhinitis)
chest x-rays bronchodilating tuberculosis (TB)
Geoffrey Piscotti, a 6-year-old boy with a previous healthy history, was admitted into an emergency clinic
when his mother became concerned about his respiratory function. She explained that he had come home
from school 3 weeks ago with a common cold, or (a) ____________________. He began coughing violently
shortly afterward, preventing him from sleeping. Physical exams showed an acute inflammation of the larynx,
trachea, and bronchi, indicating the acute condition known as (b) ____________________, which was bacterial
in origin. Following the prescribed use of antibiotic therapy and the use of inhaled (c) ____________________
agents to reduce bronchial constriction, the patient recovered initially. Several months passed and then the
coughing returned and the boy complained of low energy. Following a (d) ____________________ skin test
and a sputum test that included (e) __________________-__________________ bacilli, positive results indicated
an active lung infection known as (f) ____________________. TB was confirmed with the use of radiographic
images of the thorax, or (g) ____________________ ____________________. The course of treatment included
a cocktail of antibiotics administered over a 6-month period.

Shareena Mushreen
For a greater challenge, read the following medical report, then answer the critical thinking questions that follow.

Phone: (211) 594-4000 • Fax (211) 594-4001
Medical Consultation: EENT Date: 12/09/2017

Patient: Shareena Mushreen Patient ID: 123456
Provider: George T. Cohn, MD
Subjective:
“For the past week I have found it hard to breathe. When I take a big breath, my chest hurts badly. I cough
frequently, and I’m tired a lot.”
65 y/o female complains of chest pain when breathing deeply, coughing, headache, and malaise. She works
in a textile factory.
Objective:
Ht: 5¿2–
Wt: 155 lb
General Appearance: Skin with pallor, mild diaphoresis. Mild edema of the face around the eyes and neck.
Lungs: Congestion during auscultation with prominent gurgles of both lungs.
HEENT: Swelling of nasal cavity and throat; mild erythema of throat and larynx. Oxygen 63%. PFT shows
reduced IRV and VC 25%.
Lab: Chest x-ray positive for pneumonia. AFB negative for TB. Blood culture positive for P. jiroveci, but no
HIV antibodies present.
Assessment:
Pneumonia with P. jiroveci
Plan:
Admit stat and isolate in oxygen tent with IV drip antibiotics specific against P. jiroveci. Monitor continuously.
Once stable, release with oral antibiotics and weekly visits until cleared. Report infection to County Health
and CDC.
Photo Source: David Jenks/Shutterstock.
M09_WING1226_04_SE_C09.indd 277 15/03/18 12:48 PM

278 Chapter 9
1. Why would the diagnosed condition of pneumonia cause the patient complaint?

2. Why is additional testing recommended to explore the source of the infection?

3. What is the source of the infection causing the pneumonia?


The following case study provides additional consideration of the patient in the medical report. Recall the
A 65-year-old female, Shareen Mushareen, complained of difficulty breathing and chest pain, two symptoms
called (h) ____________________ and (i) ____________________. Her personal physician began with a chest
(j) ____________________ using a stethoscope, followed by fingertip assessment of oxygen levels in the blood using
a (k) ____________________ and a measurement of breathing volumes, using a (l) ____________________. The tests
indicated reduced oxygen levels in the blood, called (m) ____________________, in combination with reduced lung
capacity. Breathing sounds suggested labored breathing with some gurgling sounds. The physician diagnosed
the condition as a lung inflammation with alveolar fluids, called (n) ____________________, caused by an unknown
infectious agent. To identify the source of the infectious agent, sputum and blood tests were performed that
included (o) ____________________ ____________________ bacilli, HIV testing, and histological blood tests. The tests
showed the infectious agent as a fungus that is an opportunistic pathogen in immune-suppressed patients, known
as (p) ____________________ ____________________. This disease, called (q) ____________________, is a common
diagnostic indicator of patients suffering from HIV infection. An antibody test for HIV was administered, with negative
results. The patient was admitted for continual monitoring during antibiotic therapy and was kept within an oxygen
tent to improve oxygen blood levels. After the treatment, blood tests confirmed the pathogen had been defeated.


Chapter 10
The Digestive System

Learning Objectives
10.1 Define
and spell the word parts used to 10.3 Build
medical terms from the word parts
create terms for the digestive system. associated with the digestive system.
10.2 Break
down and define common medical 10.4 Pronounce
and spell common medical
terms used for symptoms, diseases, terms associated with the digestive system.
disorders, procedures, treatments, and
devices associated with the digestive
system.
280 Chapter 10

digestive system. Note that the combining forms are colored red to help you identify them when you see them
again later in the chapter.

abdomin/o abdomen hepat/o liver
an/o anus ile/o to roll, ileum
append/o, appendic/o appendix jejun/o empty, jejunum
bil/i bile lingu/o tongue
cec/o blind intestine, cecum or/o mouth
chol/e bile, gall pancreat/o sweetbread, pancreas
choledoch/o common bile duct peps/o, pept/o digestion
col/o, colon/o colon peritone/o to stretch over,
cyst/o bladder, sac peritoneum
dent/o teeth proct/o rectum or anus
duoden/o twelve, duodenum pylor/o pylorus
enter/o small intestine rect/o rectum
esophag/e, esophag/o gullet, esophagus sial/o saliva
gastr/o stomach sigm/o the letter s, sigmoid colon
gingiv/o gums stomat/o mouth
gloss/o tongue
digestive 10.1 The ____________________ system converts food into a form

dye JEST iv the body can use for energy, growth, and repair. It derives its name
from its primary function, digestion. The term is from the Latin
word digestus, which means “to divide, dissolve, or set in order.”
The digestive system performs all three: When the body digests
food, it divides and dissolves it into simpler parts, called nutrients,
which may then be absorbed into the bloodstream. From the blood,
nutrients diffuse into cells to serve as fuel to power body functions.
Digestion occurs gradually, as food is passed from one organ to the
next through the digestive tract, or gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The
GI organs of the ____________________ tract form a long continuous
tube that includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small
intestine, and large intestine. The small intestine includes three
segments: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The large intestine
also includes three segments, called the cecum, colon, and rectum.
Accessory organs contribute to digestion, mainly by secreting
enzymes and other chemicals into the GI tract. They include the
salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
The Digestive System 281
digestion 10.2 You have just learned that ____________________, which is the
breakdown of food particles into their small subunits, is the primary
function of the digestive system. Chemical digestion is performed
by enzymes, and mechanical digestion is achieved by chewing in
the mouth and mixing and churning actions produced by muscles in
the walls of the stomach. Other important functions of the digestive
system include:
■■ Absorption of nutrients, which occurs across the wall of the small
intestine
■■ Formationof solid waste, in the form of feces, and its elimination
from the body
■■ Conservation of water, which occurs as water is absorbed across
the walls of the small and large intestines
10.3 Review the anatomy of the digestive system by studying

Pharynx Mouth
Salivary glands
Esophagus
Liver
Stomach
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Large intestine
Small intestine
■■Figure 10.1
Organs of the digestive system.
282 Chapter 10
Tooth (incisor)
Soft palate
Uvula
Palatine tonsil
Posterior wall of pharynx
Tongue
■■Figure 10.2
The oral cavity. Anterior view of
the open mouth.
DUODENUM, JEJUNUM, AND ILEUM

The three segments of the small intestine are the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The term
Did You
duodenum is derived from the Medieval Latin word duodeni, which means “twelve.” This
KNOW word first appeared in the anatomical texts in 1050 ad, taken from a monk’s description of
it as the “first part of the small intestine, about 12 fingerbreadths in length.” Ileum means
“to roll” in Greek and is named after its peristaltic waves of muscle contraction that roll
through the organ like ocean waves. The term jejunum is named from the Latin word
jejunus, meaning “empty.”
Medical Terms of the Digestive System

10.4 The digestive system is under a constant risk of infection
because food and other substances that often contain pathogens
are introduced into the body through the mouth every day. To make
matters even more risky, the GI tract normally contains an enormous
number of bacteria. Known as the microbiota, most of these
microorganisms are beneficial when their populations are contained
within the tract. For example, E. coli assists in the breakdown of
indigestible plant materials and synthesizes vitamin K, which is
microbiota needed for blood clot formation. But if the ____________________
is able to increase in density or spread to other body areas, severe
infections can result.
infections 10.5 In addition to ____________________, the GI tract organs

are also susceptible to inherited defects and the development of
tumors. In each case, the result of the disease may be a reduction
of the body’s ability to digest food, eliminate wastes, absorb and
conserve water, or perform other specific functions. Most digestive
disorders affect overall health rather than remain localized, due to
the abundance of blood vessels and lymphatics associated with GI
tract organs and the functional importance of accessory organs like
the liver and pancreas.
10.6 The clinical treatment of a digestive disorder is performed

by a physician with a specialization in treating the body region or
organ, the particular disorder, or a set of disorders. For example, a
disease ____________________ of the mouth or throat is treated by a head
and neck specialist, stomach or intestinal disease is treated by a
gastroenterologist (GAS troh EN ter AHL oh jist), a disease of the rectum
is treated by a proctologist (prok TAHL oh jist), and a disease of the
liver is treated by a hepatobiliary (heh PAT oh BIL ee air ee) specialist.
Cancer is treated by an oncologist, often in association with a
regional specialist. The area within a hospital that treats digestive
disorders is often called internal medicine.
10.7 Because most digestive organs are located deep within the
digestive body, the diagnosis of ____________________ disorders can benefit
from noninvasive imaging procedures. Consequently, magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT) scans, and
specialized x-ray techniques are often used. Once diagnosed, most
disorders may be treated with therapeutic agents or by surgery.
digestive system.
284 Chapter 10
Signs and Symptoms of the Digestive System

Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the signs and symptoms of the digestive system and are

a- without, absence of flux/o flow -algia condition of pain
dia- through gastr/o stomach -dynia condition of pain
dys- bad, abnormal, halit/o breath -emesis vomiting
painful, difficult hemat/o blood -emia condition of blood
re- back hepat/o liver -ia condition of
peps/o, pept/o digestion -megaly abnormally large
phag/o eat, swallow -osis condition of
steat/o fat -rrhea discharge
KEY TERMS A–Z 10.9 The prefix a- means “without, absence of” and the combining
form phag/o means “eat, swallow.” Combining these word parts forms
aphagia the term ____________________, which is the inability to swallow. This
ah FAY jee ah constructed term contains three word parts, as shown when it is written
a/phag/ia. Although the literal meaning is “without eating or swallowing,”
clinical use of the term has changed its meaning to “inability to swallow.”
10.10 The Greek word that means “bag” is askos. It is used

to create the term ascites, which is an accumulation of fluid
within the peritoneal cavity that produces an enlarged abdomen.
ascites ____________________ is a sign of liver disease, congestive heart
ah SIGH teez failure, malnutrition, or irritation to the peritoneum.
10.11 Infrequent or incomplete bowel movements are characteristic

of constipation. It is a sign of an intestinal disorder that causes feces
lacking in water, making their passage through the rectum and anus
constipation difficult and often painful. The term ____________________ is derived
kon stih PAY shun from the Latin word constipatus, which means “to press together.”
10.12 An opposite condition to constipation is diarrhea, in

which a frequent discharge of watery fecal material occurs.
It is a constructed term with two word parts: dia/rrhea.
diarrhea ____________________ literally means “discharge through” and may
dye ah REE ah be caused by an improper diet, but it is more commonly a sign of
infection by virus, bacteria, or protozoa. It is particularly dangerous
to infants, who are in danger of severe dehydration. According to the
World Health Organization, more than 500,000 children die across
the world each year from dehydration resulting from diarrhea.
10.13 A common symptom of digestive difficulty that literally

dyspepsia translates to “condition of difficult digestion” is ____________________.
diss PEPP see ah This constructed term contains three word parts, as shown in
dys/peps/ia. Commonly called indigestion, it is accompanied by
stomach or esophageal pain or discomfort.
10.14 Difficulty in swallowing is called dysphagia. It often

accompanies a sore throat, although its chronic form can be a sign
dysphagia of oral or pharyngeal cancer. ____________________ is a constructed
diss FAY jee ah term: dys/phag/ia.
10.15 The term flatus is a Latin word that means “a blowing.” It is

used to describe the presence of gas, or air, in the GI tract, which
flatus is simply called ____________________. Gas is expelled through the
FLAY tuss anus as flatulence (FLAT yoo lens).
10.16 The combining form for stomach is gastr/o, and a suffix that
means “condition of pain” is -dynia. Therefore, the symptom of
gastrodynia stomach pain is known as ____________________. This constructed
GAS troh DINN ee ah term includes three word parts and is written gastr/o/dynia. It is
also known as gastralgia (gast RAL jee ah). Despite the availability of
these terms, the primary term in present clinical use to identify the
symptom of stomach pain is, simply, abdominal pain.
10.17 The word root halit means “breath.” It is derived from the
Latin word for breath, halitus. Adding the suffix -osis forms the term
halitosis. Although there is no word part included to give the term a
halitosis negative meaning, nonetheless ____________________ means “bad
hal ih TOH siss breath.” The constructed form is halit/osis.
10.18 Vomiting blood is a sign of a severe digestive disorder,

such as a bleeding peptic ulcer (Frame 10.62) or stomach cancer
(Frame 10.43). It is called hematemesis, which is a constructed
hematemesis term with two word parts: hemat/emesis. The literal meaning of
HEE mah TEM eh siss ____________________ is “vomiting blood.”
10.19 A sign of liver disease is abnormal enlargement of the liver,

hepatomegaly called ____________________. This constructed term is
HEPP ah toh MEG ah lee hepat/o/megaly, which literally means “abnormally large liver.”
286 Chapter 10
10.20 A yellowish-orange coloration of the skin, sclera of the

eyes, and deeper tissues is a collective sign of liver disease called
jaundice jaundice (■ Figure 10.3). The condition of ____________________
JAWN diss results from the accumulation of bile pigments in the bloodstream
that is normally removed by the liver.
■■Figure 10.3
Jaundice. Photograph of an
individual with liver disease,
evidenced by the yellowing of the
sclera of the eyes and the skin.
Source: Courtesy of Dr. Thomas
F. Sellers and Emory University,
Public Health Image Library,
Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, Atlanta, GA.
JAUNDICE
Did You The term jaundice is derived from the French word for yellow, jaune, to describe the yellowing
KNOW appearance of the skin and sclera. An alternate term for this symptom is icterus, which is the
Greek word meaning “yellow bird.”
10.21 A symptom of dizziness that includes an urge to vomit is

nausea called nausea. When ____________________ is accompanied by
NAW see ah vomiting, it is abbreviated N&V. Nausea is derived from the Latin
and Greek words for seasickness, nausia.
10.22 A backward flow of material in the GI tract, or regurgitation, is

called reflux. This constructed term is re/flux. The literal meaning of
reflux ____________________ is “back flow.”
REE fluks
10.23 Abnormal levels of fat in the feces is a sign of digestive

malfunction. It is called steatorrhea, which is a constructed
term, steat/o/rrhea. Because steat/o is a combining form for fat,
steatorrhea ____________________ literally means “discharge of fat.”
STEE at oh REE ah
PRACTICE: Signs and Symptoms of the Digestive System

The Right Match
______ 1. dysphagia a. backward flow of material in the GI tract
______ 2. reflux b. gas trapped in the GI tract
______ 3. flatus c. difficulty in swallowing
______ 4. halitosis d. infrequent or incomplete bowel movements
______ 5. ascites e. frequent discharge of watery fecal material
______ 6. diarrhea f. bad breath
______ 7. nausea g. from the French word for yellow
______ 8. constipation h. a symptomatic urge to vomit
______ 9. jaundice i. accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
Break the Chain

1. a) aphagia a/phag/ia
p r s
b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? condition of
2. a) dyspepsia ________/________/________
p r s
3. a) gastrodynia ________/___/________
cf s
4. a) hematemesis ________/________
r s
5. a) steatorrhea ________/___/________
cf s
6. a) hepatomegaly ________/___/________
cf s
288 Chapter 10
Diseases and Disorders of the Digestive System

Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the diseases and disorders of the digestive system and are

an- without, absence of aden/o gland -al pertaining to
dys- bad, abnormal, appendic/o appendix -ectasis expansion,
ainful, difficult
p cheil/o lip dilation
mal- bad chol/e bile, gall -ia condition of
cholecyst/o gallbladder -iasis condition of
choledoch/o common bile duct -ic pertaining to
cirrh/o orange -itis inflammation
col/o colon -malacia softening
diverticul/o diverticulum -megaly abnormally large
duoden/o twelve, duodenum -oid resembling
enter/o small intestine -oma tumor
esophag/e, gullet, esophagus -osis condition of
esophag/o -pathy disease
gastr/o stomach -ptosis drooping
gingiv/o gums -sis state of
gloss/o tongue -y process of
hepat/o liver
lith/o stone
orex/o appetite
pancreat/o sweetbread,
pancreas
parot/o parotid gland
pept/o digestion
peritone/o to stretch over,
peritoneum
polyp/o small growth
proct/o rectum or anus
rect/o rectum
sial/o saliva
volv/o to roll
KEY TERMS A–Z 10.24 An emotional eating disorder in which the patient avoids food
because of a compulsion to become thin in appearance is known
anorexia nervosa as anorexia nervosa. The medical term ____________________
AN or EKS ee ah * nerv ____________________ is a constructed term, an/orex/ia nervosa and
OH sah literally means “nervous condition of absence of appetite.” It results
in extreme weight loss and nutritional deficiencies and can become
fatal if left untreated.
appendicitis 10.25 Inflammation of the appendix is called ____________________.

ah pen dih SIGH tiss It is a constructed term, appendic/itis and is illustrated in ■ Figure 10.4.
Appendicitis is considered a medical emergency because the appendix
is in immediate risk of rupture, which can spread life-threatening
infectious material throughout the abdominal cavity.
Inflamed
appendix
Normal
(a) appendix (b)
■■Figure 10.4
Appendicitis. (a) A normal appendix. (b) An inflamed appendix in appendicitis.
10.26 A common eating disorder involving repeated gorging with

food followed by induced vomiting or laxative abuse is known as
bulimia. Commonly known as “bingeing and purging,” the term
bulimia ____________________ is derived from the Greek word that means
boo LEEM ee ah “ravenous hunger,” boulimia.
10.27 Because the combining form for lip is cheil/o, inflammation of

cheilitis the lip is called ____________________, a constructed term written
kye LYE tiss cheil/itis. Another term using this combining form is cheilosis
(kye LOH siss). It is a general condition of the lip, which often includes
splitting of the lips and corners of the mouth, usually resulting from
vitamin B deficiency.
290 Chapter 10
10.28 The combining form for gallbladder is cholecyst/o, which

literally means “bladder of gall.” Inflammation of the gallbladder is
cholecystitis therefore called ____________________, which includes two word
koh lee siss TYE tiss parts: cholecyst/itis. It is usually caused by stones lodged within the
gallbladder, which are commonly called gallstones (shown in
■ Figure 10.5).
Liver
(cross sectioned)
(a)
(b)
■■Figure 10.5
Cholelithiasis. Common sites (c)
of gallstones in the generalized
condition. (a) Stones in the
hepatic duct. (b) Stones in
the gallbladder. (c) Stones in
the common bile duct (called
choledocholithiasis).
10.29 The combining form for common bile duct, which is a

tube that carries bile from the liver to the small intestine, is
choledoch/o. Thus, inflammation of the common bile duct is called
choledochitis ____________________. Adding the combining form lith/o and the
KOH leh dok EYE tiss suffix -iasis to the word root to describe the presence of stones
within the common bile duct forms the term choledocholithiasis
(KOH leh doh koh lith EYE ah siss) (shown in Figure 10.5). This constructed
choledoch/o/lith/iasis term includes four word parts: ___________/__/____/____.
10.30 A generalized condition of stones lodged within the

cholelithiasis gallbladder or bile ducts is called ____________________. It is
KOH lee lith EYE ah siss illustrated in Figure 10.5. This constructed term includes four word
parts, as shown when it is written chol/e/lith/iasis.
10.31 A chronic, progressive liver disease characterized by the

gradual loss of liver cells and their replacement by fat and other
forms of connective tissue is known as cirrhosis. It is shown in
cirrhosis ■ Figure 10.6. The constructed form of ____________________
ser ROH siss is cirrh/osis. It literally means “condition of orange,” referring to
the common symptom of a yellowish-orange coloration of the
skin (jaundice; Frame 10.20). Hepatitis B and C (Frame 10.52) are
responsible for about 65% of cirrhosis cases. The remainder is
mainly caused by chronic alcoholism, drug abuse, and obesity.
■■Figure 10.6
Cirrhosis. Cirrhosis is
characterized by a chronic
deterioration of the liver, in
which healthy cells are replaced
with connective tissue and
fat that causes a mottled
appearance. In this photograph,
the liver was removed from
a deceased patient in an
advanced state of cirrhosis.
10.32 A cleft palate is a congenital defect in which the bones

supporting the roof of the mouth, or hard palate, fail to fuse during
fetal development, leaving a space between the oral cavity and nasal
cleft palate cavity (■ Figure 10.7). A ____________________ ____________________
is often accompanied by an opening in the upper lip, called a cleft lip.
Cleft palate
and lip (unilateral)
■■Figure 10.7
Cleft palate. A congenital defect
in which the bones of the palate
(roof of the mouth) fail to fuse,
leaving a space between the
mouth and nasal cavity.
292 Chapter 10
10.33 Inflammation of the segment of the large intestine known as

colitis the colon is called ____________________. Colitis often includes
koh LYE tiss excessive peristaltic contractions, mucus production, and cramping
pain. If chronic bleeding of the colon wall occurs to form bloody
diarrhea, the condition is called ulcerative colitis (UHL ser ah tiv * koh
LYE tiss). Ulcerative colitis is a form of chronic inflammatory bowel
disease, or IBD (Frame 10.55). Colitis is a constructed term, col/itis.
10.34 Most of the large intestine is made up of the colon, a muscular

tube about 5 feet long. At its distal end, the colon becomes the
rectum, a 6-inch-long straight tube that opens to the exterior at the
colon cancer anus. Cancer of the colon is simply called ________ __________. If
KOH lun*KAN ser the cancer occupies parts of the colon and rectum, it is known as
colorectal cancer. Colorectal is a constructed term:col/o/rect/al.
According to the American Cancer Society, colorectal cancer is the
third most lethal form of cancer among men and women, with more
than 50,000 deaths expected in 2017. Primary tumors often arise
as a polyp (Frame 10.64), which is an abnormal mass of tissue that
projects from the wall of the organ into the interior like a mushroom,
to become an aggressive, malignant tumor. The most common sites
colorectal cancer of ____________________ ____________________ are illustrated in
kohl oh REK tal * KAN ser ■ Figure 10.8.
Transverse
colon
Ascending Descending
colon colon
■■Figure 10.8
Cancer of the colon. When
tumors are present in multiple
areas of the colon and rectum,
Sigmoid colon
as shown in this illustration, the
Rectum
condition is called colorectal
cancer.
10.35 A chronic inflammation of any part of the GI tract, most

commonly the ileum of the small intestine, that involves ulcerations,
scar tissue formation, and thickening adhesions of the organ wall, is
called Crohn’s disease. Also known as regional ileitis or regional
enteritis, its cause is unknown and a cure is not yet available.
Crohn’s disease ____________________ ____________________ is a form of chronic
KRONZ * dih ZEEZ inflammatory bowel disease, or IBD (Frame 10.55).
CROHN’S DISEASE
Dr. B. B. Crohn first described the disease that bears his name in 1932. At the time, he believed
Did You
this chronic form of IBD was caused by a pathogen. Recent evidence suggests that he may
KNOW have been partly correct, although the causative organism has not yet been identified. This
new evidence suggests that genetic factors may play a role in its cause by reducing the body’s
immune response to certain bacteria or viruses, resulting in the chronic inflammation.
10.36 In some individuals, small pouches called diverticula form on

the wall of the colon (■ Figure 10.9). The presence of diverticula is
often without symptoms or with mild bowel discomfort and is called
diverticulosis ____________________. This constructed term is diverticul/osis. If
DYE ver tik yoo LOH siss the pouches become inflamed, it produces a more painful condition
known as diverticulitis (DYE ver tik yoo LYE tiss), which increases the
risk of developing colorectal cancer (Frame 10.34). The constructed
diverticul/itis form of this term is ____________/_____.
■■Figure 10.9
Diverticulosis. The presence of
abnormal pouches in the wall of
Diverticula within
the large intestine (diverticula).
wall of colon
If the pouches become inflamed
to produce diverticulitis, the risk
of developing colorectal cancer
is elevated.
294 Chapter 10
10.37 An ulcer, or erosion, in the wall of the duodenum of the small

duodenal ulcer intestine is called a ____________________ ____________________.
doo ODD eh nal * UL ser The constructed form of duodenal is duoden/al. Duodenal ulcer is
further described in Frame 10.62.
10.38 An acute inflammation of the GI tract that is caused by

bacteria, protozoa, or chemical irritants is called dysentery. This
constructed term includes three word parts, dys/enter/y and literally
dysentery means “difficult intestine.” ____________________ is characterized by
DIS en tair ee severe diarrhea, often with a bloody discharge, and can become a
life-threatening disease by causing dehydration.
10.39 The combining form for “intestine” is enter/o. Thus, inflammation

enteritis of the small or large intestine is called ____________________, which
EHN ter EYE tiss can be written enter/itis to show the word parts.
10.40 Inflammation of the esophagus is called esophagitis. This

constructed term is esophag/itis. It is often caused by acid reflux
(Frame 10.22) from the stomach, which burns the esophageal
esophagitis lining to produce the inflammation. Chronic ____________________
eh soff ah JYE tiss may lead to either a morbid softening of the esophageal wall,
called esophagomalacia (eh soff ah go mah LAY shee ah), or the
development of esophageal cancer. The constructed form of
esophag/o/malacia esophagomalacia is written ___________/__/________.
10.41 Ingestion of food contaminated with harmful bacteria can cause

symptoms of diarrhea and vomiting, even in otherwise healthy people,
but in the very young, elderly, and immunosuppressed it can become
life-threatening. Common causes of food-borne illness, or food
poisoning, include E. coli, Salmonella, and Staphylococci. In addition,
the extremely toxic anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum
food-borne illness causes a severe form of ____________________-____________________
____________________, especially in improperly prepared home-
canned foods. The life-threatening disease caused by toxins
produced by this organism is called botulism (BOTT choo lizm).
10.42 Abnormal stretching, or dilation, of the stomach is called

gastrectasis. This constructed term uses the suffix -ectasis (meaning
gastrectasis “expansion, dilation”) and is written gastr/ectasis. ___________________
gas TREK tah siss may be caused by overeating, obstruction of the pyloric opening, or
hiatal hernia (Frame 10.54). The related condition of gastromegaly (GAS
troh MEG ah lee) is an abnormal enlargement of the stomach.
gastric cancer 10.43 Commonly known as stomach cancer, ____________________

GAS trik * KAN ser ____________________ is an aggressive form of cancer arising from
cells lining the stomach (■ Figure 10.10). Risk of developing gastric
cancer increases with chronic infection of the stomach by the
bacterium Helicobacter pylori.
Gallbladder
Tumors
Stomach
Liver
Gastric ulcer
■■Figure 10.10
Gastric cancer. In advanced
stages of gastric cancer,
malignant cells spread from their Omentum
origin in the stomach wall to
form tumors in the lymph nodes,
liver, omentum, pancreas, bile
ducts, and elsewhere.
296 Chapter 10
10.44 An ulcer, or erosion, in the wall of the stomach is commonly

gastric ulcer called a ____________________ ____________________. It is caused
GAS trik * UL ser by an imbalance between the secretion of the protective mucous
layer and the secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach, which
is often the result of infection by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori
(H. pylori) and elevates the risk of developing gastric cancer. Gastric
ulcer is further described in Frame 10.62.
10.45 Inflammation of the stomach is called gastritis. The

constructed form of this term is written gastr/itis. The acute form
gastritis of ____________________ is usually caused by an improper diet or
gas TRY tiss an infection, and the chronic form may be caused by a chronic
bacterial infection, peptic ulcers (Frame 10.62), or gastric cancer
(Frame 10.43). If the small intestine is involved in the inflammation,
gastroenteritis it is called ____________________. This constructed term includes
GAS troh en ter EYE tiss four word parts: gastr/o/enter/itis. If the first segment of the
small intestine, the duodenum, is specifically involved, it is called
gastroduodenitis (GAS troh doo oh den EYE tiss), shown with its word
parts as gastr/o/duoden/itis. Inflammation of the stomach, small
intestine, and colon all at once is called gastroenterocolitis (GAS
troh EN ter oh koh LYE tiss). The constructed form of this term reveals six
gastr/o/enter/o/col/itis word parts: _______/__/_____/__/_____/_______.
10.46 A recurring backflow, or reflux, of stomach contents into the

esophagus is a condition called gastroesophageal reflux disease,
or GERD. It is usually the result of a weakened esophageal sphincter
located at the junction of the esophagus and stomach and produces
gastroesophageal the burning pain of indigestion. The term ____________________ is
GAS troh eh SOFF ah JEE al constructed of word parts: gastr/o/esophag/e/al. In some cases,
untreated GERD leads to Barrett’s esophagus, in which the cells
lining the esophagus undergo a change. This cellular change increases
the risk of developing a rare form of cancer, known as esophageal
adenocarcinoma (eh SOFF ah JEE al*AD eh noh kar sih NOH mah).
10.47 The suffix -malacia means “softening.” The softening of

the stomach wall may occur during advanced stages of stomach
cancer and other chronic diseases of the stomach. It is called
gastromalacia ____________________. The constructed form of this term is
GAS troh mah LAY shee ah gastr/o/malacia.
10.48 Infection by the intestinal protozoa Giardia intestinalis or

Giardia lamblia produces symptoms of diarrhea, cramps, nausea,
and vomiting (■ Figure 10.11). The disease is usually contracted by
giardiasis drinking contaminated water and is known as ____________________.
jee ahr DYE ah siss The constructed form of this term is giardia/sis.
■■Figure 10.11
Giardiasis. Colorized electron
micrograph of a Giardia
protozoan on the surface of an
epithelial cell lining the small
intestine. The tiny red circles are
microvilli, which number roughly
3,000 on a single intestinal cell.
Source: Courtesy of Dr. Stan
Erlandsen, Public Health Image
Library, Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention,
Atlanta, GA.
10.49 Inflammation of the gums, or gingivae, is called

gingivitis ___________________. It is usually caused by chronic bacterial
jin jih VYE tiss activity at the junction of the teeth and gums and normally follows
the formation of dental plaque. The constructed form of this term is
gingiv/itis.
10.50 A combining form for tongue, gloss/o, is derived from

the Greek word glossa. Any disease of the tongue is called a
glossopathy (gloss AH path ee). The constructed form is gloss/o/pathy.
glossitis An example of a glossopathy is ____________________, which is an
gloss EYE tiss inflammation of the tongue often caused by exposure to allergens,
toxic substances, or extreme heat or cold. The constructed form of
gloss/itis glossitis is ________/________.
298 Chapter 10
10.51 A varicose, or swollen, condition of the veins in the anus

produces painful swellings that may break open and bleed, known
as hemorrhoids. This term literally means “resembling leakage of
hemorrhoids blood.” ____________________ are commonly called “piles.”
HEM oh roydz
10.52 A viral-induced inflammation of the liver is called

hepatitis ____________________. The constructed form of this term is
hepat/itis. There are five known forms of hepatitis, which are
categorized with the letters A through E and described in the Did
You Know? box.
HEPATITIS TYPES
There are five main categories of hepatitis, all caused by viruses:
Did You
KNOW ■■ Type A (infectious hepatitis) is transmitted by the ingestion of contaminated food or water.
■■ Type B (serum hepatitis) is transmitted via body fluids, such as blood or semen.
Because it can be transmitted during sexual exchange, it is considered to be an STI.
■■ Type C is mainly transmitted through the blood and often causes permanent liver
damage. It is the most deadly of the five types; according to the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC), close to 20,000 deaths were caused by type C hepatitis
in 2015, more than double all other types combined.
■■ Type D is similar to type B and may combine with it to severely damage the liver.
■■ Type E is similar to type A and is the most common form in countries that have
contaminated water supplies.
In the United States, periodic testing for types B and C is recommended for healthcare
professionals, and vaccination is available for type B and, hopefully soon, for type C.
10.53 The suffix that means “tumor” is -oma. A tumor arising

from cells within the liver is called a malignant hepatoma (hepp
ah TOH mah). The constructed form of this term is hepat/oma.
malignant hepatoma ____________________ ____________________ is also called
hepatocellular carcinoma, or HCC. This form of liver cancer
accounts for about 85% of the cases and is often associated with
alcoholic cirrhosis or hepatitis B.
10.54 A hernia is an abnormal protrusion through a body wall.

Protrusion of the cardiac portion of the stomach through the hiatus
of the diaphragm to enter the thoracic cavity is called a hiatal
hiatal hernia hernia. ____________________ ____________________ causes the
HER nee ah symptom of heartburn that results from the movement of stomach
acids into the esophagus and is illustrated in ■ Figure 10.12.
Another type of digestive system hernia, called inguinal hernia, is
a protrusion of a small intestinal segment through the abdominal
wall in the inguinal region. A direct inguinal hernia occurs in
males and is a protrusion into the scrotal cavity. Also, an umbilical
hernia occurs when a small intestinal segment enters through a
tear in the membrane covering the abdominal wall at the umbilical
(navel) region. In each of these cases, the hernia may become
strangulated, which restricts blood flow to the protruding organ.
A strangulated hernia requires medical intervention to avoid loss
of the affected organ.
Inflammation of
esophageal wall
Esophagitis and
ulceration
■■Figure 10.12 Acid reflux

Hiatal hernia. (a) The hernia
occurs when the stomach
protrudes through the
diaphragm and into the
thoracic cavity, often leading
to the movement of stomach (b)
fluids into the esophagus that
creates esophageal reflux and
esophagitis. (b) A close-up of a
hiatal hernia. (a)
10.55 You have learned from Frames 10.33 and 10.35 that
inflammatory bowel ____________________ ____________________ ___________________,
disease or IBD, is a general term that includes the conditions ulcerative
colitis and Crohn’s disease. IBD is a syndrome affecting different
patients in different ways. It includes a wide spectrum of conditions
and symptoms that range from chronic diarrhea and enteritis to
ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease.
300 Chapter 10
10.56 Although the small intestine is anchored to the abdominal

wall by the peritoneal membranes, it is subject to infolding. Infolding
of a segment of the small intestine within another segment is
a condition called intussusception and results in a reduction
of intestinal motility. It is illustrated in ■ Figure 10.13. The term
intussusception ____________________ is a combination of Latin words that
IN tuh suh SEP shun collectively mean “to take within.”
■■Figure 10.13
Intussusception. The condition
is caused by an infolding of
the small intestine, which often
causes a reduction of intestinal
motility.
10.57 A chronic disease characterized by periodic disturbances of

large intestinal (bowel) function without clear physical damage is called
irritable bowel syndrome, or IBS. Episodes of ____________________
irritable bowel ____________________ ____________________ include abdominal
syndrome pain caused by intestinal muscle spasms and flatus and are often
associated with fluctuations between diarrhea and constipation.
IBD versus IBS

Because IBD and IBS are nearly identical abbreviations, they are often confused. IBD, which means
WORDS TO “inflammatory bowel disease,” is a chronic, severe, debilitating condition that injures the large
Watch Out For intestine with ulcers, bleeding, and adhesions. On the softer side, IBS, which means “irritable bowel
syndrome,” is an uncomfortable chronic condition of irregular bowel movements that does not cause
lasting tissue damage. It is marked with bouts of diarrhea, constipation, or an alternation of the two.
10.58 All infants and many adults produce an enzyme in the small
intestine that breaks down lactose, the primary sugar in milk and
milk products. A lack of this enzyme results in the uncomfortable
symptoms of flatus and diarrhea when dairy foods are consumed.
lactose intolerance This condition is called ____________________ ____________________
LAHK tos * in TOHL er ans and is abbreviated LI.
10.59 The prefix mal- means “bad.” A disorder that is

characterized by difficulty absorbing one or more nutrients is called
malabsorption syndrome. It can have severe consequences,
depending on the nutrients that cannot be absorbed. An example
malabsorption of ____________________ ____________________ is found in people
syndrome who react to ingested gluten, a plant protein found in wheat, barley,
MAL ab sorp shun * SIN drom and rye. Known as celiac disease and, more recently, gluten
sensitivity enteropathy, the arrival of gluten into the body triggers
an immune response resulting in damage to the villi lining the small
intestine, causing a failure to absorb nutrients (malabsorption)
(■ Figure 10.14). Although its symptoms vary, a person suffering
celiac disease from ____________________ ____________________ often suffers
SEE lee ak weight loss, anemia, frequent bouts of bloody diarrhea and vomiting,
cramping pain, osteoporosis, and bone and joint pain. When it
strikes young children, the malabsorption may also delay growth
rate and the onset of puberty. The term celiac means “pertaining to
the abdomen” and enteropathy means “disease of the intestine.”
■■Figure 10.14
Celiac disease is a form of
malabsorption syndrome.
The condition results from an
immune reaction to glutens,
which are proteins present in
wheat, barley, and rye. The
injury caused by the immune
reaction is the destruction of villi
lining the small intestine, thereby
reducing the ability of the small
intestine to absorb nutrients.
Source: Roberto Biasini/123RF
.com.
pancreatitis 10.60 Inflammation of the pancreas is called ____________________.

PAN kree ah TYE tiss The constructed form of this term is pancreat/itis. Possible causes
include tumor development and bacterial infection. If pancreatic
functions are affected, the complications of acute pancreatitis can
become life-threatening.
10.61 The largest salivary glands are called parotid glands and are
located around the angle of the jaw. Inflammation of one or both
parotitis parotid glands is called ____________________. If caused by a virus,
pahr oh TYE tiss it is usually referred to as mumps. The term parotitis is a constructed
term: parot/itis. It may also be referred to as sialadenitis (sigh AL add eh
NYE tiss). The constructed form of this term reveals three word parts,
sial/aden/itis, and literally means “inflammation of saliva gland.”
302 Chapter 10
10.62 The term peptic is a constructed term, pept/ic, which means

“pertaining to digestion.” An erosion into the inner wall of an organ
peptic ulcer along the GI tract is generally called a ____________________
PEPP tik * UL ser ____________________. Usually, a peptic ulcer occurs in the wall
of the stomach as a gastric ulcer (Frame 10.44) or in the wall of
the duodenum as a duodenal ulcer (Frame 10.37). Both forms of
peptic ulcer are shown in ■ Figure 10.15.
Gastric juicesThe
are ulcer is formed Gastric
whenjuices
released into the
the protective mucus layer becomes stomacheroded, exposing the inner(acidic)
lining to the caustic effects of hydrochloric
Duodenal ulcer acid. Roughly 80% of
peptic ulcers are associated with an infection of Helicobacter pylori
(H. pylori), which triggers an immune response that reduces mucus
production and increases the risk of developing gastric Acidcancer.
secretionsIn
further
break down the lining
severe cases, the erosion may penetrate through the wall of the of the
stomach,
forming an ulcer
organ to form a perforated ulcer, which is a life-threatening crisis
due to hemorrhage and infection. Gastric ulcer
(a)
Gastric juices are Gastric juices

released into the (acidic)
stomach
Duodenal ulcer
Acid secretions further

break down the lining
of the stomach,
forming an ulcer
Gastric ulcer
(a)
(a) (b)
■■Figure 10.15
(b) or in the duodenum (duodenal ulcer). The most
Peptic ulcer. (a) A peptic ulcer may occur in the stomach (gastric ulcer)
common cause is associated with infection by H. pylori. (b) The photograph of a gastric ulcer has been taken through the
lens of a scanning electron microscope at 40,000 magnification and given color by a computer. The blue polygons are
cells of the stomach lining. In the center is a cavity, which is an early gastric ulcer beginning to form. The ulcer has been
caused by a reduction of protective mucus as a result of infection by the bacteria, H. pylori, which are the green rods.
Also present are yeast cells, colored red, which sometimes accompany the H. pylori.
Photo Source: Steve Gschmeissner/Science Source.
10.63 The peritoneum is the extensive membrane that lines the inner
wall of the abdominopelvic cavity and covers most of its organs.
peritonitis Inflammation of this membrane is called ____________________. This
pair ih toh NYE tiss constructed term includes two word parts: periton/itis (the e on the
end of the word root is dropped in this case). The inflammation is the
body’s response to an infection of the peritoneum, usually bacterial,
that can become life-threatening without medical intervention.
10.64 Any abnormal mass of tissue that projects inward from the
wall of a hollow organ is called a polyp (PALL ip). The term means
“small growth.” It is usually a benign growth that may occur in the
nose, throat, or large intestine. The presence of many polyps is
polyposis called ____________________ and is illustrated in ■ Figure 10.16.
pall ee POH siss The constructed form of this term is polyp/osis, which literally
means “condition of small growths.” Polyposis usually occurs in the
colon or rectum of the large intestine, where it increases the risk for
colorectal cancer (Frame 10.34).
(a)
■■Figure 10.16
Polyps
Polyps and polyposis. A polyp
is a protruding growth from
a mucous membrane lining a
hollow organ. (a) Photograph
during a colonoscopy of a
polyp in the wall of the colon.
(b) In the disease polyposis,
multiple polyps develop, usually
along the inner wall of the large
intestine.
Photo Source: Juan Gaertner/
Shutterstock. (b)
304 Chapter 10
10.65 A combining form meaning “rectum” or “anus” is proct/o.

Inflammation of the anus, and usually the rectum as well, is called
proctitis ___________________. The constructed form of this term is proct/itis.
prok TYE tiss
10.66 Recall that the suffix -ptosis means “drooping.” A drooping,

proctoptosis or prolapse, of the rectum is a condition called __________________.
PROK top TOH siss The constructed form of this term is proct/o/ptosis.
10.67 A severe twisting of the intestine that leads to obstruction

is called volvulus. The term is derived from the Latin word that
volvulus means “to roll.” A ____________________ that has caused a severe
VOLL vyoo lus obstruction is illustrated in ■ Figure 10.17.
■■Figure 10.17
Volvulus. A volvulus results
when the small intestine twists,
causing an obstruction that can
lead to severe complications.
PRACTICE: Diseases and Disorders of the Digestive System

The Right Match
______ 1. gastrectasis a. infolding of a segment of the small intestine within
______ 2. polyp another segment
______ 3. gingivitis b. a chronic inflammation of any part of the GI tract, usually

of the ileum
______ 4. giardiasis
c. intestinal infection by the protozoa Giardia intestinalis or
______ 5. bulimia
Giardia lamblia
______ 6. duodenal ulcer d. inflammation of abnormal pouches in the colon
______ 7. volvulus e. twisting of the intestine causing an obstruction
______ 8. intussusception f. an abnormal protrusion through a body wall
______ 9. cirrhosis g. characterized by periodic bowel disturbances
______ 10. Crohn’s disease h. a chronic liver disease
______ 11. irritable bowel syndrome i. abnormal stretching of the stomach
______ 12. hernia j. an abnormal mass projecting inward
______ 13. gastroenterocolitis k. an eating disorder of bingeing and purging
______ 14. cheilitis l. an erosion in the wall of the duodenum of the small intestine
______ 15. choledocholithiasis m. inflammation of the colon
______ 16. colitis n. inflammation of the gums
______ 17. diverticulitis o. inflammation of the stomach and intestines
______ 18. gastroesophageal reflux disease p. presence of stones in the common bile duct
q. recurring backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus
r. inflammation of the lips
Linkup

an- appendic/o -ia
dys- chol/e -iasis
enter/o -itis
esophag/e, esophag/o -malacia
gastr/o -oma
gloss/o -osis
hepat/o -ptosis
lith/o -y
orex/o
pancreat/o
polyp/o
proct/o
306 Chapter 10
Definition Term
1. inflammation of the appendix appendicitis
2. inflammation of the tongue ____________________
3. condition of stones lodged within the gallbladder or bile ducts ____________________
4. condition of prolapse of the rectum ____________________
5. tumor within the liver ____________________
6. softening of the stomach wall ____________________
7. inflammation of the esophagus ____________________
8. inflammation of the stomach and small intestine ____________________
9. inflammation of the pancreas ____________________
10. acute inflammation of the GI tract caused by bacteria, protozoa, ____________________
or chemical irritants
11. eating disorder in which the patient restricts food intake because of ____________________
a compulsion to become thin
12. condition of many polyps ____________________
Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Digestive System

Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the treatments, procedures, and devices of the digestive
system and are covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you identify

anti- against, abdomin/o abdomen -al pertaining to
opposite of acid/o a solution or substance -centesis surgical puncture
dia- through with a pH less than 7 -ectomy surgical excision,
endo- within append/o appendix removal
cheil/o lip -emetic pertaining to
cholecyst/o gallbladder vomiting
choledoch/o common bile duct gram a record or image
col/o colon -graphy recording process
colon/o colon -ic pertaining to
duoden/o twelve, duodenum -plasty surgical repair
esophag/e, gullet, esophagus -rrhaphy suturing
esophag/o -rrhea discharge
fec/o feces -scopy process of viewing
gastr/o stomach -spasmodic pertaining to a
gingiv/o gums sudden, involuntary
gloss/o tongue muscle contraction
ile/o to roll, ileum -stomy surgical creation of
an opening
lapar/o abdomen
lith/o stone
nas/o nose
polyp/o small growth
pylor/o pylorus
vag/o vagus nerve
KEY TERMS A–Z 10.68 Because the suffix -centesis means “surgical puncture,” a
surgical puncture through the abdominal wall to remove fluid is a
abdominocentesis procedure called ____________________. The constructed form of
ab DOM ih noh sehn TEE siss this term is abdomin/o/centesis. An alternate term for this procedure
is paracentesis (pair ah sehn TEE siss).
abdomen and abdomin/o

The combining form meaning “abdomen” is abdomin/o, which is found in terms such
WORDS TO as abdominocentesis. Notice that the combining form uses a letter i and not an e, as in
Watch Out For abdomen.
10.69 An agent that reduces the acidity of the stomach cavity is

called an antacid. Note that the letter i is deleted from the prefix
anti- because the combining form begins with a vowel, which makes
antacid ____________________ easier to pronounce. Most mild medications
ant ASS id neutralize the acid pH of the stomach, whereas stronger medications
inhibit the amount of acid produced and are called proton pump
inhibitors. Antacid is a constructed term, ant/acid.
10.70 An antiemetic is a drug that prevents or stops the vomiting reflex.

antiemetic The constructed form of this term is anti/emetic. ____________________
an tye ee MEH tik literally means “pertaining to against vomiting.”
10.71 A drug that reduces peristalsis activity in the GI tract, which

arrests the muscular spasms involved in diarrhea, is called an
antispasmodic antispasmodic. The constructed form of ____________________ is
an tye spaz MOH dik anti/spasmodic. An antidiarrheal (an tye dye ah REE al) may also be
used to treat the symptoms of diarrhea (Frame 10.12), but usually by
increasing water absorption in the colon while decreasing spasms.
10.72 The surgical removal of the appendix is called

appendectomy ___________________ because the suffix -ectomy means “surgical
app ehn DEK toh mee excision, removal.” An appendectomy is performed to treat the
acute condition of appendicitis (Frame 10.25).
308 Chapter 10
10.73 One of the most common surgeries of the GI tract is known as

bariatric surgery. It is a procedure for treating obesity, in which the
body contains an abnormally high amount of fat that threatens the
health of the patient. The term bariatric means “treatment of weight.”
bariatric surgery Some forms of ___________________ ___________________ reduce
behr ee AT rik the volume of the stomach, whereas others bypass the stomach
completely (■ Figure 10.18).
(a) Adjustable Gastric Band (Lap Band)
Stomach pouch
Adjustable band
Port placed
under skin
(b) Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RNY)
Bypassed
portion of
■■Figure 10.18 Gastric
stomach
Bariatric surgery. The two most pouch
popular forms are shown, both

of which are treatments for
obesity. (a) Adjustable gastric
Duodenum Bypassed Jejunum
band, which is reversible, and duodenum
(b) Roux-en-Y gastric bypass,
which is not reversible.
Jejunum
Source: Alila Medical Media/ Food
Shutterstock. Digestive juice
10.74 An agent that stimulates strong waves of peristalsis of the

colon is called a cathartic. Derived from the Greek word kathartikos,
cathartic which means “purging, cleansing,” a ____________________ is used
kah THAHR tik to treat the symptom of constipation. An agent that causes mild
waves of peristalsis is called a laxative.
10.75 Because the combining form of lip is cheil/o and the suffix
-rrhaphy means “suturing,” the procedure of suturing a lip is
cheilorrhaphy called ____________________. The constructed form of this term is
kye LOR ah fee cheil/o/rrhaphy.
10.76 The word root for gallbladder is cholecyst, which literally

means “bladder of gall.” The surgical removal of the gallbladder is
cholecystectomy called ____________________. The constructed form of this term is
KOH lee siss TEK toh mee cholecyst/ectomy.
CHOLECYSTECTOMY
Did You Because of the prevalence of cholecystitis, cholecystectomy is the most common surgery of
the abdomen performed in the United States, numbering about 500,000 each year. To reduce
KNOW the invasiveness of the procedure, laparoscopic surgery using a specialized endoscope is
increasing in popularity, replacing the more traditional form of “open” cholecystectomy.
10.77 The process of producing an x-ray image of the gallbladder is

known as cholecystography (KOH lee siss TOG rah fee). The constructed
form of this term is cholecyst/o/graphy. The x-ray image of the
cholecystogram gallbladder is called a ____________________.
KOH lee SISS toh gram
10.78 The combining form for the common bile duct is choledoch/o,
and the combining form for stone is lith/o. The surgery that involves
the removal of one or more obstructive gallstones from the common
choledocholithotomy bile duct is called ____________________. This constructed term has
koh lee doh koh lih THOTT five word parts: choledoch/o/lith/o/tomy.
oh mee
10.79 A colonoscopy is the visual inspection of the colon’s interior

(■ Figure 10.19). Because a specialized endoscope is used and the
flexible end is inserted into the GI tract, a colonoscopy is a type of
colonoscopy GI endoscopy (Frame 10.86). A ____________________ is routinely
kohl on OSS koh pee used as a preventative procedure in an effort to detect early signs
of colorectal cancer (Frame 10.34) or to diagnose the presence of
polyps (Frame 10.64), diverticulosis (Frame 10.36), or other forms of
disease of the large intestine. The constructed form of this term is
colon/o/scopy, which means “process of viewing the colon.”
Tumor
■■Figure 10.19
Colonoscopy. (a) Illustration
of the colonoscopy procedure
using a flexible colonoscope.
(b) Photograph taken during a
colonoscopy, during which a
tumor is observable in the wall
of the colon.
Photo Source: Juan Gaertner/
(a) (b)
Shutterstock.
310 Chapter 10
10.80 Surgical removal of the entire length of the colon is called

total colectomy a total colectomy (koh LEK toh mee). ____________________
____________________ is commonly referred to as a bowel
resection. If a part of the colon is removed, it is known as a partial
colectomy, and if only the right or left segment is removed, it is
called a hemicolectomy (hemi- means “half”). The constructed form
of this term is hemi/col/ectomy.

When this procedure is performed on the colon, it is called a
colostomy ____________________. The artificial opening that is created serves
koh LAH stom ee as an artificial anus, usually following the excision of the distal part
of the colon. The new opening is referred to as a stoma (STOE mah). A
patient with a colostomy is taught how to manage the new opening
through their GI tract, which involves the attachment of a disposable
plastic bag that is secured to the skin around the stoma by a ring of
adhesive wax. Once the bag fills about half way, the ring and bag
are removed and discarded and the skin cleaned before a fresh
bag and ring are attached. Variations of colostomy are illustrated in
■ Figure 10.20. Colostomy is a constructed term: col/o/stomy.
■■Figure 10.20
Colostomy. Alternate versions of colostomy are illustrated, each of which creates one or more
new openings that serve as an artificial anus. During creation of the opening, or stoma, the
surgeon rolls back the mucosa and sutures it to the abdominal wall. Waste material exiting the
stoma is collected into a disposable plastic bag that adheres to the skin, and the filled bag is
discarded and replaced.
10.82 A clinical lab test performed to detect blood in the feces is

called a fecal occult blood test, abbreviated FOBT. The word
occult means “hidden, concealed,” indicating that the presence of
blood is often hidden in the feces and requires a lab procedure to
fecal occult blood test identify it. A positive ____________________ ____________________
FEE kal * uh KULT ____________________ ____________________ may indicate Crohn’s
disease (Frame 10.35), polyposis (Frame 10.64), or colorectal
cancer (Frame 10.34) if hemorrhoids have been ruled out. Fecal is
a constructed term: fec/al.
10.83 Surgical removal of part of the stomach or, in extreme cases,

gastrectomy the entire organ, is called ____________________. The constructed
gas TREK toh mee form of this term is gastr/ectomy. A part of the stomach may be
removed to treat peptic ulcers (Frame 10.62) or severe obesity. The
entire organ may be removed as a method to treat gastric cancer
(Frame 10.43).
10.84 A cleansing procedure in which the stomach is irrigated

with a prescribed solution is known as gastric lavage. A
gastric lavage ____________________ ____________________ is performed after
GAS trik * lah VAHZH ingestion of a toxic substance or drug overdose or to remove
irritants before or after surgery. A similar irrigation procedure may
be performed on the colon to remove unwanted substances and
is called colonic irrigation. If the unwanted material is a fecal
blockage in the colon or rectum, an enema (EN eh mah) is used
instead.
10.85 The process of feeding a patient through a tube inserted into

the nose that extends through the esophagus to enter the stomach
gavage is called gavage. The term ____________________ is derived from
gah VAHZH the French word gaver, which means “to force-feed.” The tube used
in this procedure is called a nasogastric tube. The term nasogastric
is constructed of four word parts and is written nas/o/gastr/ic.
312 Chapter 10
10.86 Visual examination of the interior of the GI tract organs is

made possible by the use of endoscopes in the procedure known as
GI endoscopy ____________________ ____________________, an example of which
en DAH sko pee is shown in ■ Figure 10.21. The endoscope is a long, flexible tube
with fiber optics, a camera, and surgical tools at one end and an
eyepiece tube that can be connected to a viewing monitor at the other
end. The endoscope may undergo modifications for insertion into
each organ of the GI tract. Procedures using modified endoscopes
to examine upper GI tract organs enter through the mouth and
include esophagoscopy (eh SOFF ah GOSS koh pee), which examines the
esophagus, gastroscopy (gas TROSS koh pee), which views the stomach,
and esophagogastroduodenoscopy (eh SOFF ah goh GAS troh DOO oh
dehn OSS koh pee) (EGD), which examines the esophagus, stomach,
and duodenum. Endoscopic procedures using an endoscope
that enters through the anus to examine the lower GI tract include
colonoscopy ____________________, which views the colon, sigmoidoscopy
kohl on OSS koh pee (SIG moyd OSS koh pee), which examines the sigmoid colon, and
proctoscopy (prok TOSS koh pee), which observes the rectum. Notice
that all of these are constructed terms that are formed by adding the
combining form of the organ (or organs) to the suffix -scopy, which
means “process of viewing.” For example, the constructed form of
esophagogastroduodenoscopy is esophag/o/gastr/o/duoden/o/scopy.
■■Figure 10.21
GI endoscopy. The visual
examination of the interior of
the GI tract. Shown here is a
photograph of a gastroscopy
procedure, in which the surgeon
is viewing a monitor while
adjusting the gastroscope with
his left hand and moving the
flexible tube with his right hand
through the patient’s mouth until
it reaches the stomach cavity.
Source: A. Benoist/BSIP SA/
Alamy Stock Photo.
10.87 A GI series is a common term applied to several diagnostic

techniques that provide radiographic examination of the GI tract.
In most cases, the radiographic substance barium sulfate is
administered to highlight the GI tract organ or organs within a
series of x-ray photographs. The x-rays expose abnormalities in the
GI series organs, such as ulcers or tumors. In an upper ____________________
____________________ (UGI), a barium swallow, barium shake, or
barium meal is ingested to enhance x-ray images of the esophagus,
stomach, and duodenum (■ Figure 10.22a). An enema is the
introduction of a substance into the rectum and colon to prepare
for an evaluation, to evacuate the bowel, to administer drugs, or to
introduce nutrients. A barium enema (BE) is the administration of
barium sulfate into the rectum and colon for a lower GI series (LGI)
of x-rays (■ Figure 10.22b).
Barium
(a) (b)
■■Figure 10.22
GI series. (a) Upper GI series begins with a barium swallow, barium shake, or barium
meal. (b) Lower GI series begins with administration of a barium enema to provide
the x-ray of the large intestine shown here.
Photo Source: CNRI/Science Source.
10.88 Surgical removal of diseased tissue in the gums, or gingivae,

gingivectomy is called ____________________. The constructed form of this term is
JIN jih VEK toh mee gingiv/ectomy.
314 Chapter 10
10.89 An injury that involves a severe bite through the tongue often
requires surgery to close the wound with sutures. This surgery is
glossorrhaphy called ____________________, which is a constructed term with three
gloss OR ah fee word parts: gloss/o/rrhaphy.
10.90 Surgical removal of hemorrhoids is performed during a

hemorrhoidectomy ____________________. The constructed form of this term is
HEM oh royd EK toh mee hemorrhoid/ectomy.
10.91 Recall that the suffix -rrhaphy means “suturing.” The term
herniorrhaphy therefore means “suturing a hernia” and is a corrective
response to any one of the various types of hernias described in
herniorrhaphy Frame 10.54. Thus, a ____________________ is a common surgical
her nee OR ah fee procedure to repair an abnormal protrusion through a body wall.
10.92 A surgical creation of an opening through the abdominal wall

and into the ileum of the small intestine is called an ileostomy (see
ileostomy Figure 10.20). An ____________________ is performed to establish an
ILL ee OSS toh mee alternative anus (called a stoma) for the elimination of waste material,
usually following a total colectomy in which the entire colon is
removed (Frame 10.80). Ileostomy is a constructed term: ile/o/stomy.
Ilium and Ileum

Spelling medical terms correctly is very important for proper understanding and communication. Two
WORDS TO terms, ilium and ileum, sound identical and look almost the same, but they refer to two different body
Watch Out For parts. The ilium is the upper, wing-shaped bone of the pelvic girdle. The ileum is the third and final
segment of the small intestine that delivers waste material to the cecum of the large intestine. You might
remember that ileum has an e if you think of the combining form for small intestine: enter/o, with an e.
10.93 The Greek word for the soft abdomen is lapara, which serves
as the origin for a combining form for abdomen, lapar/o. The surgical
procedure that involves an incision through the abdominal wall,
often from the base of the sternum to the pubic bone, is called a
laparotomy ____________________. The constructed form of this term is lapar/
lap ah ROTT oh mee o/tomy. In some cases, a laparoscopy may be performed instead,
during which a modified endoscope equipped with a camera and
surgical instruments, called a laparoscope, is inserted through the
abdominal wall via one or more small incisions (■ Figure 10.23). The
laparoscopy ____________________ has an advantage over a laparotomy because
lap ah ROSS koh pee it is minimally invasive, thereby posing less risk of infection to the
patient.
■■Figure 10.23
Laparoscopy. (a) Laparoscopy
is an abdominal surgery using
a specialized endoscope,
called a laparoscope, inserted
through the wall of the
abdomen via a small incision.
(b) In this photograph of
laparoscopic surgery, several
laparoscopes are used
simultaneously: one with a
camera and two with surgical
instruments attached.
Photo Source: Samrith Na
Lumpoon/Shutterstock. (a) (b)
10.94 Because polyps (Frame 10.64) represent benign tumors

that can become inflamed and change form to become malignant,
surgical removal is sometimes necessary. The surgical removal of
polypectomy polyps is known as ____________________ and is usually performed
pall ih PEK toh mee during a colonoscopy (Frame 10.86). The constructed form of this
term is polyp/ectomy.
10.95 Surgical repair of the pylorus region of the stomach,

which may include repair of the pyloric valve, is known as a
pyloroplasty ____________________. The constructed form of this term is
pye LOR oh plass tee pylor/o/plasty.
10.96 If a pathogen is a suspected cause of a disease that affects

the GI tract, a test may be performed called a stool culture
stool culture and and sensitivity. Abbreviated C&S, a ____________________
sensitivity ____________________ ____________________ ____________________
includes obtaining stool (fecal) samples, using the samples to grow
microorganisms in culture, and identifying the microorganisms to
determine which antibiotics will effectively kill the pathogens.
10.97 The vagus nerve is a cranial nerve that innervates much of the
GI tract, providing sensory information to the brain relating to digestion
and stimulating peristalsis of GI tract organs. The surgical dissection
of branches of the vagus nerve may be performed in an effort to
reduce gastric juice secretion as a treatment for chronic gastric
vagotomy ulcers (Frame 10.44). This procedure is called ____________________.
vay GOTT oh mee The constructed form of this term is vag/o/tomy.
316 Chapter 10
PRACTICE: Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Digestive System

The Right Match
______ 1. colonoscopy a. test that uses a stool sample to grow and identify
______ 2. abdominocentesis microorganisms in a culture
______ 3. antacid b. process of feeding a patient through a tube inserted into

the nose that descends into the stomach
______ 4. gastric lavage
c. also known as paracentesis
______ 5. cholecystography
d. procedure of suturing a lip
______ 6. cheilorrhaphy
e. procedure of producing an x-ray image of the gallbladder
______ 7. ileostomy
f. endoscopy of the colon
______ 8. stool culture and sensitivity
g. cleansing procedure in which the stomach is irrigated with
______ 9. upper GI series a prescribed solution
______ 10. gavage h. an agent that neutralizes stomach acid
i. surgical creation of an opening through the abdominal wall
and into the ileum of the small intestine
j. a barium substance ingested to enhance x-ray images of
the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum
Break the Chain

1. a) antiemetic ________/________
p s
2. a) glossorrhaphy ________/___/________
cf s
3. a) sigmoidoscopy ________/___/________
cf s
4. a) hemorrhoidectomy ________/________
(noun) s
5. a) laparotomy ________/___/________
cf s
6. a) pyloroplasty ________/___/________
cf s
7. a) antispasmodic ________/________
p s
8. a) gingivectomy ________/________
r s
b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the word root? __________________________________________
9. a) vagotomy ________/___/________
cf s
318 Chapter 10
Abbreviations of the Digestive System

The abbreviations that are associated with the digestive system are summarized here. Study these abbrevia-

BE barium enema IBD inflammatory bowel disease
C&S stool culture and sensitivity IBS irritable bowel syndrome
EGD esophagogastroduodenoscopy LGI lower GI series
FOBT fecal occult blood test LI lactose intolerance
GERD gastroesophageal reflux disease N&V nausea and vomiting
GI gastrointestinal UGI upper GI series
HCC hepatocellular carcinoma

1. BE __________________________________________
2. ____________________ inflammatory bowel disease
3. UGI __________________________________________
4. ____________________ gastroesophageal reflux disease
5. N&V __________________________________________
6. ____________________ upper GI series
7. IBS __________________________________________
8. ____________________ lower GI series
9. C&S __________________________________________
10. ____________________ gastrointestinal
11. FOBT __________________________________________
12. ____________________ esophagogastroduodenoscopy
13. LI __________________________________________
CHAPTER REVIEW
Word Building
1. indigestion dyspepsia
2. enlargement of the liver ____________________y
3. difficulty swallowing _______phag_______
4. inflammation of the lip ____________________itis
5. inflammation of the gallbladder cholecyst____________________
6. condition of gallstones chole____________________
7. inflammation of the colon ____________________itis
8. cancer of the colon and rectum ____________________al cancer
9. inflammation of the small intestine enter____________________
10. softening of the stomach wall gastro____________________
11. condition of diverticula diverticul____________________
12. tumor of the liver ____________________oma
13. inflammation of a salivary gland ____________________itis
14. surgical removal of hemorrhoids ____________________ectomy
15. surgical creation of an opening into the colon ____________________ostomy
16. endoscopic evaluation of the rectum proct____________________
17. endoscopic evaluation of the abdominal cavity ____________________oscopy
18. surgical repair of the tongue with sutures gloss____________________
19. surgical removal of a polyp polyp____________________

Definition
Use in a Term
1. gastr/o _________________________________ _________________________________
2. cholecyst/o _________________________________ _________________________________
3. choledoch/o _________________________________ _________________________________
4. enter/o _________________________________ _________________________________
5. duoden/o _________________________________ _________________________________
6. gingiv/o _________________________________ _________________________________
7. col/o _________________________________ _________________________________
8. pept/o _________________________________ _________________________________
320 Chapter 10
Complete the Labels

1. Mouth
Salivary glands
2.
8.
3. __________________
7.
4. __________________
6.
5. __________________
__________________
■■Figure 10.24
Organs of the digestive system.
1. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
4. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
5. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
6. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
7. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
8. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
9. ________________________
10. Soft ________________________

11. ________________________
Palatine tonsil
12. Posterior wall of ________________________
13. ________________________
■■Figure 10.25
The oral cavity. Anterior view
of the open mouth.
9. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
10. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
11. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
12. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
13. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
322 Chapter 10

Maria Nguyen

Phone: (211) 594-4000 • Fax (211) 594-4001
Medical Consultation: Internal Medicine Date: 09/18/2017

Patient: Maria Nguygen Patient ID: 123456
Provider: Joanne M. Morgenthaler, MD
Subjective:
“I have severely painful irregular bowel habits. I am not able to compete at school, date, or even keep
friends.”
23 y/o female is in tremendous discomfort with intermittent bouts of diarrhea, constipation, and abdominal
cramping. It appears to be affecting her quality of life, causing anxiety and depression.
Objective:
Ht: 5'3"
Wt: 105 lb
General Appearance: Patient is underweight; skin with pallor, mild diaphoresis. Edema around the eyes.
AbD: Active peristalsis with gurgles and possible spasms in RLQ and LLQ: ileocecal junction, transverse
colon. Severe tenderness at these locations during palpation.
Lab: Lactase positive. UGI negative. BE test positive for swelling, spasms of transverse colon.
Colonoscopy: Performed on 09/14/2017, shows positive for erythema and mild ulceration at distal ileum
Laparoscopy: Performed on 09/17/2017, positive for ileitis, spastic colon.
Assessment:
Crohn’s disease
Plan:
Treat with oral antispasmodics and anti-inflammatory. Educate about dietary and behavioral management
of Crohn’s disease. Review status in 2 weeks.
M10_WING1226_04_SE_C10.indd 322 23/03/18 6:10 PM

1. What is the diagnosis? __________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Which findings support the diagnosis? ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
3. What is a laparoscopy? _________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________

barium enema diarrhea inflammatory bowel
constipation flatus lactose intolerance
Crohn’s disease irritable bowel syndrome laparoscopy
A 23-year-old female named Maria Nguyen was admitted following a history of 4 weeks of intermittent
watery stools, or (a) ____________________, accompanied with trapped gas, or (b) ____________________,
occasional reduced peristalsis of the large intestine, or (c) ____________________, abdominal pain,
and vomiting. Initial diagnosis by her personal GP was the lack of the digestive enzyme lactase,
known as (d) ____________________ ____________________, although IBS, or (e) ____________________
____________________ ____________________, was ruled as another possibility. With time, symptoms
of pain and bowel irregularity increased, raising the concern that the woman might be suffering from a
chronic inflammation of the ileum, or (f) ____________________ ____________________, a type of IBD, or
(g) ____________________ ____________________ disease. Once admitted, thorough testing, including a
lactase enzyme test, BE (also known as (h) ____________________ ____________________), a UGI series, and
an endoscopy into the abdomen, called a (i) ____________________, ensued. The laparoscopy confirmed the
initial diagnosis of Crohn’s disease.

324 Chapter 10
Mark Swanson

Phone: (211) 594-4000 • Fax (211) 594-4001
Medical Consultation: Internal Medicine Date: 08/04/2017

Patient: Mark Swanson Patient ID: 123456
Provider: Arthur Broward, MD
Subjective:
“I have abdominal cramps after eating nearly anything. At times, at least once a week, I have either diarrhea
or constipation, which is often painful.”
24 y/o male struggles with abdominal discomfort, with alternating bouts of diarrhea and constipation that
he says limits his enjoyment of eating and makes sports, studying, and hanging out with friends very dif-
ficult and uncomfortable. Patient history reveals abdominal complaints of bloating, cramping, and excessive
flatulence since age 8. Father is LI with chronic colitis and hemorrhoid complaints. Mother w/out digestive
complaints.
Objective:
Ht: 5'10"
Wt: 142 lb
General Appearance: Skin with mild pallor. Lean build, timid behavior.
AbD: RLQ and LLQ with active audible peristalsis. RUQ and LUQ relatively quiet.
Lab: C&S negative.
Colonoscopy: On 07/28/2017, with no polyps or ulcerations. Two minor internal hemorrhoids present.
Mild erythema in cecal and sigmoidal walls.
Assessment:
LI and IBS
Plan:
Educate improved dietary regimen to include daily use of probiotics, fiber supplements, and lactase
supplements to improve bowel functions. Reschedule visit in 3 months.
1. Which parent’s genes had more likely contributed to the diagnosed diseases? ________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What complaints suggest IBS as a diagnosis? _____________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
3. What does the abbreviation IBS mean? ___________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________

The following case study provides additional discussion regarding the patient in the medical report. Fill in the
blanks from information provided in the chapter.
Mark Swanson, a 24-year-old male patient with a pediatric history of abdominal discomfort, had
experienced weight loss, leading to an initial diagnosis of the mental disorder (m) ______________________
______________________. However, a gastroenterologist examined him further to look for evidence of physical
disease. Tests were ordered that included endoscopy of the colon, or (n) ______________________, and a test for
bacterial infection known as a (o) ______________________ test (abbreviation). He was found to have no known
infection, and his large intestine wall was mildly irritated but without major disease. Also found was the presence
of two internal (p) ______________________. Due to this evidence of mild disease and his family history of
(q) ______________________ ______________________, his physician instructed Mark to undergo diet education
in order to manage his LI and (r) ______________________ ______________________ ______________________. It
is hoped that the education will improve his dietary habits and will serve to reduce his discomfort.


Chapter 11
The Urinary System

Learning Objectives
11.1 Define
create terms for the urinary system. associated with the urinary system.
11.2 Break
terms used for symptoms, diseases, terms associated with the urinary system.
devices associated with the urinary system.
The Urinary System 327

urinary system. Note that the combining forms are colored red to help you identify them when you see them

albumin/o albumin (a protein) nephr/o kidney
blast/o germ, bud, developing cell pyel/o renal pelvis
glomerul/o little ball, glomerulus ren/o kidney
gluc/o sweet, sugar ureter/o ureter
glyc/o, glycos/o sweet, sugar urethr/o urethra
meat/o opening, passage ur/o, urin/o urine
urinary 11.1 The ____________________ system functions as the sanitation

YOO rih nair ee engineer of the body, maintaining the purity and health of the body’s
fluids by removing unwanted waste materials and recycling other
materials. The kidneys are its most important organs. They filter
gallons of fluids from the bloodstream every day, removing metabolic
wastes, toxins, excess ions, and water that leave the body as urine,
while returning needed materials back into the blood. Because waste
removal is essential for your survival, the kidneys are vital organs;
kidneys a loss of both ____________________ requires medical intervention
to sustain life. Other organs of the urinary system transport urine or
store it before it can be released to the exterior of the body. They are
the paired ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra.
11.2 You have just learned that the primary function of the kidneys
is the removal of metabolic wastes, toxins, excess ions, and water
from the bloodstream. This function is performed by the formation
urine of urine as a watery waste. ____________________ is formed by
three processes occurring in the kidneys: filtration of the blood to
produce a filtrate; reabsorption of excess water, ions, and nutrients
in the filtrate to return them to the bloodstream; and secretion of
excess ions as waste into the filtrate. In addition to forming urine,
the kidneys also perform other vital functions:
■■ Regulation of blood pressure
■■ Regulation of pH within body fluids
■■ Regulation of water and salt concentrations
■■ Regulation of red blood cell production
328 Chapter 11
11.3 Review the anatomy of the urinary system by studying

■ Figure 11.1, ■ Figure 11.2, and ■ Figure 11.3.
Left kidney
Renal artery
and vein
Right ureter
■■Figure 11.1 Urinary

Organs of the urinary system. bladder
This illustration is an anterior
Urethra
view of a female with the
abdominal wall and digestive
organs removed.
Renal cortex
Renal medulla
Calyx
Renal papilla
Hilum
Renal
pyramid
Renal pelvis
■■Figure 11.2
Left ureter
The kidney. This illustration of
a sectioned kidney reveals its
internal features.
Distal convoluted tubule
Efferent arteriole
Glomerular Collecting duct

(Bowman’s) capsule
Glomerulus
Afferent arteriole
Proximal convoluted tubule
Descending loop of Henle

Ascending
loop of Henle
■■Figure 11.3
The nephron. The microscopic
nephron is the basic subunit of Peritubular capillaries
each kidney.
Medical Terms for the Urinary System

11.4 For many people, the major pathological challenge to the health
of the urinary system is infection, due to communication to the
exterior by way of the urinary meatus. Although the urethra, urinary
mucous membrane bladder, and ureters are each protected by a ____________________
____________________, bacteria and viruses are sometimes able
to gain entry into the internal organs through the meatus. Once
established, they are capable of spreading through the urinary tract,
bringing disease to the kidneys and beyond. Also, the close location
of the urinary meatus to the anus in females enables some bacterial
populations that normally form the intestinal microbiota to infect the
infections urinary tract. In addition to ____________________, other sources of
disease afflicting the urinary system include diabetes, hypertension,
tumors, stones, inherited disorders, and heart disease.
urine 11.5 Because ____________________ originates from the

bloodstream and the urinary system releases urine on a regular
basis, urine testing provides a convenient means for testing general
health. Many diseases can be diagnosed from a urine sample that
contains abnormal contents, such as blood cells, bacteria, albumin
(a protein normally found in blood), glucose, and high levels of
creatinine (a protein product of metabolism).
330 Chapter 11
11.6 The surgical treatment of urinary disease is a medical discipline

known as urology (yoo RAHL oh jee). In most hospitals and clinics,
the unit specializing in the treatment of urinary diseases is also
urology called ____________________. A physician specializing in this
field of medicine is called a urologist. The field that specializes
nephrology in the treatment of kidney disease is ____________________.
neh FROL oh jee A physician specializing in this field is a nephrologist. Nephrology
is a subspecialty of internal medicine, and is often called renal
medicine because ren/o is a combining form for kidney (nephr/o is
a second combining form that means “kidney”).
urinary system.
Signs and Symptoms of the Urinary System

Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the signs and symptoms of the urinary system and are cov-
ered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you identify them: prefixes are
yellow, combining forms are red, and suffixes are blue.

an- without, absence of albumin/o albumin (a protein) -emia condition of blood
dia- through azot/o urea, nitrogen -uresis urination
dys- bad, abnormal, bacteri/o bacteria -uria pertaining to urine,
painful, difficult glycos/o sweet, sugar urination
poly- excessive, over, hem/o, hemat/o blood
many ket/o, keton/o ketone
noct/o night
olig/o few in number
protein/o protein
py/o pus
KEY TERMS A–Z 11.8 A urinalysis (Frame 11.84) is a clinical procedure that examines
the composition of urine. The most common type of urinalysis
involves dipping an indicator stick into a urine specimen and reading
the results that compare with a known standard. Diseases of the
urinary system and other parts of the body may be diagnosed
with this valuable clinical tool. For example, albumin is a protein
normally present in the bloodstream. If it appears in the urine, it
is a physical sign of abnormal renal filtration. The sign is called
albuminuria ____________________. This constructed term contains two word
AL byoo men YOO ree ah parts, as you can see in albumin/uria.
11.9 The inability to pass urine is the clinical sign known as anuria.
In this term, the prefix an-, which means “without,” is added to the
suffix -uria, which means “pertaining to urine, urination,” to create
anuria the medical term ____________________. It is a sign of kidney
an YOO ree ah disease and is defined as the production of less than 100 mL of
urine per day (the normal urine output per day varies between 800
and 2,000 mL). Its constructed form is an/uria.
11.10 The sign of abnormally high levels of urea and other

nitrogen-containing compounds in the blood is called azotemia.
azotemia ____________________ is a constructed term: azot/emia. The
az oh TEE mee ah combining form azot/o means “urea, nitrogen,” although it originates
from a Greek word, azo, which means “without life.”
11.11 The abnormal presence of bacteria in the urine is a sign of

bacteriuria a urinary tract infection and is called ____________________. This
bak teer ee YOO ree ah constructed term includes two word parts, which are revealed when
bacteri/uria the term is written as ________/________.
11.12 The temporary, excessive discharge of urine is a symptom

known as diuresis. It literally means “urination through.” The
constructed form of this word is di/uresis. Note the a in the prefix
dia- is not used in order to make the term easier to pronounce.
diuresis ____________________ may be induced with drugs, called diuretics,
DYE yoo REE siss to reduce high blood pressure by increasing urine volume.
11.13 Recall that the prefix dys- means “bad, abnormal, painful,
or difficult.” When dys- is combined with the suffix for “pertaining
to urine, urination,” the resulting term refers to difficulty or pain
experienced during urination. It is a symptom of a urinary tract
disease often caused by a bacterial infection. The symptom is called
dysuria ____________________. It is a constructed term with two word parts:
diss YOO ree ah dys/uria.
11.14 The combining form glycos/o means “sweet, sugar.” The

abnormal presence of glucose (sugar) in the urine is a sign of an
endocrine disease, such as diabetes mellitus. The sign is called
glycosuria ____________________, which is a constructed term: glycos/uria.
glye kohs YOO ree ah
332 Chapter 11
11.15 The abnormal presence of blood in the urine is a sign of a

hematuria urinary system disorder. It is called ____________________, which
HEE mah TOO ree ah means “pertaining to bloody urine or urination” (■ Figure 11.4).
The constructed form of this term is hemat/uria.
■■Figure 11.4
Hematuria. An analysis of urine
is performed to evaluate kidney
function. In this illustration,
the beaker contains urine that
is red, indicating the sign of
blood within the urine, which
is confirmed by microscopic
analysis.
11.16 The abnormal presence of ketone bodies in the urine is called

ketonuria ketonuria. The constructed form of ____________________ uses
kee tohn YOO ree ah the combining form for ketone bodies (keton/o) and is keton/uria.
It is a common sign of a metabolic disorder, a high-protein/low-
carbohydrate diet, starvation, or diabetes mellitus.
Terms with No Combining Vowels

Most of the terms related to the signs and symptoms of the urinary system contain no combining
WORDS TO vowel. For example, terms such as ketonuria and hematuria contain only a word root and suffix. This
Watch Out For is because the suffixes in this section (-emia, -uresis, -uria) all begin with a vowel, so no combining
vowel is needed to make the terms easier to pronounce.
11.17 The need to urinate frequently at night is a possible symptom

of diabetes mellitus or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). It is called
nocturia nocturia. As a constructed term, ____________________ includes
nok TOO ree ah two word parts, noct/uria.
11.18 Reduced urination becomes a clinical problem when the

volume of urine declines to less than 500 mL within a 24-hour
period. It is known as oliguria and is a possible sign of a kidney
oliguria disorder. ____________________ may also be a sign of congestive
all ig YOO ree ah heart failure, dehydration, or a blockage in the urinary tract. The
constructed form of this term is olig/uria.
11.19 The chronic, abnormal production of large volumes of urine

requires frequent urination and is a common sign of an endocrine
disease, usually diabetes insipidus or diabetes mellitus. The sign is
polyuria called ____________________, which is a constructed term with two
pall ee YOO ree ah word parts: poly/uria.
11.20 In Frame 11.8 you learned that albuminuria is the presence of

the protein albumin in the urine. The presence of any protein in the
proteinuria urine is called ____________________, so albuminuria is a form of
proh tee NYOO ree ah proteinuria. The constructed form of this term is protein/uria.
11.21 Pus is a mixture of white blood cells, bacteria, and cell

debris that forms during an infection. Its appearance in the urine
indicates a urinary tract infection. The presence of pus in urine
pyuria is called __________________, with the constructed form py/uria.
pye YOO ree ah The combining form that means “pus” is py/o.
PRACTICE: Signs and Symptoms of the Urinary System

The Right Match
______ 1. albuminuria a. urination at night
______ 2. bacteriuria b. presence of blood in the urine
______ 3. diuresis c. presence of bacteria in the urine
______ 4. glycosuria d. chronic excessive urination
______ 5. hematuria e. ketone bodies in the urine
______ 6. ketonuria f. presence of sugar in the urine
______ 7. nocturia g. presence of albumin in the urine
______ 8. oliguria h. reduced urination
______ 9. polyuria i. literally “urination through”
334 Chapter 11
Break the Chain

1. a) proteinuria protein/uria
r s
b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? pertaining to urine or urination
2. a) azotemia ________/________
r s
3. a) dysuria ________/________
p s
b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix?
4. a) anuria ________/________
p s
b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the prefix?
5. a) pyuria ________/________
r s
b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the word root?
6. a) glycosuria ________/________
r s
7. a) bacteriuria ________/________
r s
b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the word suffix?
8. a) ketonuria ________/________
r s
Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System

Review some of the word parts that commonly apply to the diseases and disorders of the urinary system and

dys- bad, abnormal, azot/o urea, nitrogen -al pertaining to
painful, difficult bacteri/o bacteria -cele hernia, swelling,
en- within, upon, on, blast/o germ, bud, protrusion
over developing cell -emia condition of blood
epi- upon, over, above, cyst/o bladder, sac -iasis condition of
on top glomerul/o little ball, glomerulus -ic pertaining to
hypo- deficient, abnormally hemat/o blood -itis inflammation
low, below
hydr/o water -megaly abnormally large
poly- excessive, over,
lith/o stone -oma tumor
many
nephr/o kidney -osis condition of
py/o pus -pathy disease
pyel/o renal pelvis -ptosis drooping
ren/o kidney -sis state of
spadias/o rip, tear -uresis urination
sten/o narrow -uria pertaining to urine,
ur/o urine urination
ureter/o ureter
urethr/o urethra
KEY TERMS A–Z 11.22 A rapid-onset disease of the kidneys resulting in a

failure to produce urine is known as acute kidney injury (AKI).
acute kidney injury Formerly called acute renal failure, ____________________
____________________ ____________________ is usually caused
by physical injury, septic shock, severe dehydration, or surgical
complications, and is regarded as a recoverable condition.
11.23 The combining form for bladder is cyst/o. An inflammation of

cystitis the urinary bladder is called ____________________. The constructed
siss TYE tiss form of this term is cyst/itis. It is usually caused by a bacterial
infection that travels up the urethra. An infection of the urinary
bladder and the urethra is called urethrocystitis (yoo REE throh siss
TYE tiss), with the following word parts: urethr/o/cyst/itis.
11.24 Because the suffix -cele means “hernia, swelling, protrusion,”

a herniation of the urinary bladder is called a cystocele. In
females, the protrusion pushes into the adjacent vagina. The term
cystocele ____________________ is a constructed term: cyst/o/cele.
SISS toh seel
336 Chapter 11
cystolith 11.25 A ____________________ is a stone, or calculus, in the urinary

SISS toh lith bladder. If it is too large to pass through the urethra, medical intervention
is required to eliminate it. The constructed form of this term is cyst/o/lith.
11.26 Failure of both kidneys to form urine from any cause is a

life-threatening condition called end-stage kidney disease (ESKD).
end-stage kidney Also called renal failure, development of ____________________-
disease ____________________ ____________________ ____________________
produces symptoms of nausea, lethargy, itching, mental confusion,
and fluid retention (edema). To prevent death, the medical team
must develop an aggressive course of action, such as hemodialysis
and, if possible, kidney transplant.
11.27 An involuntary release of urine, which usually occurs due to a

lack of bladder control among children or older adults, is known as
enuresis. When this occurs during sleep, it is known as nocturnal
enuresis ____________________, or bedwetting. The constructed form of this
ehn yoo REE siss term is en/uresis.
11.28 A congenital defect resulting in the abnormal positioning

of the urinary meatus is known as epispadias (■ Figure 11.5).
In males, the meatus opens on the dorsal (upper) surface of the
penis, and in females the meatus opens dorsal to the clitoris.
epispadias ____________________ is a constructed term with two word parts,
EP ih SPAY dee ass epi/spadias, which literally means “a rip or tear upon.”
External urethral
opening
■■Figure 11.5
Epispadias and hypospadias.
In the male, epispadias is an
abnormally placed opening
of the urethra on the dorsal
side of the penis (left), and in
hypospadias, the opening is on
the underside (ventral) of the
penis (right).
11.29 A glomerulus is a ball of specialized capillaries within a kidney

nephron (the term glomerulus means “little ball”). Any disease of the
glomeruli is called a glomerulonephropathy (gloh MAIR yoo loh neh
FROH path ee), which is a constructed term with two combining forms
and a suffix: glomerul/o/nephr/o/pathy. An example is inflammation
glomerulonephritis of the glomeruli, which is known as ____________________. It is either
gloh MAIR yoo loh neh an autoimmune disease resulting from an attack on glomeruli by the
FRYE tiss body’s own white blood cells, or it may be caused by a bacterial
infection. The constructed form of this term is glomerul/o/nephr/itis.
11.30 The production of urine by the kidneys is a physiological

process that is continual throughout your lifetime. If the exit of
urine out of the kidneys becomes blocked by an obstruction in a
ureter, the urine will back up to cause distension of the renal pelvis.
This condition is known as hydronephrosis and is illustrated in
hydronephrosis ■ Figure 11.6. The term ____________________ includes four word
HIGH droh neh FROH siss parts: hydr/o/nephr/osis. Recall that hydr/o means “water,” which
refers to the fluid (urine) that becomes blocked from its normal
passage in this condition.
Normal kidney Hydronephrosis
Minor calyx Distended

renal calyces
Distended
renal
pelvis
Renal pelvis
■■Figure 11.6
Hydronephrosis. Normal
kidney (left) and kidney with
hydronephrosis (right) are
compared. Note the distension Kidney
(swelling) of the renal pelvis. In stone
this illustration, the distension
was caused by the constriction Blocked
Ureter
of the ureter, causing urine to ureter
back up in the renal pelvis.
11.31 You learned in Frame 11.28 that epispadias is a congenital

defect in which the urinary meatus has shifted dorsally. In
hypospadias, the change in location of the urinary meatus is
ventral (see Figure 11.5). In males, it opens on the underside
of the penis, and in females the meatus is within the vagina.
hypospadias ____________________ is a constructed term written hypo/spadias,
HIGH poh SPAY dee ass which literally means “a rip or tear below.”
338 Chapter 11
11.32 The inability to control urination is called urinary

incontinence ____________________. In stress incontinence, an involuntary
in KON tih nens discharge of urine occurs during a cough, sneeze, or strained
movement.
11.33 One combining form for kidney is nephr/o, and it is

found in many terms describing a kidney disease or procedure.
For example, inflammation of a kidney is known as nephritis.
nephritis _____________________ may be caused by an autoimmune response
neh FRYE tiss (attack by the body’s own white blood cells) or an allergic reaction to
certain medications; it may also be called interstitial nephritis. It is
a constructed term with two word parts, nephr/itis.
11.34 A nephroblastoma is a tumor originating from kidney

tissue that includes developing embryonic cells (■ Figure 11.7).
It is also called Wilms’ tumor after the 19th-century German
physician who published the first description of the disease.
nephroblastoma _____________________ is a constructed term, nephr/o/blast/oma.
NEFF roh blass TOH mah
■■Figure 11.7
Nephroblastoma. A sectioned
kidney reveals the presence
of a very large tumor, which
arose from fetal cells during
development. A newborn with
nephroblastoma is illustrated to
show the location and relative
size of the tumor.
11.35 The presence of one or more stones, or calculi, within a kidney

is called nephrolithiasis. The constructed form of this term is nephr/o/
nephrolithiasis lith/iasis. An alternate term for ____________________ is renal calculi
NEFF roh lith EYE ah siss (REE nal * KAL kyoo lye) and is further described in ■ Figure 11.8.
Stone
Ureter
■■Figure 11.8
Nephrolithiasis. Stones, or
calculi, may form in several
areas within the urinary tract. Stones
When they form in the kidney,
they usually arise within
the renal pelvis to form the
condition nephrolithiasis. Kidney Bladder
stones may dislocate to form
obstructions in the ureter, Stone
urinary bladder, or urethra,
Urethra
usually at their junctions.
11.36 A general term for a tumor arising from kidney tissue is

nephroma ____________________. This constructed term has two word parts,
neff ROH mah nephr/oma.
11.37 The suffix -megaly means “abnormally large.” An abnormal

nephromegaly enlargement of one or both kidneys is called ____________________.
neff roh MEG ah lee The word parts of this term can be shown as nephr/o/megaly.
11.38 A severe condition of a kidney that leads to end-stage kidney

disease (Frame 11.26) is generally called nephropathy. There are two
major forms: diabetic nephropathy, resulting from unmanaged diabetes
mellitus, and hypertensive nephropathy, resulting from unmanaged
chronic hypertension (high blood pressure). A third form that is not as
common is drug-induced nephropathy, which may be caused by certain
over-the-counter drugs (such as ibuprofen), lab procedures (such as
x-rays), and prescription medicines. According to the National Institutes
of Health (NIH), approximately 26 million Americans suffer from a form
of nephropathy. The term ____________________ is a constructed term,
nephropathy created when the combining form that means “kidney,” nephr/o, is
neh-FROP-ah-thee combined with the suffix -pathy, which means “disease.”
340 Chapter 11
11.39 The condition of a downward displacement (“drooping”)

of a kidney is known as nephroptosis. The constructed form of
this term is nephr/o/ptosis. It occurs when the kidney is no longer
held in its proper position against the posterior abdominal wall.
nephroptosis ____________________ is commonly called floating kidney.
neff ropp TOH siss
11.40 A kidney condition characterized by the presence of

numerous cysts (fluid-filled capsules) occupying much of the kidney
tissue is called polycystic kidney disease. The cysts replace
normal tissue, resulting in a loss of kidney function (■ Figure 11.9).
polycystic The term ____________________ is a constructed term composed
PALL ee SISS tik of three word parts, poly/cyst/ic, and literally means “pertaining to
many bladders.”
■■Figure 11.9
Polycystic kidney disease.
Notice the presence of
numerous fluid-filled sacs, or
cysts, in these kidneys, which
were removed from a patient
who died of renal failure.
Source: Courtesy of Dr. Edwin
P. Ewing, Public Health Image
Library, Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention,
Atlanta, GA.
11.41 The combining form for renal pelvis is pyel/o. Inflammation of

pyelitis the renal pelvis is called ____________________. It is usually caused
PYE eh LYE tiss by a bacterial infection. The constructed form of this term is pyel/itis.
11.42 A serious inflammatory condition of one or both

kidneys is called pyelonephritis. The constructed form of
pyelonephritis ____________________ is pyel/o/nephr/itis. Pyelonephritis is usually
PYE eh loh neh FRYE tiss caused by an infection involving the common intestinal bacterium
Escherichia coli (E .coli), resulting from a urinary tract infection
(Frame 11.49) that has been left untreated. This life-threatening
condition often results in bacteremia (the presence of bacteria in
the blood). Its chronic form leads to kidney failure.
11.43 A condition of abnormal narrowing is known as a stricture.

strictures Examples of urinary ____________________ include ureteral
STRIK cherz stricture, in which the ureter is narrowed; urethral stricture, in
which the urethra is narrowed; and ureterovesical stricture, in
which the junction of the ureter and bladder is narrowed. Because
the medical term stenosis also refers to an abnormal narrowing,
it may be used as an alternative term to stricture in each of these
terms. An example term is ureterostenosis (yoo REE ter oh steh NOH
siss), which is a ureteral stricture, or narrowing. The constructed form
of this term is ureter/o/sten/osis.
11.44 In the condition uremia, an excess of urea and other

nitrogenous wastes are present in the blood. The constructed form
uremia of this term is ur/emia. ____________________ is caused by failure of
yoo REE mee ah the kidneys to remove urea and is associated with renal insufficiency
or renal failure.
Hematuria versus Uremia

Here is a pair of opposites. The term hematuria is a sign of any condition in which urine contains
WORDS TO blood or red blood cells. On the other hand, the term uremia refers to a condition in which the blood
Watch Out For contains urine (actually an excess of urea and other nitrogenous wastes), so its primary sign is
azotemia (Frame 11.10). Uremia is often the result of advanced kidney disease.
11.45 The ureters are the paired narrow tubes that transport urine
from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. Inflammation of a ureter is
ureteritis called ____________________ and is often the result of a bacterial
yoo REE ter EYE tiss infection. This constructed form of this term is ureter/itis.
11.46 A herniated ureter is called a ureterocele. The constructed

ureterocele form of ____________________ is ureter/o/cele.
yoo REE ter oh seel
11.47 The presence of one or more stones, or calculi, within

a ureter is called ureterolithiasis. The constructed form of
ureterolithiasis ____________________ includes a combining form and a word root
yoo REE ter oh lith EYE ah siss and is written ureter/o/lith/iasis.
342 Chapter 11
11.48 The abnormal accumulation of urine within the urinary bladder

urinary retention is called urinary retention. The condition of ____________________
YOO rih nair ee * ree TEN shun ____________________ results from an inability to void, or urinate.
11.49 Commonly called by its abbreviation of UTI, a

urinary tract infection ____________________ ____________________ ____________________
YOO rih nair ee * trakt * in is an infection of urinary organs, usually the urethra and urinary
FEK shun bladder (called a lower urinary tract infection; a less common form
involves the ureters and kidneys and is called an upper urinary tract
infection). The symptoms include lumbar or abdominal pain, dysuria
(Frame 11.13), and a sense of urgency to urinate, while common
signs include bacteriuria (Frame 11.11), pyuria (Frame 11.21), and
sometimes hematuria (Frame 11.15) (■ Figure 11.10). A UTI is more
common in females and is often caused by E. coli bacteria.
Urine Exam
Bacteriuria
(over 100,000/cu ml)
■■Figure 11.10
Urinary tract infection. A UTI is
characterized by fever, lumbar Leukocytes and
or abdominal pain, and pain white cell casts
or burning during urination. A
diagnosis may be confirmed in
a urine exam that reveals the
presence of bacteria (bacteriuria)
and white blood cells (pyuria).
PRACTICE: Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System

The Right Match
______ 1. cystocele a. condition of excess urea in the blood
______ 2. cystolith b. protrusion of the urinary bladder
______ 3. nephritis c. stone(s) in the urinary bladder
______ 4. nephromegaly d. urinary meatus opens on the underside of the penis
______ 5. uremia e. inflammation of a kidney
______ 6. hypospadias f. enlargement of a kidney
______ 7. polycystic kidney disease g. a condition of stones in the kidneys
______ 8. renal calculi h. involuntary discharge of urine
______ 9. urinary incontinence i. a condition of many cysts within a kidney
______ 10. urinary retention j. abnormal accumulation of urine in the bladder
______ 11. stricture k. a condition in which kidney function ceases
______ 12. acute kidney injury l. condition of abnormal narrowing
Linkup

cyst/o -itis
glomerul/o -oma
hydr/o -osis
lith/o -iasis
nephr/o
pyel/o
Definition Term
1. inflammation of the urinary bladder cystitis
2. inflammation of the glomeruli ______________________
3. inflammation of the renal pelvis and the nephrons ______________________
4. presence of one or more stones within a kidney ______________________
5. condition of blockage of urine (water) in the kidney ______________________
6. tumor that arises from kidney tissue ______________________
7. inflammation of the renal pelvis ______________________
344 Chapter 11
Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Urinary System

Review some of the word parts that commonly apply to the treatments, procedures, and devices of the uri-
nary system and are covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you
identify them: prefixes are yellow, combining forms are red, and suffixes are blue.

dia- through cyst/o bladder, sac -al pertaining to
hemat/o, hem/o blood -ectomy surgical excision,
lith/o stone removal
meat/o opening, passage -gram a record or image
nephr/o kidney -graphy recording process
peritone/o to stretch over, -logy study or science of
peritoneum -lysis loosen, dissolve
pyel/o renal pelvis -pexy surgical fixation,
ren/o kidney suspension
son/o sound -plasty surgical repair
tom/o to cut -rrhaphy suturing
ureter/o ureter -scopy process of viewing
urethr/o urethra -stomy surgical creation of
ur/o, urin/o urine an opening
vesic/o bladder -tomy incision, to cut
-tripsy surgical crushing
KEY TERMS A–Z 11.50 A clinical lab test that measures urea concentration
in a sample of blood as an indicator of kidney function is
blood urea nitrogen. Abbreviated BUN, elevated values of
blood urea nitrogen ____________________ ____________________ ____________________
blud * yoo REE ah for an extended length of time support a diagnosis of end-stage
kidney disease (Frame 11.26).
11.51 The protein creatinine is a normal component of urine and is

a by-product of muscle metabolism. It may be measured in a urine
creatinine sample. Elevated levels of ____________________ indicate a problem
kree ATT ih neen during kidney filtration, suggesting kidney disease.
11.52 Because the combining form cyst/o means “bladder, sac” and
the suffix -ectomy means “surgical excision, removal,” the surgical
cystectomy removal of the urinary bladder is called ____________________.
(siss TEK toh mee) The constructed form of this term is cyst/ectomy.
11.53 An x-ray procedure producing an image of the urinary bladder

with injection of a contrast medium or dye is called cystography
(siss TOG rah fee). This constructed term is written cyst/o/graphy. The
cystogram x-ray image is called a ____________________ (■ Figure 11.11). If the
SISS toh gram procedure includes the ureters, it is called a cystoureterography
(SISS toh yoo REE ter OG rah fee), and the image obtained is a
cystoureterogram (SISS toh yoo REE ter oh gram). The constructed
form of the term cystoureterography is cyst/o/ureter/o/graphy. If the
procedure includes the urethra, it is a cystourethrography (SISS toh
yoo reeth ROG rah fee), and the image is a cystourethrogram (SISS toh
yoo REE throh gram). The constructed form of the term is cyst/o/urethr/
cystourethrogram o/gram. In a voiding ____________________ (VCUG), x-rays are
taken before, during, and after urination to observe bladder function.
■■Figure 11.11
Cystogram. A cystogram is an
x-ray photograph of the pelvic
cavity to examine the urinary
bladder (visible in white in this
example). The round shape
of the bladder shown here is
due to its maximum volume of
stored urine (the bladder flattens
when empty).
Source: Santibhavank P/Shutterstock.
-graphy or -gram?
Remember that the suffix -graphy means “a recording process,” whereas the suffix -gram means
WORDS TO “a record or image.” In each of these procedures, switching the suffix from -graphy to -gram creates
Watch Out For the term that refers to the record that is a result of the recording process.
11.54 A procedure in which an incision is made through the urinary

cystolithotomy bladder wall to remove a stone is called ____________________.
siss toh lith OTT oh mee The constructed form of this term includes five word parts:
cyst/o/lith/o/tomy ______/___/______/__/______.
11.55 Surgical repair of the urinary bladder is a procedure called

cystoplasty ____________________. The constructed form of this term is
SISS toh plass tee cyst/o/plasty, which reveals three word parts.
11.56 Suturing the urinary bladder wall is a procedure called

cystorrhaphy ____________________. The constructed form of the term is
sist OR ah fee cyst/o/rrhaphy, which literally means “suturing bladder.”
346 Chapter 11
11.57 A procedure using a modified endoscope to view the interior

cystoscopy of the urinary bladder is known as ____________________. The
siss TOSS koh pee instrument is inserted through the urinary meatus and urethra to
enter the bladder cavity (■ Figure 11.12). The constructed form of
this term is cyst/o/scopy. The cystoscope may also be used as
a surgical instrument.
Urinary Cystoscope
Tumor bladder
or stone
removal
■■Figure 11.12
Cystoscopy. In this procedure,
a specialized endoscope
with a rigid tube, known as a
cystoscope, is used to view
the internal environment of the
urinary bladder. As shown, the
cystoscope may be outfitted
to include surgical devices to
remove tumors or stones.
11.58 Recall that the suffix -stomy means “surgical creation of

an opening.” The surgical creation of an artificial opening into
cystostomy the urinary bladder is a procedure called ____________________.
siss TOSS toh mee The most common application of this procedure is a suprapubic
cystostomy, in which the incision is made just above the pubic bone
and a catheter (see Frame 11.85) is inserted through the skin to the
urinary bladder (■ Figure 11.13). The catheter provides an alternate
exit passageway for urine if the normal passageway through the
urethra is blocked or the urethra is surgically removed. Cystostomy is
a constructed term, cyst/o/stomy, and suprapubic is supra/pub/ic.
■■Figure 11.13
Cystostomy. An artificial To collection bag Symphysis
opening is made through the pubis
urinary bladder wall during this Catheter
procedure. The suprapubic Urinary
cystostomy, illustrated here, bladder
includes the insertion of a
catheter and a urine collection
bag. It allows the bladder
to drain of urine when an
obstruction to normal urinary
flow is present, such as a
blockage in the urethra from
calculi, congenital defects,
swelling of the prostate (BPH),
or cancer.
11.59 The suffix -tomy means “incision” or “to cut.” Therefore,

cystotomy the term ____________________ refers to an incision through the
siss TOTT oh mee urinary bladder wall. It is also called vesicotomy (VESS ih KOTT oh mee)
because both cyst and vesic are word roots meaning “bladder.”
11.60 A surgical procedure that destroys living tissue with an

fulguration electric current is called fulguration. ____________________ is
full guh RAY shun commonly used to remove tumors and polyps from the interior wall
of the urinary bladder.
Did You FULGURATION

KNOW Fulguration is derived from the Latin word fulguratio, which means “flash of lightning.”
11.61 The general term dialysis is a constructed word composed of

two word parts: dia/lysis. It means “dissolving through” and refers
to the movement of substances across a permeable membrane
during the process of filtration. Also, hem/o is a combining form
that means “blood.” Combining these word parts forms the
hemodialysis term ____________________, which is a procedure that pushes a
HEE moh dye AL ih siss patient’s blood through permeable membranes within an instrument
(■ Figure 11.14). It is performed to artificially remove nitrogenous
wastes and excess ions that accumulate during normal body
metabolism, temporarily replacing the function of kidney filtration
for patients with kidney disease or kidney failure. Hemodialysis is a
constructed term with four word parts: hem/o/dia/lysis.
Venous pressure
monitor
Air trap
Clean blood Fresh dialyzing

returned to solution
patient
Dialyzer
Cellophane membranes
Arterial Used dialyzing

Blood pressure solution
removed for monitor
■■Figure 11.14 cleaning
Hemodialysis. The process
of hemodialysis replaces the
kidney function of blood filtration Heparin
by forcing blood from the patient infusion Inflow pressure
monitor
through cellophane membranes, Blood
as shown in this schematic. pump
348 Chapter 11
A Misplaced Prefix?
Most prefixes appear in the very beginning of a term, but in the term hemodialysis, note that the
WORDS TO
prefix dia- appears after the combining form hem/o.
Watch Out For
11.62 The suffix -tripsy means “surgical crushing.” A surgical

technique that applies concentrated sound waves to pulverize
or dissolve stones into smaller pieces that may then pass with
lithotripsy urine through the urethra is called ____________________. The
LITH oh trip see constructed form of this term is lith/o/tripsy/. In the popular
procedure extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL),
ultrasonic energy from an instrument outside of the body (hence
the term extracorporeal, which means “pertaining to outside the
body”) is directed onto stones that are otherwise too large to
pass through the urethra, pulverizing the stones into tiny particles
that can pass with urine flow (■ Figure 11.15). It is a noninvasive
technique and thereby avoids the risks of surgery.
■■Figure 11.15
Lithotropsy. (a) ESWL uses
fluoroscopy (above the patient)
to view progress. The stones are
pulverized by ultrasonic shock
waves from below the patient.
Photo Source: Carolina K. Smith
MD/Shutterstock.
(b) Illustration of lithotripsy,
during (left) and after (right) the
procedure.
Source: Alexonlne/Shutterstock. (a) (b)
11.63 Recall that one of the combining forms for kidney is

nephr/o. A surgical procedure that removes a kidney is called
nephrectomy ____________________. The constructed form of this term is
neh FREK toh mee nephr/ectomy.
11.64 An x-ray technique producing an image of a kidney after

injection of a contrast medium or dye is called nephrography (neh FROG
rah fee). It is a constructed term with three word parts: nephr/o/graphy.
The x-ray image of the kidney obtained in this procedure is called a
nephrogram ____________________.
NEFF roh gram
11.65 The medical field that studies and treats disorders associated
nephrology with the kidneys is called ____________________. This constructed
neff ROL oh jee term is nephr/o/logy. A physician specializing in this field is a
nephrologist (neff ROL oh jist).
11.66 The suffix -lysis means “loosen, dissolve.” Combining it with

the combining form for kidney, nephr/o, forms the constructed
nephrolysis term ____________________. It is a surgical procedure during which
neh FRALL ih siss abnormal adhesions are removed from a kidney, loosening the
organ. The constructed form of this term is nephr/o/lysis.
11.67 The suffix that means “surgical fixation, suspension” is

-pexy. Surgical fixation of a kidney is sometimes necessary if the
kidney is abnormally loose within the abdominal cavity, such as in
the condition nephroptosis or floating kidney (Frame 11.39). The
nephropexy procedure is called ____________________, and the constructed form
NEFF roh pek see of this term is nephr/o/pexy.
11.68 Remember that the suffix -scopy means “process of

viewing.” Therefore, visual examination of a kidney’s interior may be
nephroscopy performed in the procedure known as ____________________, during
neh FROSS koh pee which a modified fiber-optic endoscope called a nephroscope (NEFF
roh skope) is used.
11.69 An ultrasound procedure that provides an image of a

kidney for diagnostic analysis is known as nephrosonography.
nephrosonography ____________________ is a constructed term that contains five word
neff roh son OG rah fee parts, nephr/o/son/o/graphy.
11.70 A procedure that surgically creates an opening through the

nephrostomy body wall and into a kidney is called a ____________________.
neff ROSS toh mee It is usually established to allow a catheter to be inserted from
the exterior to the renal pelvis for urine drainage and is also
called a pyelostomy (PYE ell OSS toh mee). The constructed form
nephr/o/stomy of nephrostomy is ______/__/______, and the term pyelostomy is
pyel/o/stomy.
350 Chapter 11
11.71 A diagnostic procedure that images the kidney with sectional

x-rays to observe internal details of kidney structure is known
as nephrotomography (NEH froh toh MOG rah fee). The suffix that
means “a record or image” is -gram, so the image obtained from
nephrotomogram this procedure is a ___________________. Nephrotomography is a
NEH froh toh moh gram constructed term with five word parts: nephr/o/tom/o/graphy, which
literally means “recording process of cut kidney.”
11.72 You learned about hemodialysis in Frame 11.61. A similar

procedure is peritoneal dialysis, which also processes fluids
and electrolytes by artificial filtration as a cleansing treatment
peritoneal dialysis to compensate for kidney failure. Thus, ____________________
pair ih TOH nee al * dye ____________________ removes toxins and other wastes as a
AL ih siss replacement for kidney function. In contrast to hemodialysis,
peritoneal dialysis processes fluids from the peritoneal cavity rather
than directly from the bloodstream. The constructed form of this
term is peritone/al dia/lysis.
11.73 A pyelogram is an x-ray image of the renal pelvis. It is

a useful diagnostic tool that is often used to examine kidney-
related disorders. In obtaining an image called a retrograde
pyelogram ____________________, the procedure involves injection of contrast
PYE ell oh gram medium into the ureter using a cystoscope. As the x-ray is taken,
it moves in a direction opposite from the norm (retrograde means
“opposite of normal”). Retrograde pyelogram is abbreviated RP,
and an example is shown in ■ Figure 11.16. In an intravenous
pyelogram, iodine is used as the contrast medium and is injected
into the bloodstream. It is abbreviated IVP.
■■Figure 11.16
Retrograde pyelogram. A contrast
medium is injected into the ureter
using a cystoscope, and the x-ray
moves in a direction opposite
from the norm, producing the
image that is shown. It serves to
highlight the internal features of
the renal pelvis and ureters.
Source: CNRI/Science Source.
11.74 A kidney stone may sometimes form within the renal pelvis.
A surgery performed to remove the stone from the renal pelvis
involves an incision into the kidney and is called a pyelolithotomy.
pyelolithotomy The constructed form of the term ____________________ is pyel/o/
pye ell oh lith OTT oh mee lith/o/tomy, which literally means “to cut stone from renal pelvis.”
11.75 The suffix that means “surgical repair” is -plasty. Surgical

pyeloplasty repair of the renal pelvis is a procedure called ____________________.
PYE ell oh PLASS tee The constructed form of this term is pyel/o/plasty.
11.76 The replacement of a dysfunctional kidney with a donor kidney

renal transplant is a surgery called ____________________ ____________________
(■ Figure 11.17). The donated kidney is often provided by a close
relative with a similar genetic makeup to reduce the risk of organ
rejection. Unless the failed kidney is a source of infection or is
cancerous, the surgical team may leave it in the body (the illustration
shows it removed, indicating that the failed kidney was a potential
source of disease in this case).
Transplanted
kidney
Donor renal
artery and
vein
Grafted ureter
External iliac
■■Figure 11.17 artery
Renal transplant. A transplanted and vein
kidney is placed within the pelvic
cavity below the location of the
kidney requiring replacement.
11.77 An examination that uses nuclear medicine by IV (intravenous)

injection of radioactive material into the patient’s kidneys is called
renography. The radioactive materials highlight internal details
renography of the kidney during the ____________________. The constructed
ree NOG rah fee form of this term is ren/o/graphy. The record is called a renogram
(REE noh gram).
352 Chapter 11
11.78 The measurement of the density of substances in a

liquid compared to water is called specific gravity (SG). The
specific gravity ____________________ ____________________ of a urine sample
helps to reveal the efficiency of renal filtration and the reabsorption
of water.
11.79 The suffix that means “surgical excision, removal” is -ectomy.

ureterectomy The surgical removal of a ureter is called ____________________.
yoo REE ter EK toh mee The constructed form of this term is ureter/ectomy.
11.80 The surgical creation of an external opening from the ureter

ureterostomy to the body surface is called ____________________. It is performed
yoo REE ter OSS toh mee to provide an alternate exit route for urine that bypasses the urethra.
The procedure includes an incision into the wall of the ureter, called
ureterotomy __________________. Both terms are constructed of three word
yoo ree ter OTT oh mee parts: ureter/o/stomy, and ureter/o/tomy.
-stomy or -tomy?
The suffix -stomy means “surgical creation of an opening,” whereas -tomy means “incision, to cut.” The
WORDS TO two suffixes represent two different surgical techniques. In general, an incision is a cut through tissue,
Watch Out For whereas the surgical creation of an opening establishes an artificial window into the body, usually for the
drainage of fluids or waste. Can you see how the small addition of an s makes a big difference in meaning?
11.81 Surgical fixation of the urethra is a procedure called

urethropexy urethropexy. A ____________________ is often performed to correct
yoo REE throh pek see stress incontinence (Frame 11.32). It is a constructed term, as
shown when it is written urethr/o/pexy.
11.82 Surgical repair of the urethra is a procedure called

urethroplasty _______________. This constructed term is urethr/o/plasty.
yoo REE throh plass tee
11.83 The surgical creation of an opening through the urethra is

urethrostomy called ____________________. It is performed to provide an alternate
yoo REE THROSS toh mee exit route for urine. The procedure includes an incision into the
urethrotomy wall of the urethra, called ____________________. Both terms are
yoo ree THROTT oh mee constructed of three word parts: urethr/o/stomy, and urethr/o/tomy.
11.84 A combination of clinical lab tests that are performed on

a urine specimen is called urinalysis (■ Figure 11.18). The term
urinalysis ____________________ is a constructed term with two word parts,
YOO rin AL ih siss shown as urin/alysis, in which alysis is a shortened form of the word
analysis to make the term easier to pronounce. Urinalysis literally
means “analysis of urine.” Abbreviated UA, it provides information
for diagnostic purposes on the quality and composition of urine,
including specific gravity; creatinine, glucose, and protein levels; and
the abnormal presence of red blood cells, white blood cells, and pus.
■■Figure 11.18
Urinalysis. During a simple
urinalysis, a stick with colored
blocks is dipped into a urine
specimen. Color changes in the
blocks are noted and compared
to a known standard.
Source: Alexander Raths/
Shutterstock.
11.85 A catheter is a flexible tube that is inserted into an opening of

the body to transport fluids in or out. A urinary catheter is usually
inserted through the urethra to enter the urinary bladder and is often
used to drain urine from a patient who is immobile. The process
urinary catheterization of inserting the urinary catheter is called ____________________
YOO rih nair ee * KATH eh ter ____________________. It is illustrated in ■ Figure 11.19.
ih ZAY shun
(a)
■■Figure 11.19
Urinary catheterization. The
procedure involves the insertion
of a flexible tube, or catheter,
through the urethra and into
the urinary bladder. Voiding
occurs through the catheter (b)
and is collected in a plastic
bag adjacent to the patient.
(a) Catheterization of a female
patient. (b) Catheterization of a
male patient.
354 Chapter 11
Did You CATHETER

The term catheter is from the Greek word katheter, which means “to send down,” so named
KNOW because it is a flexible tube that lets urine down from the urinary bladder.
11.86 The procedural use of an endoscope to observe

internal structures of the urinary system is generally known as
urinary endoscopy ____________________ ____________________. A specialized
YOO rih nair ee * ehn DOSS endoscope is associated with each urinary organ, including a
koh pee meatoscope (mee AT oh skope) for inserting into the urinary meatus, a
nephroscope (NEFF roh skope) for viewing a kidney, and a cystoscope
(SISS toh skope) for observing the interior of the urinary bladder.
11.87 The medical field specializing in disorders of the urinary

system is called urology (yoo RAHL oh jee). A physician who treats
urologist patients in this discipline is called a ____________________.
yoo RAHL oh jist
11.88 A surgery that is performed to stabilize the position of the

urinary bladder is called vesicourethral suspension. The term
vesicourethral ____________________ contains four word parts: vesic/o/urethr/al.
vess ih koh yoo REE thral It is performed to treat stress incontinence (Frame 11.32).
PRACTICE: Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Urinary System

Break the Chain
1. a) cystography ________/___/________
cf s
2. a) cystolithotomy ________/___/________/___/________
cf cf s
3. a) lithotripsy ________/___/________
cf s
4. a) hemodialysis ________/___/________/________
cf p s
5. a) cystorrhaphy ________/___/________
cf s
b) Bonus Question: Does this term contain a prefix? ________________________________________________
6. a) nephrolysis ________/___/________
cf s
7. a) nephrogram ________/___/________
cf s
b) Bonus Question: What is the meaning of the suffix? ______________________________________________
8. a) nephrotomography ________/___/________/___/________
cf cf s
b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the first combining form? ________________________________
9. a) ureterostomy ________/___/________
cf s
356 Chapter 11
The Right Match

______ 1. urinalysis a. removal of a kidney
______ 2. extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy b. creates a new opening through the renal pelvis to the outside
______ 3. nephrectomy c. stabilizes the position of the urinary bladder
______ 4. nephrostomy d. evaluates urine composition
______ 5. vesicourethral suspension e. technique that uses ultrasonic energy to crush stones
______ 6. fulguration f. test for protein levels in a urine sample
______ 7. renal transplant g. test for water concentration in urine
______ 8. blood urea nitrogen h. electric current that kills unwanted tissue
______ 9. peritoneal dialysis i. test for urea in the blood
______ 10. creatinine j. insertion of a tube to drain urine
______ 11. specific gravity k. surgical procedure replacing a diseased kidney
______ 12. urinary catheter l. blood filtration using the peritoneal cavity
Abbreviations of the Urinary System

The abbreviations that are associated with the urinary system are summarized here. Study these abbreviations
and review them in the exercise that follows.

AKI acute kidney injury IVP intravenous pyelogram
BUN blood urea nitrogen RP retrograde pyelogram
cath catheter, catheterization SG specific gravity
ESKD end-stage kidney disease UA urinalysis
ESWL extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy UTI urinary tract infection
HD hemodialysis VCUG voiding cystourethrogram

1. UA ______________________________________________
2. ____________________ retrograde pyelogram
3. cath ______________________________________________
4. ____________________ voiding cystourethrogram
5. IVP ______________________________________________
6. ____________________ urinary tract infection
7. HD ______________________________________________
8. ____________________ end-stage kidney disease
9. SG ______________________________________________
10. ____________________ acute kidney injury
11. ESWL ______________________________________________
12. ____________________ blood urea nitrogen
CHAPTER REVIEW
Word Building
1. inability to pass urine anuria
2. presence of bacteria in the urine bacteri ____________________
3. presence of a stone in the bladder ____________________lith
4. inflammation of a kidney nephr ____________________
5. presence of blood in the urine ____________________uria
6. protrusion of a ureter uretero ____________________
7. involuntary release of urine ____________________uresis
8. presence of stones in the kidney nephro ____________________
9. fixation of an abnormally mobile kidney nephro ____________________
10. surgical creation of an opening into the renal pelvis ____________________stomy
11. surgical repair of the urethra urethro ____________________
12. incision into the ureter wall uretero ____________________
13. x-ray image of the urinary bladder cysto ____________________
14. x-ray technique imaging a kidney nephro ____________________
15. x-ray image of the renal pelvis with iodine intravenous ______________gram
16. an endoscope modified to view a kidney ____________________scope
17. lab test measuring urea in the blood blood urea ____________(BUN)
18. urine test that includes multiple parameters urin ____________________

Definition
Use in a Term
1. ur/o _________________________________ _________________________________
2. pyr/o _________________________________ _________________________________
3. ren/o _________________________________ _________________________________
4. pyel/o _________________________________ _________________________________
5. cyst/o _________________________________ _________________________________
6. nephr/o _________________________________ _________________________________
7. sten/o _________________________________ _________________________________
8. ureter/o _________________________________ _________________________________
358 Chapter 11
Complete the Labels

Complete the blank labels in ■ Figures 11.20 and ■ 11.21 by writing the labels in the spaces provided.
Diaphragm
Adrenal gland
1.
2.
3.
Aorta
Rectum (cut)
4. Urinary
5.
■■Figure 11.20
Organs of the urinary system.
6. ___________________ cortex
Renal medulla
Calyx
Renal papilla
Hilum
Renal
pyramid
7. Renal ____________________
8. _____________________
■■Figure 11.21
The kidney.
1. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
4. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
5. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
6. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
7. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
8. ______________________________________________________________________________________________

Sylvia Hernandez-Brown

Phone: (211) 594-4000 • Fax (211) 594-4001
Medical Consultation: Urology Date: 08/12/2017

Patient: Sylvia Hernandez-Brown Patient ID: 123456
Provider: Joshua Ryan, MD
Subjective:
“I have pain in my lower back on both sides all of the time for the past 3 months and getting worse lately. I
also tire more easily than in the past. I feel achy, like I have the flu, and don’t feel much like eating.”
63 y/o female, is 40 lbs overweight and has had type 2 DM for 10 years, using oral glucophage (metformin)
1,000 mg/day. She has visited the clinic four times during the past 5 years with mild UTIs, successfully
treated with antibiotics.
Objective:
Ht: 5'4"
Wt: 165 lb
General Appearance: Skin with pallor, mild diaphoresis. Mild edema of the face around the eyes and neck.
Lab: Blood positive for urea. Urinalysis with albumin high, mild hematuria.
Assessment:
Uremia, albuminuria, hematuria. Nephrotomography and nephroscopy confirm bilateral polycystic kidney
disease resulting in ESKD.
Plan:
Admit STAT for hemodialysis; repeat twice weekly. Place on waiting list for renal transplant.
Photo Source: Gravicapa/Shutterstock.

360 Chapter 11
1. What patient complaints point to the kidneys as the source of the disease?

2. Describe the meaning of the term nephrotomography.

3. Why would a urologist order dialysis for a patient prior to renal transplant surgery?


albuminuria nephromegaly polycystic kidney renal transplant
hematuria nephroscopy disease urinalysis
hemodialysis nephrotomography pyelonephritis
A 63-year-old female, Sylvia Hernandez-Brown, was admitted to urology by her general practitioner following
a physical exam that included blood tests revealing abnormally high levels of urea in the blood. A generalized
test of urine composition, or (a) ____________________, revealed elevated levels of albumin, a symptom known
as (b) ____________________, and the presence of red blood cells in the urine, or (c) ____________________.
Following diagnostic exams that included an x-ray technique imaging the kidney by sections called
(d) ____________________, and an endoscopic evaluation of the kidney known as (e) ____________________,
the attending physician concluded a diagnosis of enlargement of both kidneys, or (f) ____________________,
caused by multiple cysts, or (g) ____________________ ____________________ ____________________, which
had resulted in inflammation of the renal pelvis and nephrons, or (h) ____________________, and renal failure.
Artificial filtration of the blood, or (i) ____________________, was ordered, due to a growing insufficiency to
reduce blood metabolites (metabolic wastes). The patient was placed on a waiting list for a replacement
kidney or a (j) ____________________ ____________________.

Del Hamilton
For a greater challenge, read the following medical report and answer the critical thinking questions that
follow from the information in the chapter.

Phone: (211) 594-4000 • Fax (211) 594-4001

Patient: Del Hamilton Patient ID: 123456
Provider: Karl Moss, MD
Subjective:
“I feel pain in the lower back that radiates to the left side, which comes and goes. It’s been bothering me for
about 2 months. I’m also experiencing pain when I urinate, with a reduced urine flow, which has been mak-
ing me get up several times a night to go.”
45 y/o male with complaints of dysuria, oliguria, and nocturia for the past 2 months. History shows type 2
DM for 2 years when obese at 270 lbs, but says he has recently lost 80 lbs on a high-protein diet. He is on oral
metformin 1,500 mg/day. Father was diagnosed at 62 y/o with renal calculi and treated successfully with
lithotripsy.
Objective:
Ht: 5'10"
Wt: 190 lb
General Appearance: Skin color healthy with no masses or discolorations.
Lab: Retrograde pyelogram positive for pelvic calculi, confirmed by nephrosonography.
Assessment:
Renal calculi in right renal pelvis; mild pyelonephritis
Plan:
Oral antibiotic therapy 2 weeks. Schedule for ESWL in 2 weeks. Referral to Nutrition for weight loss
education.

362 Chapter 11
1. What conditions other than the one diagnosed might have caused the reported symptoms?
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Do you think the prediagnosed condition of type 2 DM contributed to the condition of renal calculi?
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Describe the meaning of the terms renal calculi and pyelonephritis. ___________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________

blanks with the correct terms, using information in this chapter.
Del Hamilton, a 45-year-old male, was admitted to the hospital after presenting himself to the emergency
department in acute distress. He complained of intermittent pain in the left lumbar region, radiating to the
left flank. He also complained of pain and difficulty voiding, a symptom called (k) ____________________, with
the sensation of the need to void at night, known as (l) ____________________, which interrupted his sleep.
A generalized lab test of his urine sample, called a (m) ____________________, revealed no abnormalities.
A review of his family history revealed stones in the renal pelvis, called (n) ____________________. The
attending physician referred the patient to a (o) ____________________. The specialist in treating urinary
disorders, called a (p) ____________________, immediately prepared the patient for diagnostics that
included an x-ray technique that images the renal pelvis with an injected contrast medium, known as a
(q) ____________________ ____________________, followed with an endoscopic evaluation of the kidney called
a (r) ____________________. Both exams revealed the presence of stones in the renal pelvis, or renal calculi.
The stones were pulverized successfully using the (s) ____________________ procedure and passed the
next day.


Chapter 12
Reproductive System and Obstetrics

Learning Objectives
12.1 Define
create terms for the reproductive system associated with the reproductive system
and obstetrics. and obstetrics.
12.2 Break
terms used for symptoms, diseases, terms associated with the reproductive
disorders, procedures, treatments, and system and obstetrics.
devices associated with the reproductive
system and obstetrics.

The following table provides the combining forms that specifically apply to the anatomy and physiology of the
reproductive system and obstetrics. Note that the combining forms are colored red to help you identify them
when you see them again later in the chapter.

andr/o male men/o, menstru/o month, menstruation
balan/o glans penis orchi/o, orchid/o testis
cervic/o neck, cervix pen/o penis
cyes/o, cyesi/o pregnancy semin/o seed, sperm
embry/o embryo sperm/o, spermat/o seed, sperm
epididym/o epididymis test/o testis, testicle
episi/o vulva testicul/o little testis, testicle
fet/o fetus urethr/o urethra
gravid/o, gravidar/o pregnancy vas/o vessel
mamm/o breast
12.1 The reproductive systems are separated in this chapter to

reflect the differences between the male and female. In both sexes,
reproductive the ____________________ system performs the role of producing
sex cells, or gametes (GAMM eets), in preparation for fertilization and
the development of new offspring. The male gametes are called
spermatozoa, or sperm cells, and are produced by the male gonads,
the testes. Other male organs include the scrotum that houses the
testes, the penis, the tubes that convey sperm (epididymis, vas
deferens, and urethra), and the glands that contribute to semen
(seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands). In
addition to sperm cells, the male sex hormone, testosterone, is
testes also produced by the ____________________. The female gametes
are called ova (singular form, ovum) and are produced by the
female gonads, the ovaries. Other female organs include the
fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and vulva. The female hormones,
estrogen and progesterone, are produced by cells within the
ovaries ____________________.
366 Chapter 12
12.2 The general function of the reproductive system is the creation

of offspring, which occurs when the male gamete (sperm) unites
gamete successfully with a female ____________________ (ovum). The
GAMM eet resulting fertilized egg is the origin of a new human life.
Once a new life has been conceived, the developing embryo enters
into the segment of life called prenatal (pree NAY tal) development,
which includes the changes in body form that occur throughout
the mother’s pregnancy until birth. The clinical field of obstetrics is
obstetrics focused on this period of life. ____________________ is often referred
ob STET riks to by its abbreviation, OB. An obstetrician supports the mother
during pregnancy, childbirth, and during the first month or so after
childbirth.
12.3 Review the anatomy of the male and female reproductive

systems by studying ■ Figure 12.1 and ■ Figure 12.2. Also, notice
the anatomical changes that occur within a woman’s body with a
full-term pregnancy, shown in ■ Figure 12.3.
Urinary bladder
Seminal
vesicle Symphysis pubis
Rectum Vas deferens
Prostate gland Urethra
Bulbourethral
gland
Epididymis
Glans penis
Testis
■■Figure 12.1
The male reproductive system.
Fallopian tube
Ovary
Rectouterine pouch
Uterus
Cervix
Urinary bladder
Vagina
Urethra
Clitoris
Labia minora
(a)
Vaginal orifice
Fundus Fallopian
of uterus tube
Infundibulum
Ovary
Body of uterus
Endometrium
Uterine cavity
Cervical canal Fornix
External os of cervix
Vaginal canal
(b)
■■Figure 12.2
The female reproductive system. (a) Sagittal section through the pelvis. (b) Top view of pelvic
organs.
368 Chapter 12
Uterus
Placenta
Fundus
of uterus
Umbilical
cord
Amniotic
fluid
Cervix
of uterus
Symphysis pubis
Rectum
Urinary bladder
Vagina (birth canal)
Perineum
■■Figure 12.3
A normal full-term pregnancy.
Medical Terms for the Reproductive System

and Obstetrics
12.4 The medical field of reproductive medicine manages the
reproductive health care of both the male and female ____________________
systems. Because the male urethra is responsible for transporting
both urine and semen, diseases of the male reproductive system
are usually treated within the field of urology (yoo RAHL oh jee) by a
urologist ____________________. Diseases of the female reproductive system
yoo RAHL oh jist are generally treated by a physician called a gynecologist (gye neh
gynecology KAHL oh jist), who specializes in the field of ____________________.
GYE neh KALL oh jee In both sexes, reproductive diseases are often diagnosed
initially during a physical examination. The diseases that require
confirmation or an internal evaluation may be further analyzed
using the noninvasive procedures of MRI, CT scan, or ultrasound
imaging.
12.5 The reproductive systems of the male and female are subject
to infections, tumors, injury, endocrine disorders, and inherited
diseases. For many people, the most common threat to health is the
pathogens exposure to ____________________ during sexual contact. Although
the reproductive tract is lined with a protective mucous membrane,
certain bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa can gain entry into
the bloodstream directly or by way of breaks in the mucosal lining.
Once established, these pathogens may spread throughout the
sexually transmitted body. Most _______________ _______________ infections (STIs),
formerly called sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) or venereal
diseases, infect the body in this manner. Thus, STIs are infections
acquired during intimate physical contact that occurs during sexual
intercourse or other sexual activities. The most common forms of
STIs are described in this chapter.
reproductive system and obstetrics.
Signs and Symptoms of the Male Reproductive System

Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the signs and symptoms of the male reproductive system
prefixes are yellow, combining forms are red, and suffixes are blue.

a- without, absence of balan/o glans penis -algia condition of pain
olig/o few in number -ia condition of
orchi/o, orchid/o testis -itis inflammation
prostat/o prostate gland -rrhea discharge
sperm/o seed, sperm
test/o testis
urethr/o urethra
zo/o animal, living
KEY TERMS A–Z 12.7 Normally, male semen is a mixture of sperm cells and
glandular secretions (from the prostate gland, seminal vesicles, and
bulbourethral glands) released during ejaculation. In some cases,
the fluid released during an ejaculation is a watery fluid that lacks
sperm. This abnormality establishes a sign of male infertility and is
aspermia known as ____________________. The constructed form of this term
ah SPER mee ah is a/sperm/ia, which literally means “condition of without seed.”
370 Chapter 12
12.8 The absence of living sperm in semen is called azoospermia

azoospermia and is another sign of infertility. The term ____________________
AY zoh oh SPER mee ah literally means “condition of without living seed.” This constructed
a/zo/o/sperm/ia term has five word parts and is shown as __/____/__/________/_____.
12.9 The combining form for the distal end of the penis, known
as the glans penis, is balan/o. Recall that the suffix -rrhea means
“discharge.” Therefore, an abnormal condition of discharge from
balanorrhea the glans is called ____________________, which is a symptom of
BAL ah noh REE ah the sexually transmitted infection called gonorrhea (Frame 12.133).
Balanorrhea is a constructed term, balan/o/rrhea.
12.10 The sexually transmitted infection syphilis (Frame 12.136)

may be diagnosed by the presence of small ulcers on the skin
or mucous membranes, which are called chancres. The term
chancres ____________________ is a French word meaning “cancer,” although
SHANG kerz syphilitic chancres are not a form of cancer.
12.11 An abnormally low sperm count is the most common sign

of male infertility. Combining the word part that means “few in
number,” olig/o, with the word parts meaning “condition of sperm,”
oligospermia the term that results is the condition ____________________. It is a
all ih goh SPER mee ah constructed term that can be represented as olig/o/sperm/ia.
12.12 Papillomas are wartlike lesions on the skin and mucous

papilloma membranes. A ____________________ is a sign of infection by
pap ih LOH mah the sexually transmitted human papillomavirus (Frame 12.135),
abbreviated HPV, and the lesions are commonly called genital
warts. HPV infection is preventable with vaccination and the use of
condoms in protected sex.
prostatitis 12.13 Inflammation of the prostate gland is called ____________________.

pross tah TYE tiss It is usually a sign of either BPH (Frame 12.20) or prostate cancer
(Frame 12.28). This constructed term is prostat/itis.
12.14 An abnormal discharge from the prostate gland is known as

prostatorrhea ____________________. This is a constructed term, prostat/o/rrhea.
PROSS tah toh REE ah
12.15 A suffix that means “condition of pain” is -algia. The condition

testalgia of testicular pain is known as ____________________, which is
test ALL jee ah written test/algia. It is also known as orchialgia (OR kee ALL jee ah) and
orchidalgia (OR kid ALL jee ah) because test/o, orchi/o, and orchid/o
are each combining forms that mean “testis.”
urethritis 12.16 Inflammation of the urethra is called ____________________.

yoo ree THRYE tiss It is a symptom of an irritation of the urethra, usually resulting from
a sexually transmitted infection or a urinary tract infection (UTI). The
constructed form of this term reveals two word parts: urethr/itis.
PRACTICE: Signs and Symptoms of the Male Reproductive System

The Right Match
______ 1. chancres a. discharge from the glans penis
______ 2. balanorrhea b. inflammation of the prostate gland
______ 3. prostatitis c. absence of living sperm in semen
______ 4. papillomas d. small ulcers as a sign of syphilis
______ 5. azoospermia e. wartlike lesions
Break the Chain

1. a) prostatorrhea prostat/o/rrhea
cf s
b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? discharge
2. a) oligospermia ________/___/________/________
cf r s
3. a) testalgia ________/________
r s
4. a) urethritis ________/________
r s
5. a) aspermia ________/________/________
p r s
372 Chapter 12
Diseases and Disorders of the Male Reproductive System

Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the diseases and disorders of the male reproductive system

an- without, absence of andr/o male -cele hernia, swelling,
hyper- excessive, abnormally balan/o glans penis or protrusion
high, above crypt/o hidden -ism condition or
para- alongside, abnormal epididym/o epididymis disease
hydr/o water -itis inflammation
orchi/o, orchid/o testis -pathy disease
prostat/o prostate gland -plasia formation, growth
KEY TERMS A–Z 12.17 A combining form that means “male” and the suffix meaning
“disease” may be combined to form a general term for a disease
andropathy afflicting only males, ____________________. This constructed
an DROPP ah thee term includes three word parts, which can be represented as
andr/o/pathy.
12.18 A word root that means “testis” is orchi or orchid. When

the prefix meaning “without, absence of” is added along with the
anorchism suffix -ism, the constructed term ____________________ is created.
an OR kizm It means “condition of without testis” and refers to the absence
of one or both testes. The constructed form of the term is written
an/orch/ism ____/__________/____. The term anorchidism may also be used with
the same meaning.
12.19 Inflammation of the glans penis is a disorder called

balanitis ____________________. It is a constructed term with two word parts,
bal ah NYE tiss as you can see in balan/itis.
12.20 Among many men older than age 50, the prostate gland
enlarges to constrict the urethra passing through it. Known
as benign prostatic hyperplasia, symptoms include nocturia
(nighttime urination) and a frequent need to void (■ Figure 12.4).
It is not a form of cancer and does not spread to other tissues,
benign prostatic but its symptoms are uncomfortable. ____________________
hyperplasia ____________________ ____________________ is also called benign
bee NINE * pross TAT ik * prostatic hypertrophy; both are abbreviated BPH.
HIGH per PLAY zee ah
Urinary bladder
Hypertrophied tissue
Narrowed urethra
■■Figure 12.4 True prostate tissue

Benign prostatic hyperplasia
(BPH). The condition results
when an inner capsule of
nonfunctional prostate tissue
swells, pushing against the
walls of the urethra to cause
a restriction of urine flow.
12.21 The condition of an undescended testis is called

cryptorchidism. Note that the combining form crypt/o means
“hidden” and is used in this term to describe the hidden location of
an undescended testis within the pelvic cavity (■ Figure 12.5), where
the testes develop during fetal development. Normally, their descent
into the scrotal cavity is complete by birth. The constructed form of
cryptorchidism ____________________ is crypt/orchid/ism. An alternate name for this
kript OR kid izm condition is cryptorchism (KRIPT or kizm).
Undescended
testes
■■Figure 12.5
Cryptorchidism. (a) In complete Partially
cryptorchidism, the testes of a descended
newborn have failed to descend testis
into the scrotum and remain
within the pelvic cavity where
they originally developed. (b) A
partial cryptorchidism of the left
testis. (a) (b)
CRYPTORCHIDISM
Did You Cryptorchidism is derived from the Greek word kruptorkhos, which literally means “a condition
KNOW of a hidden testis.” It is named this way because an undescended testis is in a location (within
the pelvic cavity) that is hidden from view without the use of diagnostic imaging.
374 Chapter 12
12.22 Inflammation of the epididymis is a condition called

epididymitis ____________________. The constructed form of this term is written
ep ih did ih MY tiss epididym/itis. Recall that orchi means “testis.” Therefore, when the
epididymis and one or both testes are inflamed, the condition is
known as orchiepididymitis (OR kee ep ih did ih MY tiss), which contains
three word parts: orchi/epididym/itis. If the inflammation is limited
to one or more testes, the term becomes orchitis (or KYE tiss). To
observe its word part construction, it can be shown as orch/itis,
and if the epididymis is included, orch/i/epididym/itis.
12.23 Many men experience erectile dysfunction at some time

in their life, which is the inability to achieve an erection sufficient
erectile dysfunction to perform sexual intercourse. The term ____________________
ee REK tile * diss FUNK shun ____________________ is abbreviated ED and is also known as
impotence (IM poh tens). The word impotent is a Latin word that
means “powerless.” Failing health, certain drugs, fatigue, circulatory
disorders, and diabetes mellitus can cause ED.
12.24 Injury is the most frequent cause of hydrocele, which

is a swelling of the scrotum caused by fluid accumulation.
hydrocele ____________________ is a constructed term containing three word
HIGH droh seel parts, which are revealed when it is shown as hydr/o/cele.
12.25 A hardness, or induration, of the erectile tissue

within the penis is a condition known as Peyronie disease.
Peyronie disease ____________________ ____________________ can cause erectile
pay ROHN ee dysfunction (Frame 12.23), especially if the induration is greater on
one side to cause a curvature of the penis.
12.26 A narrowing of the urethral opening sometimes occurs when

the prepuce (foreskin) covers the distal end of the glans penis. It
is a congenital condition known as phimosis, which is a Greek
word that means “muzzling.” When it interferes with urination,
phimosis ____________________ is surgically corrected by removal of the
figh MOH siss prepuce in a circumcision (Frame 12.34). If the glans penis becomes
strangulated, the condition is called paraphimosis (PAIR ah figh MOH siss)
and must be surgically corrected immediately to avoid complications.
12.27 Priapism is an abnormally persistent erection of the penis,

often accompanied by pain and tenderness. The most common
priapism cause of ____________________ is a drug overdose. The term is
PRY ah pizm derived from the Latin word priapus, which is a Roman scarecrow
figure with an erect penis.
12.28 The prostate gland is subject to a form of cancer commonly

prostate cancer known as ____________________ ____________________. Also called
PROSS tayt * KANN ser prostatic carcinoma (pro STAT ik * kar sih NOH mah), it increases the
size of the prostate before it spreads into the pelvic region and
beyond. Prostate cancer can often be felt as a hard nodule on the
prostate during a digital rectal exam (Frame 12.35). The American
Cancer Society predicts about 26,730 deaths from prostate cancer
in 2017, and the average age at the time of diagnosis is roughly 66
years. Prostate cancer is illustrated in ■ Figure 12.6.
■■Figure 12.6
Prostate cancer. In this example,
a large mass has grown into
the urinary bladder. Most forms
of prostate cancer are highly
metastatic, sending tumor cells
to the pelvic area and beyond,
Prostate tumor
where they may form secondary
tumor sites.
12.29 A cancer originating from the testis is known as

testicular carcinoma ____________________ ____________________. Its occurrence and
tess TIK yoo ler * kar sih mortality rate is highest among the 20- to 40-year-old age group.
NOH mah The most common form is called seminoma (sem ih NOH mah), which
arises from sperm-forming cells and metastasizes to nearby lymph
nodes. Although it strikes only 1 in 263 males, testicular carcinoma
is the most common cancer diagnosis among young American men,
with 8,850 new cases and 410 deaths expected in 2017, according
to the American Cancer Society.
376 Chapter 12
12.30 A testicular torsion occurs when the spermatic cord

becomes twisted, causing a backup of fluids and reduced blood flow
testicular torsion to the epididymis and testis (■ Figure 12.7). If ____________________
tess TIK yoo ler * TOR shun ____________________ is not corrected within a few hours by surgery,
the affected testicular tissue can die.
Normal testis
and epididymis Testis and
epididymis
with torsion
■■Figure 12.7
Testicular torsion. Twisting of
the spermatic cord causes a
backup of fluids and cuts off
blood flow to the epididymis and
testis.
12.31 Herniation of the veins within the spermatic cord is a condition

known as varicocele. It is a constructed term that uses the
combining form for dilated vein, varic/o, and can be shown with its
varic/o/cele word parts as _____/__/______. A ____________________ is caused
varicocele by failure of the valves within the veins, allowing blood to pool and
VAIR ih koh seel dilate the veins.
PRACTICE: Diseases and Disorders of the Male Reproductive System

The Right Match
______ 1. benign prostatic hyperplasia a. the inability to achieve an erection sufficient to perform
______ 2. erectile dysfunction sexual intercourse
______ 3. Peyronie disease b. an abnormally persistent erection of the penis
______ 4. priapism c. reduced blood flow to the testis due to a twisted

spermatic cord
______ 5. phimosis
d. enlargement of the prostate gland that constricts
______ 6. testicular torsion
the urethra
e. a hardness of the erectile tissue within the penis
f. a congenital narrowing of the prepuce
Linkup

andr/o -pathy
balan/o -itis
epididym/o -cele
hydr/o
varic/o
Definition Term
1. a disease that afflicts only males andropathy
2. inflammation of the glans penis ____________________
3. inflammation of the epididymis ____________________
4. fluid accumulation in the scrotum ____________________
5. herniation of the veins within the spermatic cord ____________________
Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Male Reproductive System

Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the treatments, procedures, and devices of the male repro-
ductive system and are covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you
Prefix Definition Combining Suffix Definition

anti- against, opposite of
Form Definition -al pertaining to
trans- through, across, balan/o glans -cele hernia, swelling, protrusion
beyond penis -ectomy surgical excision, removal
hydr/o water -logy study or science of
orchi/o, testis -pexy surgical fixation, suspension
orchid/o
-plasty surgical repair
prostat/o prostate
-stomy surgical creation of an opening
gland
urethr/o urethra
ur/o urine
vas/o vessel
vesicul/o small bag
KEY TERMS A–Z 12.32 A collection of therapies that address erectile dysfunction
(Frame 12.23) is called anti-impotence therapy. The most popular
anti-impotence therapy form of ____________________ ____________________ is the
an tye IM poh tens * THAIR prescription drug sildenafil (Viagra), whereas a much more costly
ah pee and less popular therapy is the surgical insertion of a penile implant
(Frame 12.40).
378 Chapter 12
12.33 The suffix that means “surgical repair” is -plasty. The surgical
balanoplasty repair of the glans penis is therefore called ____________________.
BAL ah noh plass tee The constructed form of this term is balan/o/plasty.
12.34 A common, routine procedure in many parts of the world

is the removal of the prepuce. Known as circumcision after the
circular cut that is made around the base of the glans penis, it
is usually performed within hours after birth. Studies indicate
the procedure reduces the risk of penile infections and sexually
transmitted infections, which led the American Academy of
Pediatrics (AAP) to release their official position in 2012, in which
they state “ . . . the health benefits of newborn circumcision
circumcision outweigh the risks.” Alternate procedures of ____________________
ser kum SIH zhun are illustrated in ■ Figure 12.8.
Slit here
(a) (b)
■■Figure 12.8
Circumcision. Alternate procedures may be used with the common goal of removing the
prepuce from the penis. (a) Use of the Yellen clamp, in which a cone is inserted over the glans
and clamped in place, followed by the excision of the prepuce. (b) Use of the PlastiBell, which is
inserted over the glans and the prepuce cut away. The plastic rim remains in place for 3–4 days
until healing occurs, then falls away.
12.35 A digital rectal examination is a physical exam that involves

the insertion of a finger into the rectum to feel the size and shape of
the prostate gland through the wall of the rectum (■ Figure 12.9). A
digital rectal ____________________ ____________________ ____________________
examination is used to screen the patient for BPH (Frame 12.20) and prostate
cancer (Frame 12.28), and is abbreviated DRE.
Urinary
bladder
Prostate
gland with
irregular
formation
Rectum
Penis
■■Figure 12.9
Digital rectal exam (DRE).
The physician’s index finger is
inserted into the rectum and
pressed against the prostate
gland as a test for BPH and
prostate cancer.
12.36 Recall that the suffix -ectomy means “surgical excision,

removal.” The surgical removal of a hydrocele (Frame 12.24) is a
hydrocelectomy procedure called ____________________. The constructed form of
HIGH droh see LEK toh mee this term is written hydr/o/cel/ectomy.
orchiectomy 12.37 The surgical removal of a testis is called ____________________

OR kee EK toh mee or, less commonly, orchidectomy. It may be required as treatment
for testicular carcinoma (Frame 12.29). A bilateral orchidectomy is
commonly called castration (kass TRAY shun). The term castration is
derived from the Latin castratio, which means “a knife, instrument
that cuts.”
12.38 Surgical fixation of a testis is sometimes required to draw

an undescended testis into the scrotum. The procedure is called
orchidopexy ____________________, or orchiopexy, because the suffix -pexy
OR kid oh PEK see means “surgical fixation, suspension.” The constructed form of
orchidopexy reveals three word parts: orchid/o/pexy.
12.39 A general term for a surgical repair of a testis is

orchidoplasty ____________________, or orchioplasty. An incision into the testis
OR kid oh PLASS tee is a form of orchidoplasty and is called orchidotomy (OR kid OTT oh
mee). The constructed form of the term orchidotomy reveals three
orchid/o/tomy word parts: ______/__/______. Similar to other terms of the testis,
an alternate term for orchidotomy is orchiotomy (OR kee OTT oh mee).
380 Chapter 12
12.40 A penile implant is the surgical insertion of a prosthesis,

or artificial device, to correct erectile dysfunction. Optional
penile implants ____________________ ____________________ include semirigid rods
PEE nile * IM plants and inflatable balloonlike cylinders (■ Figure 12.10).
Reservoir
Cylinder
Reservoir
Cylinder
Pump
Pump
(a) Semirigid (b) Self-contained (c) Inflatable
■■Figure 12.10
Penile implants. (a) Semirigid rods may be surgically implanted into the penis, which provides a partial erection
that is persistent. (b) Inflatable cylinders implanted into the penis may be self-contained, producing an erection
when the pump is activated by physical contact. (c) Inflatable cylinders may alternatively include a pump that
requires a more directed hand-pumping action to activate.
12.41 The surgical removal of the prostate gland is a procedure

prostatectomy called ____________________. This constructed term is written
pross tah TEK toh mee prostat/ectomy. It is a treatment for BPH (Frame 12.20) and
prostate cancer (Frame 12.28). During an invasive surgery known as
suprapubic prostatectomy, the prostate gland is removed through
an abdominal incision made above the pubic bone and a second
incision through the urinary bladder wall.
12.42 A prostate-specific antigen is a clinical test that measures

levels of the protein prostate-specific antigen in the blood.
prostate-specific antigen ____________________-____________________ ____________________
PROSS tayt * speh SIH fik * is commonly called PSA. Elevated levels suggest a possible
AN tih jenn presence of prostate cancer and indicate a need for additional tests
before a diagnosis can be made.
12.43 Transurethral resection of the prostate gland is a

procedure that treats BPH (Frame 12.20) through a minimally
invasive removal of prostate tissue (■ Figure 12.11). It involves the
scraping of the urethral section of prostate tissue using a specialized
endoscope, called a resectoscope. The resectoscope is inserted
through the urethra to the prostate wall, where it scrapes the
capsule (outer covering) of the prostate while as much inner tissue is
transurethral resection left intact as possible. ____________________ ____________________
of the prostate gland ___________ __________ ____________________
trans yoo REE thrall ____________________ is abbreviated TURP. Transurethral is a
constructed term with three word parts: trans/urethr/al.
Prostate
Bladder
Prostate tissue
removed
Resectoscope
■■Figure 12.11 Urethra

Transurethral resection of
the prostate (TURP). As a
treatment for BPH, part of the
prostate gland is removed in
this procedure to reduce the
pressure against the urethra,
allowing for a less restricted flow
of urine.
12.44 The department within a hospital or clinic that treats urinary

tract problems (in both sexes) is called urology. The constructed
urology form of ____________________ is ur/o/logy. A specialist in this field
yoo RAHL oh jee is a urologist (yoo RAHL oh jist). Male reproductive conditions are also
treated by a urologist.
382 Chapter 12
12.45 A male can elect to become sterile, or unable to produce

and ejaculate sperm, by undergoing a vasectomy. This constructed
term literally means “surgical removal of vessel,” where the “vessel”
is the vas deferens. It is a simple, quick procedure in which the vas
deferens is severed to block the flow of sperm during ejaculation
vasectomy (■ Figure 12.12). A ____________________ does not affect a man’s
vas EK toh mee ability to ejaculate (the ejaculated fluid is spermless semen) or his
experience of sexual pleasure. Vasectomy is a constructed term with
two word parts: vas/ectomy.
Vas
deferens
Scrotum Testes
(a) (b) (c) (d)
■■Figure 12.12
Vasectomy. (a) Vas deferens is located within the spermatic cord on both sides.
(b) A small incision is made through the scrotum, and an instrument is inserted
that gently separates the vas deferens from other tissues of the spermatic cord.
Once separated, the vas deferens is pulled out gently. (c) The vas deferens
is cut and the exposed ends cauterized to close them. (d) The vas deferens
is returned to the spermatic cord, tucked back into the scrotum, and a single
suture closes the incision. The vas deferens on the other side is then cut in
a duplicate procedure.
12.46 A surgery to reverse a vasectomy is known as a vasovasostomy.

This constructed term uses the combining form for “vessel” twice
and contains five word parts, as shown in vas/o/vas/o/stomy.
vasovasostomy A ____________________ involves the temporary creation of artificial
VAS oh vah SOSS toh mee openings and reconnection of the severed ends of the vas deferens to
restore fertility.
12.47 A procedure to remove the seminal vesicles, which are

male glands that contribute to the formation of semen, is called
vesiculectomy a ____________________. The constructed form of this term is
veh SIK yoo LEK toh mee vesicul/ectomy.
PRACTICE: Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Male

Reproductive System
The Right Match
______ 1. anti-impotence therapy a. the removal of the prepuce
______ 2. circumcision b. blood protein that is measured in the PSA test
______ 3. penile implant c. a collection of therapies that address erectile dysfunction
______ 4. prostate-specific antigen d. department that treats urinary tract problems
______ 5. urology e. surgical insertion of a prosthesis to correct erectile dysfunction
______ 6. vasectomy f. surgical repair of the prepuce
______ 7. prostatectomy g. elective form of male sterilization
______ 8. TURP h. surgical removal of the prostate gland
______ 9. balanoplasty i. minimally invasive treatment of BPH
Break the Chain

1. a) vasectomy ________/________
r s
b) Bonus Question: Which vessel does the word root refer to in this procedural term? __________________
2. a) hydrocelectomy ________/___/________/________
cf s s
b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the first suffix? _________________________________________
3. a) orchidopexy ________/___/________
cf s
4. a) prostatectomy ________/________
r s
5. a) vasovasostomy ________/___/________/___/________
cf cf s
b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? ______________________________________________
384 Chapter 12
Signs and Symptoms of the Female Reproductive System

Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the signs and symptoms of the female reproductive system
a- without, colp/o vagina -algia condition of pain
absence of hemat/o blood -dynia condition of pain
dys- bad, abnormal, hydr/o water -rrhagia abnormal
painful, difficult leuk/o white discharge
mamm/o breast -rrhea discharge
mast/o breast -salpinx trumpet, fallopian
men/o month, menstruation tube
metr/o uterus
olig/o few in number
py/o pus
salping/o trumpet, fallopian tube
KEY TERMS A–Z 12.48 The absence of a menstrual discharge in a woman of

childbearing age may be a symptom of reproductive disease. It is
called amenorrhea. It has four word parts, as you can see in a/men/
amenorrhea o/rrhea. ____________________ literally means “without menstrual
ay MEN oh REE ah discharge.” The term menorrhea (MEN oh REE ah) is used to describe
a normal discharge.
12.49 The combining form colp/o means “vagina.” Attaching

the suffix meaning “condition of pain” creates the term
colpodynia ____________________, which is the symptom of vaginal pain.
KOL poh DIN ee ah When vaginal pain is associated with sexual intercourse, it is called
dyspareunia (DIS pah ROO nee ah). The term is derived from Greek
word parts that mean “pain when in bed.”
12.50 Dysmenorrhea is the symptom of abnormal pain during

menstruation. The constructed form of this term is dys/men/o/rrhea.
Because the prefix dys- means “bad, abnormal, painful, difficult,”
dysmenorrhea the term ____________________ literally means “bad, abnormal,
DISS men oh REE ah painful, or difficult menstrual discharge.”
12.51 The Greek word salpinx means “trumpet” and is used to form
terms associated with the fallopian tubes due to their trumpetlike
hematosalpinx appearance. In the term ____________________, the combining form
HEE mah toh SAL pinks for blood, hemat/o, is added for the condition of retained menstrual
blood in a fallopian tube. The constructed form reveals three word
parts: hemat/o/salpinx.
12.52 Fluid accumulation is another symptom of a disease

hydrosalpinx associated with a fallopian tube. Called ____________________,
HIGH droh SAL pinks it is usually a sign of an inflammation within the fallopian tube, called
salpingitis (Frame 12.80). Write the constructed form of this term:
hydr/o/salpinx ______/__/_______.
salping or -salpinx?
The term for fallopian tube is the word root salping, which is derived from the Greek word that means
WORDS TO “trumpet” (salpinx) because of the resemblance of its shape to that of the musical instrument. The com-
Watch Out For bining form of the term is salping/o. When it is used as a suffix, the ending is changed to form -salpinx.
12.53 The term leukorrhea literally means “white discharge.”

It is a white or yellow discharge from the vagina, which is a sign of
leukorrhea infection. The constructed form of ____________________ reveals
LOO koh REE ah the presence of three word parts, as leuk/o/rrhea.
12.54 A combining form for breast is mast/o, which is derived from

the Greek word for breast, mastos. A condition of pain in the breast
mastalgia is called ____________________. Write the constructed form of this
mass TAL jee ah term: ______/_______.
mast/algia
12.55 Recall that the suffix -rrhagia means “abnormal discharge.”

The sign of profuse bleeding during menstruation (commonly known
menorrhagia as heavy periods) is called ____________________. The constructed
men oh RAY jee ah form is men/o/rrhagia, which uses the combining form that means
“month, menstruation,” men/o. If the combining form for uterus
is used instead, the meaning changes. Thus, metrorrhagia (METT
roh RAY jee ah) is “abnormal discharge from the uterus.” In common
metrorrhagia language, ____________________ is abnormal bleeding from the
METT-roh-RAY-jee-ah uterus between periods. The bleeding in metrorrhagia is usually
limited to spotting and is not associated with menstruation.
12.56 The term for the symptom of abdominal pain occurring during
ovulation is a German word, mittelschmerz, which means “middle pain.”
mittelschmerz ____________________ occurs when bleeding from ovulation irritates
MIT ehl shmerts the peritoneum. Ovulation usually occurs in the middle of the monthly
menstrual cycle, about 14 days from the next menstrual period.
386 Chapter 12
12.57 An abnormally reduced discharge during menstruation

may also be a sign of reproductive disease. It is called
oligomenorrhea ____________________. The constructed form reveals two combining
ALL ih goh men oh REE ah forms, as you can see in olig/o/men/o/rrhea.
12.58 The combining form that means “pus” is py/o, and the
combining form for fallopian tube is salping/o. As you read in the
Words to Watch Out For box, when salping/o is used as a suffix, it is
changed to -salpinx. Therefore, the discharge of pus from a fallopian
pyosalpinx tube is called ____________________. It is a sign of an infection.
pye oh SAL pinks The constructed form is py/o/salpinx.
PRACTICE: Signs and Symptoms of the Female Reproductive System

Linkup
combining vowel.

a- colp/o -algia
hemat/o -dynia
hydr/o -rrhagia
leuk/o -rrhea
mast/o -salpinx
men/o
metr/o
salping/o
Definition Term
1. absence of menstrual discharge in a woman of childbearing age ____________________
2. vaginal pain ____________________
3. condition of pain in the breast ____________________
4. profuse discharge during menstruation ____________________
5. blood in a fallopian tube ____________________
6. abnormally reduced menstrual ____________________
7. discharge ____________________
8. abnormal bleeding between periods ____________________
9. white or yellow vaginal discharge ____________________
10. abnormal pain during menstruation fluid accumulation within a fallopian tube ____________________
Diseases and Disorders of the Female Reproductive System

Review some of the word parts that commonly apply to the diseases and disorders of the female reproductive

a- without, cervic/o neck, cervix -al pertaining to
absence of colp/o vagina -atresia closure or absence
poly- excessive, over, cyst/o bladder, sac of a normal body
many fibr/o fiber opening
pre- to come before hyster/o uterus -cele hernia, swelling,
protrusion
lei/o smooth
-ia condition of
mast/o breast
-ic pertaining to
metr/i, metr/o uterus
-itis inflammation
my/o muscle
-oma tumor
oophor/o ovary
-osis condition of
ovar/o ovary
-pathy disease
rect/o rectum
-ptosis drooping
salping/o trumpet, fallopian
tube -s plural
vagin/o sheath, vagina
vesic/o bladder
vulv/o vulva
KEY TERMS A–Z 12.59 Recall that a combining form for breast is mast/o. The term
amastia that means “condition of without breast” is ____________________.
ay MASS tee ah Although the areola and nipple are present, the lack of breast tissue
(mainly adipose tissue) results in this condition. In the condition
polymastia (pahl ee MASS tee ah), the individual has more than two
elevated areas on the chest or abdomen with areola and nipple.
poly/mast/ia The constructed form of this term is ______/________/___.
388 Chapter 12
12.60 A malignant tumor arising from breast tissue is known as

breast cancer ____________________ ____________________. The most common
form is called infiltrating ductal carcinoma, abbreviated IDC
(■ Figure 12.13). According to the National Cancer Institute (a branch
of the National Institutes of Health), with 252,710 new cases of breast
cancer and 40,610 deaths expected in 2017, breast cancer is the
second leading mortal cancer among women (lung cancer is first).
■■Figure 12.13
Breast cancer. Notice the tumor
growing within a lactiferous
gland (in red), a form of breast
cancer called infiltrating ductal
carcinoma.
Source: Alexilusmedical/
Shutterstock.
12.61 In some women, cells of the cervix may undergo an abnormal

change in a process called dysplasia, in which the cells begin to
divide more rapidly to produce oddly shaped cells. The changing cells
increase the risk of developing into a noninvasive form of precancer
called carcinoma in situ (CIS) of the cervix (■ Figure 12.14). Although
carcinoma in situ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________
kar sih NOH mah * in * of the cervix is not cervical cancer, it poses an elevated risk of
SIGH tyoo developing into cancer.
■■Figure 12.14
Carcinoma in situ (CIS) of the
cervix. Photograph of the cervix
as seen during a gynecological
exam. The reddish tissue is
inflamed and indicative of
carcinoma in situ of the cervix.
Source: Courtesy of the
Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention.
IN SITU
The term in situ (pronounced in * SIGH tyoo) is a Latin phrase that literally means “in site.” Its
Did You use in modern medicine refers to confinement to a site of origin. Carcinoma in situ describes
a tumor that is confined to its organ of origin, rather than a metastatic tumor in a secondary
KNOW site. For example, a tumor that originates and remains in the cervix is in situ, while a tumor
that originates from the cervix but sheds cells to other organs such as the lungs or stomach
is metastatic (or malignant).
12.62 A malignant tumor of the cervix is known as ____________________

cervical cancer ____________________ (■ Figure 12.15). The most common form is a
SER vih kal * KANN ser squamous cell carcinoma, arising from the epithelial cells lining the
opening into the uterus. It is called cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
(SER vih kal * in trah ep ih THEE lee al * nee oh PLAY zee ah), or CIN. A
smaller percentage, about 20%, are adenocarcinomas, arising from
the underlying glandular tissue. According to the National Cancer
Institute, in 2016 an estimated 12,990 women were diagnosed and
4,120 deaths were reported. Because human papillomavirus (HPV;
Frame 12.136) has been found to be the primary cause of CIN, it
is hoped that the vaccines against HPV, Gardasil and Cervarix, will
reduce the incidences of cervical cancer in the future.
Schiller’s test
demonstrating area of cells
containing no glycogen
Early
■■Figure 12.15 carcinoma
Cervical cancer (a) Top view of
the uterus showing the presence
of a tumor in the wall of the Tumor
cervix. (b) Three successive in wall
stages in the development of of cervix
cervical cancer, as seen through
a gynecological exam. The Advanced
inset shows a histological exam carcinoma
revealing the tumor and how it
differs from normal tissue that (a) (b) Cancer in situ showing
borders it. oblique line of transition
12.63 Inflammation of the cervix is a condition known as

cervicitis ____________________. The constructed form of this term is written
SER vih SIGH tiss cervic/itis. The most common form of cervicitis occurs when the inner
lining of the cervix becomes inflamed. It is called endocervicitis (EHN
doh ser vih SIGH tiss) because the prefix endo- means “within.” Write the
endo/cervic/itis constructed form of this term here: ________/________/________.
390 Chapter 12
12.64 A protrusion of the urinary bladder against the wall of the

vagina may occur if the attachments between the two organs
weaken. It is called a cystocele, which is a constructed term with
cystocele two word parts: cyst/o/cele. A large ____________________ may
SISS toh seel affect urinary bladder function. Similarly, a rectocele (REK toh seel)
is a protrusion of the rectum against the wall of the vagina. The
constructed form of this term is rect/o/cele.
12.65 A malignant tumor arising from the endometrial tissue lining the
endometrial cancer uterus is called ____________________ ____________________. The
ehn doh MEE tree al * four stages of endometrial cancer are illustrated in ■ Figure 12.16.
KANN ser Most endometrial cancers arise from the glandular cells of the
endometrium and are therefore called adenocarcinomas (you might
recall from Chapter 5 that aden/o means “gland”). According to the
National Cancer Institute, 60,050 new cases and 10,470 deaths from
endometrial cancer were reported in 2016.
Stage I Stage II
■■Figure 12.16
Stages of endometrial cancer.
Stage I: Mutated cells arise
from glandular epithelium of the
endometrium to form a tumor.
Stage II: Tumor expands within
the uterine cavity. Stage III:
Tumor metastasizes to nearby
organs. Stage IV: Metastasis
progresses to form secondary
tumors throughout the body. Stage III Stage IV
12.66 The abnormal growth of endometrial tissue may occur

throughout areas of the pelvic cavity, including the external
walls of the uterus, fallopian tubes, urinary bladder, and even
on the peritoneum. The condition is called endometriosis. This
constructed term has four word parts: endo/metr/i/osis. It literally
means “condition of within the uterus.” Because endometrial tissue
responds to hormonal changes by undergoing the cyclic bleeding
and proliferation of menstruation, the unwanted tissue located
endometriosis outside the uterus that forms in ____________________ performs in
EHN doh mee tree OH siss the same manner, resulting in scarring, adhesions, and pelvic pain.
12.67 Inflammation of the endometrium is a condition called

endometritis ____________________. It is usually caused by bacterial infection. The
EHN doh meh TRY tiss constructed form of this term reveals three word parts: endo/metr/itis.
12.68 In the condition fibrocystic breast disease (FBD), one or more

fibrocystic breast benign, fibrous cysts develop within the breast. ____________________
disease ____________________ ____________________ is an inherited
figh broh SISS tik condition that has no known association with breast cancer. The term
fibrocystic is a constructed term with four word parts: fibr/o/cyst/ic.
12.69 In Latin, fistula means “pipe or flute.” In medicine, a fistula is

an abnormal tube-like passage from one organ or cavity to another
fistulas (■ Figure 12.17). Two major types of vaginal ____________________
FISS tyoo lahs may occur. A rectovaginal (rek toh VAJ ih nal) fistula occurs between
the vagina and rectum, and a vesicovaginal (vess ih koh VAJ ih nal)
fistula is located between the urinary bladder and the vagina.
Rectovaginal
fitstula
■■Figure 12.17
Rectovaginal fistula; an
abnormal passageway between
the rectum and vagina.
392 Chapter 12
12.70 The suffix -atresia means “closure or absence of a normal

body opening.” Adding this suffix to the word root for uterus forms
hysteratresia the term ____________________, which means a closure of the
hiss ter ah TREE zee ah uterus. The closure results in an abnormal obstruction within the
uterine canal that may interfere with childbirth. The constructed form
of this term is hyster/atresia.
12.71 The muscular wall of the uterus is the origin of benign

tumors known as leiomyomas. Also known as fibroid tumors or
fibroids because of their tough, fibrous structure, their presence
can produce abnormal pain during menstruation (■ Figure 12.18).
leiomyoma ____________________ is a constructed term with four word parts:
lye oh my OH mah lei/o/my/oma, which literally means “tumor of smooth muscle.”
Fibroid tumors
■■Figure 12.18
Fibroid tumors, or leiomyomas.
Fibroids develop from the Uterus
muscular wall of the uterus to
form a variety of hard, round
benign structures.
12.72 Inflammation of the breast is a condition known as

mastitis ______________. It is often caused by bacterial infection of the
mass TYE tiss lactiferous ducts within breast tissue. The constructed form of this
term is mast/itis.
12.73 The suffix -ptosis means “drooping.” A breast that is abnormally

mastoptosis pendulous or drooping is the condition known as ____________________.
mass top TOH siss The constructed form of this term is mast/o/ptosis.
12.74 A combining form that means “ovary” is oophor/o. Any

oophoropathy disease of an ovary is known as ____________________. An
oh OF or OPP ah thee example of an oophoropathy is inflammation of an ovary, which
oophoritis is called ____________________. The constructed form of this term
oh OF or EYE tiss is oophor/itis. Inflammation of an ovary and fallopian tube is called
oophorosalpingitis (oh OF or sal pin JYE tiss). This term is also constructed
and can be shown as oophor/o/salping/itis to reveal its four word parts.
12.75 Aside from breast cancer (Frame 12.60), the most lethal
form of reproductive cancer in women is ovarian cancer. Older
women and women who have not given birth are at higher risk,
and there is some evidence for a genetic link. The incidences of
ovarian cancer ____________________ ____________________ in 2016 included
oh VAIR ee an * KANN ser 22,280 new cases and 14,240 deaths, according to the National
Cancer Institute.
12.76 A cyst is a fluid-filled sac that forms within the body from
ovarian cyst mutated cells. An ____________________ ____________________
oh VAIR ee an * sist is a cyst on an ovary that is usually benign and asymptomatic,
although in some cases it may cause pelvic pain and dysmenorrhea
(Frame 12.50). A related and more serious disease of the ovaries
is called polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Numerous ovarian
cysts often develop in this condition, sometimes increasing the size
polycystic ovary of the ovary dramatically (see ■ Figure 12.19). __________________
syndrome __________________ __________________ is a hormonal disturbance
PALL ee SISS tik *OH var resulting from the excessive production of androgens, which are
ee*SIN drohm masculinizing hormones produced by the adrenal glands. The
disorder is characterized by lack of ovulation (called anovulation),
amenorrhea (Frame 12.48), infertility, and hirsutism (masculine hair
growth). PCOS is extremely common, affecting roughly 1 in 10
women of childbearing age. If cyst development spreads into the
fallopian tube, the condition is called parovarian cyst (par oh VAIR ee
an * sist).
■■Figure 12.19
Polycystic ovary syndrome.
Surgical removal of an ovary
afflicted with polycystic ovary
syndrome. The ovary is visible
as the fist-sized mass during
its removal from the pelvic
cavity. Its size is abnormally
enlarged, about 10 times the
size of a normal ovary, and it has
numerous cysts protruding from
its outer wall.
Source: Chaikom/Shutterstock.
394 Chapter 12
12.77 An inflammation involving some or all of the female organs

within the pelvic cavity is called pelvic inflammatory disease,
abbreviated PID. It is often accompanied by pelvic pain and is
usually caused by a bacterial infection originating from an STI that
pelvic inflammatory spreads from other organs. Complications of ____________________
disease ____________________ ____________________ include obstruction of
the fallopian tubes and infertility.
12.78 Premenstrual syndrome is a collection of symptoms—

including nervous tension, irritability, breast pain (mastalgia;
Frame 12.54), edema, and headache—which usually occur during
premenstrual syndrome the 10 days preceding menstruation. ____________________
pre MEN stroo al * SIN drohm ____________________ is abbreviated PMS.
12.79 The uterus is suspended in the pelvic cavity by ligaments.

If these ligaments weaken, often due to a congenital deformity or
trauma, the uterus may become displaced to droop downward into
the vagina. The condition is called prolapsed uterus, and in some
cases it may even fall completely within the vagina (■ Figure 12.20).
prolapsed uterus Another term for __________________ __________________ is
hysteroptosis (HISS ter op TOH siss), which is a constructed term with
three word parts: hyster/o/ptosis.
■■Figure 12.20
Prolapsed uterus. (a) A prolapse
is the abnormal drop of the uterus
into the vagina, representing the
most common type of uterine
displacement. It is usually caused Prolapsed Severely
by weakened uterine ligaments. uterus prolapsed
uterus
(b) A severely prolapsed uterus
may extend through the vaginal
orifice, as shown. (a) (b)
salpingitis 12.80 Inflammation of a fallopian tube is called ____________________.

sal pin JYE tiss The constructed form of this term is salping/itis. It is usually caused by
bacterial infection and is often associated with PID (Frame 12.77).
12.81 A protrusion, or herniation, of a fallopian tube wall is known

salpingocele as ____________________. The constructed form is salping/o/cele,
sal PING goh seel revealing its three word parts.
vaginitis 12.82 Inflammation of the vagina is known as ____________________.

vaj ih NYE tiss Because colp/o is an alternate combining form for vagina, it is also
called colpitis (kol PYE tiss). In a common form known as atrophic
vaginitis (ay TROH fik * vaj ih NYE tiss), the usual symptoms of redness
and swelling are accompanied by thinning of the vaginal wall and
loss of moisture, usually due to a depletion of estrogen, and is
common among postmenopausal women.
12.83 Inflammation of the external genitals, or vulva, is called

vulvitis ____________________. When the vagina is also inflamed, the
vul VYE tiss condition is known as vulvovaginitis (VUL voh vaj ih NYE tiss). The
constructed form of this term reveals four word parts and is written
vulv/o/vagin/itis ______/__/_______/_____.
PRACTICE: Diseases and Disorders of the Female Reproductive System

The Right Match
______ 1. breast cancer a. a malignant tumor of the cervix
______ 2. carcinoma in situ b. the most common form is infiltrating ductal carcinoma
______ 3. cervical cancer c. cancer in site
______ 4. fibrocystic breast disease d. a common form of reproductive cancer in women
______ 5. fistula e. a condition in which one or more benign, fibrous cysts
______ 6. ovarian cancer develop within the breast
______ 7. ovarian cyst f. an abnormal passage from one hollow organ to another
______ 8. pelvic inflammatory disease g. inflammation that involves some or all of the female organs
within the pelvic cavity
______ 9. premenstrual syndrome
h. displacement of the uterus into the vagina
______ 10. prolapsed uterus
i. a fluid-filled sac on an ovary
j. collection of symptoms that occur during the 10 days
preceding menstruation
396 Chapter 12
Break the Chain

b) For the Bonus Question, write the requested words or definition in the blank that follows.
1. a) vulvitis ________/________
r s
2. a) salpingocele ________/___/________
cf s
b) Bonus Question: What anatomical part does the combining form refer to? ___________________________
3. a) amastia ________/________/________
p r s
4. a) endometriosis ________/________/___/________
p cf s
5. a) leiomyoma ________/___/________/________
cf r s
Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Female Reproductive System

Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the treatments, procedures, and devices of the female repro-
ductive system and are covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you

endo- within cervic/o neck, cervix -al pertaining to
trans- through, across, colp/o vagina -ectomy surgical excision,
beyond episi/o vulva removal
gyn/o, gynec/o woman -gram a record or image
hyster/o uterus -graphy recording process
lapar/o abdomen -ic pertaining to
mamm/o breast -logist one who studies
mast/o breast -logy study or science of
metr/i uterus -pexy surgical fixation,
oophor/o ovary suspension
path/o disease -plasty surgical repair
salping/o trumpet, fallopian -rrhaphy suturing
tube -scopy process of viewing
son/o sound -stomy surgical creation of
vagin/o sheath, vagina an opening
vulv/o vulva
KEY TERMS A–Z 12.84 A minor surgical procedure that involves the surgical
extraction of tissue for microscopic analysis is called a
biopsy ____________________. Abbreviated bx or Bx, the sample may be
BYE op see removed from any tissue including the cervix, endometrium, or
breast. Any one of several procedures may be used to extract a
tissue sample, including scraping (curettage), aspiration, or excision.
(■ Figure 12.21).
■■Figure 12.21
Biopsy. Various forms of Endometrial Pap smear Cervical punch biopsy Cervical cone biopsy
gynecological biopsy are shown. curretage
398 Chapter 12
12.85 To remove precancerous or cancerous tissue from the

cervix, the anterior part of the cervix can be removed in a cervical
conization (SER vih kal * koh nih ZAY shun). In this procedure, a
cone-shaped section of the cervix is removed as a common
cervical conization treatment for precancerous conditions. A ____________________
____________________ is often performed with an electrical wire
loop, called a LEEP, which is an acronym for “loop electrosurgical
excision procedure.” If the cancer is developed, the cervix may be
cervicectomy removed in a ____________________. The constructed form of this
SER vih SEK toh mee term is cervic/ectomy.
12.86 Recall that a word root for vagina is colp. Removal of the
colpectomy vagina is a surgery called a ____________________, or alternatively
kol PEK toh mee called vaginectomy (VAJ ih NEK toh mee).
12.87 Surgical repair of the vagina is a procedure called

colpoplasty ____________________. This constructed term includes three word
KOL poh plass tee parts: colp/o/plasty. A colpoplasty often includes suturing the wall
colporrhaphy of the vagina in a procedure called ____________________. Also a
kol POR ah fee constructed term, it may be shown with its three word parts as
colp/o/rrhaphy. Both procedures often follow an endoscopic evaluation
of the vagina, called a colposcopy. Write the constructed form of
colp/o/scopy this term here: _________/__/________.
12.88 A common procedure that is used for both diagnostic

and treatment purposes is called dilation and curettage,
dilation and curettage abbreviated D&C. During a ___________________ ____________
dye LAY shun * and * koo ____________________, the cervix is dilated to permit the insertion
reh TAZH of a spoon-shaped instrument called a curette, which is used to
scrape the lining of the endometrium (see Figure 12.21). It is often
performed to control bleeding, obtain a tissue sample for biopsy, or
remove polyps.
12.89 If the endometrium requires more treatment than can be

provided by a D&C, an endometrial ablation may be applied.
The term ablation means “surgical removal of tissue.” In an
endometrial ablation ____________________ ____________________, lasers, electricity,
ehn doh MEE tree al * ahb or heat may be used to destroy the endometrium, followed by
LAY shun suction to remove the dead tissue.
12.90 Two combining forms that mean “woman” are gynec/o and
gyn/o. The branch of medicine focusing on women is known as
gynecology ___________________, abbreviated GYN. The constructed form
GYE neh KOL oh jee of this term is gynec/o/logy. Frequently, a physician known as an
obstetrician-gynecologist combines these two areas of expertise;
this is abbreviated OB/GYN. Also, the study of diseases that afflict
gynopathology women is known as ____________________. As a constructed term,
GYE no path ALL oh jee it includes two combining forms: gyn/o/path/o/logy. A physician
specializing in this field of medicine is called a gynopathologist
(GYE no path ALL oh jist). Show the five word parts of this term:
gyn/o/path/o/logist ___/__/____/__/______.
12.91 As a common therapy for hormonal management,

hormone replacement therapy, abbreviated HRT, can be
very effective in correcting disrupted menstrual and ovarian
hormone replacement cycles. In ____________________ ____________________
therapy ____________________, the hormones estrogen and progesterone
are frequently prescribed in pill form. It is also the most effective
means of female contraception for the prevention of unwanted
pregnancy.
12.92 The surgical removal of the uterus is commonly called

hysterectomy ____________________. The surgery may include surrounding
HISS teh REK toh mee structures with their corresponding terminology, as shown in
■ Figure 12.22. This constructed term includes two word parts:
hyster/ectomy.
(a) (b)
■■Figure 12.22
Alternative forms of surgeries
involving the uterus, ovaries,
and fallopian tubes. The
solid lines indicate excision.
(a) Hysterectomy. (b) Right
salpingo-oophorectomy.
(c) Bilateral salpingo-
oophorectomy. (d) Bilateral
hysterosalpingo-oophorectomy,
or panhysterectomy. (c) (d)
400 Chapter 12
12.93 The surgical procedure that may be used to correct the

position of prolapsed uterus (Frame 12.79) by strengthening its
hysteropexy connections to the abdominal wall is called ____________________.
HISS ter oh PEK see The constructed form of this term is hyster/o/pexy and means
“surgical fixation of the uterus.”
-pexy or -plasty?
The meanings of these two suffixes both relate to surgery—but they are very different forms of
WORDS TO surgery. Remember that -pexy means “surgical fixation, suspension,” and -plasty means “surgical
Watch Out For repair.” One way to remember the meaning of -pexy is that it uses an x, as does the word fixation
in its definition. Similarly, a way to remember the meaning of -plasty is that it uses a p, as does the
word repair in its definition.
12.94 A noninvasive diagnostic technique that uses a modified

endoscope, called a hysteroscope (HISS ter oh skope), to evaluate the
hysteroscopy uterine cavity is called ____________________. It contains three word
HISS ter OSS koh pee parts, as you can see in hyster/o/scopy. To evaluate the external
appearance of the uterus and other organs of the pelvic cavity, a
laparoscope (LAP ahr oh skope) is inserted through a small incision
laparoscopy in the lower abdominal wall during a ____________________. The
lap ahr OSS koh pee procedure is shown in ■ Figure 12.23. This is also a constructed term,
shown as lapar/o/scopy (the word root lapar means “abdomen”).
Laparoscope
Fallopian tube
Ovary
Uterus
■■Figure 12.23 Light source

Laparoscopy. A lighted
endoscope specialized for
insertion into the abdomen,
called a laparoscope, is used
to view reproductive organs.
The laparoscope may also be
outfitted with surgical devices
for excision of structures.
12.95 An x-ray procedure that produces an x-ray image of a

mammography breast, called a mammogram, is called ____________________.
mam OG rah fee The procedure and a mammogram are shown in ■ Figure 12.24.
The procedure is an early screening for breast cancer. The term
mammography is a constructed word: mamm/o/graphy.
■■Figure 12.24
Mammography. (a) A healthcare
professional assists the patient
to ensure the breast is placed
ideally for the x-ray.
Source: Keith Brofsky/Photo-
disc/Getty Images.
(b) A mammogram. A tumor
is visible in this mammogram,
indicated by the arrow in the
lower right corner.
Source: Courtesy of Dr. Dwight
Kaufman, National Institutes of
Health, National Cancer Institute
Visuals Online, Bethesda, MD. (a) (b)
-graph, -graphy, or -gram?

Remember that the suffix -y means “process of.” Thus, because the suffix -graph means “instrument
WORDS TO for recording,” the suffix -graphy means “recording process.” In a slightly different twist, the suffix
Watch Out For -gram means “a record or image.” In each of these suffixes, switching the ending creates the term
used for recording information.
12.96 The surgical repair of one or both breasts is called a

mammoplasty ____________________. It involves either the enlargement or
MAM moh PLASS tee reduction of breast size or, in some cases, removal of a tumor.
Mammoplasty is also an important reconstructive procedure for
women who have had a mastectomy (Frame 12.97).
402 Chapter 12
12.97 In addition to the combining form mamm/o, the combining

form mast/o also means “breast.” Thus, a procedure involving the
mastectomy removal of breast tissue is a ____________________ (■ Figure 12.25).
mass TEK toh mee In a simple mastectomy, one entire breast is removed while
leaving underlying muscles and lymph nodes intact. In a radical
mastectomy (or Halsted mastectomy), the entire affected breast
is removed along with muscles and lymph nodes of the chest. In
a modified radical mastectomy, the affected breast and lymph
nodes are removed but the muscles are left intact. Finally, a
lumpectomy is the removal of the cancerous lesions only, which
conserves the breast.
■■Figure 12.25
Breast surgery. Surgical removal
of all or part of the breast is a
treatment against the spread of
breast cancer. (a) Lumpectomy (b) Modified radical mastectomy
oophorectomy 12.98 Surgical removal of an ovary is performed in an

oh OF oh REK toh mee ____________________. Its two word parts are shown in oophor/ectomy.
12.99 A common diagnostic procedure that screens for

precancerous cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer is known as
the Papanicolaou smear (pap an IK oh lau * smeer), commonly called
Pap smear a ____________________ ____________________. It involves the
gentle scraping of cells from the cervix and vagina followed by their
microscopic examination (■ Figure 12.26).
IN
F
LA
M
AL
M
RM
AT
OR
NO
Y
■■Figure 12.26
Pap smear. Cells of the cervix
(shown in the center) change in
appearance as they progress
through the stages of cervical
cancer, as shown in this
diagram. During the Pap smear,
cells are obtained from the
cervix in a cervical biopsy and
CA
studied under a microscope
ER
CE
N
C
for changes. Based on the R AN
EC
appearance of cells, a diagnosis PR
can be made.
PAPANICOLAOU SMEAR
Did You Named after Dr. George Papanicolaou, an anatomist and cytologist, the Pap smear is a
screening test for cervical cancer that has made early detection possible. The American
KNOW Cancer Society recommends annual tests at ages 20 and 21, followed by tests at 3-year
intervals throughout later years.
12.100 The surgical removal of a fallopian tube is performed in a

salpingectomy procedure called a ____________________. The constructed form
SAL pin JEK toh mee of this term is salping/ectomy. If an ovary is also removed, the
procedure is called a salpingo-oophorectomy (sal ping goh oh OF oh
REK toh mee). Also a constructed term, it includes four word parts:
salping/o/- _________/__-________/_________.
oophor/ectomy
The O’s in Salpingo-oophorectomy

When two combining forms are joined together to form a term, the first combining form keeps its
WORDS TO combining vowel, even if the second begins with a vowel. Thus, in the term salpingo-oophorectomy,
Watch Out For the combining form salping/o retains its combining vowel. In this long term, the hyphen is included
to distinguish between the two adjacent combining forms and to make pronunciation easier. This
makes for a lot of o’s, so be careful when you spell this term.
404 Chapter 12
12.101 Surgical fixation of a fallopian tube may become necessary

if the ligaments that support the tube within the pelvic cavity
salpingopexy weaken. The procedure is called ____________________. This
sal PING oh PEK see constructed term includes three word parts, as you can see in
salping/o/pexy. Often, a salpingopexy is accompanied by a
procedure to open a blocked fallopian tube or to drain fluid from an
inflamed tube. This procedure is called a salpingostomy (SAL ping
GOSS toh mee), which can be shown with its word parts separated as
salping/o/stomy ________/__/________.
12.102 A noninvasive diagnostic procedure that uses ultrasound

waves to visualize the uterus within the pelvic cavity is called
sonohysterography sonohysterography. The constructed term ____________________
son oh HIST er OG rah fee contains five word parts, represented as son/o/hyster/o/graphy.
In the diagnostic procedure known as transvaginal sonography
(trans VAJ ih nal * son OG rah fee) (TVS), an ultrasound probe is inserted
through the vagina to record images of the uterine cavity and
fallopian tubes. The constructed form of these terms is trans/vagin/al
son/o/graphy. In addition to its use for observing tumors or cysts, it
is used to monitor pregnancy.
12.103 The most common form of female sterilization as a

contraceptive measure is called tubal ligation, during which the
fallopian tubes are severed and closed to prevent the migration
of sperm upward into the tubes (■ Figure 12.27). The term
tubal ligation ____________________ ____________________ includes the word
TOO bal * lye GAY shun that means “to tie up,” ligate. Recently, in an effort to minimize the
invasiveness of surgery, ligation is sometimes replaced by the use
of clamps to close the fallopian tubes during endoscopic surgery.
Operating
laparoscope
Forceps
■■Figure 12.27
Sterilization
Tubal ligation. To minimize the
size of the incisions necessary,
laparoscopic surgery may be
used to enter the abdominal
cavity through a small incision,
cut the fallopian tubes, and
ligate (tie off) or clamp.
12.104 A vaginal speculum is an instrument used during a

vaginal speculum gynecological exam. A ____________________ ____________________
VAJ ih nal * SPEK yoo lum is used to open the vaginal orifice wide enough to permit visual
examination of the vagina and cervix.
12.105 The surgical removal of the vulva is called a

vulvectomy ____________________. The constructed form of this term is
vuhl VEK toh mee vulv/ectomy.
PRACTICE: Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Female

Reproductive System
The Right Match
______ 1. biopsy a. removal of the anterior part of the cervix
______ 2. dilation and curettage b. s evers and closes the fallopian tubes to prevent migration
______ 3. cervical conization of sperm
______ 4. Papanicolaou smear c. common therapy for hormone imbalances
______ 5. hormone replacement therapy d. destroys the endometrium with a laser
______ 6. transvaginal sonography e. a

procedure in which the cervix is dilated and a curette is
inserted to scrape the endometrium
______ 7. endometrial ablation
f. instrument that opens the vaginal orifice to permit visual
______ 8. tubal ligation examination
______ 9. vaginal speculum g. records images of the uterine cavity and fallopian tubes
h. m
icroscopic examination of cells scraped from the cervix
and vagina
i. surgical extraction of tissue for microscopic analysis
406 Chapter 12
Linkup
combining vowel.

colp/o -ectomy
gynec/o -gram
hyster/o -logy
mamm/o -pexy
oophor/o -plasty
salping/o -rrhaphy
vulv/o
Definition Term
1. surgical removal of the vulva ______________________
2. surgical repair of the vagina ______________________
3. branch of medicine that focuses on women ______________________
4. surgical removal of the uterus ______________________
5. suturing the wall of the vagina ______________________
6. surgical fixation of the uterus ______________________
7. x-ray image of a breast ______________________
8. surgical removal of an ovary ______________________
9. surgical removal of a fallopian tube ______________________
Signs and Symptoms of Obstetrics

Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the signs and symptoms of obstetrics and are covered in
the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you identify them: prefixes are yellow,
combining forms are red, and suffixes are blue.

dys- bad, abnormal, painful, amni/o amnion -cyesis pregnancy
difficult cyes/o pregnancy -emesis vomiting
hyper- excessive, a
bnormally gravid/o pregnancy -ia condition of
high, above hydr/o water -rrhea discharge
poly- excessive, over, many lact/o milk -s plural
pseud/o false
toc/o birth
KEY TERMS A–Z 12.106 Recall that the suffix -rrhea means “discharge.” The abnormal
discharge of amniotic fluid is a sign of a ruptured amniotic sac. The
amniorrhea sign is called ____________________. This constructed term includes
AM nee oh REE ah three word parts: amni/o/rrhea.
12.107 The combining form for birth is toc/o. When the prefix dys-
dystocia and the suffix -ia are added, the new term is ____________________
diss TOH see ah and means “condition of difficult labor.” The constructed form is
shown as dys/toc/ia.
12.108 The symptom of severe nausea and emesis (vomiting) during

pregnancy is called hyperemesis gravidarum. The term literally
hyperemesis gravidarum means “excessive vomiting when pregnant.” ____________________
HIGH per EM eh siss * grav ____________________ can cause severe dehydration in the mother
ih DAR um and fetus if left untreated.
12.109 An abnormal, spontaneous discharge of milk usually between

lactorrhea nursings or after weaning is known as ____________________. This
LAK toh REE ah constructed term contains three word parts, shown as lact/o/rrhea.
12.110 An excessive production of amniotic fluid during fetal

development is called polyhydramnios. If left untreated,
polyhydramnios ____________________ can cause unwanted pressure on the fetus
PALL ee high DRAM nee ohs that can disturb development. The term is constructed of 5 word
parts, shown as poly/hydr/amni/o/s.
12.111 A sensation of being pregnant when a true pregnancy

does not exist is called pseudocyesis, which literally means “false
pseudocyesis pregnancy.” The constructed form of ____________________ is
SOO doh sigh EE siss pseud/o/cyesis.
408 Chapter 12
PRACTICE: Signs and Symptoms of Obstetrics

Break the Chain
1. a) dystocia ________/________/________
p r s
2. a) hyperemesis ________/________
p s
3. a) pseudocyesis ________/___/________
cf s
4. a) polyhydramnios ________/________/________/___/________
p r cf s
5. a) lactorrhea ________/___/________
cf s
6. a) amniorrhea ________/___/________
cf s
Diseases and Disorders of Obstetrics

Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the diseases and disorders of obstetrics and are covered in
Combining Form Definition Combining Form Definition Suffix Definition

blast/o germ, bud, fet/o fetus -al pertaining to
developing cell plasm/o form -osis condition of
erythr/o red tox/o poison -sis state of
KEY TERMS A–Z 12.112 The premature separation of the placenta from the uterine
wall is called abruptio placentae. This Latin word means “abrupt
abruptio placentae (loss) of placenta.” ____________________ ____________________
ah BRUP shee oh * plah results in either a miscarriage, stillbirth, or premature birth and is
SEN tee illustrated in ■ Figure 12.28.
■■Figure 12.28
Abruptio placentae. The
placenta becomes prematurely
detached from the uterine wall.
12.113 An abnormal childbirth in which the buttocks, feet, or knees

appear through the birth canal first is commonly called a breech
breech presentation presentation. A ____________________ ____________________ is
relatively common and places the child at risk due to an increased
risk of complications during birth.
12.114 A congenital anomaly is an abnormality present at birth.

As an example, cleft palate is a failure of the roof of the mouth to
congenital anomaly close during prenatal development. Another ____________________
kon JENN ih tal * ah NOM ____________________ is esophageal atresia (eh sof ah JEE al * ah
ah lee TREE zhe ah), in which the child is born with an absence of part of the
esophagus. This constructed term literally means “closure of the
esophagus.” A severe, relatively common congenital anomaly is
Down syndrome. Also called trisomy 21 to identify the chromosome
number that contains the defective genes, it is an abnormality
present at birth and characterized by cognitive disabilities,
glossomegaly (enlarged tongue), stubby fingers, and a fold over
the eyelids.
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410 Chapter 12
12.115 A circulatory disorder that places a pregnant woman and

her child at risk is called pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH),
or preeclampsia (pree eh KLAMP see ah). It is characterized by high
blood pressure, proteinuria (protein in the urine), and edema, all due
to toxemia (toxins in the bloodstream) during pregnancy. In some
women, it may progress to the more dangerous condition known as
eclampsia ____________________, in which the high blood pressure worsens to
eh KLAMP see ah cause convulsions and possibly coma and death.
ECLAMPSIA
Did You The term eclampsia is derived from the Greek word eclampsis, which means “to shine forth
rapidly or flash.” It refers to a sudden development and was chosen to be used for this
KNOW condition in modern times because of the sudden onset of convulsions that often marks
the disease.
12.116 Normally, about 8 days after fertilization the zygote will

implant into the inner lining of the uterus. However, in some cases
the zygote may implant in other tissues, such as the fallopian tube
lining or even the peritoneum, and from there proceed through
embryonic and fetal development (■ Figure 12.29). The term ectopic
means “out of place.” Therefore, a pregnancy occurring outside the
ectopic pregnancy uterus is called ____________________ ____________________.
ek TOP ik * PREG nan see
Placenta on the body

■■Figure 12.29 wall, liver, stomach,
Ectopic pregnancies. (a) An and intestines
ectopic pregnancy may occur
Interstitial
in any of the locations shown. pregnancy
Interstitial pregnancy is the most
Abdominal
common, with implantation pregnancy
occurring near the union of a
fallopian tube and uterus. If the
pregnancy is not terminated,
it will destroy the fallopian
tube and cause blood loss.
An ovarian pregnancy has the
unfortunate result of destroying Pubic symphysis
the ovary. (b) An abdominal Urinary bladder
Uterus
pregnancy is shown at full term. Vagina
Note that the fetus is surrounded Rectum
by the amniotic sac, but outside Ovarian
the uterus. (a) pregnancy (b)
12.117 A condition of neonates, or newborns, in which red blood

cells are destroyed due to an incompatibility between the mother’s
blood and baby’s blood is called erythroblastosis fetalis. It
occurs when the mother has RH- blood and has previously had
erythroblastosis fetalis an RH+ child (■ Figure 12.30). The term ____________________
eh RITH roh blass TOH siss * ____________________ is constructed as erythr/o/blast/osis fetalis
fee TAL iss and means “condition of fetal development of red (cells).” It is also
called hemolytic disease of the newborn.
(a) (b) (c)
RH+
father
RH–
mother
(d) (e)
■■Figure 12.30
Erythroblastosis fetalis. (a) The condition occurs with an RH+ father and RH-
mother. (b) First pregnancy with an RH+ fetus stimulates the mother’s blood to form
antibodies against the fetal blood. (c) As the placenta separates during birth, the
mother is further exposed to the RH+ blood, increasing her blood’s reaction against
it. (d) The mother carries antibodies against the RH+ blood. (e) In a subsequent
pregnancy with an RH+ fetus, the mother’s antibodies attack the RH+ blood of the
fetus, causing hemolysis of the fetal red blood cells, resulting in the disease that can
kill the child.
12.118 A neonatal condition caused by excessive alcohol

consumption by the mother during pregnancy is known as
fetal alcohol syndrome fetal alcohol syndrome, or FAS. ____________________
____________________ ____________________ often causes brain
dysfunction and growth abnormalities that usually afflict the child
throughout life. Because it causes a range of physical and cognitive
disabilities, it is also called fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD).
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412 Chapter 12
12.119 A lung disorder of neonates, particularly premature infants,

in which certain cells of the lungs fail to mature at birth to cause
lung collapse that can result in suffocation is called neonatal
respiratory distress syndrome. Abbreviated NRDS, it is also called
respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn. The condition of
neonatal respiratory ____________________ ____________________ ____________________
distress syndrome ____________________ may be managed by placing monitors around
the baby that trigger when breathing has stopped during the sleep cycle.
12.120 A condition in which the placenta is abnormally attached to the

uterine wall in the lower portion of the uterus is called placenta previa.
placenta previa ■ Figure 12.31 illustrates the condition of ____________________
plah SEN tah * PREE vee ah ____________________.
Placenta
previa
■■Figure 12.31
Placenta previa. The condition
is caused by the development
of the placenta over the cervical
canal, creating an occlusion of
the birth canal.
12.121 Caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, the disease

toxoplasmosis ____________________ may be contracted by exposure to animal feces,
TAHK soh plaz MOH siss most commonly from household cats. This constructed term is written
tox/o/plasm/osis and means “condition of toxic form.” It is a danger
to pregnant women because the protozoa are capable of crossing the
placental barrier to infect the fetus and cause birth defects.
PRACTICE: Diseases and Disorders of Obstetrics

The Right Match
______ 1. congenital anomaly a. severely high blood pressure in the pregnant woman
______ 2. breech presentation b. b
rain dysfunction and growth abnormalities caused by exces-
______ 3. eclampsia sive alcohol consumption by the mother during pregnancy
______ 4. abruptio placentae c. abnormality present at birth
______ 5. ectopic pregnancy d. placenta is abnormally located
______ 6. fetal alcohol syndrome e. lung disorder of neonates
______ 7. n
eonatal respiratory distress bnormal birth position in which the buttocks, feet, or knees
f. a
syndrome appear through the birth canal first
______ 8. placenta previa g. pregnancy that occurs outside the uterus
h. premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall
Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of Obstetrics

Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the treatments, procedures, and devices of obstetrics and
Prefix Definition Combining Suffix Definition

epi- upon, over, above,
Form Definition -al pertaining to
on top abort/o miscarry -centesis surgical puncture
amni/o amnion -ic pertaining to
dur/o hard -ician one who practices
episi/o vulva -metry measurement, process
fet/o fetus of measuring
obstetr/o midwife -tomy incision, to cut
KEY TERMS A–Z 12.122 A term derived from the Latin word aborto, which means
“miscarry,” is abortion. It is the termination of pregnancy by
expulsion of the embryo or fetus from the uterus. A natural expulsion
is called a miscarriage or spontaneous abortion (SAB). An
abortion ____________________ induced by surgery or drugs is called a
ah BOR shun therapeutic abortion (TAB). A drug that induces TAB is called an
abortifacient (ah BOR tih FAY shent).
12.123 A procedure that involves penetration of the amnion with

a syringe and aspiration of a small amount of amniotic fluid for
analysis is known as amniocentesis. The constructed form of
amniocentesis this term is amni/o/centesis. ____________________ literally means
AM nee oh sehn TEE siss “surgical puncture of amnion.” It is shown in ■ Figure 12.32.
414 Chapter 12
90°
Skin
Fascia
Uterine wall
Amniotic cavity
Empty bladder
■■Figure 12.32
Amniocentesis. In this
procedure, amniotic fluid is
aspirated with a syringe that is
inserted through the abdominal
wall, uterine wall, and amnion.
12.124 As an alternative to the nonsurgical birth of a child through

the birth canal, birthing can be accomplished surgically by making
an incision through the abdomen and uterus. This procedure is
cesarean section called ____________________ ____________________; it is abbreviated
seh ZAIR ee an * SEK shun C-section.
CESAREAN SECTION
The Latin word caesar literally means “to cut.” Because of the Latin meaning of the word, it
Did You
is believed that the term cesarean section was first used to describe this surgical a lternative
KNOW to vaginal birth during ancient Roman times. At one time it was thought that Julius Caesar
was given the name “Caesar” because his origin was from such a birth, but that is now
known to be false. During Roman times, physicians lacked the skills and knowledge to
perform the operation without killing the mother; it was performed only if the mother had
died while pregnant in an effort to save the child. His mother survived his birth, so the origin
of the Caesar name remains a mystery.
12.125 The term contraception literally means “against conception,”

or prevention of birth. It is the use of devices and drugs to prevent
fertilization, implantation of a fertilized egg, or both. The most
contraception effective ____________________ is surgical sterilization, including
kon trah SEP shun the vasectomy in males (Frame 12.45) and tubal ligation in females
(Frame 12.103). The most popular method is the birth control pill,
taken orally by females to block ovulation. Other methods include
condoms, diaphragms, and intrauterine devices (IUDs).
12.126 To reduce pain during childbirth, a patient may request an

epidural ____________________ block, during which an anesthetic is injected
into the epidural space of the vertebral column to block sensation
from the pelvic region. Epidural is a constructed term, shown as
epi/dur/al. Another elective treatment may be made in an effort to
prevent tearing of the vulva and perineum during childbirth. This
procedure involves an incision through these tissues to widen the
episiotomy vaginal opening and is called episiotomy. ____________________ is
eh peez ee OTT oh mee a constructed term, episi/o/tomy.
12.127 A procedure that measures the size of a fetus is called

fetometry ____________________. This constructed term is fet/o/metry and
fee TOM eh tree means “fetal measurement.” It is performed using ultrasound
technology on the pregnant mother in a technique known as
obstetrical sonography (ob STET rih kal * son OG rah fee), which is
shown in ■ Figure 12.33.
(a)
■■Figure 12.33
Obstetrical sonography and
fetometry. (a) The procedure is
performed in a clinical setting.
The instrumentation includes
a monitor, control panel, and
ultrasound probe. Source:
Monkey Business Images/
Shutterstock. (b) The fetometry
is obtained by measuring the
size of the fetal head and other
parts of the fetal body from the
image on the monitor. Source:
GagliardiImages/Shutterstock. (b)
416 Chapter 12
12.128 The combining form obstetr/o is derived from the Latin

word obstetrix, which means “midwife.” The medical field of
obstetrics __________________ is a discipline concerned with prenatal
ob STET riks development, pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period. It
is abbreviated OB. A physician practicing in this field is called an
obstetrician ____________________ (OB steh TRISH an).
PRACTICE: Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of Obstetrics

The Right Match
______ 1. cesarean section a. t ermination of pregnancy by a natural expulsion of the embryo or fetus;
______ 2. miscarriage also called spontaneous abortion
______ 3. abortifacient b. t he use of devices and drugs to prevent fertilization, implantation of
a fertilized egg, or both
______ 4. therapeutic abortion
c. an abortion induced by surgery or drugs
______ 5. contraception
d. a
n assisted birth procedure using a surgical incision through the
______ 6. obstetrics
abdomen and uterus
e. m
edical field concerned with fetal development, pregnancy, childbirth,
and the postpartum period
f. a drug that induces therapeutic abortion
Linkup
combining vowel.

amni/o -centesis
episi/o -metry
fet/o -tomy
Definition Term
1. aspiration of amniotic fluid for analysis ____________________
2. an incision made through the vulva and perineum during childbirth ____________________
3. procedure that measures the size of a fetus ____________________
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
12.129 The disease that results from infection with the

human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV, is called acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome, abbreviated AIDS. Both acronyms
are usually combined to term the disease HIV/AIDS. It is acquired
mainly through the exchange of body fluids during sex, such as
semen, blood, and vaginal secretions. It can also be acquired by the
use of contaminated instruments, such as intravenous needles. The
HIV/AIDS onset of ____________________ is characterized by the development
of opportunistic infections, which arise as the white blood cell count
(mainly helper T cells) declines.
12.130 Infection by the yeastlike fungus Candida albicans is

often sexually transmitted to cause the infection known as
candidiasis ____________________. It is characterized by skin and mucuous
KAN dih DYE ah siss membrane irritation and can lead to fatal systemic disease such as
endocarditis and septicemia. Candidiasis may also be caused by an
interference with normal flora, such as antibiotic therapy, and occurs
most frequently in women.
12.131 The most common bacterial STI in North America is

chlamydia. Its symptoms include urethral or vaginal discharge
and pelvic pain among women, urethritis and proctitis in men, and
inflammation of the eye’s conjunctiva in newborns that can lead to
chlamydia blindness. The term ____________________ is derived from the Greek
klah MID ee ah word chlamydos, which means “cloak.”
12.132 Genital herpes is the most common viral STI in North

genital herpes America. ____________________ ____________________ is caused
JENN ih tal * HER peez by the herpes simplex virus type 2, or HSV-2. It is characterized by
periodic outbreaks of small, painful blister-like sores on the genital
and anorectal skin and mucous membranes.
12.133 An STI that is caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae

gonorrhea is called ____________________. Among most infected men, it produces
gahn oh REE ah ulcerlike lesions on the mucous membranes and skin of the genital
region and is characterized by urethral discharge, although in women it
is usually without symptoms. Gonorrhea means “a flow of seed.”
418 Chapter 12
12.134 Hepatitis is an inflammatory disease of the liver that has

many different forms that are categorized as types A through E.
hepatitis B In ____________________, commonly called hep B, the cause
is a virus (known as HBV) that is primarily transmitted via blood
exchange, often through blood transfusions or sharing IV needles.
It may also be acquired through sexual exchange of body fluids.
Hep B causes liver damage that can lead to liver failure and death.
(Recall from Chapter 10 that hepatitis is a constructed term,
hepat/itis: hepat/o means “liver” and -itis means “inflammation.”)
12.135 The human papillomavirus, or HPV, is a virus that is

extremely common in the human population and is transmitted
human papillomavirus during intercourse. In some people, ____________________
____________________ forms the symptom of papillomas or genital
warts, which are transient vesicles on the penis or within the vagina.
It is well established that HPV is the primary cause of cervical cancer
(Frame 12.62) and elevates the risk of several other types of cancers.
12.136 An STI that is caused by a bacterium called a spirochete

(Treponema pallidum) is known as syphilis. It is transmitted by
sexual contact and usually first appears as red, painless pustules on
the skin that erode to form small ulcers known as chancres (SHANG
syphilis kerz) (Frame 12.10). If left untreated, ____________________ can result
SIFF ih liss in mental confusion, organ destruction, and death. The term syphilis
is named after the main character in a poem written in 1530 about a
shepherd afflicted with this dreaded disease.
12.137 An STI caused by the protozoan Trichomonas, which is an

trichomoniasis amoeba-like single-celled organism, is called ____________________.
TRIK oh moh NYE ah siss It is spread by sexual contact and infects both women and men. In
women, the sexually transmitted form is called Trichomonas vaginalis
and causes vaginal swelling and pain. In men, the urethra and prostate
gland become infected, causing inflammation and pelvic pain.
PRACTICE: Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

The Right Match
______ 1. chlamydia a. extremely common STI that causes genital warts in some people
______ 2. genital herpes and may also increase risk of cervical cancer
______ 3. acquired immuno b. caused by a bacterium called a spirochete

deficiency syndrome c. t he most common bacterial STI in North America; symptoms
______ 4. hepatitis B include urethritis and inflammation of the conjunctiva
______ 5. human papillomavirus d. characterized by skin and mucous membrane irritation; can lead
to endocarditis and septicemia
______ 6. syphilis
e. a
bacterial infection that produces ulcerlike lesions on the mucous
______ 7. gonorrhea membranes and skin of the genital region and urethral discharge
______ 8. trichomoniasis f. results from infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
______ 9. candidiasis g. infection caused by a protozoan that causes inflammation of the
urethra and prostate and pelvic pain
h. a form of an inflammatory disease of the liver caused by a virus
that is sexually transmitted
i. c
haracterized by periodic outbreaks of ulcerlike sores on the
genital and anorectal skin and mucous membranes
Abbreviations of the Reproductive System and Obstetrics

The abbreviations associated with the reproductive system and obstetrics are summarized here. Study these
abbreviations and review them in the exercise that follows.

AIDS acquired immunodeficiency IDC infiltrating ductal carcinoma
syndrome LEEP loop electrosurgical excision
BPH benign prostatic hyperplasia procedure
Bx, bx biopsy NRDS neonatal respiratory distress
CIN cervical intraepithelial neoplasia syndrome
CIS carcinoma in situ OB obstetrics
C-section cesarean section OB/GYN obstetrics/gynecology
D&C dilation and curettage Pap smear (test) Papanicolaou smear (or test)
DRE digital rectal exam PID pelvic inflammatory disease
ED erectile dysfunction PIH pregnancy-induced hypertension
FAS fetal alcohol syndrome PMS premenstrual syndrome
FASD fetal alcohol spectrum disorder PCOS polycystic ovary syndrome
FBD fibrocystic breast disease PSA prostate-specific antigen
GYN gynecology SAB spontaneous abortion
HBV hepatitis B virus STI sexually transmitted infection
HIV human immunodeficiency virus TAB therapeutic abortion
HPV human papillomavirus TURP transurethral resection of the
HRT hormone replacement therapy prostate
HSV-2 herpes simplex virus type 2 TVS transvaginal sonography
420 Chapter 12

1. PSA __________________________________________
2. ____________________ sexually transmitted infection
3. HIV __________________________________________
4. ____________________ transurethral resection of the prostate
5. BPH __________________________________________
6. ____________________ acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
7. ____________________ hepatitis B virus
8. HSV-2 __________________________________________
9. ____________________ digital rectal exam
10. HPV __________________________________________
11. ____________________ cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
12. D&C __________________________________________
13. ____________________ carcinoma in situ
14. HRT __________________________________________
15. ____________________ neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
16. PMS __________________________________________
17. ____________________ therapeutic abortion
18. PCOS __________________________________________
19. ____________________ pelvic inflammatory disease
20. TVS __________________________________________
21. ____________________ gynecology
22. Bx __________________________________________
23. ____________________ Papanicolaou smear
24. ED __________________________________________
25. ____________________ fibrocystic breast disease
26. OB __________________________________________
27. ____________________ cesarean section
28. OB/GYN __________________________________________
29. ____________________ spontaneous abortion
30. PIH __________________________________________
31. ____________________ fetal alcohol syndrome
32. IDC __________________________________________
CHAPTER REVIEW
Word Building
1. absence of one or both testes anorchism
2. cancer originating from a testis testicular carcin____________________
3. abnormally persistent erection ____________________ism
4. constriction of the prepuce ____________________mosis
5. excision of the prepuce circum____________________
6. an STI that causes liver inflammation ____________________B
7. incision into a testis ____________________tomy
8. condition of an undescended testis ____________________orchidism
9. condition of abnormally few sperm ____________________spermia
10. inflammation of a testis orch____________________
11. herniation of veins in the spermatic cord ____________________cele
12. absence of menstrual discharge ____________________menorrhea
13. white or yellow discharge from the uterus ____________________rrhea
14. condition of pain in the breast ____________________algia
15. profuse bleeding during menstruation meno____________________
16. abnormally reduced bleeding during menstruation ___________________menorrhea
17. spread of endometrial tissue into the pelvic organs endometri____________________
18. inflammation of the cervix ____________________itis


1. balan/o _________________________________ _________________________________
2. orchi/o _________________________________ _________________________________
3. test/o _________________________________ _________________________________
4. sperm/o _________________________________ _________________________________
5. colp/o _________________________________ _________________________________
6. mamm/o _________________________________ _________________________________
7. metr/o _________________________________ _________________________________
8. salping/o _________________________________ _________________________________
9. cyes/o _________________________________ _________________________________
10. toc/o _________________________________ _________________________________
422 Chapter 12
Complete the Labels

Urinary bladder
Seminal
vesicle Symphysis pubis
Rectum 1. deferens
2. gland Urethra
Bulbourethral
gland
4.
Glans penis
3.
■■Figure 12.34
The male reproductive system.
1. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
4. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
Fallopian tube
6. __________________
Rectouterine pouch
Uterus
Cervix
Urinary bladder
5.
Urethra
Clitoris
7. Labia __________________
Vaginal orifice
(a)
Fundus Fallopian
of uterus tube
Infundibulum
Ovary
Body of uterus
Endometrium
Uterine cavity
Cervical canal Fornix
8. __________________
9. __________________
(b)
■■Figure 12.35
The female reproductive system. (a) Sagittal section through the pelvis. (b) Top view of the pelvic organs.
5. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
6. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
7. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
8. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
9. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
424 Chapter 12

Marsha Williams

Phone: (211) 594-4000 • Fax (211) 594-4001
Medical Consultation: Gynecology Date: 04/15/2017

Patient: Marsha Williams Patient ID: 123456
Provider: Jennifer Holland, MD
Subjective:
“I experience very painful, heavy periods, especially in the past 5 years. Recently, for the past 2 weeks
between my last two periods, I have noticed spotty discharge.”
45 y/o female is nulligravida with a history of dysmenorrhea since puberty, but she explains has increased
in intensity during the past 5 years and presently complains of menorrhagia between the past two periods.
A D&C was performed on 07/08/2016 but failed to correct symptoms.
Objective:
Ht: 5¿8–
Wt: 145 lb
General Appearance: Skin with mild pallor, possible diaphoresis. No apparent masses or discolorations.
GYN: Erythema, mild edema present at cervical face.
Lab: Pap smear positive for anaplasia, HPV positive. Colposcopy positive for CIS.
Assessment:
CIS at anterior face of cervix
Plan:
Schedule cervical conization within 2 weeks. Biopsy, and consult with Pathology. If recommended, schedule
for cervicectomy.
Photo Source: Peter Baxter/Shutterstock.
M12_WING1226_04_SE_C12.indd 424 15/03/18 1:04 PM

1. Which patient complaints are consistent with the evidence? _________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Why was a Pap smear performed? _______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
3. What is the meaning of the terms dysmenorrhea and menorrhagia? ___________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________

carcinoma in situ of the cervix dilation and curettage leukorrhea
cervical conization dysmenorrhea menorrhagia
colposcopy HPV (human papillomavirus) Papanicolaou (Pap) smear
A 45-year-old woman, Marsha Williams, was admitted after complaining of excessive pain during
menstruation, or (a) ____________________, that was often accompanied by profuse bleeding, or
(b) ____________________. A white discharge, or (c) ____________________, was also mentioned by the
patient, usually between periods. A prior treatment in which the cervix was dilated and the endometrium
scraped, called a (d) ____________________ ____________________ ____________________, did not eliminate
the symptoms. The woman had no prior history of reproductive disease, STI, or cancer. A scraping of the
vagina and cervix for microscopic evaluation of cells, or (e) ____________________ ___________________,
showed abnormalities of cells. Culturing the cells indicated a type of virus that produces vaginal warts,
called (f) ____________________, was present and may have been the source of the abnormalities. Further
evaluation of the cervix, in which a tissue sample is removed with the aid of endoscopy and known as
(g) ____________________, indicated a premetastatic population of mutated cells that were cancerous, a
condition called (h) ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________
____________________. This finding was confirmed by a negative blood test for ovarian cancer cells. To
eliminate the possibility of metastasis, the location of the anaplastic cell population, at the end of the cervix,
was confirmed by (i) ____________________ before it was surgically removed in a cervicectomy procedure.
426 Chapter 12
Richard Miller

Phone: (211) 594-4000 • Fax (211) 594-4001

Patient: Richard Miller Patient ID: 123456
Provider: Samantha M. Ramapurthy, MD
Subjective:
“For the past month I have been feeling pain deep in my groin area. I also experience pain during urination,
and have noticed leakage from my penis.”
22 y/o male has no prior history of health concerns. He reported that he has been sexually active with
f requent unprotected sex in the past year. The pain he describes is scrotal and at the urinary meatus,
combined with balanorrhea.
Objective:
Ht: 5¿11–
Wt: 165 lb
General Appearance: Skin with mild pallor and diaphoresis. Palpable lump on lateral aspect of right testis,
accompanied by tenderness.
bx: Positive for nonseminoma testicular cancer.
Lab: Blood test positive for N. gonorrhoeae.
MRI: Tumor present on lateral aspect of r. testis, with some swelling of l. testis.
Assessment:
Nonseminoma testicular cancer of right testis with mets to left testis; gonorrhea
Plan:
Antibiotic therapy to defeat STI. Consult Oncology; if approved, schedule bilateral orchiectomy to remove
testicular cancer with inguinal lymph node dissection and exploratory into pelvic region. Follow with
6 months chemotherapy and radiation.
Photo Source: Vgstudio/Shutterstock.

1. What evidence supports the diagnosis of testicular cancer? _________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
2. How was the gonorrhea infection obtained? _______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
3. What is a bilateral orchiectomy? _________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________

A 22-year-old male presented with symptoms that included abnormally few sperm in a semen sample,
called (j) ____________________, pain in the scrotal and perineal regions, inflammation of the right testis
and epididymis, known as (k) ____________________, and a palpable lump on his right testis. An evaluation
of his medical history revealed excessive discharge from the glans, called (l) ____________________,
caused by a concurrent infection resulting in the STI known as (m) ____________________. The STI
was treated with antibiotics and reported cleared. A biopsy taken from the right testis was positive for
(n) ____________________ cancer. The left testis also showed evidence of early metastasis, so both testes
were removed during a bilateral (o) ____________________ that included lymph node dissection from the
pelvic region, followed with chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Intervention proved successful: the patient
survived and is recovering from the treatment with no late-stage metastasis evident. However, the patient
is now (p) ____________________, or incapable of producing viable gametes.


Chapter 13
The Nervous System

and Mental Health
Learning Objectives
13.1 Define
create terms for the nervous system. associated with the nervous system and
mental health.
13.2 Identify the major organs of the nervous
system. 13.5 Pronounce
terms associated with the nervous system
13.3 Break
down and define common medical and mental health.
terms used for symptoms, diseases,
devices associated with the nervous system
and mental health.
The Nervous System and Mental Health 429

nervous system. Note that the combining forms are colored red to help you identify them when you see them

cephal/o head myel/o spinal cord, medulla, myelin
cerebell/o little brain, cerebellum neur/o nerve
cerebr/o brain, cerebrum phren/o mind
crani/o skull, cranium psych/o mind
encephal/o brain radic/o, radicul/o nerve root
gangli/o swelling, knot vag/o vagus nerve
mening/i, mening/o membrane ventricul/o little belly, ventricle
nervous 13.1 The ____________________ system is a complex part of the

NURR vuss body that has been studied extensively, yet there is still much
more to learn. It is composed of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
Together, these important organs enable you to sense the world
around you, integrate this information to form thoughts and
memories, and control your body movements and many internal
functions. The brain and spinal cord form the central nervous
system, or CNS, and the nerves and ganglia form the peripheral
nervous system, or PNS.
13.2 The nervous system maintains body stability, or

homeostasis __________________, by monitoring changes in the body and
initiating responses to those changes. It is able to perform this
important function by its ability to perceive changes, or stimuli, and
convert this information into nerve impulses. A nerve impulse begins
when a nerve cell, or neuron, opens its membrane channels to
sodium and potassium ions, resulting in a flow of these ions across
the cell membrane. The flow causes a sudden change in electrical
neuron current, which flows along the ____________________ and is
transmitted to other adjacent neurons. The result is an impulse that
can travel very quickly along the nerves in your skin and elsewhere
and throughout the spinal cord and brain. Neurons are supported by
other cells of nervous tissue, known as neuroglia, which make up
most of the brain and spinal cord.
430 Chapter 13
13.3 Review the anatomy of the nervous system by studying

Central
nervous system
Brain
Spinal cord
Gray matter
(neuron cell
bodies)
White matter
(axons)
Ganglion
Neuron cell
bodies
Nerve
Peripheral
nervous system
Peripheral
nerves
Blood vessels Connective tissue
Axon
■■Figure 13.1
Organization of the nervous
system.
Postcentral gyrus
Central sulcus
Precentral gyrus
Right cerebral hemisphere
Longitudinal
fissure
ANTERIOR POSTERIOR
Left cerebral hemisphere
(a) Superior view
Fornix Cerebum
(parietal lobe)
Corpus callosum
Frontal lobe
Thalamus
Diencephalon Pineal gland
Occipital lobe
Hypothalamus
Cerebellum
Frontal sinus Arbor vitae

(tree of life)
Midbrain
Pituitary gland
Pons
Brainstem
Medulla
oblongata
Sphenoid sinus
■■Figure 13.2
The brain. (a) Superior (top) view.
(b) Sagittal view
(b) Sagittal view of a sectioned
brain to reveal internal features.
Medical Terms for the Nervous System

and Mental Health
13.4 The nervous system can experience many challenges
to health. The tissue making up the brain, spinal cord, and
nervous nerves, called ____________________ tissue, is quite delicate
and easily damaged. Therefore, it requires special protective
features, such as bone, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Protection from pathogens circulating in the bloodstream is
further assisted by a barrier between brain fluids and the blood,
blood–brain barrier known as the ____________________–____________________
____________________, which keeps most bacteria, harmful cells,
and many toxins from entering the nervous system. Usually, the
unwanted substances that successfully penetrate the blood–brain
barrier are eliminated by special neuroglial cells in the brain, called
microglia.
432 Chapter 13
13.5 Despite the measures protecting the brain and spinal cord,
the nervous system may still experience infectious diseases,
exposure to toxic substances, injury, and inherited conditions,
any of which may lead to functional losses. For example, the most
common affliction of the nervous system is stroke. Also known as
cerebrovascular accident (CVA), it is a disruption of the normal flow
brain of blood to the brain, resulting in the loss of ____________________
function that often proves fatal. According to the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC), over 140,000 lives were lost in the
stroke United States from ____________________ in 2016, making it the fifth
most common cause of death.
13.6 The treatment of disorders affecting the nervous system is

a relatively young branch of medicine known as neurology (noo
RAHL oh jee), which is a subspecialty of internal medicine. The
combining form neur/o means “nerve,” and the suffix -logy means
study of “____________________” or “science of.” Specialists within the broad
field of neurology include neurologists, whose medical practice
focuses on brain or spinal cord treatments; psychiatrists (sye KYE ah
trists), whose medical practice addresses mental illness; and clinical
psychologists (sye KOL oh jists), who are mental health professionals
trained in the treatment of behavioral disorders. The combining form
mind psych/o means “____________________.”
nervous system.
Signs and Symptoms of the Nervous System

Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the signs and symptoms of the nervous system and are covered
in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you identify them: prefixes are yellow,

a- without, absence of cephal/o head -algesia pain
hyper- excessive, abnormally esthes/o sensation -algia condition of pain
high, above neur/o nerve -asthenia weakness
hypo- deficient, abnormally phas/o to speak -ia condition of
low, below
par- alongside, abnormal
poly- excessive, over, many
KEY TERMS A–Z 13.8 The combining form phas/o means “to speak,” and the
prefix a- means “without or absence of.” Therefore, the inability
aphasia to speak is known as ____________________. It is a clinical sign of
ah FAY zee ah a disease process causing the disability. The term is constructed
of word parts. To highlight the word parts, aphasia can be written
a/phas/ia as ___/_________/_____. It literally means “condition of without
speaking.” A similar word with a different meaning is dysphasia,
which means “speech difficulty.” Rather than a complete inability
to speak, dysphasia is a speech or comprehension disorder
resulting from a brain injury or disease. It is also a constructed term,
dys/phas/ia.
13.9 The clinical term for a headache, or a generalized pain in

the region of the head, includes the combining form for head,
cephal/o, and the suffix that means “condition of pain.” The term is
cephalalgia ____________________. It includes two word parts, cephal/algia and
seff al ALL jee ah literally means “condition of head pain.”
CEPHALALGIA
There are several forms of cephalalgia, including muscle contraction (tension) headaches result-
Did You
ing from sustained muscle contractions often caused by tension; cluster headaches, in which
KNOW the pain is felt on one side of the head around one eye; and migraine headaches, believed to
be caused by changes in the brainstem and its effects on a nerve of the face known as the
trigeminal nerve (CN V). Migraine pain is often accompanied by extreme sensitivity to light
and sound (hyperesthesia; Frame 13.12), nausea, and sometimes vomiting. Migraines were
first written about in the 12th century ad, using the old French word migraigne that described
“a blinding pain in the head.”
13.10 A convulsion is a series of involuntary muscular spasms

caused by an uncoordinated excitation of motor neurons that
convulsion triggers muscle contraction. A ____________________ is a sign of
kon VUHL shun a neurological disorder and is also called seizure (SEE zhur).
13.11 The symptom hyperalgesia is an excessive sensitivity

to painful stimuli. The symptom hypoalgesia is a deficient
sensitivity to normally painful stimuli. The constructed form of
hyperalgesia ____________________ is hyper/algesia, and the constructed form
HIGH per al JEE zee ah of hypoalgesia is hypo/algesia.
434 Chapter 13
13.12 The combining form esthes/o means “sensation.” When

the prefix hyper- and the suffix -ia are included, the term
hyperesthesia ____________________ is created, which means an excessive
HIGH per ess THEE zee ah sensitivity to a stimulus, such as touch, sound, or pain. This
constructed term has three word parts: hyper/esthes/ia.
13.13 The suffix -algia means “condition of pain.” A condition of

neuralgia pain in a nerve is a symptom known as ____________________ and
noo RAL jee ah its constructed form is neur/algia.
13.14 The suffix -asthenia means “weakness.” When the word root
neurasthenia neur is included, the clinical term is spelled ____________________.
noo ras THEE nee ah The symptom of neurasthenia is a generalized experience of body
fatigue, which is often associated with mental depression. The
constructed form of neurasthenia is neur/asthenia.
13.15 The prefix par- means “alongside or abnormal.” Combining

it with the combining form for “sensation” forms the term
paresthesia ____________________. The symptom of paresthesia is an abnormal
par ess THEE zee ah sensation of numbness and tingling caused by an injury to one or
more nerves. Its constructed form is par/esthes/ia to identify its
three word parts.
neuralgia 13.16 In Frame 13.13, you learned that ________________ is a

noo RAL jee ah condition of pain in a nerve. A condition of pain in many nerves can
be termed by adding the prefix that means “many,” as in the clinical
polyneuralgia term ____________________. The term polyneuralgia is constructed
pall ee noo RAL jee ah of three word parts: poly/neur/algia.
13.17 Syncope is a temporary loss of consciousness due to a

syncope sudden reduction of blood flow to the brain. ____________________
SIN ko pee is often called “fainting.” The term is a Greek word that means
“a sudden loss of strength.”
PRACTICE: Signs and Symptoms of the Nervous System

Linkup

a- asthen/o -algia
hyper- esthes/o -algesia
par- neur/o -ia
poly- phas/o
Definition Term
1. the inability to speak aphasia
2. an extreme sensitivity to painful stimuli ______________________
3. pain in many nerves ______________________
4. an excessive sensitivity to a stimulus ______________________
5. generalized body fatigue and weakness ______________________
6. pain in a nerve ______________________
7. abnormal sensation of numbness and tingling caused by nerve injury ______________________
The Right Match

______ 1. aphasia a. a series of involuntary muscle spasms
______ 2. cephalalgia b. a vague condition of fatigue
______ 3. paresthesia c. excessive sensitivity to a stimulus
______ 4. neuralgia d. a headache
______ 5. hyperesthesia e. inability to speak
______ 6. neurasthenia f. a sudden loss of consciousness
______ 7. convulsion g. abnormal sensation of numbness
______ 8. syncope h. pain in a nerve
436 Chapter 13
Diseases and Disorders of the Nervous System

Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the diseases and disorders of the nervous system, which are

a- without, ather/o fatty plaque -al pertaining to
absence of aut/o self -ar pertaining to
epi- upon, over, cephal/o head -cele hernia, swelling,
above, on top cerebell/o little brain, cerebellum protrusion
hemi- half cerebr/o brain, cerebrum -ia condition of
intra- within crani/o skull, cranium -ic pertaining to
mono- one embol/o plug -ism condition or
para- alongside or encephal/o brain disease
abnormal -itis inflammation
gli/o glue
poly- excessive, over, -lepsy seizure
gnos/o knowledge
many -malacia softening
hem/o blood
quadri- four -oma tumor
hydr/o water
later/o side -osis condition of
mening/i, mening/o membrane -pathy disease
my/o muscle -plegia paralysis
myel/o spinal cord, medulla, -rrhage abnormal
myelin discharge
narc/o numbness -troph development
neur/o nerve -us pertaining to
poli/o gray
scler/o hard
thromb/o clot
vascul/o little vessel
ventricul/o little belly, ventricle
KEY TERMS A–Z 13.18 The combining form that means “knowledge” is gnos/o.
The loss of the ability to interpret sensory information is a disorder
agnosia known as ____________________, which is a constructed term that
ahg NOH see ah literally means “a condition without knowledge.” Its constructed
form is a/gnos/ia.
13.19 Among some individuals over the age of 40 years, the brain
undergoes gradual deterioration resulting in confusion, short-term
memory loss, restlessness, and cognitive losses. The disease is called
Alzheimer’s disease ____________________ ____________________ and is abbreviated AD.
ALTS high merz It is a progressive terminal disease with over 5 million sufferers in the
United States.
ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE
This disease is named after German physician Alois Alzheimer, who, in 1906, was the first
Did You
to draw the connection between the symptoms and the presence of abnormal clumps of
KNOW protein that form in the brains of patients who died of the disease. The clumps are now
called amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the cerebrum and are irreversible
changes without a known cause or cure. Even with today’s technology, these troublesome
clumps of proteins are observable only at postmortem, so a diagnosis of AD is given when
the behavioral deficiencies of short-term memory loss, confusion, restlessness, and cogni-
tive losses become apparent after other conditions have been ruled out.
13.20 A disease characterized by the progressive atrophy (loss)

of muscle caused by hardening of nervous tissue on the lateral
columns of the spinal cord is called amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease after the professional baseball
player whose experience with this disease brought it to national
amyotrophic lateral attention in 1939, ____________________ ____________________
sclerosis ____________________ is abbreviated ALS. The constructed form
ah my oh TROF ik * LAT of the term amyotrophic is a/my/o/troph/ic and literally means
er al * skleh ROH siss “pertaining to without muscle development.” ALS is a progressive,
terminal disease with no known cause.
13.21 The Greek word autos means “self” or “same” and is the
source of the combining form aut/o. The disease autism literally
autism means “disease of self.” ____________________ is a developmental
AHW tizm disorder that varies in its severity with the patient, characterized
by withdrawal from outward reality and impaired development in
social conduct and communication. Children with autism often avoid
eye contact with others and have perseverative behaviors such as
rocking back and forth for long periods of time, banging the head,
and scratching the skin.
13.22 In general, a palsy is a condition of muscular paralysis. In

Bell’s palsy ____________________ ____________________, the patient suffers
behlz * PAHL zee from paralysis of the face muscles on one side due to damage to the
seventh cranial nerve (CN VII).
cerebellitis 13.23 An inflammation of the cerebellum is called ____________________.

ser eh bell EYE tiss Symptoms of this disease include a loss of muscle coordination and
equilibrium. This constructed term can be written as cerebell/itis.
438 Chapter 13
13.24 An aneurysm is a circulatory problem caused by the

weakened wall of a blood vessel, resulting in a bulge in the wall
that is in danger of bursting. Aneurysm is derived from the Greek
cerebral aneurysm word aneurysmos, which means “dilation.” A ____________________
seh REE bral * AN yoo rizm ____________________ affects arteries channeling blood to the brain,
placing the brain at great risk of the damage that would result from
a burst aneurysm (■ Figure 13.3). A burst cerebral aneurysm is one
major cause of hemorrhagic stroke (Frame 13.28).
Aneurysms
■■Figure 13.3
Cerebral aneurysm. A cerebral
aneurysm is the abnormal
dilation of arteries supplying
the brain, which is caused by a
weakening of the arterial walls. Aneurysm
In this illustration of the ventral
side of the brain, three “berry”
aneurysms are revealed as the
ball-like swellings of the arteries
in red.
13.25 The disease cerebral atherosclerosis affects arteries

supplying the brain. The term contains six word parts, which are
revealed by writing the term as cerebr/al ather/o/scler/osis. In
cerebral atherosclerosis ____________________ ____________________, the vessels gradually
seh REE bral * ath er oh close due to the accumulation of fatty plaques, reducing the flow
skleh ROH siss of blood to the brain. This disease also increases the risk of stroke
(Frame 13.28), as atherosclerotic plaques tend to break away and
float downstream, causing plugs that lodge in blood vessels to cut
off the blood supply completely during acute events. A moving
cerebral embolism blood clot in an artery of the brain is called a ____________________
seh REE bral * EM bol izm ____________________ (seh REE bral * EM boh lizm). The condition of a
stationary blood clot in an artery of the brain is known as cerebral
thrombosis.
13.26 Recall that the term hemorrhage means the loss of blood,
cerebral hemorrhage or bleeding. A ____________________ ____________________ is
seh REE bral * HEM ohr ahj the condition of bleeding from blood vessels associated with
the cerebrum. The constructed form of this term is cerebr/al
hem/o/rrhage.
13.27 A condition that appears at birth or shortly afterward as a

partial muscle paralysis is called cerebral palsy (CP). The paralysis
cerebral palsy of ____________________ ____________________ persists throughout
seh REE bral * PAWL zee life and is caused by a brain lesion present at birth (known as
congenital CP) or a brain malfunction that arises during early
childhood (known as acquired CP). Presently, there is no treatment
or cure.
13.28 The clinical term for a stroke is cerebrovascular accident

cerebrovascular and is abbreviated CVA (■ Figure 13.4). A ____________________
accident ____________________ occurs when the blood supply to the brain
seh REE broh VASS kyoo lar * is reduced or cut off, resulting in the irreversible death of brain
AKS ih dent cells followed by losses of mental function or death. The two major
forms of CVA include ischemic stroke, which may be caused by
emboli (moving blood clots) or a thrombus (a lodged, stationary
blood clot), and hemorrhagic stroke, in which bleeding within
the cranial cavity follows an injury to blood vessels or a burst
aneurysm. In some cases, a blood clot may form temporarily before
it breaks apart and dissolves, resulting in a brief minor episode of
ischemia to an area of the brain that is usually without permanent
injury. Popularly known as a “mini stroke,” it is medically called
a transient ischemic attack (TIA) and usually lasts less than
5 minutes.
440 Chapter 13
Diagnosis of Stroke
Ischemic Stroke Hemorrhagic
Thrombosis Infarct
Clot in
carotid Subarachnoid hemorrhage
artery (ruptured aneurysm)
extends
directly
to middle
cerebral
artery
Embolism Infarct
Clot
fragment
carried
from heart
or more
proximal
artery
Intracerebral hemorrhage
(hypertensive)
Hypoxia Infarcts
Hypotension
and poor
cerebral
perfusion;
border zone
infarcts, no
vascular
occlusion
■■Figure 13.4
Causes of cerebrovascular
accident (CVA), or stroke.
WARNING SIGNS OF A STROKE

Although it may not be possible to completely prevent a stroke, there are warning signs
Did You
that, if followed, can minimize the neural damage that might otherwise result. The popular
KNOW acronym FAST includes three signs and a response:
Face: Ask the subject to smile to see if one side of the face droops.
Arms: Ask the subject to raise both arms and observe if one arm drifts downward or
is immoveable.
Speech: Ask the subject to say something and listen for slurred or strange speech.
Time: If any of the signs is present, call 911 immediately. The sooner a medical
response is made, the greater the chance of a full recovery.
13.29 A coma is a general term describing several levels of abnormally

coma decreased consciousness. The term ____________________ is derived
KOH mah from koma, the Greek word that means “deep sleep.”
13.30 The Latin word that means “shaking” is concussio. This word
concussion has been used to create the medical term ____________________,
kon KUH shun which is an injury to soft tissue resulting from a blow or violent
shaking. In a cerebral concussion, the cerebrum undergoes
physical damage when it strikes against the inside wall of the
cranium. A concussion is considered a minor injury, resulting in head
pain, dizziness, and sometimes nausea. A more severe brain injury is
called a traumatic brain injury (TBI), which often involves bleeding
that can result in functional losses and death. Half of all TBIs in the
United States are caused by motorcycle accidents.
13.31 A Greek word for brain is encephalos, providing us with the

combining form encephal/o, which is used in many medical terms
associated with the brain. For example, the term for an inflammation
encephalitis of the brain is ____________________. The condition of encephalitis is
en seff ah LYE tiss usually caused by bacterial or viral infection and is a life-threatening
condition, especially among young children. The constructed form of
this term is encephal/itis.
13.32 The suffix -malacia means “softening.” When the combining

encephalomalacia form for brain is included, the resulting term ____________________
en seff ah loh mah LAY she ah is created, which refers to a softening of brain tissue. Write
encephal/o/malacia the constructed form of this term: __________/___/__________.
Encephalomalacia is usually caused by deficient blood flow to the
brain, resulting in a large-scale loss of neurons.
13.33 A chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizures,

including convulsions and temporary loss of consciousness,
is the disease epilepsy. Each episode results from a sudden,
uncontrolled burst of electrical activity in the brain. Epileptic
seizures are classified as focal (partial) seizures, which are usually
limited to a small area of the brain and may include unexplainable
sensations and feelings, and generalized seizures, which strike both
hemispheres of the brain and often involve muscle convulsions (in
the severest form known as tonic-clonic or grand mal) and brief
epilepsy losses of consciousness. The term ____________________ literally
EP ih lep see means “seized upon.”
442 Chapter 13
EPILEPSY
Epileptic seizures have been written about since 400 bc, when they were first described by
Did You
Hippocrates in his book Sacred Disease. His Greek culture believed it was a punishment for
KNOW offending the gods. The original meaning of the Greek word epileptikos is “seized upon by
the gods.” The misconception that epilepsy is divine punishment or a form of evil persisted
until the late 19th century.
glioma 13.34 A neoplasm (tumor) of glial cells is called a ____________________.

glee OH mah The term includes two word parts: gli/oma. A glioma becomes life-
threatening when it crowds out functional neurons (see ■ Figure 13.5).
Glioma
■■Figure 13.5
Glioma. (a) Illustration of a large
glioma (colored area) within the
left cerebral hemisphere in a
sectioned brain. Notice how the
tumor crowds out normal brain (a) (b)
tissue. (b) A glioma may also
press against the cerebellum
and brainstem, causing a loss
of motor function and reflexes.
(c) PET scan of a glioma (yellow
mass). The red and yellow
colors indicate that metabolic
activity is very high, compared
to normal nervous tissue in
green and purple. This type of
glioma is called a glioblastoma
multiforme, which is a fast-
growing tumor.
Photo Source: Dr. Giovanni
DiChiro, Neuroimaging Section,
National Institute of Neurological
Disorders and Stroke. (c)
13.35 The term hydrocephalus literally means “head water.” This

constructed term includes four word parts: hydr/o/cephal/us. It is
usually caused by a blockage or narrowing of one or more channels
inside the brain that transport cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) between
brain ventricles. Because CSF is continually produced, the result of a
blockage or narrowing is a backup of watery CSF, causing the brain
ventricles to fill beyond their normal capacity to damage surrounding
brain tissue. When it strikes a child before the cranial sutures have
sealed, it results in enlargement of the cranium. If it strikes after the
cranial sutures have closed, it leads to permanent brain damage.
hydrocephalus But if diagnosed early, ____________________ can be surgically
HIGH droh SEFF ah luss corrected by placement of a CSF shunt that drains the excess fluid.
13.36 The meninges are several layers of membranes surrounding

the brain and spinal cord, which include the pia mater,
arachnoid mater, and dura mater. The combining form mening/i
means “membrane.” Adding the suffix -oma forms the term
meningioma ____________________, which is a benign tumor of the meninges
meh nin jee OH mah usually arising from the arachnoid mater and occurring within the
superior sagittal sinus on top of the brain. The constructed form of
this term is mening/i/oma.
13.37 Adding the suffix -itis to the word root that means
meningitis “membrane” forms the term ____________________, which is an
men in JYE tiss inflammation of the meninges. It is usually caused by a bacterial
infection that begins at the meninges surrounding the spinal cord to
form spinal meningitis. If left untreated, it poses a risk of spreading
along the meninges to the brain to cause the more serious condition,
encephalitis (see Frame 13.31). The constructed form of meningitis
is written mening/itis.
444 Chapter 13
13.38 The suffix -cele means “hernia, swelling, or protrusion.”

meningocele A ____________________ is a protrusion of the meninges, usually
men IN goh seel caused by a birth defect in the skull or spinal column (see
■ Figure 13.6). A term associated with a protrusion of the meninges
and spinal cord through a defective opening in the spinal column is
meningomyelocele ____________________. Both conditions are congenital defects that
men IN goh MYE eh loh seel are part of the congenital disease called spina bifida (SPYE nah *
BIF ih dah). The term meningomyelocele contains five word parts:
mening/o/myel/o/cele.
Meningocele
■■Figure 13.6
Meningocele. (a) A meningocele
is a herniation of the meninges,
usually associated with the
spinal cord. It is illustrated in this
cross-sectional view of a portion
of the vertebral column as the
large swelling. When it occurs
in a newborn, it is a congenital
defect known as spina bifida.
(b) Illustration of a child born
with spina bifida, with a large
meningocele. (a) (b)
13.39 A disease characterized by the deterioration of the

myelin sheath covering axons within the brain is known as
multiple sclerosis ____________________ ____________________, abbreviated MS
MULL tih pull * skleh ROH siss (■ Figure 13.7). It is a progressive disease without a known cause,
diagnosed by episodes of localized functional losses that eventually
lead to paralysis and death. It is believed to be an autoimmune
disease, due to evidence showing the destruction of the myelin is
caused by the body’s immune response. Notice the term sclerosis
contains two word parts, scler/osis, and means “condition of hard.”
Myelin sheath
Damaged
neuron
Normal
neuron
■■Figure 13.7
Multiple sclerosis (MS). (a) A Exposed axon
disease characterized by the
gradual development of small Damaged myelin
areas of hardened (sclerotic)
(a)
tissue in the cerebrum, it
results in a gradual loss of brain
function. The inset compares a
normal neuron with a damaged
neuron in the brain. (b) MRI of
the brain showing MS lesions in
blue.
Source: Courtesy of Dr. Leon
Kaufman, University of
California, San Francisco, and
the National Cancer Institute,
National Institutes of Health. (b)
13.40 The combining form that means “spinal cord” is myel/o,

which is derived from the Greek word meaning “marrow,” myelos.
myelitis Inflammation of the spinal cord is called ____________________,
mye eh LYE tiss which can be shown with its word parts as myel/itis. It is usually
caused by a bacterial or viral infection spreading from the meninges
to the spinal cord and, if not treated, it can result in muscle paralysis
or sensory loss.
446 Chapter 13
MYEL/O
The combining form myel/o has four different meanings: “bone marrow,” “spinal cord,”
Did You
“medulla,” and “myelin.” The combining form is derived from the Greek word myelos, which
KNOW means “middle.” This derivative was used to describe a “middle” structure: the medulla
of the brain is in the middle between the higher brain and spinal cord, marrow lies in the
middle of a bone, and myelin is in the middle of a neuron. Over time, myel/o was assigned
separate meanings whenever its use became accepted.
13.41 A sleep disorder characterized by sudden uncontrollable

episodes of sleep, attacks of paralysis, and hypnagogic
hallucinations (dreams intruding into the wakeful state) is called
narcolepsy. Because narc/o means “numbness” and -lepsy
narcolepsy means “seizure,” ____________________ literally means “seizure
NAR koh lep see of numbness.” According to the National Institutes of Health,
narcolepsy is a widely underdiagnosed condition that may affect
approximately 1 in 3,000 Americans.
neuritis 13.42 Inflammation of a nerve is called ____________________. It

noo RYE tiss is usually caused by a bacterial or viral infection of the connective
tissue coverings surrounding a nerve, although it may also result from
polyneuritis physical injury to the nerve. In the condition ____________________,
PALL ee noo RYE tiss many nerves at once are inflamed. The term polyneuritis includes
three word parts: poly/neur/itis. Polyneuritis may be an early sign
of increased pressure within the cranium, called intracranial
(intra- = “within”; crani/al = “pertaining to the cranium”) pressure.
13.43 A tumor originating from a neuron is generally called a

neuroma ____________________. It is a benign tumor that may form on a
noo ROH mah nerve or within the brain and is shown in ■ Figure 13.8. Neuroma is
a constructed term that may be written as neur/oma to reveal its two
word parts.
■■Figure 13.8
Neuroma. Surgical removal of a
large neuroma from the hand of
a patient in a procedure known
as a neurectomy.
Source: Medicimage/Universal
Images Group North America
LLC/Alamy Stock Photo.
13.44 Damage to peripheral nerves due to any cause is called

neuropathy, which means “disease of nerves.” This constructed
term may be written as neur/o/pathy. The most common form of
neuropathy ____________________ results from a reduction of blood flow to
noo ROH path ee the limbs, such as occurs in diabetic neuropathy, and includes
symptoms of pain, tingling, and numbness and can lead to limb
amputation. If multiple areas of the body are affected, the prefix
polyneuropathy poly- is added to change the term to ____________________.
pall ee noo ROH path ee The four word parts of the term polyneuropathy can be shown as
poly/neur/o/pathy.
13.45 The suffix -plegia means “paralysis,” or the inability to

paraplegia contract muscles. In ____________________, muscles of the legs
pair ah PLEE jee ah and lower body are paralyzed. Other forms of paralysis include
monoplegia (mon oh PLEE jee ah), in which one limb is paralyzed;
hemiplegia (hem ee PLEE jee ah), paralysis of one arm and leg on one
quadriplegia side of the body; and ____________________ (qwad rih PLEE jee ah),
qwad rih PLEE jee ah paralysis from the neck down including all four limbs. Note how the
prefixes alter the meaning of the term: para- for “alongside,” mono-
for “one,” hemi- for “half,” and quadri- for “four.”
13.46 A chronic, progressive degenerative disease of the brain

characterized by tremors, rigidity, and shuffling gait is called
Parkinson’s disease Parkinson’s disease. The cause of ____________________
PARK ihn sonz ____________________ is not yet known, although it is diagnosed in
over 50,000 Americans each year. It is also called parkinsonism and
is abbreviated PD.
PARKINSON’S DISEASE
Did You This tremor-producing disease was first described by English physician James Parkinson in
1817. In his publication he called it “shaking palsy” and, in Latin, paralysis agitans. Later,
KNOW in 1877, it was referenced in French medical texts as “maladie de Parkinson,” and by 1890
it was commonly called in English, “Parkinson’s disease.”
13.47 Caused by one of several viruses belonging to the family

poliovirus, the disease poliomyelitis is characterized by inflammation
of the gray matter of the spinal cord, sometimes resulting in paralysis
poliomyelitis or death. __________________ is commonly referred to as polio.
poh lee oh my eh LYE tiss A vaccine for this disease has been available since 1955; soon after
its discovery by Dr. Jonas Salk it was widely distributed, ending a
pandemic that was destroying many lives prior to that year.
448 Chapter 13
13.48 The condition of inflammation of the ventricles of the brain

ventriculitis is known as ____________________. Its most common cause is
vehn TRIK yoo LYE tiss a blockage of one of the channels that carry cerebrospinal fluid
(CSF). The constructed form of this term is ventricul/itis. Untreated
ventriculitis results in hydrocephalus (Frame 13.35).
PRACTICE: Diseases and Disorders of the Nervous System

Break the Chain
1. a) agnosia a/gnos/ia
p r s
b) Bonus Question: What is the meaning of the suffix? condition of
2. a) cerebellitis ________/________
r s
b) Bonus Question: What is the meaning of the word root? __________________________________________
3. a) encephalitis ________/________
r s
b) Bonus Question: What is the meaning of the word root? __________________________________________
4. a) epilepsy ________/________
p s
5. a) meningitis ________/________
r s
6. a) paraplegia ________/________
p s
7. a) neuroma ________/________
r s
8. a) neuritis ________/________
r s
The Right Match

______ 1. encephalitis a. a disease resulting in recurrent seizures
______ 2. coma b. partial muscle paralysis caused by a brain defect
______ 3. Alzheimer’s disease c. a disease characterized by paralysis of face muscles on one side
______ 4. epilepsy d. an injury to the brain resulting from a blow or violent shaking
______ 5. Parkinson’s disease e. decreased consciousness
______ 6. amyotrophic lateral f. a developmental disorder that varies in severity
sclerosis
g. a disease characterized by brain deterioration
______ 7. Bell’s palsy
h. a disease characterized by tremors and rigidity
______ 8. autism
i. a cerebrovascular accident
______ 9. concussion
j. a disease characterized by progressive atrophy of muscle
______ 10. stroke
k. inflammation of the brain
______ 11. cerebral palsy
Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Nervous System

Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the treatments, procedures, and devices of the nervous sys-
tem, which are covered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you identify

an- without, angi/o blood vessel -al pertaining to
absence of cerebr/o brain, cerebrum -algesia pain
epi- upon, over, crani/o skull, cranium -ectomy surgical excision,
above, on top dur/o hard removal
ech/o sound -gram a record or image
electr/o electricity -graphy recording process
encephal/o brain -ia condition of
esthes/o sensation -iatry treatment, specialty
gangli/o, ganglion/o swelling, knot -ic pertaining to
myel/o spinal cord, -ist one who specializes
medulla, myelin -logy study or science of
neur/o nerve -lysis loosen, dissolve
psych/o mind -plasty surgical repair
radic/o nerve root -rrhaphy suturing
rhiz/o nerve root -tome cutting instrument
tom/o to cut -tomy incision, to cut
vag/o vagus nerve
450 Chapter 13
KEY TERMS A–Z 13.49 Pain management is an important part of treating many forms
of disease. The most common form of pain management is the use
of analgesics, such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and acetaminophen. The
analgesic term ____________________ means “pertaining to without pain.”
anne ahl JEE sik Analgesics commonly used for severe pain include codeine and
morphine. Because they are classified as opioid compounds, they
are called opioid (OH pee oyd) analgesics.
13.50 The primary type of pain management that is used during

anesthesia surgical procedures is ____________________. The constructed form
anne ehs THEE zee ah of the term is an/esthes/ia and means “without the condition of
sensation.” The anesthetic is usually a blend of narcotics designed
to drop the patient into unconsciousness quickly and as risk-free
as possible. It may be administered by inhalation, injection, or
drip through a catheter. Anesthesia is managed by a physician
called an anesthesiologist (anne ehs THEE zee AHL oh jist) and is often
anesthetist administered by a trained specialist called an ___________________.
anne EHS the tist A nerve block anesthesia is an injection made into a nerve to block
the conduction of impulses between the nerve and the CNS.
13.51 A diagnostic procedure that reveals blood flow to the brain

by x-ray photography is known as cerebral angiography. An
example of a cerebral angiogram is provided in ■ Figure 13.9. The
cerebral angiography ____________________ ____________________ procedure can identify
seh REE bral * anj ee OHG cerebral aneurysm (Frame 13.24) and cerebral thrombosis (Frame
rah fee 13.25) and track the damage that might occur following a cerebral
hemorrhage (Frame 13.26). This term may be separated into its word
parts by writing it as cerebr/al angi/o/graphy.
■■Figure 13.9
Cerebral angiography. The
cerebral angiogram shown
here reveals the arteries
supplying the brain and
branching throughout the brain.
The largest white vessels are
the right and left internal carotid
arteries, which carry blood to the
brain from the heart. The arrow
points to a cerebral aneurysm.
Source: hasa/Shutterstock.
13.52 A procedure involving the use of a computer to interpret a series

of x-ray images and construct from them a three-dimensional view of
the brain is known as computed tomography. Commonly called a
computed tomography CT scan, ____________________ ____________________ is particularly
kom PYOO ted * toh MOG useful in diagnosing tumors, including gliomas (Frame 13.34).
rah fee
13.53 The surgical removal of part of the bony cranium is called

craniectomy ____________________. The term includes two word parts, which can
kray nee EK toh mee be shown as crani/ectomy. A craniectomy is usually performed to
remove a fractured cranial bone.
13.54 In the slightly less major surgery called a craniotomy, an

incision is made through the cranium to provide surgical access
craniotomy to the brain. The term ____________________ can be written as
kray nee OTT oh mee crani/o/tomy to reveal its three word parts. The surgical knife used
to perform this operation is called a craniotome (crani/o/tome). A
craniotomy is shown in ■ Figure 13.10.
■■Figure 13.10
Craniotomy. An area of the brain’s
surface is made accessible for
additional procedures by cutting
through the cranial wall in a
craniotomy. In this photograph, a
craniotomy has been performed,
setting the stage for the removal
of injured or diseased parts of
the brain. Here, the surgeon is
preparing for the removal of the
tumor (the dark mass to the left of
normal brain tissue).
Source: ChaNaWiT/Shutterstock.
13.55 In the procedure echoencephalography, ultrasound

(sound wave) technology is used to record brain structures in the
echoencephalography search for abnormalities. ___________________ is abbreviated
ek oh en SEFF ah LOG rah fee EchoEG. Write the term with its division into five word parts here:
ech/o/encephal/o/graphy ____/__/________/__/______.
452 Chapter 13
13.56 A general type of treatment to manage neurological

disorders is known as effectual drug therapy. Examples of
effectual drug therapy ____________________ ____________________ ____________________
include antianxiety medication that reduces patient anxiety levels,
anticonvulsants that control convulsions occurring in diseases
such as epilepsy, antipyretics that are effective against fever,
antidepressants ____________________ that combat depression, and antipsychotics
that reduce hallucinations and confusion. Also, tranquilizers and
sedatives are often used to calm agitated and anxious patients,
whereas stronger narcotics produce stupor or induce sleep.
13.57 A diagnostic procedure that records electrical impulses of the

electroencephalography brain to measure brain activity is called ____________________ and is
ee LEK troh en SEFF ah abbreviated EEG (■ Figure 13.11). Write the word part construction
LOG rah fee of this term: ______/__/__________/__/_________.
electr/o/
encephal/o/graphy
■■Figure 13.11
Electroencephalography (EEG).
To perform the EEG, electrodes
attached to the patient’s head
by way of a rubber helmet pick
up electrical signals and convey
them to a computer for analysis
and printing.
Source: Pavel L Photo and
Video/Shutterstock.
13.58 An epidural is the injection of a spinal block anesthetic into the

epidural space external to the spinal cord. It is a common procedure
to manage pain during painful childbirth labor or as an emergency
procedure following severe trauma to the pelvic region. The term
epidural _________________ is a constructed term that can be written as
ep ih DUHR ahl epi/dur/al and literally means “pertaining to on top of the dura (mater).”
13.59 A group of diagnostic tests that measures changes in brain

waves during particular stimuli to determine brain function is known
evoked potential studies as evoked potential studies, or EP studies. ____________________
____________________ ____________________ evaluate sight,
hearing, and other senses.
ganglionectomy 13.60 Surgical removal of a ganglion is known as ____________________,

GANG lee on EK toh mee or gangliectomy. Both terms have only two word parts (ganglion/ectomy,
gangli/ectomy).
13.61 A lumbar puncture is the withdrawal (aspiration) of

CSF from the subarachnoid space in the lumbar region of the
vertebral column, where the spinal cord is absent (■ Figure 13.12).
lumbar puncture Abbreviated LP, a ____________________ ____________________ is
LUM bar * PUNK shur performed to evaluate the composition of CSF. A lumbar puncture
is commonly called a spinal tap.
Cervical
vertebrae
Thoracic
vertebrae
2
Lumbar 3 (b)
vertebrae
4
Injection site
5
Sacral
vertebrae
Coccygeal
vertebrae
(a)
■■Figure 13.12
Lumbar puncture. Abbreviated LP, the lumbar puncture is a common procedure that withdraws
cerebrospinal fluid from the lumbar region of the spinal canal for examination. Between vertebrae
L4 and L5, the needle is pushed through the dura mater to enter the subarachnoid space and CSF
circulation. (a) Diagram of the vertebral column to illustrate the location where the needle is inserted for
the LP procedure. (b) Supporting the patient for a lumbar puncture.
454 Chapter 13
13.62 In the frequently used diagnostic procedure magnetic resonance

imaging, powerful magnets are used to observe soft tissues in the
magnetic resonance body, including the brain. Abbreviated MRI, ____________________
imaging ____________________ ____________________ is used to target brain
tumors, brain trauma, MS, and other conditions (■ Figure 13.13).
■■Figure 13.13
MRI of the brain. In an effort to
precisely locate areas of brain
injury and disease, multiple
images are often recorded at
different depths. In this MRI
series of the head, transverse
section slices through the head
have been obtained to observe
the precise location of a brain
tumor (in pink) within the right
parietal lobe.
Source: Puwadol Jaturawutthi-
chai/Alamy Stock Photo.
13.63 Using the combining form for spinal cord, myel/o, with the suffix
myelogram for a record or image, -gram, forms the term ____________________.
MY eh loh gram It is an x-ray photograph of the spinal cord following injection of a
contrast dye. The procedure is called myelography, which can be
myel/o/graphy separated into its word parts by writing it as ________/__/________.
13.64 The surgical removal of a nerve is a procedure known as

neurectomy ____________________. Its word part construction is neur/ectomy.
noo REK toh mee
13.65 The study and medical practice of the nervous system is

neurology known as ____________________. It is also the department of a
noo RAHL oh jee hospital or clinic where medical procedures on the brain, spinal
cord, and nerves are performed. The related term neurologic is
an adjective associated with the general field of neurology, and a
neuroscientist is one who participates in neurological research. A
neurologist _________________ is a physician who specializes in neurology, and
noo RAHL oh jist a neurosurgeon is a physician who performs surgery of the brain,
spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. The constructed term neurology
may be shown as neur/o/logy to reveal its three word parts.
13.66 The procedure of separating a nerve by removing unwanted

neurolysis adhesions is known as neurolysis. ____________________ can be
noo RAHL ih siss written as neur/o/lysis. The suffix -lysis means “loosen or dissolve.”
13.67 The suffix -plasty means “surgical repair.” When adding the
neuroplasty combining form for nerve, the term becomes ____________________.
NOO roh plass tee Thus, neuroplasty is the surgical repair of a nerve. Its three word
parts may be shown as neur/o/plasty.
13.68 The suffix -rrhaphy refers to a procedure involving sutures.

When adding the combining form for nerve, the term becomes
neurorrhaphy ____________________, or neur/o/rrhaphy. It means “suture of a
noo ROR ah fee nerve.”
13.69 Recall that the suffix -tomy means “incision, to cut.”

Adding the combining form for nerve creates the term
neurotomy ____________________, which means “incision into a nerve.” Write
noo ROT oh mee the word part construction of this term: ________/__/_________.
neur/o/tomy
13.70 A scan using a radioactive chemical to provide a map

of metabolically active cells within the brain is a common
positron emission procedure known as ____________________ ____________________
tomography ____________________. It is often called a PET scan and is a useful
PAHZ ih tron * ee MISH un * diagnostic procedure to evaluate brain function.
toh MOG rah fee
13.71 The branch of medicine that addresses disorders of the brain

resulting in mental, emotional, and behavioral disturbances is known
psychiatry as _________________. The constructed form of this term is psych/iatry,
sigh KIGH ah tree which means “treatment of the mind.” A physician practicing in this
field is a psychiatrist, who often uses psychopharmacology, or
drug therapy targeting the brain, and psychoanalysis, or psychiatric
therapy, to improve a patient’s quality of life.
psychology 13.72 In contrast to psychiatry, the field of ____________________ is

sigh KALL oh jee not a medical specialty. It is the study of human behavior. The term
psychology contains three word parts, psych/o/logy, which means
“study or science of the mind.” However, a subdiscipline within
this field, known as clinical psychology, uses applied psychology
to treat patients suffering from behavioral disorders and emotional
trauma. The technique used in treating behavioral and emotional
psychotherapy issues is called ____________________.
SIGH koh THAIR ah pee
456 Chapter 13
13.73 Recall that the suffix -tomy means “incision, to cut.” A surgical
radicotomy incision into a nerve root is called ____________________. It is also
ray dih KOT oh mee called rhizotomy because a nerve root has two combining forms,
radic/o and rhiz/o.
13.74 Reflex testing is a series of diagnostic tests performed to

reflex testing observe the body’s response to touch stimuli. ____________________
____________________ is useful in assessing stroke, head trauma,
birth defects, and other neurological challenges. The tests include
deep tendon reflexes (DTR) involving percussion at the patellar
tendon and elsewhere and Babinski reflex involving stimulation of
the plantar surface of the foot.
13.75 As a treatment for stroke (Frame 13.28), a powerful chemical

that dissolves blood clots in vessels supplying the brain is known as
tissue plasminogen activator, abbreviated tPA (or IV tPA because
it is given through an IV into the arm). If it is administered within
tPA 3 hours of a stroke, ____________ may reopen blood flow to the
brain in time to reduce brain injury and make a full recovery possible.
13.76 The vagus nerve (CN X) is a large cranial nerve passing from
the brainstem into the thoracic and abdominal cavities. During a
vagotomy ____________________, several branches of the vagus nerve are
vay GOT oh mee severed to reduce acid secretion into the stomach to help prevent
the reoccurrence of peptic ulcer or reduce pain from the digestive
organs. The constructed form of this term is vag/o/tomy.
PRACTICE: Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Nervous System

Linkup
combining vowel.

an- crani/o -ectomy
esthes/o -ia
neur/o -iatry
psych/o -logy
vag/o -rrhaphy
-tomy
Definition Term
1. the primary type of pain management that is used during surgical ______________________
procedures
2. surgical removal of part of the cranium ______________________
3. the study and medical practice of the nervous system ______________________
4. a procedure in which an incision is made through the cranium to provide ______________________
surgical access to the brain
5. suture of a nerve ______________________
6. branch of medicine that addresses disorders of the brain that result in ______________________
mental and emotional disturbances
7. surgical severing of several branches of the vagus nerve to reduce acid ______________________
secretion in the stomach
8. the study of human behavior ______________________
The Right Match

______ 1. computed tomography a. the withdrawal of CSF from the spinal cord
______ 2. effectual drug therapy b. agent with a calming effect
______ 3. reflex testing c. treatment with medications to manage neurological disorders
______ 4. sedative d. cutting the vagus nerve to reduce peptic ulcers and pain
______ 5. analgesic e. a procedure that constructs a three-dimensional view of the brain
______ 6. lumbar puncture f. series of tests that observe responses to touch stimuli
______ 7. vagotomy g. agent that relieves pain
Mental Health Diseases and Disorders

Here are the word parts that commonly apply to mental health diseases and disorders and are covered in

bi- two ment/o mind -ia condition of
dys- bad, abnormal, neur/o nerve -ic pertaining to
painful, difficult phren/o mind -lexia pertaining to a word
psych/o mind or phrase
schiz/o to divide, split -mania madness, frenzy
somat/o body -osis condition of
-pathy disease
-phobia fear
458 Chapter 13
KEY TERMS A–Z 13.77 Anxiety is the apprehension of danger, filling a person with
anxiety disorder fear over the future. An ____________________ ____________________
ang ZIGH eh tee * dihs OR der occurs when this mental state dominates behavior. It is usually an
acute response that includes restlessness, psychological tension,
tachycardia, and shortness of breath.
13.78 A neurological disorder characterized by short attention

span and poor concentration is called attention-deficit disorder.
attention-deficit Abbreviated ADD, __________________ __________________
disorder __________________ is usually associated with school-age children
but can also affect adults and makes learning very difficult. A similar
disorder is attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, abbreviated
ADHD, which has the added symptom of hyperactivity, or
hyperkinesia.
13.79 Bipolar literally means “pertaining to two poles.” The mental

bipolar disorder disorder called ____________________ ____________________
bye POHL ar affects the cognitive functions of the cerebrum, causing alternating
periods of high energy and mental confusion (known as mania,
discussed in Frame 13.82) with low energy and mental depression
(■ Figure 13.14).
BIPOLAR DISEASE
MANIC DEPRESSIVE
• Begins suddenly and • Despairing

escalates over several days
• Reduced, slow speech
■■Figure 13.14 • Elevated mood
• Reduced interest in pleasure
Bipolar disorder. The term • Loud, rapid speech
bipolar means “pertaining to • Negative views
two poles.” The individual with • Grandiose statements
• Fatigue
this form of mental disease • Delusional thoughts
cycles between the two extreme • Loss of appetite
behaviors of high-energy mania • Hyperactive
• Insomnia
and low-energy depression,
each often lasting for days. • Suicidal thoughts
13.80 The Latin word that means “not in the mind,” dementia, is
an impairment of mental function characterized by memory loss,
dementia disorientation, and confusion. ____________________ is usually
de MEN she ah associated with old age and sometimes accompanies Alzheimer’s
disease (Frame 13.19) and Parkinson’s disease (Frame 13.46).
13.81 Some individuals have a reading handicap that has a

neurological cause, in which some letters and numbers are
reversed in order by the brain. The condition is called dyslexia.
dyslexia ____________________ literally means “condition of difficult
dihs LEKS ee ah reading.”
13.82 The Greek word for madness or frenzy is mania. The clinical
mania condition of ____________________ is an emotional disorder of
MAE nee ah abnormally high psychomotor activity, which includes excitement,
a rapid movement of ideas, unstable attention, sleeplessness, and
confusion between reality and imagination. Different forms of mania
include the -mania suffix, such as megalomania (MEHG ah lo MAE nee
ah), in which an individual believes oneself to be a person of great
fame or wealth (megalon means “great” in Greek), and pyromania
(PIE roh MAE nee ah), which is an obsessive fascination with fire (pyro in
Latin means “fire”).
13.83 A neurosis is an emotional disorder involving a counterproductive

neurosis way of dealing with mental stress. ____________________ is a constructed
noo ROH siss term with two word parts, shown as neur/osis.
13.84 A person experiencing persistent delusions of persecution

resulting in mistrust and combativeness suffers from paranoia. The
paranoia term ____________________ is derived from a Greek word meaning
pahr ah NOY ah “abnormal mind, madness.”
13.85 A phobia is an irrational, obsessive fear. Derived from the

phobia Greek word for fear, phobos, ____________________ is often used
FOE bee ah as a suffix (-phobia) when describing a particular fear. For example,
fear of spiders is called arachnophobia because the root is from the
Greek word arachne, which means “spider.” Similarly, agoraphobia
is the abnormal fear of public places (agora means “meeting place”
in Greek), acrophobia is the abnormal fear of heights (acro means
“peak” in Greek), and phobophobia is the fear of developing a
phobia.
460 Chapter 13
13.86 Many individuals who have experienced a severe mental

strain, physical threat or injury such as military combat or a
physical assault, or emotional trauma suffer from an acute
condition that includes sleeplessness, anxiety, and paranoia.
posttraumatic stress The condition is called ____________________ ____________________
disorder ____________________. It is abbreviated PTSD.
13.87 Psychopathy is a general term for a mental or emotional

psychopathy disorder. ____________________ literally means “disease of the
sy KOH path ee mind.” Its word parts may be shown as psych/o/pathy.
13.88 An individual suffering from a gross distortion or

disorganization of their mental capacity, emotional response, and
capacity to recognize reality and relate to others may be diagnosed
with the disease known as psychosis. The most common form
psychosis of ____________________ is schizophrenia (Frame 13.90). The
sy KO siss constructed form of the term is psych/osis and literally means
“condition of the mind.”
13.89 The term psychosomatic literally means “pertaining to mind

and body.” Its word parts can be shown as psych/o/somat/ic. It
refers to the influence of the mind over bodily functions, especially
disease. Among some people, their mind creates symptoms that
suggest an illness when physical signs are absent. In others, a
psychosomatic ____________________ illness can be a real physical illness resulting
SY koh soh MAT ik from mental anxiety, such as peptic ulcer and hypertension.
schizophrenia 13.90 The most common form of psychosis is ____________________,

SKIZ oh FREHN ee ah which literally means “condition of split mind.” It is characterized by
delusions, hallucinations, and extensive withdrawal from other people
and the outside world. There are many forms of schizophrenia,
each type classified according to the experiences of the patient. Its
schiz/o/phren/ia constructed form is ________/__/________/_____.
PRACTICE: Mental Health Diseases and Disorders

The Right Match
Match the vocabulary term on the left with the correct definition on the right.
______ 1. anxiety disorder a. a neurological disorder characterized by short attention span
______ 2. bipolar disorder and poor concentration
______ 3. dementia b. a disorder that results from severe mental strain or emotional
trauma
______ 4. posttraumatic stress disorder
c. alternating periods of high energy and mental confusion
______ 5. paranoia
(mania) with low energy and mental depression
______ 6. attention-deficit disorder
d. persistent delusions of persecution that result in mistrust and
combativeness
e. impairment of mental function characterized by memory loss,
disorientation, and confusion
f. a disorder in which the mental state of apprehension and fear
dominates behavior
Break the Chain

1. a) dyslexia ________/________
p s
2. a) neurosis ________/________
r s
3. a) psychopathy ________/___/________
cf s
4. a) psychosis ________/________
r s
462 Chapter 13
Abbreviations of the Nervous System and Mental Health

The abbreviations that are associated with the nervous system and mental health are summarized here. Study
these abbreviations and review them in the exercise that follows.

AD Alzheimer’s disease EEG electroencephalography
ADD attention-deficit disorder EP studies evoked potential studies
ADHD attention-deficit/hyperactivity LP lumbar puncture
disorder MRI magnetic resonance imaging
ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis MS multiple sclerosis
CNS central nervous system PD Parkinson’s disease
CP cerebral palsy PET positron emission tomography
CSF cerebrospinal fluid PNS peripheral nervous system
CT (CAT) scan computed (axial) tomography scan PTSD posttraumatic stress disorder
CVA cerebrovascular accident (stroke) TBI traumatic brain injury
DTR deep tendon reflexes TIA transient ischemic attack
EchoEG echoencephalography tPA tissue plasminogen activator

1. ____________________ evoked potential studies
2. PET ______________________________________________
3. EEG ______________________________________________
4. ____________________ computed tomography scan
5. MRI ______________________________________________
6. ____________________ Parkinson’s disease
7. CP ______________________________________________
8. ____________________ echoencephalography
9. DTR ______________________________________________
10. ____________________ multiple sclerosis
11. CVA ______________________________________________
12. ____________________ Alzheimer’s disease
13. ALS ______________________________________________
14. ____________________ attention-deficit disorder
15. ADHD ______________________________________________
16. ____________________ traumatic brain injury
CHAPTER REVIEW
Word Building
1. excessive sensitivity to painful stimuli hyperalgesia
2. a pain in the head (headache) ________________algia
3. inflammation of the cerebellum cerebell________________
4. a disease of blood vessels in the cerebrum ________________vascular disease
5. a tumor of neuroglial cells gli________________
6. softening of brain tissue encephalo________________
7. nervous system disease neuro________________
8. excessive sensitivity to a stimulus ________________esthesia
9. inflammation of the brain ________________itis
10. protrusion of the meninges meningo________________
11. literally a “condition of many hard” areas ________________sclerosis
12. inflammation of the spinal cord ________________itis
13. literally “nerve weakness” neur________________
14. a tumor arising from nervous tissue neur________________
15. pain in a nerve neur________________
16. abnormal sensation of numbness par________________
17. paralysis on one side of the body ________________plegia
18. inflammation of many nerves poly________________
19. a disease of the mind ________________pathy
20. paralysis of all four limbs ________________plegia


1. mening/o _________________________________ _________________________________
2. cerebr/o _________________________________ _________________________________
3. encephal/o _________________________________ _________________________________
4. myel/o _________________________________ _________________________________
5. neur/o _________________________________ _________________________________
6. esthesi/o _________________________________ _________________________________
7. crani/o _________________________________ _________________________________
8. gangli/o _________________________________ _________________________________
9. psych/o _________________________________ _________________________________
10. phasi/o _________________________________ _________________________________
464 Chapter 13
Complete the Labels

Central
nervous system
1._________________
Spinal cord
2.______________________
matter (neuron
cell bodies)
White matter
(axons)
3._______________________
Neuron cell
bodies
4._______________________
Peripheral
nervous system
Peripheral
nerves
Blood vessels Connective tissue
Axon
■■Figure 13.15
Organization of the nervous
system.
1. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
4. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
Postcentral gyrus
Central sulcus
Precentral gyrus
5. Right ______________________
hemisphere
Longitudinal
fissure
ANTERIOR POSTERIOR
6. ________ cerebral hemisphere
(a) Superior view
Fornix 7.______________________
(parietal lobe)
Corpus callosum
Frontal lobe
Thalamus
Diencephalon Pineal gland
Occipital lobe
Hypothalamus
8.____________________
Frontal sinus Arbor vitae

(tree of life)
Midbrain
Pituitary gland
Pons
9. Brain ________________
Medulla
■■Figure 13.16 oblongata
Sphenoid sinus
The brain. (a) Superior (top)
view. (b) Sagittal section of a
(b) Sagittal view
sectioned brain to reveal internal
features.
5. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
6. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
7. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
8. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
9. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
466 Chapter 13

Melissa Tampico

Phone: (211) 594-4000 • Fax (211) 594-4001
Medical Consultation: Neurology Date: 11/05/2017

Patient: Melissa Tampico Patient ID: 123456
Provider: Mark P. Simmons, MD
Subjective:
“Since a car crash I was in several weeks ago, I’ve been dealing with severe headaches. I also feel intermittent
sharp pains running from the top of the left shoulder down the arm, with tingling sensations.”
19 y/o female recently immigrated from the Philippines, without a forwarding medical h istory.
She explains that her complaints of cephalalgia, neuralgia, and polyneuritis have appeared since an
automobile accident 3 weeks ago. She was not examined at the time because of health insurance concerns.
Objective:
Ht: 5¿4–
Wt: 115 lb
General Appearance: Skin appears healthy, with no apparent masses or discolorations. Bruising present
at top of left shoulder.
Lungs: Clear with no sign of disease.
MS: No swelling, masses, or deformity. ROM limited 30 degrees at right shoulder.
CT: Subdural hemorrhage 1.5 mm inferior to right of squamosal suture. Confirmed by MRI without
a dditional complications known. No internal damage to r. shoulder.
Assessment:
Traumatic brain injury with active subdural hemorrhage of right temporal lobe. Intracranial pressure is
rising. Mild polyneuritis of left shoulder and arm.
Plan:
STAT craniotomy to treat subdural hemorrhage and drain fluid to reduce intracranial pressure.
Treat polyneuritis with anti-inflammatory.
Photo Source: Creativa Images/Shutterstock.
M13_WING1226_04_SE_C13.indd 466 15/03/18 1:11 PM

1. What patient complaint is an early indication of increasing intracranial pressure on the right side of the brain?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
2. If the intracranial pressure is not relieved in time, what do you suppose might be the consequences to the
patient? _______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Explain the meanings of the terms neuralgia and cephalalgia. ________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________

analgesics craniotomy neuralgia
cephalalgia intracranial paresthesia
computed tomography magnetic resonance imaging polyneuritis
The patient, Melissa Tampico, was examined following an automobile collision. At the time of admittance
she reported symptoms of headache, or (a) ____________________, generalized pain in the nerves, or
(b) ____________________, of the right shoulder and upper arm. Physical examination showed an inflammation
of multiple nerves, or (c) ____________________, of the shoulder and upper arm. Anti-inflammatory
medication and pain relievers, or (d) ____________________, were prescribed for treatment. Two weeks after
the first exam, the patient returned with reported abnormal sensations along the left side of the body, or
(e) ____________________. Following a preliminary CT, or (f) ____________________ ____________________
scan, an MRI, or (g) ____________________ ____________________ ____________________, was ordered for a
more complete evaluation. The MRI revealed bleeding below the dura mater (subdural hemorrhage), which
was increasing the (h) ____________________ (within the cranium) pressure. An incision into the cranium,
or (i) ____________________, was performed to stop the hemorrhage and reduce the intracranial pressure.
The patient made a complete recovery.

468 Chapter 13
Jackson Parker
For a greater challenge, read the following medical report provided and answer the critical thinking questions
that follow.

Phone: (211) 594-4000 • Fax (211) 594-4001
Medical Consultation: Neurology Date: 10/05/2017

Patient: Jackson Parker Patient ID: 123456
Provider: Juan Menendez, MD
Subjective:
“I’ve been in a state of depression for many years. It is like living under a dark shroud that I am unable to peer
through. I wanted to end the suffering, but even failed at that. Since I was hit, I have been having s eizures,
during which I black out for a while. I’ve tried drugs, but they only made things worse. I get c onfused easily
and feel numb because I lose contact with feelings and sensations. Especially in the mornings when I get out
of bed, I am unable to speak if someone calls on the phone.”
73 y/o male with a history of mental confusion since 1973 upon his return from Vietnam after serving in
active duty for 3 years. Present complaints include depression, which has led to an attempted suicide 2 weeks
ago, aphasia mainly in the mornings (however, during his clinical visit in the p.m. he had difficulty s peaking
clearly), agnosia, mental confusion with time and place. His reports of seizures suggest trauma-induced
epilepsy.
Objective:
Ht: 6¿1–
Wt: 215 lb
General Appearance: Skin appears healthy w/r to age with no masses or discolorations.
Heart: Rate at 81 bpm. Heart sounds with auscultation reveal mild murmur on left side.
Lungs: Clear with no sign of disease.
EEG: Evidence of epilepsy with generalized seizures.
CT/MRI: Evidence of recent CVA with subdural hematoma in right temporal lobe; softening of frontal lobe
apparent.
Psych: Chronic depression, failure to distinguish reality and sensory, short-term memory loss.
Assessment:
Long-term PTSD, originating in 1973. CVA resulting in damage to r. temporal lobe. Psychosis. Dementia.
Trauma-induced epilepsy. Encephalomalacia.
Plan:
Treat pharmacologically with anticonvulsives to manage epileptic seizures, anti-depressants, blood-thinning
agents. Refer to full-time psychiatric care facility.
Photo Source: Carme Balcells/Shutterstock.

1. What information provided by the history of the patient supports a preliminary diagnosis of PTSD?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What information did the MRI provide? ___________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
3. What is the meaning of the terms aphasia and agnosia? _____________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________

Jackson Parker, a 73-year-old patient, was admitted following an apparent attempted suicide, in which he
walked in front of a city bus on a busy street. The trauma of the accident triggered seizures, suggesting
a condition of (j) ________________. Other symptoms included difficulty speaking, or (k) _______________,
mental confusion, loss of short-term memory, and an abnormal sensation of numbness to many nerves,
called (l) _______________ _______________. It was determined that the patient suffered from AD, or
(m) _______________ _______________, in addition to the trauma injuries. Due to the accident trauma, the
patient was evaluated further with CT scans and MRI. The MRI identified a slow leakage of blood within the
brain, or a (n) _______________ _______________. A (o) _______________ _______________ was scheduled to
confirm the finding, which would reveal the status of blood vessels supplying the brain. However, before the
test could be made, a stroke, or (p) _______________ _______________, occurred. Psychological testing soon
determined that the patient had suffered a severe impairment of mental function, or (q) _______________. The
mental condition was diagnosed as a (r) _______________, due to the incapacitating nature of the mental state.
MRIs later showed a softening of brain tissue, known as (s) _______________, had resulted.


Chapter 14
The Special Senses of Sight

and Hearing
Learning Objectives
14.1 Define
create terms for the special senses of sight associated with the special senses of sight
and hearing. and hearing.
14.2 Identify
the major structures of sight and 14.5 Pronounceand spell common medical
hearing. terms associated with the special senses of
sight and hearing.
14.3 Breakdown and define common medical
devices associated with the special senses
of sight and hearing.
The Special Senses of Sight and Hearing 471

eyes and ears. Note that the combining forms are colored red to help you identify them when you see them

blephar/o eyelid ocul/o eye
conjunctiv/o to bind together, conjunctiva ophthalm/o eye
cor/o pupil opt/o eye
dacry/o tear ot/o ear
ir/o iris retin/o retina
kerat/o hard, cornea rhin/o nose
myring/o membrane, eardrum scler/o hard, sclera
14.1 The special senses are a part of the nervous system that
include sensory receptors, which are specialized neurons that
respond to a change in the environment, called a stimulus. There are
four special senses, each of which contains sensory receptors and
supportive tissues. They are smell, or olfaction; taste, or gustation;
sight ____________________, or vision; and hearing, or audition. In this
chapter, you learn the medical terms of the two most important
special senses, sight and hearing.
14.2 The special sense of sight, or vision, is performed by the

eyes, organs located in the orbits of the skull. Each eye contains
sensory receptors ____________________ ____________________ sensitive to light,
called photoreceptors, and supportive structures. The special sense
ears of hearing, or audition, is centered within the ____________________,
which contain sensory receptors that respond to mechanical
vibrations. Also within the ears are receptors providing you with the
sense of equilibrium.
14.3 To review the anatomy of the eye and ear, study the labeled
diagrams in ■ Figure 14.1 and ■ Figure 14.2.
472 Chapter 14
Vitreous humor
Conjunctiva
(liquid filling)
Upper lid
Anterior chamber Choroid layer

Aqueous humor
Retina
(liquid filling)
Sclera
Conjunctiva
Pupil Fovea centralis
Lens Optic nerve

Iris
Eyelash
Lower lid
Posterior
chamber Central retinal
Suspensory artery and vein
■■Figure 14.1 ligament
The eye. Lateral view of a Ciliary body
sectioned eyeball in its socket.
Auricle
Semicircular canals (equilibrium)
Malleus (hammer)
Stapes Vestibule
Incus Base of stapes in
oval window
Cochlear nerve
Cochlea (hearing)
Round
window
External Eustachian tube

auditory canal
Pharynx
■■Figure 14.2 Tympanic membrane (eardrum)
The ear. Lateral view of the ear
region on one side of the head. Tympanic cavity
Medical Terms for the Special Senses of Sight

and Hearing
14.4 Because the eyes are partially exposed to the outside
environment, they are subject to many forms of disease that can
sight affect the sense of ____________________. Some diseases of the
eye are inherited, whereas others may result from injury, infection,
or old age. Diseases affecting other parts of the nervous system can
also influence sight. For example, the optic nerve, the thalamus, and
part of the occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex that interprets sight
(called the visual cortex) all play important roles in the transmission
and interpretation of impulses sent from the thin membrane of the
retina eye containing photoreceptors, called the ____________________.
Consequently, a developmental defect, a lesion, or an injury
affecting any of these parts can wreak havoc on the sense of sight.
14.5 Diseases of the ear may affect the functions of

hearing ____________________ or equilibrium or, in some cases, both. They
include developmental defects, damage caused by infection and
inflammation, and damage from injury. Hearing and equilibrium may
also be challenged by tumors that block nerve impulse transmission
to the brain and by diseases of the brain that affect the interpretation
equilibrium of sound or ____________________.
forms, and suffixes that combine to build the medical terms of sight
and hearing.
Signs and Symptoms of the Eyes and Sight

Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the signs and symptoms of the eyes that are covered in the
following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you identify them: combining forms are
red and suffixes are blue.

asthen/o weakness -algia condition of pain
blephar/o eyelid -ia condition of
cor/o pupil -itis inflammation
leuk/o white -opia condition of vision
ophthalm/o eye -ptosis drooping
-rrhagia abnormal discharge
474 Chapter 14
KEY TERMS A–Z 14.7 The combining form asthen/o means “weakness,” and the
suffix -opia means “condition of vision.” Therefore, a symptom of
eye weakness, commonly referred to as “eyestrain,” is known as
asthenopia ______________________. It is a short-term, or acute, symptom
AHS then OH pee ah usually resulting from reading a computer screen or book without
frequent breaks. The constructed form is asthen/opia.
14.8 The combining form for eyelid is blephar/o. In some older

adults, the eyelid droops over the eye abnormally. Because the
suffix -ptosis means “drooping,” when it is added to the combining
blepharoptosis form for “eyelid” it forms the sign ______________________. The word
BLEF ah ropp TOH sis parts forming blepharoptosis can be shown as blephar/o/ptosis.
14.9 A common sign of an inflammation of an eyelid is called

blepharitis ______________________. If the inflammation or trauma damages the
BLEF ah RYE tiss eyelid, it may be repaired in a procedure known as blepharoplasty
(BLEF ah roh plass tee).
14.10 The pupil is the black opening through the iris that allows
light to enter the posterior cavity of the eyeball. The abnormal
appearance of a white film in the pupil is a sign of disease. It is
leukocoria called ______________________, which literally means “white in
loo koh KOR ee ah the pupil.” The four word parts forming this term can be shown as
leuk/o/cor/ia.
14.11 One combining form for eye is ophthalm/o. It is used to

form many medical terms of the eye, which you are about to
discover. In one of these, the suffix -algia is included and means
“condition of pain.” The symptom of eye pain is therefore called
ophthalmalgia ______________________. It is a constructed term: ophthalm/algia.
off thal MAL jee ah
14.12 A second medical term that includes the combining form

ophthalm/o means “abnormal discharge of the eye.” To build this
term, the suffix for abnormal discharge, -rrhagia, is added. This
ophthalmorrhagia term, meaning bleeding of the eye, is ______________________.
off thal moh RAHJ ee ah The constructed form is ophthalm/o/rrhagia.
M14_WING1226_04_SE_C14.indd 474 16/03/18 12:26 PM

PRACTICE: Signs and Symptoms of the Eyes and Sight

The Right Match
______ 1. asthenopia a. white in the pupil
______ 2. blepharoptosis b. abnormal discharge of the eye
______ 3. leukocoria c. inflammation of an eyelid
______ 4. ophthalmalgia d. drooping of an eyelid
______ 5. ophthalmorrhagia e. pain associated with an eye
______ 6. blepharitis f. eyestrain
Linkup

asthen/o -algia
blephar/o -ia
cor/o -itis
leuk/o -opia
ophthalm/o -ptosis
-rrhagia
Definition Term
1. white in the pupil leukocoria
2. eyestrain ____________________
3. pain associated with an eye ____________________
4. abnormal discharge of an eye ____________________
5. drooping of an eyelid ____________________
6. inflammation of an eyelid ____________________
476 Chapter 14
Diseases and Disorders of the Eyes and Sight

Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the diseases and disorders of the eyes, which are covered in

a- without, conjunctiv/o to bind together, -iasis condition of
absence of conjunctiva -ism condition or
dipl- double cyst/o bladder, sac disease
hyper- excessive, dacry/o tear -itis inflammation
abnormally high, ir/o iris -malacia softening
above kerat/o hard, cornea -opia condition of vision
lith/o stone -pathy disease
ophthalm/o eye -plegia paralysis
presby/o old age
retin/o retina
sinus/o cavity
stigmat/o point
KEY TERMS A–Z 14.13 Commonly known as “lazy eye,” the condition amblyopia is a
common cause of vision loss in children. Amblyopia occurs when the
nerve pathway from one eye fails to develop, sending a blurred image
to the brain. This “mixed message” confuses the brain, leading to vision
amblyopia loss if not treated. ____________________ is a constructed term that
am blee OH pee ah means “dim vision.” Many children with amblyopia are also diagnosed
with strabismus, in which one or both eyes are crossed. The term
strabismus ____________________ is derived from the Greek word strabismos, which
strah BIS muss means “squinting.” In this condition, one or both eyes may be turned
inward, called esotropia, or one eye may turn outward, called exotropia.
14.14 The lens of the eye is normally transparent. In the condition

known as cataract, transparency of the lens is reduced (■ Figure 14.3).
cataract ______________________ formation may occur as a birth defect in a
KAT ah rakt newborn, although it is usually a normal part of the aging process.
■■Figure 14.3
Cataract. When the pupil is dilated,
an abnormal opacity or whiteness
of the lens can be observed in this
eye disorder. Because the infant in
this photograph was born with the
condition, the child has congenital
cataract. Like all forms of cataract,
it requires surgery to correct.
Source: Courtesy of the
Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention.
CATARACT
Did You The term cataract is from the Latin word that means “waterfall.” It was an ancient belief that
KNOW the gradual loss of vision was due to a veil that fell between the lens and the cornea, spilling
over vision like a waterfall.
14.15 The conjunctiva is a thin membrane covering the anterior,

exposed part of the eye and the inner eyelid. Although it serves as a
protective film, it may become inflamed when exposed to bacteria,
viruses, or injury. Commonly called “pinkeye” because of the pink
conjunctivitis color of the eye during inflammation, ______________________ may
kon JUNK tih VYE tiss also produce symptoms of itchiness, pain, tearing, and a yellow
crusty exudate (■ Figure 14.4). The word part construction for this
term is shown as conjunctiv/itis.
■■Figure 14.4
Conjunctivitis, with the
characteristic “pinkeye”
appearance. A yellow crusty
exudate is also common. The
smaller inset image is a healthy
eye, shown for comparison.
14.16 The lacrimal apparatus is a tear-forming gland with

associated tubes and chambers, mainly located near the medial
side of each eyeball. The combining form of lacrimal is dacry/o.
The presence of rocky particles in the apparatus is a condition
dacryolithiasis known as ______________________. It is a painful condition that
DAK ree oh lith EYE ah siss often leads to inflammation of the lacrimal apparatus, known as
dacryocystitis ______________________. The word part construction of the term
DAK ree oh sist EYE tiss dacryocystitis can be shown as dacry/o/cyst/itis. If the inflammation
should pass into the adjacent sinuses, the condition becomes
dacryosinusitis (DAK ree oh SYE nus EYE tiss).
14.17 A common cause of blindness is detached retina. It occurs

when the retina tears away from the choroid layer of the eye. A
detached retina ______________________ ______________________ can be caused
by a severe blow to the head, high blood pressure, or old age.
478 Chapter 14
14.18 Because a prefix that means “double” is dipl-, the condition of

diplopia double vision is called ____________________. It may result from
dih PLOH pee ah weakened extrinsic eye muscles, defects in the lens, or a condition
of the brain.
14.19 In the disease of the eye known as glaucoma, a loss of

vision occurs when the fluid pressure within the anterior chamber
of the eyeball (called intraocular pressure) rises above normal
and spreads to the posterior chamber, thereby pushing against
the delicate retina and optic nerve. The rise of fluid pressure in
glaucoma ______________________ is often caused by a blockage in a small
glaw KOH mah opening that normally drains the fluid (■ Figure 14.5).
■■Figure 14.5
Glaucoma. (a) A buildup of
pressure within the eye cavities,
ESSURE
often caused by a blockage of

vessels that drain fluid, may
damage the optic nerve at the
back of the eyeball to result
PR
in a gradual loss of sight and

blindness. (b) Glaucoma often Damage to
optic nerve
causes reduced sight, such as
the loss of the perimeter of a
visual field as shown here. (a) (b)
Photo Source: B. Boissonnet/
BSIP SA/Alamy Stock Photo.
14.20 A meibomian gland is a small gland in the eyelid that secretes

lubricating fluid onto the conjunctiva. An infection of this gland
produces a local swelling of the eyelid, known as a hordeolum. Also
hordeolum called a sty, the term ______________________ is derived from the
hor DEE oh lum Latin word hordeum, which means “barley” (■ Figure 14.6). A chronic
form of this infection is often called a chalazion (kah LAY zee on),
which is derived from chalaza, the Greek word that means “sty.”
■■Figure 14.6
Hordeolum (or sty).
14.21 During a bacterial infection of the eye, parts of the eye

may become inflamed. When the iris is affected, the condition is
iritis known as ______________________, and when the cornea becomes
eye RYE tiss inflamed, it is called ______________________. A common cause of
keratitis both conditions is wearing contact lenses without careful cleaning.
kair aht EYE tiss The word part construction of the term iritis is ir/itis and keratitis is
kerat/itis. In addition to being caused by bacterial infections, both
iritis and keratitis may also be caused by the herpes type I virus.
14.22 The macula lutea is a small area of the retina that contains a
high density of photoreceptors, known as cone cells. Because of
the high concentration of cone cells, it is the area of sharpest vision.
Progressive deterioration of the macula lutea leads to a loss of visual
focus and is called macular degeneration (■ Figure 14.7). The
macular degeneration abbreviated version of _________________ ___________________ is
AMD (age-related macular degeneration) because its most common
cause is older age.
■■Figure 14.7
Vision with macular
degeneration is experienced
with an inability to focus in the
center of the visual field, as
shown here.
Source: B. Boissonnet/BSIP
SA/Alamy Stock Photo.
M14_WING1226_04_SE_C14.indd 479 15/03/18 7:28 PM

480 Chapter 14
14.23 A frequently used combining form that means “eye” is

ophthalmomalacia ophthalm/o. In the term ____________________, the suffix -malacia
off THAL moh mah LAY is included to establish the meaning “softening of the eye.” The
shee ah word part construction of this term is written as ophthalm/o/malacia.
ophthalmoplegia Similarly, paralysis of the eye is termed ___________________ and is
off THAL moh PLEE jee ah formed by adding the suffix that means “paralysis,” which is -plegia.
In this eye disease, the extrinsic eye muscles are unable to move the
eyeball. Each of these eye conditions are forms of eye disease, or
ophthalmopathy (OFF thalm MOH path ee).
14.24 A general term for a disease of the retina is the term

retinopathy ______________________. The three word parts that form the term
ret in AH path ee retinopathy can be written as retin/o/pathy. A common form of
retinopathy occurs among people with unmanaged diabetes mellitus
and is called diabetic retinopathy (■ Figure 14.8). The high levels of
blood sugar that characterize many with diabetes injure the retinal
blood vessels, causing blockages, ruptures, swelling, and abnormal
branching. These abnormalities gradually reduce blood flow to
the light-sensitive cells of the retina, causing irreversible damage.
According to the National Eye Institute, diabetic retinopathy is the
most common cause of vision impairment and blindness among
working-age adults in the United States.
Newly formed
retinal arteries
Hemorrhage
Retinal arteries
■■Figure 14.8
Retinopathy. Illustration of
a normal retina (left) and a
diseased retina (right). The
diseased retina exhibits Macula Macula
changes common among
people suffering from diabetes Microaneurysm
mellitus and is called diabetic
retinopathy. NORMAL DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
14.25 Conditions of the eye that result in a reduction of vision, or

“low vision,” resulting from an error in the refraction (bending) of
light as it travels through the eye are known as refractive errors.
Often caused by defects in the lens, cornea, or shape of the eyeball,
refractive errors ______________________ ______________________ include four types
(■ Figure 14.9):
■■ Myopia (mye OH pee ah), or nearsightedness, occurs when a person
can see near objects but cannot see distant objects clearly.
■■ Hyperopia (HYE per oh pee ah), or farsightedness, occurs when a
person can see distant objects but cannot see near objects clearly.
■■ Presbyopia (PREZ bee oh pee ah) is an age-related form of refractive
error beginning soon after the age of 40 years, often in the form
of hyperopia that worsens with time.
■■ Astigmatism (ah STIG mah tizm) occurs when the curvature of
the eye is defective, resulting in blurred near and far vision. It
is abbreviated Ast. Astigmatism literally means “condition of
without a point” and can be shown as a/stigmat/ism.
Emmetropia (EM eh troh pee ah) is the normal condition of the eye,
abbreviated Em. Note that each of these terms (except astigmatism)
includes the suffix -opia, which means “condition of vision.”
Myopia
You may recall from Chapter 6 that my/o is the combining form for muscle. It is derived from the
WORDS TO Greek word for muscle, myos. However, in the word myopia, my is derived from the Greek word
Watch Out For myein, which means “to shut.” When followed by the suffix -opia, the term myopia translates into
“condition of shut vision.”
482 Chapter 14
Emmetropia and Refractive Errors
Normally, elasticity of the cornea, lens, and

eyeball allows them to change shape in Normal Eye
order to focus rays of light onto the (Emmetropia)
macula lutea of the retina.
Macula
Distant Near Cornea

target target Lens
Myopia: If corneal
curvature is too
steep or axial
length of eye
too long, light is
focused short of
retina (nearsighted)
Hyperopia: If corneal Astigmatism: Irregular corneal

curvature is too flat or curvature results in light from
axial length of eye too different axes being brought to
short, image is focused focus at different points
behind retina (farsighted)
Treatment Options
Surgically
Spectacle Contact altered
lens lens cornea
Spectacle lens bends Contact lens performs as a Surgical alteration of

(refract) light rays to focus “corrected” corneal surface, abnormal corneal curvature
image on retina focusing image on retina allows clear focusing of
image on retina
■■Figure 14.9
Vision. Normal vision (top), compared to common refractive errors and their treatment options.
PRACTICE: Diseases and Disorders of the Eyes and Sight

The Right Match
______ 1. glaucoma a. occurs when the retina tears away from the choroid layer
______ 2. cataract b. progressive deterioration of the macula lutea
______ 3. macular degeneration c. softening of the eye
______ 4. hordeolum d. loss of vision resulting from increased intraocular pressure
______ 5. detached retina e. a condition in which the transparency of the lens is reduced
______ 6. ophthalmomalacia f. infection of the meibomian gland; also called a sty
Linkup
combining vowel.

a- conjunctiv/o -ism
dipl- ir/o -itis
ophthalm/o -opia
retin/o -pathy
stigmat/o
Definition Term
1. bacterial infection of the conjunctiva ____________________
2. double vision ____________________
3. defective curvature of the eye that causes blurred vision ____________________
4. inflammation of the iris ____________________
5. disease of the retina ____________________
6. eye disease ____________________
Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Eyes and Sight

Here are the word parts that commonly apply to eye treatments, procedures, and devices and are covered in

intra- within cyst/o bladder, sac -ar pertaining to
dacry/o tear -logist one who studies
kerat/o hard, cornea -metrist one who measures
ocul/o eye -stomy surgical creation of an opening
opt/o eye -tomy incision, to cut
radi/o radius
rhin/o nose
484 Chapter 14
KEY TERMS A–Z 14.26 During cataract extraction, a lens damaged by a

cataract is surgically removed and replaced with an artificial lens
called an intraocular lens (IOL). The most common technique
cataract extraction in use for ____________________ ____________________ is
phacoemulsification (FAY koh ee muhl sih fih KAY shun), or phaco
(FAY koh). Illustrated in ■ Figure 14.10, phaco is the use of sound
waves to break up the lens so that it can be removed by suction.
Cataract extraction
Iris
Phacoemulsification of lens
Corneal incision
Posterior lens
capsule
Intraocular lens transplant
Intraocular lens
implanted into
lens capsule
Intraocular lens in place

■■Figure 14.10
Cataract extraction and the
artificial intraocular lens. The
procedure involves a surgical
removal of a cataract lens and
its replacement with an artificial
lens. The artificial lens is made
of silicone and acrylic. Artificial
lenses are called intraocular
lenses (IOLs).
14.27 The cornea is normally transparent, but may lose its

transparency from exposure to ultraviolet light or become
damaged from an injury. The most common treatment of corneal
corneal grafting damage is corneal grafting. During ____________________
____________________, the injured cornea is removed and replaced
by implantation of a donor or synthetic cornea.
14.28 There are two primary treatments for the medical emergency
of a detached retina (Frame 14.17), which are often needed to
prevent blindness. In cryopexy, tiny holes are created through the
retina by laser treatment, which “welds” the retina back into place.
Freeze treatment may also be used, which is the origin of the term
cryopexy ____________________ and means “surgical fixation by freezing.”
KRYE oh pek see The other technique to treat a detached retina is scleral buckling, in
which a tiny synthetic band is attached to the white outside layer of
the eyeball (called the sclera) to push the wall of the eye against the
detached retina.
14.29 To treat dacryocystitis, described in Frame 14.16, antibiotic

eyedrops are often used to defeat the bacterial infection. In some
cases, a dacryocystorhinostomy may be needed. During a
dacryocystorhinostomy ____________________________, a channel is surgically created
DAK ree oh SIS toh rye NOS between the nasal cavity and lacrimal sac to promote drainage. This
toh mee term includes three combining forms: dacry/o/cyst/o/rhin/o/stomy.
14.30 The acronym for laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis is

LASIK ______________________. It is the use of a laser to reshape the
LAY sik corneal tissue beneath the surface of the cornea to correct refractive
errors, such as myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism (■ Figure 14.11).
Laser Eye Surgery Procedure
1 2 3
■■Figure 14.11
LASIK. The five steps in LASIK
include (1) prepare patient; (2)
4 5
expose the underside of the
cornea by making an incision
and folding it outward; (3)
remove excess material with a
programmable laser; (4) replace
cornea; (5) close the incision.
Source: BlueRingMedia/
Shutterstock.
486 Chapter 14
14.31 Correcting refractive errors (Frame 14.25) is usually attempted

with corrective lenses or contact lenses following a vision
optometrist examination by an optometrist. An ____________________ is a
ahp TOM eh trist health professional (not a physician) trained to examine eyes to
correct vision problems and eye disorders.
14.32 As an alternative to using contact lenses for myopia, an

ophthalmologist may perform a radial keratotomy, during which
spokelike incisions are made into the cornea, which effectively
ophthalmologist flattens the cornea to correct for myopia. An ____________________
off thal MAH loh jist is a physician who specializes in the study and treatment of
radial keratotomy diseases associated with the eyes. A ____________________
RAY dee ahl * kair ah TOT ____________________ is a form of refractive surgery because it
oh mee corrects the refractive error of myopia.
PRACTICE: Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Eyes and Sight

The Right Match
______ 1. cataract extraction a. removal and replacement of an injured cornea
______ 2. LASIK b. surgical correction for myopia in which incisions flatten the cornea
______ 3. radial keratotomy c. surgical removal and replacement of a lens damaged by a cataract
______ 4. corneal grafting d. use of a laser to reshape the corneal tissue to correct vision
______ 5. optometrist e. a physician specializing in the study and treatment of eye diseases
______ 6. ophthalmologist f. a health professional trained to examine eyes to correct vision problems
Break the Chain

1. a) optometrist opt/o/metrist
cf s
b) Bonus Question: What is the definition of the combining form? eye
2. a) dacryocystorhinostomy ________/___/________/___/________/___/________
cf cf cf s
3. a) ophthalmologist ________/___/________
cf s
Signs and Symptoms of the Ears and Hearing

Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the signs and symptoms of the ears and hearing and are

an- without, absence of ot/o ear -acusis condition of hearing
hyper- excessive, abnormally -algia condition of pain
high, above -rrhagia abnormal discharge
para- alongside, abnormal -rrhea discharge
KEY WORDS A–Z 14.33 The suffix that means “condition of hearing” is -acusis.
When the prefix an- is included, the constructed term
anacusis ______________________ is created, which literally means “condition
AN ah KYOO siss of absence of hearing” and refers to a total loss of hearing. It can be
written as an/acusis.
14.34 When the same suffix, -acusis, is used with the prefix
that means “excessive, abnormally high, above,” the term
hyperacusis ______________________ is created, which literally means “condition
HIGH per ah KYOO siss of excessive hearing.” It refers to a symptom of abnormally sensitive
hearing. Replacing this prefix with another, para-, changes the
meaning once again. The term paracusis (PAIR ah kyoo siss) is a
symptom of partial loss of hearing.
14.35 The combining form that means “ear” is ot/o. When

the suffix for a condition of pain, -algia, is included, the term
otalgia ______________________ is created, which means “pain in the ear,”
oh TAHL jee ah or earache.
14.36 Another symptom of the ear using the combining form ot/o is
otorrhagia. Because the meaning of the suffix -rrhagia is “abnormal
otorrhagia discharge,” the constructed term ______________________ means
oh toh RAJ ee ah “abnormal ear discharge.” The clinical meaning of the term is
“bleeding from the external ear canal.” The word parts are shown
when the constructed form is written ot/o/rrhagia.
14.37 When the suffix -rrhea, which means “discharge,” is added

otorrhea to the combining form for ear, the term ______________________ is
oh toh REE ah created. This is a symptom of abnormal drainage (of pus) from the
ear. The constructed form of this term is ot/o/rrhea.
488 Chapter 14
14.38 Two common symptoms of the ears and hearing are not
constructed of word parts. They are tinnitus, which is a ringing or
buzzing sensation in the ears, and vertigo, which is a sensation
tinnitus of spinning or whirling motion. ______________________ is
tinn EYE tuss from the Latin word tinnio, which means “jingling sound,” and
vertigo ______________________ is derived from the Latin word vertere,
VER tih go which means “to turn.”
PRACTICE: Signs and Symptoms of the Ears and Hearing

The Right Match
______ 1. anacusis a. partial hearing loss
______ 2. otalgia b. total hearing loss
______ 3. hyperacusis c. abnormal discharge from the ear
______ 4. paracusis d. pain in the ear, or earache
______ 5. otorrhagia e. a ringing in the ears
______ 6. tinnitus f. overly sensitive hearing
Linkup
combining vowel.

an- ot/o -acusis
hyper- -algia
para- -rrhagia
-rrhea
Definition Term
1. partial loss of hearing ____________________
2. abnormal drainage of pus from the ear ____________________
3. pain in the ear ____________________
4. bleeding from an ear ____________________
5. total hearing loss ____________________
6. overly sensitive hearing ____________________
Diseases and Disorders of the Ears and Hearing

Here are the word parts that commonly apply to diseases and disorders of the ears and hearing and are cov-
ered in the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you identify them: combining
forms are red and suffixes are blue.

extern/o exterior -acusis condition of hearing
mastoid/o resembling a breast -itis inflammation
med/o middle -osis condition of
ot/o ear -pathy disease
presby/o old age
scler/o hard, sclera
KEY WORDS A–Z 14.39 A relatively common source of partial hearing loss
(paracusis; Frame 14.34) and ear drainage (otorrhea; Frame 14.37)
is called cholesteatoma. It is the formation of a cyst-like ball of
epithelial cells in the middle ear. Although not a form of cancer,
cholesteatoma a ____________________ can enlarge to cause a complete loss of
koh LES tee ah TOH mah hearing (anacusis; Frame 14.33) in the affected ear and neurological
complications. The term literally means “tumor of cholesterol”
because it was once believed to be a benign tumor composed
primarily of cholesterol.
14.40 The term that literally means “inflammation of the part

mastoiditis resembling a breast” is ____________________. The word part
mas toyd EYE tiss construction of this term is mastoid/itis. The mastoid process is
an area of the temporal bone of the skull housing the middle and
internal ear. Bacterial infections of the middle ear can travel into the
mastoid area to produce mastoiditis, causing serious complications
that can lead to impaired hearing or deafness.
14.41 A chronic disease of the inner ear is known as Ménière’s

Ménière’s disease disease. ____________________ ____________________ includes
MEN yerz symptoms of vertigo, or a spinning motion, and tinnitus, or ringing
in the ears (Frame 14.38).
490 Chapter 14
14.42 The general term for inflammation of the ear is

otitis ____________________. In one form of this disease, the external
oh TYE tiss auditory canal is involved, causing local sensations of pain, and is
called otitis externa (oh TYE tiss * eks TER nah). In another form, the
middle ear is involved to cause local pain and a temporary loss of
otitis media hearing. Known as ____________________ ____________________
(oh TYE tiss * MEE dee ah), it is relatively common among children, is
caused by bacterial infection, and often requires antibiotic therapy
(see ■ Figure 14.12). It is abbreviated OM. It has been estimated
that 80% of all children will have contracted otitis media by their
third birthday, and it is the most common cause of partial hearing
loss. Both otitis externa and otitis media are otopathies (OH toh
path eez), which literally means “diseases of the ear.” The word part
ot/o/pathy construction of the term otitis is ot/itis and that of the term otopathy
is _____/___/_________.
Section through middle ear in otitis media
Purulent fluid in
External auditory canal
middle ear
Bulging tympanic membrane
Ossicles
■■Figure 14.12
Otitis media. This illustration
shows an inflamed tympanic
cavity, which is the most
common source of ear pain in
this infection. The eardrum may
also become inflamed or bulge
outward due to an accumulation
of purulent fluid within the
tympanic cavity.
14.43 An abnormal formation of bone within the ear, usually

between the stapes and the oval window of the middle ear, is known
as otosclerosis. The disease causes a progressive loss of hearing.
Recall that the suffix -osis with the word root scler means “condition
otosclerosis of hard.” The term ____________________ includes four word parts,
oh toh skler OH siss which can be shown by writing the word part construction as
ot/o/scler/osis.
14.44 A gradual loss of hearing with advancing age is a very

common condition. The term for this disease combines the word
root that means “old age,” presby, with the suffix that means
“condition of hearing,” which you learned is -acusis. The resulting
presbyacusis term is ____________________.
pres bee ah KYOO siss
PRACTICE: Diseases and Disorders of the Ears and Hearing

The Right Match
______ 1. Ménière’s disease a. any disease of the ear
______ 2. presbyacusis b. inflammation of the middle ear
______ 3. otitis media c. a chronic disease of the inner ear
______ 4. otitis externa d. inflammation of the mastoid area
______ 5. mastoiditis e. inflammation of the external auditory canal
______ 6. otopathy f. loss of hearing due to old age
Linkup
than once. Remember to add combining vowels when needed—and that some terms do not use any
combining vowel.

mastoid/o -itis
ot/o -osis
scler/o -pathy
Definition Term
1. inflammation of the ear ____________________
2. an abnormal formation of bone within the ear ____________________
3. any disease of the ear ____________________
4. inflammation of the mastoid ____________________
492 Chapter 14
Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Ears and Hearing

Here are the word parts that commonly apply to ear treatments, procedures, and devices that are covered in
the following section. Note that the word parts are color-coded to help you identify them: combining forms
are red and suffixes are blue.

audi/o hearing -ectomy surgical excision, removal
labyrinth/o maze, inner ear -logist one who studies
mastoid/o resembling a breast -logy study or science of
myring/o membrane, eardrum -metry measurement, process of measuring
ot/o ear -plasty surgical repair
tympan/o eardrum -scope instrument used for viewing
KEY WORDS A–Z 14.45 The combining form audi/o means “hearing.” The study
of hearing disorders is a field of practice called audiology. One
who specializes in hearing disorders and treatment is called an
audiologist ____________________. The procedure involving the measurement
aw dee AHL oh jist of hearing is usually performed by an audiologist and is called
audiometry ____________________ (■ Figure 14.13). The constructed form of
aw dee AH meh tree the term audiology is audi/o/logy, audiologist is audi/o/logist, and
audiometry is audi/o/metry.
■■Figure 14.13
Audiometry. The child in this
photograph is undergoing a
hearing test with an audiologist.
Source: Capifrutta/Shutterstock.
14.46 A cochlear implant is a small electronic device that helps

to provide a sensation of sound to a person who is profoundly
cochlear implant deaf or very hard of hearing. The ____________________
____________________ contains an external part that is placed behind
the outer ear and an internal part that is surgically implanted beneath
the skin. The implant includes an array of electrodes placed within
the cochlea that sends electrical signals to the auditory nerve when
mechanical vibrations are amplified and received (■ Figure 14.14).
Transmitter
Receiver/
stimulator
Microphone
Speech
processor
Electrode array
(a)
■■Figure 14.14
Cochlear implant. (a) Illustration
of a cochlear implant.
(b) Photograph of the external
part of a cochlear implant.
Source: Kathy deWitt/Alamy
Stock Photo. (b)
14.47 In some severe cases of permanent hearing loss, the inner

ear, or labyrinth, is surgically removed and replaced with a synthetic
hearing device. The surgical removal of the inner ear is called
labyrinthectomy ____________________. Its constructed form is labyrinth/ectomy.
lab ee rin THEK toh mee
494 Chapter 14
LABYRINTH
The combining form labyrinth/o is derived from the Greek word labyrinth, which means “a
Did You
maze.” It is believed to have originated from the ancient Lydian language that preceded
KNOW the golden age of Greece. The term was used as the label for the house of the double axe,
which was a maze designed to protect the inner sanctum of the throne room for Minos, the
King of Crete. Over the years, the labyrinth became synonymous with the word maze. When
early scientists first observed the twisting chambers of the inner ear, they were struck by its
resemblance to a twisting maze, leading them to apply the term labyrinth.
14.48 In some patients, it may become necessary to surgically

remove part of the mastoid process of the temporal bone
to treat severe mastoiditis (Frame 14.40). This procedure is
mastoidectomy called ____________________. The constructed form of this
mas toyd EK toh mee term is mastoid/ectomy. The procedure is preceded by making
an incision into the mastoid process in a procedure called
mastoidotomy ____________________. The constructed form of this term is
mas toyd AHT oh mee mastoid/o/tomy.
14.49 The combining form myring/o means “membrane.” Because

the eardum is a membrane, this combining form may be used in
terms in which the eardrum is described. Therefore, a surgical
myringoplasty repair of the eardum is called ____________________. Similarly, an
mih RING oh plas tee incision into the eardrum is called ____________________. Both are
myringotomy constructed terms, shown as myring/o/plasty and myring/o/tomy.
mih ring AH toh mee
14.50 The medical field of ear disorders and their treatment is called
ot/o/logy otology. Write the constructed form of this term here: ___/__/_____.
The instrument that is used in a physical exam to view the ear
canal and eardrum uses the same combining form and is called
otoscope an ____________________. The exam procedure is called otoscopy
OH toh skope (oh TOH skoh pee; ■ Figure 14.15).
■■Figure 14.15
An ear exam, or otoscopy, using
an otoscope.
14.51 You may recall that the eardrum is also called the tympanic
membrane. This alternate term uses the combining form tympan/o,
which means “eardrum.” A procedure that evaluates the elasticity
of the eardrum by measuring its movement includes this combining
tympanometry form in the word ___________________. Another term that uses this
tim pan AH meh tree combining form describes the surgical repair of the eardrum and is
tympanoplasty known as ___________________.
TIM pan oh plass tee
PRACTICE: Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Ears and Hearing

The Right Match
______ 1. mastoidectomy a. physical examination of the ear canal and eardrum
______ 2. otoscopy b. the study of hearing disorders
______ 3. tympanoplasty c. surgical removal of part of the mastoid process
______ 4. labyrinthectomy d. the medical field of ear disorders and treatment
______ 5. audiology e. surgical repair of the eardrum
______ 6. otology f. surgical removal of the inner ear
Break the Chain

1. a) otologist ________/___/________
cf s
2. a) tympanometry ________/___/________
cf s
3. a) myringoplasty ________/___/________
cf s
496 Chapter 14
Abbreviations of the Eyes and Ears

The abbreviations that are associated with the eyes and ears are summarized here. Study these abbreviations
and review them in the exercise that follows.

AD right ear; in Latin, auris dexter IOL intraocular lens
AMD age-related macular degeneration LASIK laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis
AS left ear; in Latin, auris sinister OD right eye; in Latin, oculus dexter
Ast astigmatism OM otitis media
AU both ears; in Latin, aures unitas OS left eye; in Latin, oculus sinister
EENT eye, ear, nose, and throat Oto otology
Em emmetropia OU each eye; in Latin, oculus uterque
ENT ear, nose, and throat Phaco phacoemulsification
HEENT head, eyes, ears, nose, and throat TM tympanic membrane

1. ____________________ otitis media
2. ENT ______________________________________________
3. ____________________ otology
4. AU ______________________________________________
5. ____________________ left ear
6. Em ______________________________________________
7. ____________________ age-related macular degeneration
8. AD ______________________________________________
9. ____________________ eye, ear, nose, and throat
10. TM ______________________________________________
11. ____________________ short for phacoemulsification
12. HEENT ______________________________________________
13. ____________________ astigmatism
14. LASIK ______________________________________________
15. ____________________ intraocular lens
16. OD____________________ ______________________________________________
CHAPTER REVIEW
Word Building
1. inflammation of the cornea keratitis
2. a drooping eyelid blepharo____________________
3. a stone in the lacrimal apparatus ____________________lithiasis
4. inflammation of the conjunctiva conjunctiv____________________
5. softening of the eye ____________________malacia
6. paralysis of the eye ophthalmo____________________
7. a generalized disease of the retina retino____________________
8. a specialist who corrects vision disorders ____________________metrist
9. inflammation of the lacrimal apparatus ____________________itis
10. bleeding of the eye ophthalmo____________________
11. symptom of a white film in the pupil ____________________coria
12. inflammation of the middle ear ____________________itis media
13. condition of pain in the ear ot____________________
14. abnormal formation of bone in the ear oto____________________
15. pus discharge from the external ear canal oto____________________


1. blephar/o _________________________________ _________________________________
2. cor/o _________________________________ _________________________________
3. ophthalm/o _________________________________ _________________________________
4. conjunctiv/o _________________________________ _________________________________
5. dacry/o _________________________________ _________________________________
6. kerat/o _________________________________ _________________________________
7. retin/o _________________________________ _________________________________
8. ot/o _________________________________ _________________________________
9. audi/o _________________________________ _________________________________
10. labyrinth/o _________________________________ _________________________________
498 Chapter 14
Complete the Labels

1. ________________________
2. ________________________ Vitreous humor
Conjunctiva
(liquid filling)
3. ________________________
Upper lid
4. ________________________
Anterior chamber Choroid layer
Aqueous humor
3.______________
(liquid filling)
4.______________
1.____________
Pupil Fovea centralis
2.____________ Optic nerve

Iris
Eyelash
Lower lid
Posterior
chamber Central retinal
■■Figure 14.16 Suspensory artery and vein
Anatomy of the eye. Lateral ligament
view of a sectioned eyeball in its Ciliary body
socket.
Auricle
6. __________________ __________________
5. __________________
Stapes Vestibule
Incus Base of stapes in
oval window
Cochlear nerve
7. __________________
Round
window
External Eustachian tube

auditory canal
■■Figure 14.17 Pharynx
9. __________________ __________________
The ear. Lateral view of the ear
region on one side of the head. 8. __________________ __________________
5. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
6. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
7. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
8. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
9. ______________________________________________________________________________________________

Salima Aziz
Read the following medical report, then answer the critical thinking questions that follow.

Phone: (211) 594-4000 • Fax (211) 594-4001
Medical Consultation: Ophthalmology Date: 08/22/2017

Patient: Salima Aziz Patient ID: 123456
Provider: Jana Abashiri, MD
Subjective:
“My right eye has been hurting for the past week, especially when I rub it because it itches a lot. There is
crustiness in the mornings when I wake up.”
18 y/o female with ophthalmalgia, pruritis, swelling, and erythema in right eye for the past week. She also
complains that, more recently, her left eye is beginning to redden and swell.
Objective:
Ht: 5¿7–
Wt: 122 lb
MS: Joints and muscles symmetric. No swelling, masses, or deformity. ROM normal.
HEENT: Erythema of sclera, inflammation of conjunctiva in OD, spreading to OS and eyelids.
Assessment:
OU conjunctivitis with keratitis and blepharitis
Plan:
Antibiotic eyedrops with oral systemic antibiotic therapy. Follow-up visit in 2 weeks.
Photo Source: Michaeljung/Shutterstock.

500 Chapter 14
1. What patient complaints and evidence support the diagnosis of conjunctivitis?
2. Why would a treatment including antibiotics be prescribed for this ophthalmopathy?

3. What is the meaning of OU ophthalmalgia?

conjunctivitis keratitis ophthalmologist
blepharitis ophthalmalgia OS
Salima Aziz, an 18-year-old female with no prior history of ophthalmic disease, complained to her parents
of eye pain or (a) ____________________ originating from the right eye and spreading to the left eye, or
(b) ____________________ (abbreviation), within a few days. She also noticed swelling of the eyelids, or
(c) ____________________, with a crusty exudate, and her parents became worried when they saw redness
of the eye, suggesting the condition of (d) ____________________. Her parents brought her to a physician
specializing in eye care, called an (e) ____________________, immediately. During the eye exam, the physician
diagnosed inflammation of the right eyelid, inflammation of the conjunctiva, or (f) ____________________, and
inflammation of the cornea, or (g) ____________________, and identified the probable cause to be bacterial. As
a result, antibiotic eyedrops and systemic antibiotics were prescribed with follow-up visits scheduled.
Reggie Fletcher
For a greater challenge, read the following medical report provided and answer the critical thinking questions
that follow.

Phone: (211) 594-4000 • Fax (211) 594-4001

Patient: Reggie Fletcher Patient ID: 123456
Provider: Judith N. VonTripp, MD
Subjective:
Relayed by mother at visit: “Reggie has been whining and pulling at his right ear for the past week, with
more crying and fussiness than usual. He’s been having trouble sleeping too. I took his temperature this
morning and it was 101°F, so I decided to bring him in to be seen.”
2 y/o male brought in by his mother who complains that he is unusually distressed with pulling of the right
ear. His records show he is current with vaccinations and has no abnormalities.
Objective:
Ht: 2¿7–
Wt: 35 lb
General Appearance: Mild diaphoresis. Skin is otherwise healthy, with no apparent masses or discolorations.
HEENT: Eyes clear, throat with mild erythema and swelling. Right TM with mild erythema and swelling, left
ear normal.
Assessment:
AD myringitis with possible otitis media
Plan:
Antibiotic eardrops into right ear three times a day. Follow with return visit in 2 weeks. If not cleared, consult
with EENT for possible myringotomy with tympanic cavity drainage.
Photo Source: Ami Parikh/Shutterstock.

502 Chapter 14
1. What evidence supports a diagnosis of AD myringitis with possible otitis media? ______________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Why do you think a myringotomy may need to be performed if the child does not improve within
2 weeks? ______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________

Reggie Fletcher, a 2-year-old male, was brought to the medical clinic after his behavior during the preceding
several weeks indicated to his mother that he was experiencing ear pain, known as (h) ____________________,
of the right ear, abbreviated (i) ____________________. His behavior included pulling or tugging at his
right ear, an inability to sleep through the night, mild fever, and frequent fussiness. The general physician
examined his ears using an (j) ____________________ and observed inflammation of the tympanic membrane,
called (k) ____________________. Because this condition is often indicative of a potential infection within
the middle ear, called (l) ____________________ ____________________, the physician referred the patient to
(m) ____________________. Following an exam, the ear specialist, or (n) ____________________, determined a
course of treatment to include antibiotic eardrops with follow-up exams to ensure the infection is defeated.
Unfortunately, 2 weeks later the infection had spread into the tympanic cavity to produce the disease
(o) ____________________ ____________________. The tympanic membrane was then surgically incised in
a (p) ____________________ procedure and drainage tubes inserted into the tympanic cavity to drain the
purulent fluids. One month after the patient had recovered, a hearing test, or (q) ____________________, was
performed and found a 20% loss of hearing from the right ear.


Chapter 15
The Endocrine System

Learning Objectives
15.1 Define
create terms for the endocrine system. associated with the endocrine system.
15.2 Identify
the major organs of the endocrine 15.5 Pronounce
system and describe their structure and terms associated with the endocrine
function. system.
15.3 Break
down and define common medical
devices associated with the endocrine
system.
504 Chapter 15

endocrine system. Note that the combining forms are colored red to help you identify them when you see

aden/o gland pancreat/o sweetbread, pancreas
adren/o adrenal gland ren/o kidney
crin/o to secrete thyr/o shield, thyroid
gonad/o sex gland thyroid/o resembling a shield, thyroid
hormon/o to set in motion
15.1 The endocrine system works hand in hand with the nervous
system to regulate body functions. The primary organs of the
endocrine ____________________ system include the pituitary gland, which
EN doh krin is attached to the hypothalamus at the base of the brain, the
gland thyroid ____________________ in the neck, the parathyroid glands
embedded within the thyroid gland, the two adrenal glands located
above each kidney, the pancreatic islets within the pancreas, and
gonads the ____________________, which include the ovaries of the female
and testes of the male.
15.2 Like the nervous system, the endocrine system provides a

method of control to keep the body functioning despite changing
conditions in the environment. Thus, the primary role of the
homeostasis endocrine system is to manage ____________________, a state in
which the body’s equilibrium is maintained. Instead of regulating
body activities with rapid nerve impulses, the endocrine organs
secrete chemicals called hormones that are carried by the
hormone bloodstream. The result of ____________________ secretion is a
change in cell functions, which alters body activities. When the
endocrine system becomes deficient due to disease, the result is a
homeostatic imbalance that often affects overall health.
15.3 As a brief review of endocrine anatomy, study the illustration

of the endocrine system in ■ Figure 15.1. From this figure, note its
major organs include the pituitary gland and pineal gland in the
cranial cavity, the thymus gland in the thoracic cavity, the thyroid
gland in the neck (and the smaller parathyroid glands embedded
within the thyroid gland, so are not shown), the adrenal glands and
pancreas in the abdominal cavity, and the testes in the scrotum of
the male and ovaries in the pelvic cavity of the female.
THYROID AND PARATHYROID

Did You The shape of the thyroid gland must have reminded the Greeks of a shield because the
term is derived from the Greek word for this defensive warrior gear, thyreos. Thus, the term
Know
thyroid literally means “resembling a shield.” Although the four pea-sized parathyroid glands
are not shaped like a Greek shield, their location within the much larger thyroid gland earns
them their name because one meaning of the prefix para- is “alongside.”
Pineal gland
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland with

embedded Thymus gland
parathyroid glands
Adrenal gland
Ovary (female)
Pancreas
Testis (male)
■■Figure 15.1
The endocrine glands of the endocrine system are distributed throughout the body.
506 Chapter 15
Medical Terms for the Endocrine System

15.4 An array of disorders can occur when an endocrine gland
fails to deliver the quantity of hormones needed to regulate
body functions. In general, endocrine disease results from either
abnormally high hormone production, called hypersecretion, or
hyposecretion abnormally low hormone production, called ____________________.
Either condition upsets the homeostatic balance of the body.
Hypersecretion may arise due to an inherited disease or a tumor.
Often, hyposecretion occurs if an endocrine gland suffers trauma
due to an injury or infection, although it also may be caused by an
inherited disorder or a tumor. Sometimes, an endocrine disorder
includes an array of symptoms and involves multiple organs. This
type of disease is generally known as a syndrome.
15.5 The treatment of endocrine diseases is a focused discipline

within medicine, called endocrinology (EN doh krin ALL oh jee). This is
a constructed term that is written endo/crin/o/logy and includes the
within prefix endo- that means “____________________,” the combining
form crin/o that means “to secrete,” and the suffix -logy that means
study “____________________ or ____________________ _____.”
science of
endocrine system.
Signs and Symptoms of the Endocrine System

Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the signs and symptoms of the endocrine system and are

ex- outside, away from acid/o a solution or substance -ia condition of
poly- excessive, over, many with a pH less than 7 -ism condition or disease
acr/o extremity -megaly abnormally large
dips/o thirst -osis condition of
hirsut/o hairy -s plural
ket/o ketone -uria pertaining to urine,
ophthalm/o eye urination
KEY TERMS A–Z 15.7 Recall that the suffix -osis means “condition of.” The sign of
acidosis excess acid in the body is therefore known as ____________________,
ass ih DOH siss and the constructed form of the term is acid/osis. It occurs when
carbon dioxide, the primary waste product from cellular metabolism,
accumulates in tissues (including blood) to form carbonic acid.
Acidosis is a symptom of diabetes mellitus (Frame 15.20) and may
also be caused by respiratory or kidney disorders.
15.8 A sign of bone structure enlargement in an adult without

a gain in height is known as acromegaly. The enlargement
causes disfigurement, especially in the hands and face, and
is a sign of hypersecretion of growth hormone (abbreviated
GH) from the pituitary gland during adulthood (■ Figure 15.2).
acromegaly ____________________ literally means “abnormally large extremity.”
ak roh MEG ah lee It is a constructed term that is written acr/o/megaly.
■■Figure 15.2
Acromegaly. Acromegaly is a
metabolic disorder in which
excessive amounts of growth
hormone are secreted during
adulthood, resulting in enlarged
bones without increased height.
The changes occur gradually
and are often apparent mainly
in the face and hands. In this
photograph, a normal hand (left)
is compared with the hand of a
person of the same height, but
with acromegaly (right).
Source: Biophoto Associate/Sci-
ence Source.
15.9 The abnormal protrusion of the eyes is known as exophthalmos. It is

a classic sign of excessive activity of the thyroid gland and literally means
exophthalmos “outside eyes” (■ Figure 15.3). ____________________ is a constructed
eks off THAL mos term: ex/ophthalm/o/s.
■■Figure 15.3
Exophthalmos. The protrusion of
the eyes is a common symptom
of hyperthyroidism.
508 Chapter 15
15.10 A common sign of thyroid gland disease is a swelling on the

anterior side of the neck in the location of the thyroid gland, known
goiter as a goiter (■ Figure 15.4). A ____________________ is an abnormal
GOY ter enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by a tumor, lack of iodine
in the diet, or an infection. The term goiter is derived from the Latin
word for throat, guttur.
■■Figure 15.4 Goiter

Goiter. A goiter appears as a
swelling in the anterior neck
region, at the location of the
thyroid gland.
Source: Karan Bunjean/
Shutterstock.
15.11 A symptom of excessive body hair in a masculine pattern

is known as hirsutism. The term is derived from the Latin word
hirsutism hirsutus, which means “hairy.” When ____________________ occurs
HER soot izm in women, it is caused by the hypersecretion of androgens by the
adrenal cortex. Excessive production of androgens in women may
also lead to muscle and bone growth. The resulting pattern of
masculinization is known as adrenal virilism (add REE nal * VIHR ill izm).
15.12 A ketone body is a waste substance produced when cells

are unable to metabolize carbohydrates. The condition called
ketosis ____________________ is an excessive amount of ketone bodies in
kee TOH siss the blood and urine and is a sign of unmanaged diabetes mellitus
(Frame 15.20) and starvation. Because ketosis produces an
acidic condition of the body, it is also known as ketoacidosis.
ketoacidosis ____________________ contains four word parts and is shown as
KEE toh ah sih DOH siss ket/o/acid/osis.
15.13 The prefix poly- means “excessive, over, many.” It is sometimes

used to indicate an abnormally excessive amount. The combining form
polydipsia dips/o means “thirst.” Thus, the symptom called ____________________
PALL ee DIP see ah literally means “condition of excessive thirst.” An abnormal state of
excessive thirst occurs during certain disorders of the pituitary gland or
the pancreas, including diabetes mellitus (Frame 15.20).
15.14 As you learned in Chapter 11, the term polyuria includes the
prefix poly- and means “excessive urination”. It is a symptom of
pituitary gland disease that arises when the hormone ADH is not
produced normally. It is also a symptom of unmanaged diabetes
polyuria mellitus (Frame 15.20). ____________________ is the production of
PALL ee YOO ree ah abnormally large volumes of urine.
PRACTICE: Signs and Symptoms of the Endocrine System

The Right Match
______ 1. acidosis a. enlargement at the throat
______ 2. ketosis b. a pattern of masculinization and hair distribution in women
______ 3. goiter c. excessive body hair
______ 4. adrenal virilism d. abnormal accumulation of waste materials that are acidic
______ 5. hirsutism e. excessive amount of ketone bodies in the blood and urine
Break the Chain

1. a) polydipsia poly/dips/ia
p r s
b)
2. a) exophthalmos ________/________/___/________
p cf s
b)
Bonus Question: What is the definition of the combining form? ____________________________________
3. a) polyuria ________/________
p s
Bonus Question: What is the definition of the suffix? _____________________________________________
b)
4. a) acromegaly ________/___/________
cf s
b)
5. a) ketoacidosis ________/___/________/________
cf r s
510 Chapter 15
Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System

Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the diseases and disorders of the endocrine system and are

endo- within aden/o gland -al pertaining to
hyper- excessive, abnormally adren/o adrenal gland -emia condition of blood
high, above calc/i, calc/o calcium -ism condition or disease
hypo- deficient, abnormally carcin/o cancer -itis inflammation
low, below crin/o to secrete -megaly abnormally large
para- alongside, abnormal glyc/o sweet, sugar -oma tumor
gonad/o sex gland -osis condition of
myx/o mucus -pathy disease
pancreat/o sweetbread, -penia abnormal r eduction
pancreas in number, deficiency
thyr/o shield, thyroid
thyroid/o resembling a
shield, thyroid
KEY TERMS A–Z 15.15 A malignant tumor that arises from epithelial tissue
to form a glandular or glandlike pattern of cells is called an
adenocarcinoma ____________________. As a constructed term with four word
ADD eh noh kar sih NOH mah parts, it is written aden/o/carcin/oma. An adenocarcinoma is a life-
threatening form of cancer. It often develops from a benign tumor
adenoma of glandular cells, known as an ____________________. An adenoma
ADD eh NOH mah may cause excess secretion by the affected gland.
15.16 Adrenal gland failure leads to several disorders, some of

which are due to genetic errors. For example, an inflammation of
adrenalitis the adrenal gland is called ____________________. Clinically, it is
add REE nah LYE tiss known as adrenal insufficiency, in which one form is believed
to be the result of a genetically based autoimmunity (the body’s
adrenal insufficiency own white blood cells attack the organ). ____________________
add REE nal in suh FISH ____________________ reduces the body’s ability to manage stress
en see and infection. Another dysfunction of the adrenal gland is adrenal
hyperplasia, which means “excessive growth of the adrenal gland.”
It is caused by a genetic error resulting in a missing enzyme, and in
adrenal hyperplasia women, it may cause virilism (Frame 15.11). ____________________
add REE nal high per ____________________ may also be called adrenomegaly, which has
PLAY zee a three word parts: adren/o/megaly.
15.17 A child suffering from the thyroid gland’s inability to produce

normal levels of growth hormone at birth may develop the condition
called congenital hypothyroidism. Formerly known as cretinism,
congenital the condition ____________________ ____________________ results in
hypothyroidism developmental delays and reduced physical growth.
kon JEN ih tal *high poh
THIGH royd izm
15.18 A syndrome is a disease involving multiple organs that

causes an array of symptoms. A syndrome caused by excessive
secretion of the hormone cortisol by the adrenal cortex and affecting
many organs is called Cushing syndrome. It is characterized
by obesity, moon (round) face, hyperglycemia (Frame 15.24),
and muscle weakness (■ Figure 15.5). A common cause of
Cushing syndrome ____________________ ____________________ is an adenoma
KUSH ing * SIN drohm (Frame 15.15) of the adrenal cortex.
Moon face Red cheeks
Fat pads (buffalo hump)
High blood
pressure
Bruising
Thin skin
Red striae
Pendulous abdomen
Thin arms and legs
Poor wound healing
■■Figure 15.5
Cushing syndrome. Caused
by excessive cortisol secretion
by the adrenal cortex, this
syndrome includes the
symptoms of obesity, moon
face, hyperglycemia, muscle
weakness, and other symptoms
shown here.
M15_WING1226_04_SE_C15.indd 511 15/03/18 7:38 PM

512 Chapter 15
15.19 Diabetes insipidus (DI) is caused by hyposecretion of

diabetes insipidus ADH by the pituitary gland. The disease ____________________
DYE ah BEE teez * in SIP ____________________ is characterized by the symptoms of
ih duss polydipsia (Frame 15.13) and polyuria (Frame 15.14).
15.20 Although the term diabetes is shared by two diseases,

the chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism known as
diabetes mellitus (DM) has very little in common with diabetes
insipidus (Frame 15.19; see the Did You Know? box to read
why). Diabetes mellitus is a result of resistance of body cells to
insulin, or a deficiency or complete lack of insulin production by
diabetes mellitus cells of the pancreas. Two major forms of ____________________
DYE ah BEE teez * MELL ____________________ strike human health. Type 1, which is less
ih tuss common, usually requires hormone replacement therapy with insulin
and appears during childhood or adolescence. Because of the
dependency of a type 1 diabetic to insulin therapy, it may also be
referred to as insulin-dependent diabetes. The more common type 2
diabetes, sometimes called non-insulin-dependent diabetes, usually
appears during adulthood and is often associated with obesity
(■ Figure 15.6). Unlike type 1, type 2 can usually be managed with
dietary restrictions and regular exercise, and usually with some
assistance from oral antidiabetic drugs. Common symptoms of
both types include polydipsia (Frame 15.13), polyuria (Frame 15.14),
and the abnormal presence of sugar in the urine (glycosuria). If
unmanaged, diabetes mellitus causes large fluctuations in blood
sugar levels, resulting in circulatory deficiencies that result in
cerebrovascular disease leading to heart failure or stroke, kidney
damage called diabetic nephropathy (DYE ah BET ik * nef ROHP ah
thee) leading to kidney failure, and damage to the eyes called
diabetic retinopathy ____________________ ____________________ that leads to blindness
DYE ah BET ik * ret in NOP (see Figure 14.8 on page 485).
ah thee
DIABETES
Did You The term diabetes is a Greek word that means “to pass through” or “to pass over.” Another
meaning is “siphon.” The term was first used during the Middle Ages when a siphon was
Know
used by physicians to withdraw a sample of urine from a patient to test for an excess of
sugar, which was often done by taste. The siphon “passed urine through” to a collection
device. A sweet taste indicated sugar excess and a crude diagnosis of diabetes mellitus.
The term mellitus is a Latin word that means “sweetened with honey.” If the “taste test” did
not indicate sweetness, but the patient still complained of excessive urination, the diagnosis
was diabetes insipidus. As you might guess, the term insipidus is a Latin word that means
“lacking flavor.”
Diabetic retinopathy Cerebrovascular disease
Nonproliferative
retinopathy
(early stage)
Microaneurysms
Cotton-wool spots
Hemorrhages
Narrowed arterioles
Proliferative Massive
retinopathy
(late stage) hemorrhage Stroke due to a ruptured plaque
in an artery supplying the brain
Retinitis
proliferans
Myocardial
Diabetic nephropathy
infarction
Diabetic
glomerulo- Heart disease including heart attack,
sclerosis which accounts for 70% of the mortality
in people with diabetes
Atheromatous
aorta and
branches
Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of

end-stage renal disease in the Western world
■■Figure 15.6
Diabetes mellitus. The metabolic disease diabetes mellitus, with symptoms of polydipsia, polyuria, and widely ranging blood
sugar levels, produces many chronic complications if not managed carefully. They include an increased risk of blindness
(diabetic retinopathy), kidney disease (diabetic nephropathy), and heart attack or stroke (cerebrovascular disease).
514 Chapter 15
15.21 The general term for a disease of the endocrine system is

endocrinopathy ____________________. It is a constructed term with four word parts,
en doh krin OPP ah thee endo/crin/o/pathy. In most cases, endocrinopathy is the result of
either an excessive production of one or more hormones by an
endocrine gland or deficient production of one or more hormones.
To identify which, the prefixes hyper- (“excessive, abnormally high,
above”) and hypo- (“deficient, abnormally low, below”) are frequently
used with the endocrine gland that is diseased.
15.22 Excessive activity of one or more adrenal glands is the

hyperadrenalism disease called ____________________. It is a constructed term
HIGH per add REN al izm written hyper/adren/al/ism. In time, hyperadrenalism produces the
symptoms that characterize Cushing syndrome (Frame 15.18).
The opposite disorder occurs when the adrenal gland activity
becomes abnormally reduced, resulting in the early symptoms of
hypoadrenalism fatigue and darkening of the skin. Called ____________________,
HIGH poh add REN al izm it may lead to a chronic form called Addison’s disease if left
untreated. The constructed form of this term is hypo/adren/al/ism.
ADDISON’S DISEASE
Did You In 1855, a series of signs and symptoms were connected for the first time into a disease.
Know They included “feeble heart action, anemia, irritability of the stomach, and a peculiar change in
the color of the skin.” The syndrome was named to recognize its discoverer, English physician
Thomas Addison, who correlated the symptoms and signs to a failure of the adrenal cortex.
15.23 The suffix -emia means “condition of blood.” When calcium

levels in the blood become abnormally high, the disease is known
hypercalcemia as ____________________. The constructed form of this term is
HIGH per kal SEE mee ah hyper/calc/emia. The disease is a result of the abnormal release
of calcium from bones, which leads to softening of the bones if
left untreated. It is caused by excessive activity of the parathyroid
glands, in which too much parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted.
The condition of abnormally low levels of calcium in the blood is
hypocalcemia called ____________________ and is also called calcipenia (KAL
HIGH poh kal SEE mee ah sih PEE nee ah). It is caused by the abnormally low activity of the
parathyroid glands, which produce insufficient PTH. The constructed
form of calcipenia is, calc/i/penia.
15.24 Another use of the suffix -emia is in the term hyperglycemia,

which literally means “condition of blood excessive sugar.” The
constructed form of this term is hyper/glyc/emia. The chronic form of
the disease often indicates the body may not be producing enough
insulin or insulin receptor sites are resistant, resulting in the buildup
of glucose in the blood as a characteristic of diabetes mellitus (Frame
hypoglycemia 15.20). In the opposite condition, ____________________, blood sugar
HIGH poh glye SEE mee ah levels fall to abnormally low levels. It is caused by excessive insulin
administration or excessive production by the pancreas and is often
accompanied by headache, malaise (weakness), tremors, hunger, and
anxiety. If left untreated, it can lead to coma and death.
15.25 The excessive production of PTH by the parathyroid glands

is a disorder known as hyperparathyroidism. This lengthy term
contains four word parts: hyper/para/thyroid/ism. Usually caused
by a tumor, it results in excessive calcium levels in the blood, or
hypercalcemia (Frame 15.23). In the opposite condition called
hypoparathyroidism ____________________, PTH levels are reduced and the condition of
HIGH poh pair ah THIGH royd izm hypocalcemia (Frame 15.23) occurs. The constructed form of this
hypo/para/thyroid/ism term is ___/_____/_________/_____.
para-
Note that the prefix para- doesn’t always appear at the beginning of a term. In the term h ypoparathyroid,
WORDS TO it appears in the middle of the term. But don’t let that confuse you: it is still a prefix and it still means
Watch Out For “alongside or abnormal.”
15.26 Excessive activity of the thyroid gland produces abnormally

hyperthyroidism high levels of thyroid hormone in the disease ____________________,
HIGH per THIGH royd izm which accelerates metabolism. The constructed form of this term is
hyper/thyroid/ism. Symptoms include exophthalmos (Frame 15.9),
goiter (Frame 15.10), rapid heart rate, and weight loss. One form of
chronic hyperthyroidism, called Graves’ disease, is believed to be
an autoimmune disease. Another form, known as thyrotoxicosis
(THIGH roh toks ih KOH siss), is an acute event that is triggered by
infection or trauma and can become life-threatening.
hyper- or hypo-?
The spelling of these two prefixes is very similar, but the difference in meaning is great. Hyper-
WORDS TO means “excessive, abnormally high, above”; whereas hypo- means “deficient, abnormally low,
Watch Out For below.” An easy way to remember the difference is to think of the long o sound of the word “low,”
which matches the sound of the vowel in hypo-.
516 Chapter 15
15.27 When thyroid gland activity becomes deficient, thyroid

hormone blood levels drop below normal in the disease called
hypothyroidism ____________________ (■ Figure 15.7). The constructed form is
HIGH poh THIGH royd izm hypo/thyroid/ism. The most common cause of hypothyroidism is
the autoimmune disorder in which the thyroid gland comes under
attack by the body’s own immune response, called Hashimoto’s
disease. The symptoms of hypothyroidism include a slow heart
rate, dry skin, low energy, and weight gain. In the chronic form
of hypothyroidism known as myxedema (miks eh DEE mah), the
subcutaneous layer beneath the skin becomes thick and hard, and
the body retains water, aging the skin prematurely while puffing
the face and thickening the tongue and hands. Myxedema literally
means “swollen mucus.”
Hair dry, brittle Lethargy, memory impairment,

slow cerebration
(psychoses may occur)
Edema of face and eyelids
Thick tongue, slow speech
Deep coarse voice
Sensation of coldness
Diminished perspiration
Heart enlarged, poor heart
sounds, precordial pain (oc-
casional)
Coarse, dry, scaly skin Hypertension (frequently)
Ascites
Pulse slow Menorrhagia (amenorrhea may

occur late in disease)
Weakness
■■Figure 15.7
Hypothyroidism. Hyposecretion Reflexes
slowed
of the thyroid gland produces
the symptoms that are
illustrated.
15.28 In the disease hypogonadism, abnormally low amounts of

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
are produced by the pituitary gland, which reduces the production
of the sex hormones testosterone (produced by the male testes)
and estrogen/progesterone (produced by the female ovaries). Also
hypogonadism known as pituitary ____________________, it results in reduced
HIGH poh GOH nad izm sexual interest and reproductive capacity. If it occurs before puberty,
the gonads (male testes and female ovaries) fail to develop, resulting
in the failure of secondary sexual characteristics to form during
adolescence such as body hair, muscle and bone growth (if male),
or breasts (if female). Hypogonadism is a constructed term, which is
hypo/gonad/ism written as _____/_________/_____.
15.29 Inflammation of the pancreas is a disorder known as

pancreatitis ____________________ (■ Figure 15.8). It often results in a deficient
PAN kree ah TYE tiss production of insulin, which leads to hyperglycemia (Frame 15.24).
Pancreatitis may be an acute reaction to infection or trauma or a
chronic condition resulting in progressive pancreatic failure, both of
which can become life-threatening. The term includes only two word
parts: pancreat/itis.
Duodenum
Pancreas
■■Figure 15.8 Inflammatory lesion

Pancreatitis. Inflammation of the
pancreas may be the result of Duodenal
ampulla
a bacterial infection, trauma, or
chronic disease such as cancer.
518 Chapter 15
15.30 Because the pituitary gland produces numerous hormones,

a tumor or congenital defect of the pituitary can affect many
body functions. In pituitary dwarfism (pih TOO ih tair ee * DWARF
izm), the pituitary growth hormone is deficient at birth, resulting in
short stature. An abnormally high production of pituitary growth
pituitary gigantism hormone before adulthood results in ____________________
pih TOO ih tair ee * JYE ____________________, and if it occurs after adulthood has begun,
gant izm it results in acromegaly (Frame 15.8). A photograph comparing
dwarfism and gigantism is provided in ■ Figure 15.9.
■■Figure 15.9
Growth hormone disorders.
Illustration of a pituitary giant
and a pituitary dwarf, both
adults of about the same age.
This illustration was rendered
from an actual photograph.
thyroiditis 15.31 Inflammation of the thyroid gland is called ____________________.

THYE royd EYE tiss The constructed form is thyroid/itis. Acute thyroiditis is usually caused
by a local infection, whereas there are many forms of chronic thyroiditis
that often lead to hyperthyroidism (Frame 15.26).
PRACTICE: Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System

Linkup

hyper- aden/o -al
hypo- adren/o -emia
para- calc/o -ism
carcin/o -itis
glyc/o -oma
pancreat/o -pathy
thyroid/o
Definition Term
1. inflammation of a gland adenitis
2. glandular disease ____________________
3. m
alignant tumor that arises from epithelial tissue to form a glandular or ____________________
glandlike pattern of cells
4. excessive activity of one or both adrenal glands ____________________
5. a disease that results from abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood ____________________
6. abnormally low blood sugar levels ____________________
7. excessive production of parathyroid hormone by the parathyroid glands ____________________
8. a disease that results from abnormally low blood levels of thyroid hormone ____________________
9. inflammation of the pancreas ____________________
10. inflammation of the thyroid ____________________
520 Chapter 15
The Right Match

______ 1. Addison’s disease a. caused by excessive secretion of the adrenal cortex
______ 2. diabetic nephropathy b. a form of chronic hyperthyroidism; may be an autoimmune disease
______ 3. diabetes insipidus c. chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism
______ 4. pituitary gigantism d. kidney damage caused by diabetes mellitus
______ 5. Cushing syndrome e. potentially vision-threatening damage to the eye in diabetics
______ 6. Graves’ disease f. caused by hyposecretion of adrenal cortex
______ 7. diabetic retinopathy g. short stature resulting from a deficiency in pituitary growth
______ 8. diabetes mellitus hormone
______ 9. pituitary dwarfism h. caused by hyposecretion of ADH by the pituitary
______ 10. congenital hypothyroidism i. developmental delays and reduced physical growth that results
from a lack of thyroid hormone at birth
j. results from an abnormally high production of pituitary growth
hormone before adolescence
Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Endocrine System

Here are the word parts that commonly apply to the treatments, procedures, and devices of the endocrine

endo- within adren/o adrenal gland -al pertaining to
para- alongside, crin/o to secrete -ectomy surgical excision, removal
abnormal thyr/o shield, thyroid -logist one who studies
thyroid/o resembling a shield, -logy study or science of
thyroid -oma tumor
KEY TERMS A–Z 15.32 A procedure involving the surgical excision, or removal, of
one or both of the adrenal glands is known as adrenalectomy.
The constructed form of this term is adren/al/ectomy. An
adrenalectomy ____________________ may become necessary if hormone therapy
add REE nal EK toh mee fails to correct hyperadrenalism (Frame 15.22).
15.33 You learned at the beginning of this chapter that the term
endocrine literally means “to secrete within,” and the field of medicine
focusing on the study and treatment of endocrine disorders is called
endocrinology. A physician specializing in this field is known as an
endocrinologist ____________________. It is a constructed term: endo/crin/o/logist.
en doh krin ALL oh jist
M15_WING1226_04_SE_C15.indd 520 15/03/18 8:00 PM

15.34 Measuring blood sugar levels provides information about

how well the body manages carbohydrate metabolism. In a
fasting blood sugar procedure called ____________________ ____________________
____________________ (FBS), blood sugar levels are measured after
a 12-hour fast. In a postprandial blood sugar (PPBS) exam, blood
sugar levels are measured about 2 hours after a meal (postprandial
means “after a meal”). In both tests, extreme variations in blood
sugar or abnormally high glucose levels (hyperglycemia) are an
indication of diabetes mellitus (Frame 15.20). A common method of
testing blood sugar levels is shown in ■ Figure 15.10.
(a) (b) (c)
■■Figure 15.10
Blood glucose measurement. A fasting blood sugar test may be self-administered. (a) A lance pierces the skin of
a finger. (b) A small blood sample is gently squeezed onto a reagent strip. (c) The glucose meter will display the
glucose concentration in the blood sample. A reading of 80–100 mg/dL is a normal range. Note that the reading of
107 exceeds the normal values, suggesting the sample is from a diabetic patient.
15.35 A test that may be used to confirm a diagnosis of diabetes

mellitus examines a patient’s tolerance of glucose. Known as a
glucose tolerance test ____________________ ____________________ ____________________
(GTT), the patient is given glucose either orally or intravenously,
then at timed intervals blood samples are taken and glucose levels
measured and recorded. Large fluctuations of blood sugar confirm
the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus.
522 Chapter 15
15.36 A failure of an endocrine gland to produce sufficient levels

of a hormone, or hyposecretion, can have a serious impact on
health. A common therapy to counteract hyposecretion is called
hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Synthetic hormones or
hormone replacement extracted hormones may be used in HRT. ____________________
therapy ____________________ ____________________ may also be used
following the surgical removal of an endocrine gland to restore
homeostasis. It is an optional therapy for the treatment of symptoms
associated with menopausal changes, although evidence suggests a
slight risk of breast cancer with its use.
15.37 The surgical removal, or excision, of a parathyroid gland may

be a treatment for parathyroid cancer, called parathyroidoma, or
for hyperparathyroidism (Frame 15.25). The procedure is called
parathyroidectomy ____________________. The constructed form of this term is
PAIR ah THIGH royd EK toh mee para/thyroid/ectomy.
15.38 The producing cells of the thyroid gland use the element
iodine as a necessary ingredient in forming thyroid hormones. One
way in which thyroid function may be measured is to determine the
amount of iodine taken into thyroid cells. In the diagnostic procedure
known as radioactive iodine uptake (RAY dee oh AK tihv * EYE oh dyne
radioactive iodine * UP tayk), ____________________ ____________________ is used to
track and measure its entry into thyroid gland cells with a scanning
instrument. Abbreviated RAIU, a reduction of iodine uptake is an
indication of deficient thyroid function.
15.39 Because the thyroid gland is the only organ of the body that
uptakes iodine, an effective treatment against a thyroid tumor, or
thyroidoma (Frame 15.40), is the use of radioactive iodine. Called
radioiodine therapy ____________________ ____________________, the radioactive iodine
RAY dee oh EYE oh dyne * targets cells within the thyroid gland and destroys them.
THAIR ah pee
15.40 A procedure measuring thyroid function is called a thyroid

scan, during which an image of the thyroid gland is obtained. The
thyroid scan ____________________ ____________________ image is recorded
THIGH royd * skan with a scanning instrument following oral administration of a labeled
substance, usually iodine (■ Figure 15.11). Thyroid scans are usually
thyroidoma employed to detect a thyroid tumor, known as a ____________________.
THIGH royd OH mah
Goiter
■■Figure 15.11
Thyroid scan. The right image is a colorized image from an abnormal thyroid scan, such as
would occur in a patient with a goiter (illustrated on the left).
Source: Stefania Arca/Shutterstock.
15.41 Recall the meaning of the suffix -ectomy is “surgical

excision or removal.” The surgical removal of the thyroid gland is
thyroidectomy therefore called ____________________. The constructed form is
THIGH royd EK toh mee thyroid/ectomy. Because the suffix -tomy means “incision, to cut,”
thyroidotomy a ____________________ is a procedure in which the thyroid gland is
THIGH royd OTT oh mee surgically entered. This constructed term is thyroid/o/tomy.
524 Chapter 15
15.42 In addition to RAIU (Frame 15.38) and thyroid scan

(Frame 15.40), the thyroid gland may also be evaluated for disease
thyroid ultrasonography using ultrasound. The procedure is called ____________________
THIGH royd* ul trah soh NAW ____________________ and is shown in ■ Figure 15.12. The procedure
grah fee can identify abnormalities of thyroid gland tissue, such as the
presence of tumors or inflammation, and is often performed as a first
step in running diagnostics of the thyroid gland. The words that build
the term can be shown as thyroid ultra/son/o/graphy.
■■Figure 15.12
Thyroid ultrasonography. This
diagnostic procedure sends
sound waves generated by a
transducer through a probe
pressing on the anterior neck.
The reflected sound waves are
picked up and converted by a
computer to a monitor to reveal
thyroid gland abnormalities.
Source: Alexander Raths/
Shutterstock.
thyroparathyroidectomy 15.43 In some cases, the parathyroid glands must be surgically

THIGH roh pair ah THIGH royd removed with the thyroid gland. This procedure is called
EK toh mee ____________________. Write the constructed form of this term:
thyr/o/para/thyroid/ectomy _____/___/_____/_________/_________.
15.44 Thyroxine is one of several hormones produced by the

thyroid gland. It regulates glucose metabolism and cell division
in most cells of the body. A diagnostic test measuring thyroxine
thyroxine test levels in the blood is simply called a ____________________
THIGH rox een ____________________. It is often used as a diagnostic test for
hyperthyroidism (Frame 15.26) or hypothyroidism (Frame 15.27).
PRACTICE: Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Endocrine System

The Right Match
______ 1. fasting blood sugar a. synthetic or extracted hormones used to counteract
______ 2. glucose tolerance test hyposecretion
______ 3. hormone replacement therapy b. a procedure used to determine amount of iodine taken
into thyroid cells
______ 4. radioactive iodine uptake
c. a test that examines a patient’s tolerance of glucose
______ 5. thyroid scan
d. a procedure in which blood sugar levels are measured
______ 6. thyroxine test
after a 12-hour fast
______ 7. radioiodine therapy e. a diagnostic test that measures thyroxine levels in the blood
f. treatment for a thyroid tumor that targets cells within
the thyroid gland and destroys them
g. a procedure that obtains an image of the thyroid to
measure thyroid function
Break the Chain

cf = combining form, and s = suffix)
1. a) adrenalectomy ________/________/________
r s s
b)
Bonus Question: What is the definition of the first suffix? _________________________________________
2. a) endocrinology ________/________/___/________
p cf s
b)
3. a) thyroidoma ________/________
r s
b)
4. a) thyroidotomy ________/___/________
cf s
b)
5. a) thyroparathyroidectomy ________/___/________/________/________
cf p r s
526 Chapter 15
Abbreviations of the Endocrine System

The abbreviations that are associated with the endocrine system are summarized here. Study these abbrevia-
Abbreviation Definition
ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone
ADH antidiuretic hormone
DI diabetes insipidus
DM diabetes mellitus
FBS fasting blood sugar
FSH follicle-stimulating hormone
GH growth hormone
GTT glucose tolerance test
HRT hormone replacement therapy
LH luteinizing hormone
PPBS postprandial blood sugar
PTH parathyroid hormone
RAIU radioactive iodine uptake
TSH thyroid-stimulating hormone

1. GTT ______________________________________________
2. ____________________ radioactive iodine uptake
3. PPBS ______________________________________________
4. ____________________ diabetes insipidus
5. FBS ______________________________________________
6. ____________________ hormone replacement therapy
7. DM ______________________________________________
8. ____________________ parathyroid hormone
9. ADH ______________________________________________
10. ____________________ follicle-stimulating hormone
CHAPTER REVIEW
Word Building
Construct medical terms from the following meanings. The first question has been completed as an example.
1. tumor of a gland adenoma
2. excessive production of thyroid hormones ____________________thyroidism
3. peripheral nerve damage during diabetes mellitus diabetic neuro____________________
4. inflammation of the adrenal gland adrenal____________________
5. disease of the endocrine system ____________________pathy
6. excessive calcium levels in the blood hyper____________________
7. a tumor of the parathyroid gland parathyroid____________________
8. caused by too much GH prior to adulthood pituitary gigant____________________
9. abnormally reduced adrenal activity ____________________adrenalism
10. excessive body hair ____________________ism
11. deficient production of PTH hypo____________________
12. abnormally low blood sugar levels hypo____________________
13. acute form of hyperthyroidism triggered by infection or trauma thyro____________________
14. major cause of hypothyroidism ____________________disease
15. caused by deficient FSH and LH that results in reduced ____________________gonadism
r eproductive capacity


1. aden/o _________________________________ _________________________________
2. adren/o _________________________________ _________________________________
3. crin/o _________________________________ _________________________________
4. thyroid/o _________________________________ _________________________________
5. glyc/o _________________________________ _________________________________
6. pancreat/o _________________________________ _________________________________
7. calc/o _________________________________ _________________________________
8. acid/o _________________________________ _________________________________
528 Chapter 15
Complete the Labels

Complete the blank labels in Figure 15.13 by writing the labels in the spaces provided.
Hypothalamus
Pineal gland
1. Pituitary ____________________
2. ____________________ gland
Parathyroid gland
Thymus
3. ____________________ gland
4. ____________________
Ovary (female)
5. ____________________ (male)
■■Figure 15.13
Organs of the endocrine system.
1. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
4. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
5. ______________________________________________________________________________________________



Anita Del Rio

Phone: (211) 594-4000 • Fax (211) 594-4001

Patient: Anita Del Rio Patient ID: 123456
Provider: Jonathon McClary, MD
Subjective:
“I’m really tired most of the day, mostly between meals, and getting behind in school. I get real thirsty a lot,
and it seems like I need to use the bathroom 20 times a day! Lately, I’ve also been getting headaches a lot and
have trouble falling asleep at night.”
13 y/o female complains of malaise, polydipsia, polyuria, cephalalgia, and insomnia. Although full of pep in
the clinic during her visit, her mother supports her complaints and is very concerned with her lack of energy.
No medical history available.
Objective:
Ht: 5¿1–
Wt: 90 lb
Lab: Ketone bodies elevated, mild acidosis pH 7.3; FBS 220 confirmed with GTT
Assessment:
Diabetes mellitus type 1
Plan:
Treat as type 1 DM with regular insulin injection regimen and enroll with parent in diabetes management class.
Photo Source: Scott Griessel/Fotolia.

530 Chapter 15
1. What patient complaints are consistent with the signs? _____________________________________________
2. Is the diagnosis temporary and capable of a cure with the prescribed treatment? ______________________
3. What are the meanings of the abbreviations FBS and GTT? _________________________________________

acidosis glucose ketosis
endocrinology hyperglycemia polydipsia
fasting blood sugar insulin type 1 diabetes
A 13-year-old patient, Anita Del Rio, was referred by her personal physician for an endocrinological evaluation
in the (a) ____________________ department, following a 4-week history of symptoms of energy loss
between meals, excessive thirst, or (b) ____________________, headache, polyuria (excessive urination), and
sleeplessness. A routine blood test had also been recorded by the physician and had shown ketone bodies
in the blood, or (c) ____________________, combined with a lowered blood pH, or (d) ____________________.
Endocrinological evaluation included an FBS, or (e) ____________________ ____________________
____________________ test, followed by a (f) ____________________ tolerance test, and a urinalysis. The tests
indicated the patient suffered from excessive sugar levels in the blood, or (g) ____________________, that
was due to a failure of islet beta cells to produce proper levels of the hormone (h) ____________________.
A diagnosis of (i) ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ was recorded. The
patient was treated with regular insulin, trained in self-glucose testing and insulin administration, and referred
to a local educational program in diabetes management to include her parents’ participation.

Denaya Bellafonte
For a greater challenge, read the following medical report and answer the critical thinking questions that follow.

Phone: (211) 594-4000 • Fax (211) 594-4001
Medical Consultation: Endocrinology Date: 04/22/2017

Patient: Denaya Bellafonte Patient ID: 123456
Provider: Joseph Ryan, MD
Subjective:
“I’m having headaches nearly every day and feel tired all the time. I’m gaining weight even though I’m not
eating much. I’m also experiencing pain in my lower back and a strange growth of body hair on my face.”
29 y/o female with no prior medical concerns. Her mother was diagnosed with thyrotoxicosis, treated with
thyroidectomy at age 45 years. The patient complaints include lethargy, cephalalgia, unwanted weight gain,
lower back pain, and hirsutism. All changes began at about the same time, approximately 3 months ago.
Objective:
Ht: 5¿8–
Wt: 182 lb
Lab: Blood glucose elevated, at 165 mg/dL.
MRI: Tumor present at superior aspect of left adrenal gland, 1.2 cm × 2.0 cm, with damage to gland.
bx: Tumor is benign.
Assessment:
Adrenal hyperplasia, caused by left adrenal adenoma
Plan:
Schedule left adrenalectomy within 2 weeks.
Photo Source: Stockyimages/Shutterstock.

532 Chapter 15
1. Why would a tumor of the adrenal gland lead to hirsutism in the patient? _____________________________
2. What is the correlation between the patient’s hyperglycemia and weight gain? ________________________
3. What is adrenal hyperplasia? ____________________________________________________________________

A 29-year-old patient, Denaya Bellafonte, was admitted for hospitalization following reports of symptoms
that included frequent headaches, loss of energy, unexplained weight gain, and tenderness in the left
lumbar region. More recently, increased body hair, or (j) ____________________, was an additional cause
for concern. An early diagnosis was made of (k) ____________________, or an inflammation of the adrenals.
Also, the attending physician believed that the lumbar pain could be explained by an abnormal enlargement
of the adrenal glands, a condition known as (l) ____________________. In addition, the weight gain in the
patient had produced a round “moon face” appearance that characterizes (m) ____________________
syndrome. This diagnosis also explained the elevated blood sugar levels, or (n) ____________________,
combined with energy loss and muscle weakness. However, the actual cause remained a mystery until the
patient’s tender lumbar region was examined with MRI. This diagnostic tool revealed a tumor of the left
adrenal gland. Apparently, the tumor had caused the adrenal cortex to hypersecrete male sex hormones
known as (o) ____________________, which had caused the body hair, a sign of endocrine disease known as
(p) ____________________. The tumor had also caused the hypersecretion of other adrenal cortex hormones,
which led to the metabolic disturbance. A laparoscopic biopsy was performed, and the accompanying
histology test confirmed the tumor was benign, and thereby called an (q) ____________________. Surgery was
performed to remove the left adrenal gland, called a left (r) ____________________. Following the surgery the
patient made a complete recovery with all symptoms abating within several weeks.
Appendices
Appendix A
Word Parts Glossary
The word parts that have been presented in this textbook are summarized with their definitions for quick reference. The
chapter numbers correspond to the first chapter in which the word part is described. Prefixes are listed first, followed by
combining forms and suffixes.
Prefix Definition Chapter Prefix Definition Chapter

a- without, absence of 1 intra- within 3
ab- away from 3 iso- equal 7
ad- toward 3 macro- large 3
ambi- both 3 mal- bad 3
an- without, absence of 3 mega- large, great 3
ana- up, toward 3 megalo- large, great 3
ante- before 3 meta- after, change 3
anti- against, opposite of 1 micro- small 1
bi- two 3 mono- one 3
brady- slow 1 multi- many, more than once, numerous 3
circum- around 3 neo- new 1
con- with, together, jointly 1 nulli- none 3
contra- counter, against 3 pan- all 3
di- double 3 par- alongside, abnormal 5
dia- through 3 para- alongside, abnormal 3
dipl- double 3 peri- around 3
dis- apart, away 3 poly- excessive, over, many 2
dys- bad, abnormal, painful, difficult 2 post- to follow after 3
ec- outside, out 3 pre- to come before 1
ecto- outside, out 3 primi- first 3
en- within, upon, on, over 11 pro- before 4
endo- within 1 pseudo- false 3
ep- upon, over, above, on top 3 quadri- four 2
epi- upon, over, above, on top 1 re- back 10
eso- inward 3 semi- half, partial 3
eu- normal, good 3 sub- under, beneath, below 3
ex- outside, away from 3 super- above 3
exo- outside, away from 3 supra- above 3
extra- outside 3 sym- together, joined 3
hemi- half 3 syn- together, joined 2
3 tachy- rapid, fast 3
heter- different
3 tetra- four 3
hetero- different
3 trans- through, across, beyond 3
hyper- excessive, abnormally high, above
2 tri- three 3
hypo- deficient, abnormally low, below
ultra- beyond normal 3
infer- below 3
uni- one 3
inter- between 3
A-1
A-2 Appendix A
Combining Combining
Form Definition Chapter Form Definition Chapter
abdomin/o abdomen 4 cerebr/o brain, cerebrum 1
abort/o miscarry 12 cervic/o neck, cervix 4
abras/o to rub away 5 cheil/o lip 10
acid/o a solution or substance with a 10 chol/e bile, gall 10
pH less than 7 cholecyst/o gallbladder 10
acr/o extremity 15 choledoch/o common bile duct 10
actin/o radiation 5 chondr/i gristle, cartilage 4
aden/o gland 5 chondr/o gristle, cartilage 6
adren/o adrenal gland 15 chori/o membrane, chorion 12
albin/o white 5 chron/o time 4
albumin/o albumin (a protein) 11 chym/o juice 5
alveol/o air sac, alveolus 9 cirrh/o orange 10
amni/o amnion 12 coccidioid/o Coccidioides immitis (a fungus) 9
an/o anus 10 col/o colon 10
andr/o male 12 colon/o colon 10
angi/o blood vessel 8 colp/o vagina 12
ankyl/o crooked 6
coni/o dust 9
anter/o front 4
condyl/o knuckle of a joint 6
aort/o aorta 8
conjunctiv/o to bind together, conjunctiva 14
append/o appendix 1
cor/o pupil 14
appendic/o appendix 1
coron/o crown or circle, heart 8
arter/o artery 8
cost/o rib 6
arteri/o artery 8
cran/o skull, cranium 4
arthr/o joint 6
crani/o skull, cranium 4
articul/o joint 6
crin/o to secrete 15
asthen/o weakness 14
crypt/o hidden 5
atel/o incomplete 9
cutane/o skin 5
ather/o fatty plaque 8
cyan/o blue 5
atri/o atrium 8
cyes/o pregnancy 12
audi/o hearing 14
cyesi/o pregnancy 12
aut/o self 5
cyst/o bladder, sac 9
azot/o urea, nitrogen 11
cyt/o cell 2
bacteri/o bacteria 7
dacry/o tear 14
balan/o glans penis 12
bi/o life 1 dent/o teeth 10
bil/i bile 10 derm/o skin 1
blast/o germ, bud, developing cell 7 dermat/o skin 1
blephar/o eyelid 14 dilat/o to widen 9
botul/o sausage 7 dips/o thirst 15
brachi/o arm 4 dist/o distant 4
bronch/i airway, bronchus 9 diverticul/o diverticulum 10
bronch/o airway, bronchus 9 dors/o back 4
burs/o purse or sac, bursa 6 duoden/o twelve, duodenum 10
calc/i calcium 15 dur/o hard 12
calc/o calcium 15 ech/o sound 8
carcin/o cancer 5 electr/o electricity 1
cardi/o heart 1 embol/o plug 8
carp/o wrist 6 embry/o embryo 12
caud/o tail 4 encephal/o brain 1
cec/o blind intestine, cecum 10 enter/o small intestine 1
cellul/o little cell 5 epididym/o epididymis 12
cephal/o head 4 episi/o vulva 12
cerebell/o little brain, cerebellum 13 erythr/o red 7
Appendix A A-3
Combining Combining
esophag/e gullet, esophagus 10 ischi/o haunch, hip joint, ischium 6
esophag/o gullet, esophagus 10 jejun/o empty, jejunum 10
esthesi/o sensation 13 kerat/o hard, cornea 5
extern/o exterior 14 ket/o ketone 11
fasci/o fascia 6 keton/o ketone 11
fec/o feces 10 kinesi/o motion 6
femor/o thigh, femur 4 kyph/o hump 6
fet/o fetus 12 labyrinth/o maze, inner ear 14
fibr/o fiber 6 lact/o milk 12
fibul/o fibula 6 lamin/o thin, lamina 6
flux/o flow 10 lapar/o abdomen 10
follicul/o little follicle 5 laryng/o voice box, larynx 1
fung/o fungus 7 later/o side 4
gangli/o swelling, knot 13 lei/o smooth 12
ganglion/o swelling, knot 13 leuk/o white 1
gastr/o stomach 1 lingu/o tongue 10
gingiv/o gums 10 lip/o fat 2
gli/o glue 13 lith/o stone 1
globin/o protein 7 lob/o a rounded part, lobe 9
glomerul/o little ball, glomerulus 11 lord/o bent forward 6
gloss/o tongue 10 lumb/o loin, lower back 4
glott/o opening into the windpipe 9 lymph/o clear water or fluid 7
gluc/o sweet, sugar 11 mamm/o breast 1
glute/o buttock 4 man/o thin, scanty 8
glyc/o sweet, sugar 11 mast/o breast 1
glycos/o sweet, sugar 11 mastoid/o resembling a breast 14
gnos/o knowledge 13 maxim/o biggest, highest 1
gonad/o sex gland 15 meat/o opening, passage 11
gravid/o pregnancy 12 med/o middle 14
gravidar/o pregnancy 12 medi/o middle 4
gyn/o woman 12 melan/o black 5
gynec/o woman 12 men/o month, menstruation 12
halit/o breath 10 mening/i membrane 13
hem/o blood 1 mening/o membrane 13
hemat/o blood 7 menisc/o meniscus 6
hepat/o liver 1 menstru/o month, menstruation 12
hidr/o sweat 5 ment/o mind 1
hirsut/o hairy 15 metr/i uterus 12
hom/o same 4 metr/o uterus 12
home/o sameness, unchanging 4 muc/o mucus 9
hormon/o to set in motion 15 muscul/o muscle 1
hydr/o water 7 my/o muscle 6
hyster/o uterus 1 myc/o fungus 5
iatr/o physician 7 myel/o bone marrow; spinal cord, 6
idi/o individual 7 medulla, myelin
ile/o to roll, ileum 10 myos/o muscle 6
ili/o flank, hip, groin, ilium of the 4 myring/o membrane, eardrum 14
pelvis myx/o mucus 15
immun/o exempt, immunity 7 narc/o numbness 13
infer/o below 4 nas/o nose 9
inguin/o groin 4 nat/o birth 1
ir/o iris 14 necr/o death 7
isch/o hold back 8 nephr/o kidney 11
A-4 Appendix A
Combining Combining
neur/o nerve 1 poli/o gray 13
noct/o night 11 polyp/o small growth 10
nosocom/o hospital 7 por/o hole 6
nucle/o kernel, nucleus 7 poster/o back 4
obstetr/o midwife 12 presby/o old age 14
ocul/o eye 14 proct/o rectum or anus 1
olig/o few in number 11 prostat/o prostate gland 12
onych/o nail 5 protein/o protein 11
oophor/o ovary 12 proxim/o near 4
ophthalm/o eye 14 pseud/o false 12
opt/o eye 14 psych/o mind 1
or/o mouth 10 pub/o pubis 6
orchi/o testis 12 pulmon/o lung 1
orchid/o testis 12 py/o pus 9
orex/o appetite 10 pyel/o renal pelvis 11
organ/o tool 4 pylor/o pylorus 10
orth/o straight 6 radi/o radius 6
ost/o bone 6 radic/o nerve root 13
oste/o bone 6 radicul/o nerve root 13
ot/o ear 9 rect/o rectum 10
ovar/o ovary 12 ren/o kidney 11
ox/i oxygen 9 retin/o retina 14
pancreat/o sweetbread, pancreas 10 rhin/o nose 1
pariet/o wall 6 rhiz/o nerve root 13
parot/o parotid gland 10 rhythm/o rhythm 8
patell/o patella 6 rhytid/o wrinkle 5
path/o disease 1 rrhythm/o rhythm 8
pect/o chest 8 sacr/o sacred, sacrum 6
pector/o chest 8 salping/o trumpet, fallopian tube 12
ped/o child 6 sarc/o flesh, meat 6
pedicul/o body louse 5 schiz/o to divide, split 13
pelv/o bowl, basin 4 scler/o hard, sclera 5
pen/o penis 12 scoli/o curved 6
peps/o digestion 10 scop/o viewing instrument 1
pept/o digestion 10 seb/o sebum, oil 5
peritone/o to stretch over, peritoneum 10 semin/o seed, sperm 12
petr/o stone 6 sept/o putrefying; wall, partition 7
phag/o eat, swallow 10 sial/o saliva 10
phalang/o phalanges 6 sigm/o the letter s, sigmoid colon 10
pharyng/o throat, pharynx 9 sinus/o cavity 9
phasi/o to speak 13 skelet/o skeleton 1
phleb/o vein 8 somat/o body 13
phragm/o partition 9 son/o sound 8
phragmat/o partition 9 spadias/o rip, tear 11
phren/o mind 13 sperm/o seed, sperm 12
phys/o growth 6 spermat/o seed, sperm 12
physi/o nature 4 sphygm/o pulse 8
plasm/o form 12 sphyx/o pulse 9
pleur/o pleura, rib 4 spir/o breathe 9
pneum/o air, lung 9 splen/o spleen 7
pneumon/o air, lung 9 spondyl/o vertebra 6
poikil/o irregular 7 staphylococc/o Staphylococcus (a bacterium) 7
Appendix A A-5
Combining Combining
steat/o fat 10 trache/o windpipe, trachea 9
sten/o narrow 8 trich/o hair 5
stern/o chest, sternum 6 troph/o development 6
stigmat/o point 14 tubercul/o little swelling 9
stomat/o mouth 10 tympan/o eardrum 14
streptococc/o Streptococcus (a bacterium) 7 umbilic/o navel, umbilicus 4
super/o above 4 ur/o urine 11
syn/o connect 6 ureter/o ureter 11
synov/o synovial 6 urethr/o urethra 11
synovi/o synovial 6 urin/o urine 11
tampon/o plug 8
vag/o vagus nerve 10
tars/o tarsal bone 6
vagin/o sheath, vagina 12
tax/o reaction to a stimulus 6
valvul/o little valve 8
ten/o stretch, tendon 6
varic/o dilated vein 8
tendon/o stretch, tendon 6
vas/o vessel 1
tens/o pressure 8
vascul/o little vessel 8
test/o testis, testicle 12
ven/o vein 8
testicul/o little testis, testicle 12
thorac/o chest, thorax 4 ventr/o belly 4
thromb/o clot 7 ventricul/o little belly, ventricle 8
thym/o wartlike, thymus gland 7 vertebr/o vertebra 6
thyr/o shield, thyroid 15 vesic/o bladder 11
thyroid/o resembling a shield, thyroid 15 vesicul/o small bag 12
toc/o birth 12 volv/o to roll 10
tom/o to cut 4 vulv/o vulva 12
tonsill/o almond, tonsil 1 xer/o dry 5
tox/o poison 7 zo/o animal, living 12
Suffix Definition Chapter Suffix Definition Chapter

-a singular 2 -clast break apart 2
-ac pertaining to 2 -crit to separate 7
-acusis condition of hearing 14 -cyesis pregnancy 12
-ad toward 2 -desis surgical fixation, fusion 2
-ade process 8 -drome run, running 2
-ae plural 2 -dynia condition of pain 2
-al pertaining to 1 -ectasis expansion, dilation 9
-algesia pain 13 -ectomy surgical excision, removal 1
-algia condition of pain 2 -emesis vomiting 2
-ar pertaining to 2 -emetic pertaining to vomiting 10
-ary pertaining to 1 -emia condition of blood 1
-asthenia weakness 2 -genesis origin, cause 6
-atresia closure or absence of a n
ormal 2 -genic pertaining to producing, 7
body opening forming
-capnia condition of carbon dioxide 9 -gnosis knowledge 4
-cele hernia, swelling, protrusion 2 -gram a record or image 1
-centesis surgical puncture 2 -graph instrument for recording 2
-clasia break apart 2 -graphy recording process 2
-clasis break apart 2 -hemia condition of blood 2
A-6 Appendix A
Suffix Definition Chapter Suffix Definition Chapter

-ia condition of 1 -phobia fear 2
-ial pertaining to 7 -phonia condition of sound or voice 9
-iasis condition of 10 -phylaxis protection 2
-iatry treatment, specialty 1 -physis growth 2
-ic pertaining to 1 -plasia formation, growth 2
-ician one who practices 12 -plasty surgical repair 1
-ion process 1 -plegia paralysis 2
-ior pertaining to 4 -pnea breath 9
-ism condition or disease 2 -practic practice 2
-ist one who specializes 6 -ptosis drooping 6
-itis inflammation 1 -ptysis to cough up 9
-lepsy seizure 13 -rrhage abnormal discharge 7
-lexia pertaining to a word or phrase 13 -rrhagia abnormal discharge 2
-logist one who studies 1 -rrhagic pertaining to abnormal 7
-logous pertaining to study 7 discharge
-logy study or science of 1 -rrhaphy suturing 2
-lysis loosen, dissolve 3 -rrhea discharge 2
-lytic pertaining to loosen, dissolve 8 -rrhexis rupture 2
-malacia softening 2 -s plural 12

-mania madness, frenzy 13 -salpinx trumpet, fallopian tube 12
-megaly abnormally large 7 -sclerosis condition of hardening 2
-meter measure, measuring instrument 2 -scope instrument used for viewing 1
-metrist one who measures 14 -scopy process of viewing 2
-metry measurement, process of 2 -sis state of 8
measuring -spasm sudden, involuntary muscle 2
-oid resembling 9 contraction
-oma tumor 2 -spasmodic pertaining to a sudden, 10
involuntary muscle contraction
-opia condition of vision 14
-stasis standing still 2
-opsy view of 2
-staxis dripping 9
-osis condition of 2
-stomy surgical creation of an opening 2
-ous pertaining to 2
-therapy treatment 7
-oxia condition of oxygen 2
-tic pertaining to 1
-partum birth 3
-tome cutting instrument 2
-pathy disease 1
-tomy incision, to cut 2
-penia abnormal reduction in number, 2
deficiency -tripsy surgical crushing 2
-pexy surgical fixation, suspension 2 -troph development 14
-phagia eating or swallowing 2 -uresis urination 11
-phasia speaking 1 -uria pertaining to urine, urination 11
-phil loving, affinity for 2 -us pertaining to 14
-philia loving, affinity for 1 -y process of 3
Appendix B A-7
Appendix B
Abbreviations
The abbreviations from Chapters 1–15 are presented in alphabetical order. Additional abbreviations are also included to
establish a complete listing of medical abbreviations. In each case, the abbreviations are presented in the form in which
they are most common within the healthcare environment.

A anterior AMI acute myocardial infarction
A&P auscultation and percussion AML acute myelocytic leukemia
A&P repair anterior and posterior colporrhaphy amt amount
A&P resection abdominoperineal resection ant anterior
A&W alive and well AODM adult-onset (type 2) diabetes
AA Alcoholics Anonymous mellitus
ab abortion AP anteroposterior
abd abdomen AP angina pectoris
ABE acute bacterial endocarditis ARDS adult (acute) respiratory distress
ABGs arterial blood gases syndrome
ac before meals ARM artificial rupture of membranes
ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme AS left ear (in Latin, auris sinister)
ACL anterior cruciate ligament AS aortic stenosis
ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone AS ankylosing spondylitis
AD right ear (in Latin, auris dexter) as tol as tolerated
AD Alzheimer’s disease ASA aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)
ad lib as desired ASCVD arteriosclerotic cardiovascular
disease
ADD attention-deficit disorder
ASD atrial septal defect
Adeno-Ca adenocarcinoma
ASHD arteriosclerotic heart disease
ADH antidiuretic hormone
Ast astigmatism
ADHD attention-deficit/hyperactivity
disorder AU both ears (in Latin, aures unitas)
ADL activities of daily living AUL acute undifferentiated leukemia
AED automated external defibrillator AV atrioventricular
AFB acid-fast bacilli smear AVR aortic valve replacement
Afib atrial fibrillation ax axillary (armpit region)
AI aortic insufficiency BA bronchial asthma
AIDS acquired immunodeficiency BBB bundle branch block
syndrome BC Bowman’s capsule
AKA above-knee amputation BCC basal cell carcinoma
AKI acute kidney injury BE barium enema
alb albumin bid twice a day
ALL acute lymphocytic leukemia BK below knee
ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis BKA below-knee amputation
alt diem alternate days BM bowel movement
alt hor alternate hours BOM bilateral otitis media
alt noct alternate nights BP blood pressure
AMA against medical advice BPH benign prostatic hyperplasia
AMA American Medical Association BR bedrest
amb ambulatory BRP bathroom privileges
AMBS American Medical Board of BS blood sugar
Specialists BSO bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
AMD age-related macular degeneration BUN blood urea nitrogen
A-8 Appendix B

Bx biopsy CP chest pain
bx biopsy CP cerebral palsy
C Celsius CPAP continuous positive airway pressure
C1–C7 seven cervical vertebrae CPK creatine phosphokinase
C&S stool culture and sensitivity CPN chronic pyelonephritis
c/o complains of CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Ca calcium CRD chronic respiratory disease
CA cancer creat creatinine
CA-125 cancer antigen-125 tumor marker CRF chronic renal failure
CABG coronary artery bypass graft CRNA certified registered
CAD coronary artery disease nurse-anesthetist
cal calorie C-section cesarean section
cap capsule CSF cerebrospinal fluid
CAPD continuous ambulatory p eritoneal CT calcitonin
dialysis CT (CAT) scan computed (axial) tomography scan
CAT computed (axial) tomography CTS carpal tunnel syndrome
cath catheter, catheterization Cu copper
CBC complete blood count CVA cerebrovascular accident (stroke)
CBR complete bedrest CVP central venous pressure
CBS chronic brain syndrome CXR chest x-ray
cc cubic centimeter D&C dilation and curettage
CC colony count D/S dextrose in saline
CCU coronary care unit D/W dextrose in water
CDH congenital dislocation of the hip DAT diet as tolerated
CEA carcinoma embryonic antigen DC discontinued
CF cystic fibrosis del delivery
CHB complete heart block DI diabetes insipidus
CHD coronary heart disease DIC diffuse intravascular coagulation
chemo chemotherapy diff differential (blood count)
CHF congestive heart failure DJD degenerative joint disease
CHO carbohydrate DLE discoid lupus erythematosus
chol cholesterol DM diabetes mellitus
CI coronary insufficiency DMD Duchenne muscular dystrophy
CIN cervical intraepithelial neoplasia DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
circ circumcision DO physician specializing in osteopathy
CIS carcinoma in situ DOA dead on arrival
cl clinic DOB date of birth
Cl chloride Dr dram
cl liq clear liquid DRE digital rectal exam
CLD chronic liver disease DRG diagnosis-related group
CLL chronic lymphocytic leukemia DT delirium tremens
cm centimeter DTR deep tendon reflexes
CML chronic myelogenous leukemia DVT deep vein thrombosis
CNS central nervous system Dx diagnosis
CO carbon monoxide E enema
CO2 carbon dioxide EBL estimated blood loss
COLD chronic obstructive lung disease ECG electrocardiogram
cond condition ECHO echocardiogram
COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary EchoEG echoencephalography
disease ECT electroconvulsive therapy
Appendix B A-9

ED erectile dysfunction H hypodermic
EDD expected date of delivery H&H hemoglobin and hematocrit
EEG electroencephalography H&P history and physical examination
EENT eye, ear, nose, and throat H2O water
EGD esophagogastroduodenoscopy H2O2 hydrogen peroxide
EKG electrocardiogram HB heart block
Em emmetropia HBV hepatitis B virus
EMG electromyography HCl hydrochloric acid
ENT ear, nose, and throat HCO3- bicarbonate
EP studies ectopic pregnancy studies HCT, Hct hematocrit
EP studies evoked potential studies HCVD hypertensive cardiovascular disease
ERCP endoscopic retrograde HD hemodialysis
cholangiopancreatography HEENT head, eyes, ears, nose, and throat
ERT estrogen replacement therapy Hg mercury
ESKD end-stage kidney disease HGB, Hgb hemoglobin
ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate HHD hypertensive heart disease
ESWL extracorporeal shock wave HIV human immunodeficiency virus
lithotripsy
HNP herniated nucleus pulposus; a
etio etiology herniated intervertebral disk
EtOH ethanol HOB head of bed
EUS endoscopic ultrasound HPI history of present illness
ex external HPV human papillomavirus
F Fahrenheit HRT hormone replacement therapy
FACP Fellow of the American College of hs hour of sleep
Physicians
HSG hysterosalpingogram
FACS Fellow of the American College of
Surgeons HSV herpes simplex virus
FAS fetal alcohol syndrome HSV-2 herpes simplex virus type 2
FASD fetal alcohol spectrum disorder ht height
FBD fibrocystic breast disease HTN hypertension
FBS fasting blood sugar Hx history
Fe iron hypo hypodermic
FHT fetal heart tones I&D incision and drainage
flu influenza I&O intake and output
FOBT fetal occult blood test IBD inflammatory bowel disease
FSH follicle-stimulating hormone IBS irritable bowel syndrome
FTT failure to thrive ICD implantable cardioverter defibrillator
FUO fever of undetermined origin ICU intensive care unit
Fx fracture IDC infiltrating ductal carcinoma
g gram IDDM insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
GB series gallbladder series IHD ischemic heart disease
GC gonorrhea IM intramuscular
GER gerontology inf inferior
GERD gastroesophageal reflux disease INR international normalized ratio
GH growth hormone IOL intraocular lens
GI gastrointestinal IPPR intermittent positive pressure
GSW gunshot wound breathing
GTT glucose tolerance test irrig irrigation
GU genitourinary isol isolation
GYN gynecology IUD intrauterine device
h hour IV intravenous
A-10 Appendix B

IVC intravenous cholangiogram MRCP magnetic resonance
IVP intravenous pyelogram cholangiopancreatography
K potassium MRI magnetic resonance imaging
KCl potassium chloride MRSA methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus
kg kilogram aureus
KUB kidney, ureter, and bladder x-ray MS multiple sclerosis
KVO keep vein open MSH melanocyte-stimulating hormone
L liter MVP mitral valve prolapse
L&D labor and delivery N&V nausea and vomiting
L1–L5 five lumbar vertebrae Na sodium
LA left atrium NA nursing assistant
lac laceration NaCl sodium chloride (salt)
LAP laparotomy NB newborn
LAS lymphadenopathy syndrome neuro neurology
LASIK laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis NG nasogastric
lat lateral NHL non-Hodgkin lymphoma
LE lupus erythematosus NICU neonatal intensive care unit
LEEP loop electrosurgical excision NICU neurology intensive care unit
procedure NIDDM non-insulin-dependent diabetes
LGI lower GI series mellitus
LH luteinizing hormone NIVA noninvasive vascular assessment
LI lactose intolerance NKDA no known drug allergies
LLL left lower lobe (of lung) noc night
LLQ left lower quadrant noct night
LMP last menstrual period NPO nothing by mouth
LOC loss of consciousness NRDS neonatal respiratory distress
syndrome
LP lumbar puncture
NS normal saline
LPN licensed practical nurse
NSAIDs nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
LR lactated Ringer’s drugs
LTB laryngotracheobronchitis NSR normal sinus rhythm
LUL left upper lobe NVS neurovital signs
LUQ left upper quadrant O objective
LV left ventricle O2 oxygen
LVN licensed vocational nurse OA osteoarthritis
mcg microgram OB obstetrics
MCH mean corpuscular hemoglobin OB/GYN obstetrics/gynecology
MCV mean corpuscular volume OD right eye (in Latin, oculus dexter)
MD medical doctor OM otitis media
MD muscular dystrophy OP outpatient
mEq milliequivalent Ophth ophthalmic
Mets metastasis OR operating room
MG myasthenia gravis ortho orthopedics
mg milligram OS left eye (in Latin, oculus sinister)
MI myocardial infarction OSA obstructive sleep apnea
Ml milliliter OT occupational therapy
mm millimeter OT oxytocin
MM multiple myeloma Oto otology
MOM milk of magnesia OU each eye (in Latin, oculus uterque)
MR may repeat oz ounce
MRA magnetic resonance angiography P phosphorus
Appendix B A-11

PA physician’s assistant PTSD posttraumatic stress disorder
PA posteroanterior PTT partial thromboplastin time
PAC premature atrial contractions PUL percutaneous ultrasound lithotripsy
Pap smear (test) Papanicolaou smear (or test) PVC premature ventricular contractions
PAT paroxysmal atrial tachycardia PVD peripheral vascular disease
pc after meals Px prognosis
PCOS polycystic ovary syndrome q every
PCU progressive care unit qd every day
PCV packed cell volume qid four times a day
PD Parkinson’s disease qn every night
PDA patent ductus arteriosus qod every other day
PDR Physician’s Desk Reference qt quart
PE pulmonary embolism R rectal
PE physical examination R right
PED pediatrics RA right atrium
PEG percutaneous endoscopic RA rheumatoid arthritis
gastrostomy RAIU radioactive iodine uptake
per by RBC red blood cell or red blood count
PERRLA pupils equal, round, reactive to light RDS respiratory distress syndrome
and accommodation reg regular
PET positron emission tomography REM rapid eye movement
PFT pulmonary function test resp respiration
PICC peripherally inserted central RHD rheumatic heart disease
catheter RICE rest, ice, compression, elevation
PICU pediatric intensive care unit RK radial keratotomy
PID pelvic inflammatory disease RLL right lower lobe
PIH pregnancy-induced hypertension RLQ right lower quadrant
PKU phenylketonuria RN registered nurse
PLT platelet count ROM range of motion
PMS premenstrual syndrome RP retrograde pyelogram
PNS peripheral nervous system RR recovery room
po postoperation rt right
po orally rt routine
post-op postoperatively RT respiratory therapy
PP postpartum RUL right upper lobe
PPBS postprandial blood sugar RUQ right upper quadrant
PPD purified protein derivative RV right ventricle
pr per rectum Rx prescription
PRBC packed red blood cells SA sinoatrial
pre-op preoperation SAB spontaneous abortion
PRK photorefractive keratotomy SARS severe acute respiratory syndrome
PRL prolactin SBE subacute bacterial
prn as needed endocarditis
PSA prostate-specific antigen SBE self breast examination
pt patient SCA sudden cardiac arrest
PT prothrombin time SCI spinal cord injury
PT physical therapy SG specific gravity
PTCA percutaneous transluminal coronary SHG sonohistogram
angioplasty SICU surgical intensive care unit
PTH parathyroid hormone SIDS sudden infant death syndrome
A-12 Appendix B

SL semilunar (pertaining to the heart TNM tumor, node, metastasis
valve) TPN total parenteral nutrition
SLE systemic lupus erythematosus tr tincture
SMR submucous resection trach tracheostomy
SO salpingo-oophorectomy TSH thyroid-stimulating hormone
SOAP subjective, objective, assessment, TSS toxic shock syndrome
and plan TUIP transurethral incision of the prostate
SOB shortness of breath TULIP transurethral laser incision of the
SPECT single-photon emission computed prostate
tomography TUMT transurethral microwave
SqCCa squamous cell carcinoma thermotherapy
ss one-half TURP transurethral resection of the
SSE soapsuds enema prostate
St stage (of cancer development) TV tidal volume
staph Staphylococcus TVH total vaginal hysterectomy
stat immediately TVS transvaginal sonography
STI sexually transmitted infection TWE tapwater enema
strep Streptococcus Tx treatment
subq subcutaneous U unit
sup superior UA urinalysis
supp suppository UGI upper GI series
surg surgery UNG ointment
SVD spontaneous vaginal delivery UPPP uvulopalatopharyngoplasty
T&A tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy URI upper respiratory infection
T1–T12 12 thoracic vertebrae US ultrasound
T3 triiodothyronine UTI urinary tract infection
T4 thyroxine UV ultraviolet
TAB therapeutic abortion UVR ultraviolet radiation
tab tablet VA visual acuity
TAH total abdominal hysterectomy vag vaginal
TAH/BSO total abdominal hysterectomy/bilat- VBAC vaginal birth after cesarean section
eral salpingo-oophorectomy VC vital capacity
TAT tetanus antitoxin VCUG voiding cystourethrogram
TB tuberculosis Vertebrae
TBI traumatic brain injury C1 through C7 seven cervical vertebrae
TBSA total body surface area T1 through T12 12 thoracic vertebrae
TCDB turn, cough, deep breathe L1 through L5 five lumbar vertebrae
TCT thrombin clotting time VLAP visual ablation of the prostate
TEE transesophageal echocardiogram V/Q scan ventilation-perfusion scanning
temp temperature VS vital signs
THA total hip arthroplasty VSD ventricular septal defect
THR total hip replacement W/C wheelchair
TIA transient ischemic attack WA while awake
tid three times a day WBC white blood cell or white blood
TKA total knee arthroplasty count
TKR total knee replacement WNL within normal limits
TM tympanic membrane Wt weight
TMJ temporomandibular joint disease XRT radiation therapy
Appendix C A-13
Appendix C
Word Parts for Describing Color, Number, and Plurals
Combining Forms for Terms Describing Color
Combining Form Meaning

albin/o white
chlor/o green
chrom/o color
cirrh/o orange
cyan/o blue
erythr/o red
jaund/o yellow
leuk/o white
melan/o black
xanth/o yellow
Prefixes for Terms Describing Numbers
Prefix Meaning
mono- one
uni- one
bi- two
di- two
tri- three
quadri- four
tetra- four
Singular versus Plural Endings
Singular Endings Plural Endings Example: Singular Example: Plural

-a -ae fistula fistulae
-ax -aces hemothorax hemothoraces
-ex -ices cortex cortices
-is -es diagnosis diagnoses
-ix -ices cicatrix cicatrices
-ma -mata fibroma fibromata
-on -a ganglion ganglia
-um -a bacterium bacteria
-us -i fungus fungi
-y -ies episiotomy episiotomies
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Appendix D
Pharmacology Terms
The major terms that are in common use in the field of pharmacology (preparation and dispensation of medi-
cations) are provided. The pronunciation guide and definition of each term is included.
absorption (ab SORP shun): the process of taking in, in which a antihistamine (an tih HISS tah meen): a class of drugs that
drug moves into the body toward the target organ or tissue. suppress the action of histamines to counter the effects of
inflammation.
ACE inhibitor (AYSS * in HIB ih tor): angiotensin-converting
enzyme inhibitor, a category of antihypertensive drugs that sup- antihormones (an tee HOR mohnz): substances that inhibit or
press the renin pathway to reduce blood pressure. otherwise prevent the normal effects of certain hormones.
administration (ad min ih STRAY shun): providing a drug treat- antihypertensive (an tee high per TEN sihv): a drug or treat-
ment to a patient. ment that reduces high blood pressure.
adverse reaction (ad VERS * re AK shun): a harmful reaction to anti-inflammatory (an tee in FLAM a tor ee): a drug or treat-
a drug that was administered at the proper dosage. ment that reduces inflammation by acting on body function.
ampule (AM pyool): a sealed container containing a sterile solu- antimutagenic (an tee myoo tah JEN ik): a drug or treatment
tion to be used for injection. that reduces a substance’s ability to form mutations in cells.
analgesic (an al JEE zik): a compound that produces a reduced antineoplastic (an tee nee oh PLASS tik): a drug that is used
response to painful stimuli. to destroy or inhibit cancer cells, usually by inhibiting the synthe-
sis of DNA.
anesthetic (an ess THET ik): a compound that depresses neu-
ronal function, resulting in a loss of the ability to perceive pain antipsychotic (an tee sigh KOH tik): a drug that counteracts
and other sensations. the symptoms of psychosis, such as schizophrenia and major
behavioral disorders.
antacid (ant ASS id): a substance that neutralizes or buffers
an acid, usually taken orally to reduce hydrochloric acid in the antiseptic (an tih SEP tik): a substance that prevents infection
stomach. by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms.
antianemic (an tee a NEE mik) agent: a drug that is used to antispasmodic (an tee spaz MOD ik): a drug or treatment that
treat or prevent anemia. inhibits muscle contractions to relieve convulsions or spasms.
antianxiety (an tee ang ZI eh tee) agent: a drug that is used antitoxin (an tee TAHKS inn): an antibody that forms in
to treat anxiety such as fear, worry, or apprehension; usually a response to antigenic poisonous substances. The antibody is
sedative or minor tranquilizer. often collected from its biological origin and concentrated for
use in treatment against the antigenic toxin.
antiarrhythmic (an tee a RITH mik): a drug that is used to treat
cardiac arrhythmia. antitussive (an tee TUSS iv): a drug or treatment that relieves
coughing.
antibiotic (AN tee BYE ott ik): a chemical substance derived
from a biological source (a mold or bacteria) that inhibits the bactericidal (bak teer ee SIGH dal): a drug or treatment that
growth of other microorganisms. destroys bacteria.
anticoagulant (AN tye koh AG yoo LANT): a drug that prevents barbiturate (barr BIHCH yoor aht): a derivative of barbituric
or delays blood coagulation. acid, which acts as a depressant on the central nervous system.
They are usually used as tranquilizers and hypnotics.
anticonvulsant (an tee kon VUL sant): a drug that reduces or
prevents convulsive disorders, such as epilepsy. beta-blocker (BAY ta * block er): an agent that suppresses
the rate and force of heart contractions by inhibition of beta-
antidepressant (an tee dee PRESS ant): a drug that counter- adrenergic receptors.
acts depression.
bioavailability (bye oh ah vayl ah BILL ih tee): the percentage
antidiabetic (an tee DYE ah BET ik): a drug that reduces the of a drug that is available to the target organ or tissue.
amount of glucose in the blood; also called hypoglycemic.
biotoxin (bye oh TAHKS inn): any toxic substance formed in a
antidiarrheal (an tee dye ah REE al): a drug that relieves the living organism.
symptoms of diarrhea, usually by absorbing water from the large
intestine and altering intestinal motility. biotransformation (bye oh trans for MAY shun): the changes
that occur to a chemical due to biological action within the body.
antidiuretic (an tee dye yoor EH tik): a drug that reduces the
formation and excretion of urine. calcium channel blockers: a class of drugs that inhibit the
movement of calcium ions into muscle cells, which thereby
antiemetic (an tee ee MET ik): a drug that is used to prevent or inhibit muscle contraction. They are useful in the treatment of
reduce nausea and vomiting. heart disease that involves coronary spasms.
capsule (KAP suhl): a small container that is soluble in water, formula (FOR myoo lah): a prescription that includes directions
which is used for the oral administration of a dose of medication. for the compounding of a medical preparation.
It is abbreviated cap.
formulary (FOR myoo lahr ree): a compilation of drugs and
carcinogen (kar SIN oh jenn): any substance that causes other relevant information that is used as a reference library by
cancer. health professionals to prescribe treatment.
cardiotonic (kar dee oh TOHN ik): a substance that exerts a genotoxic (jee noh TAHK sik): a substance that is capable of
favorable effect on the action of the heart by increasing the force damaging DNA and therefore may cause mutation or cancer.
and efficiency of its contractions.
grain: a minute hard particle of any substance or a unit of weight
catabolic (kat ah BOHL ik): relating to catabolism, which is the equivalent to 1/60 of a dram (1/437.5 ounce).
metabolic breakdown of chemicals to produce energy in the form
gram: a unit of mass in the metric system, equivalent to 15.432
of ATP.
grains.
chemotherapy (KEE moh THAIR ah pee): treatment of dis-
granule (GRAHN yool): a very small pill that is usually gelatin
ease by the use of chemical agents. The term is usually used to
coated or sugar coated.
describe agents used in the treatment of cancer.
homeopathy (hoh mee OPP ah thee): a system of medical
contraindication (kon trah in dih KAY shun): a symptom or
t reatment centered on the theory that large doses of a certain
circumstance that renders the administration of a drug to be
drug given to a healthy person will produce conditions that
inadvisable.
are relieved by the same drug in small doses during a diseased
detoxify (dee TAHK sih fye): to diminish or remove the poison- state.
ous quality of a substance or pathogen. hormone (HOR mohn): a chemical substance, usually a protein
disinfectant (diss in FEK tant): a chemical that destroys micro- or steroid, that is secreted by an endocrine gland and transported
organisms and is thereby often used to sanitize objects and by the circulatory system throughout the body. Upon making
surfaces. physical contact with a target cell, the hormone enters the cell
and induces changes in metabolism, growth rate, protein synthe-
distribution (diss trih BYOO shun): the pattern of absorp- sis, or synthesis of other compounds. The changes the hormone
tion of drug molecules by the body once the drug has been induces can have profound effects on body function.
administered.
hypnotics (hip NOTT iks): drugs that depress central nervous
diuretic (dye yoor EH tik): a drug that increases the production system function, resulting in drowsiness. They are used as seda-
of urine by decreasing water reabsorption within the kidneys. It tives and to induce sleep.
is often prescribed to reduce water retention by the body, which
reduces blood pressure, edema, and congestive heart failure. immunodeficiency (IM yoo noh dee FISH ehn see): a condition
resulting from defective immune mechanisms, characterized by a
dose: the quantity of a drug that is to be administered at one frequent and rapid onset of infectious diseases.
time.
infusion (inn FYOO zhun): the introduction of a fluid (other than
drug: a therapeutic agent; any substance (other than food) that is blood) directly into a vein.
used in the diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of a disease.
inhalation (inn hah LAY shun): a treatment that involves
drug clearance: the elimination of a drug from the body, usually reathing-in of a spray or vapor. The medication, known as
b
through excretion by the kidneys, lungs, liver, or intestinal tract. the inhalant, is absorbed through capillaries in the mucous
membranes of the upper respiratory tract.
drug fast: microorganisms that become tolerant or resistant to an
antimicrobial drug treatment. injection (inn JEHK shun): introduction of a substance into
the body with the use of a hollow needle. The injection may be
drug interactions: the modification of a drug that results from
beneath the skin (subcutaneous or hypodermic), into muscular
the drug interacting with itself or with other drugs, components of
tissue (intramuscular, or IM), into a vein (intravenous, or IV), or
the diet, or other chemicals that are administered. The modifica-
into the rectum (rectal).
tion can be either desirable or undesirable.
laxative (LAHKS ah tihv): a substance that promotes bowel
effect: the biological effect of the administration of a particular
movement without pain or violent action. Laxatives work by soft-
drug. The effect may be local if it is confined to the site of admin-
ening the stool (decreasing water reabsorption), increasing the
istration or systemic if the effect is more widespread.
bulk of the feces, or lubricating the intestinal wall.
enteral (ENT er ahl): administration of a drug by the oral route
muscle relaxant: a drug that reduces muscle contraction.
(by way of the intestines), as distinguished from parenteral.
Enteral administration is the most common route. nonprescription drugs: drugs that are not required (by the FDA)
to be sold with a medical prescription. They are also called over-
Food and Drug Administration (FDA): the federal agency
the-counter (OTC) drugs.
responsible for evaluation and regulation of pharmaceuticals in
the United States. The FDA also enforces regulations dealing with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: a class of drugs that
the manufacture and distribution of food and cosmetics. The mis- reduce the symptoms of inflammation (swelling, redness, and
sion of the FDA is the protection of American citizens from the pain) and are not steroidal compounds. It is abbreviated NSAID.
sale of impure or unhealthy substances. The most common NSAID is aspirin (salicylic acid).
ointment (OYNT ment): a semisolid, medicated mixture that is superscription (SOO per skrip shun): the beginning of a pre-
topically (externally) applied. scription, consisting of the command recipe “take.”
oral (OR ahl): by mouth, the most common route of drug suppository (suh POZ ih tor ee): a medication that is introduced
administration. into one of the body orifices (other than the mouth), such as the
rectum, vagina, or urethra. It is usually a solid mass that melts at
parenteral (pah RENT er ahl): introduction of medication
body temperature.
through a route other than the oral (intestinal) or inhalation (lungs)
routes. It involves injection that may be subcutaneous, intrave- suspension (suh SPEN shun): a mixture of solid particles in a
nous, intramuscular, or rectal. liquid medium that do not dissolve. The solid particles are usually
dispersed through the liquid by blending.
pharmacist (FARM ah sist): a health professional formally
trained to formulate and dispense prescription drugs and other tablet (TAB let): a small solid that contains medication for oral
medications. administration. Tablets may be designed to be swallowed whole,
chewed, or dissolved prior to administration.
pharmacodynamic (farm ah koh dye NAM ik): relating to drug
action. topical (TAHP ih kuhl): administration of a drug onto the surface
of the skin.
pharmacology (farm ah KALL oh jee): the science of drugs and
their sources, chemistry, action within the body, and uses. toxicity (tahk SISS ih tee): the state of being poisonous. It is the
level at which a drug’s concentration in the body produces seri-
pharmacotherapy (farm ah koh THAIR ah pee): the treatment
ous adverse effects.
of disease by means of drugs.
toxicology (TAHK sih KALL oh jee): the science of poisons, in
pharmacy (FARM ah see): the practice of preparing and dis-
which the source, chemical properties, and body responses to
pensing drugs; also, a place where drugs are prepared and
poisonous substances are studied.
dispensed.
trade name: the name provided to a drug by its manufacturer
placebo (plah SEE boh): a neutral, ineffective substance that is
and commonly used by the health community to identify the drug.
otherwise identical to a known drug, which is administered to a
patient for the suggestive effect or during blind testing. tranquilizer (TRAN kwill eye zer): a drug that brings tranquility,
or a calming effect, to the mind without depression. It is abbrevi-
potency (POH ten see): the pharmacological activity of a drug. It
ated trank.
is used to determine the amount of a drug to be administered to
cause the desired effect. transdermal (trans DERM al): administration of a drug topically
to unbroken skin for its absorption into deeper tissues.
prescription (pree SKRIP shun): a written order for pharmaco-
therapy, provided by an authorized health professional. United States Pharmacopeia (FARM ah KOP ee ah): a refer-
ence text approved by the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
routes of administration: the various ways in which a drug may
containing specifications for drugs, such as chemical properties,
be administered; the options include subcutaneous injection,
uses, recommended dosage levels, contraindications, adverse
intravenous injection, intramuscular injection, rectal injection, oral,
side effects, and so forth. It is abbreviated USP.
vaginal, rectal, or topical.
vasoconstrictor (vaz oh kon STRIK tor): a chemical that causes
sedative (SED ah tiv): an agent that reduces central nervous
blood vessels to constrict, which reduces blood flow and ele-
system activity, producing a calming, quieting effect that is usu-
vates blood pressure. Also called vasopressors.
ally used to treat anxiety.
vasodilator (vaz oh DYE lay tor): a chemical that causes blood
side effects: a reaction by the body resulting from a treatment
vessels to relax, resulting in dilation that increases blood flow and
program that is a diversion from the desired effects. The reaction
lowers blood pressure. Due to their effect, they are in common
can be beyond the desired effect and is usually undesirable.
use for acute heart failure.
solution (suh LYOO shun): a chemical mixture that includes a
vitamin (VYE tah min): an organic compound that is required for
dissolved substance (solute) in a liquid medium (solvent).
normal function of cells. Most vitamins are produced by the body,
stimulant (STIHM yool ant): an agent that increases the rate of but those that are not are known as essential vitamins and must
activity of a body function. be included in the diet.

Appendix E
Answers to Practice Exercises and Chapter Reviews
Chapter 1 5a. mamm/o/plasty 3. e Practice: Suffixes That

Practice: The Programmed r /cv/ s 4. c Indicate Location, Number,
Learning Approach 5b. surgical repair 5. f or a Quality
6a. electr/o/cardi/o/gram 6. b, d, h The Right Match
The Right Match
r /cv/ r /cv/ s 7. a 1. d
1. e
6b. two combining forms 8. i 2. e
2. c
7a. pre/nat/al 9. b, d, h 3. a
3. d
p / r / s Suffix Linkup 4. c
4. b
7b. before 1. (provided in chapter) 5. b
5. a
Fill It In 2. thermometer Suffix Linkup
Talking Shop
1. (provided in chapter) 3. laparoscopy 1. cardiac
1. (provided in chapter)
2. mammoplasties 4. gastritis 2. cervical
2. c
3. pericardia Practice: Suffixes That 3. ocular
3. j
4. sarcomas Indicate an Action or State 4. pulmonary
4. e
5. cardiopathies The Right Match 5. bacterial
5. l
6. b Linkup 1. e 6. cephalic
7. d 1. (provided in chapter) 2. a 7. nervous
8. g 2. neonatology 3. h 8. cephalad
9. k 3. neuropathy 4. b 9. polycythemia
10. h 4. mastectomy 5. d Practice: Suffixes That
11. a 5. rhinoplasty 6. c Indicate a Medical
12. i 6. endoscope 7. f Specialty
7. mammogram 8. g
Practice: Constructed and 8. pathologist The Right Match
Nonconstructed Terms Suffix Linkup 1. c
9. hysterectomy 1. syndrome
The Right Match 2. d
Chapter Review 2. biopsy
1. b 3. b
Word Building 3. hemophilia 4. a
2. c
1. (provided in chapter) 4. dysphagia
3. d Suffix Linkup
2. tonsillectomy 5. homeostasis
4. a 1. audiologist
3. salpingoplasty Practice: Suffixes That
Practice: The Word Parts 4. dermatitis 2. pathology
Indicate a Condition or
The Right Match 5. rhinology 3. chiropractic
Disease
1. c 6. mental 4. podiatry
Suffix Linkup
2. e 7. neuropathy Practice: Suffixes That
1. rhinorrhagia
3. f 8. hemophilia Indicate a Procedure or
2. tenodynia
4. a 9. laryngitis Treatment
3. amniorrhexis
5. b 10. dermatology The Right Match
4. lipoma
6. d 11. laryngoscope 1. i
5. leukopenia
Practice: Forming Words 12. biology 6. anorexia 2. f
from Word Parts Define the Combining Form 7. neoplasia 3. g
The Right Match 1. heart 8. myasthenia 4. h
1. d 2. blood 9. rhinorrhea 5. a
2. b 3. nerve 10. meningocele 6. c
3. a 4. stomach 11. gastritis 7. b
4. c 5. disease The Right Match 8. d
Break the Chain 6. brain, cerebrum 1. c 9. l
1a. & 1b. (provided in chapter) 7. liver 2. e, k 10. e
2a. appendic/itis 8. mind 3. a 11. j
r / s 9. skin 4. h 12. k
2b. inflammation 10. nose 5. j Suffix Linkup
3a. hepat/itis 6. g 1. thoracocentesis
r / s Chapter 2 7. b 2. osteoclasis
3b. liver Practice: Suffix Introduction 8. e, k 3. lithotripsy
4a. neo/nat/o/logy The Right Match 9. d 4. craniotome
p / r /cv/ s 1. g 10. i 5. arthrodesis
4b. yes, nat 2. b, d, h 11. f 6. electrocardiogram
7. electrocardiography Chapter 3 Prefix Linkup 17. pericardium
8. thermometer Prefix Introduction 1. anatomy 18. syndrome
9. ovulation 2. abduction 19. asymptomatic
The Right Match
10. mastopexy 3. ectopic 20. asepsis
1. b
11. prophylaxis 4. dialysis 21. bradykinesia
2. c
12. gastroplasty 5. exotropia 22. circumcision
3. d
13. gastroscope 6. inferior 23. euthyroid
4. e
14. craniotomy 7. paracusis 24. hypocalcemia
5. a
8. subcutaneous 25. pseudocyesis
Chapter Review Prefix Linkup 9. syndrome 26. tachycardia
1. (provided in chapter) 10. antenatal or prenatal 27. conjoined
Word Building
2. metabolism 28. contraception
3. conjoined Practice: Prefixes That Indicate 29. ambidextrous
2. nervous
4. aphasia a Specific Quality about a Term 30. bifocal
3. syndrome
4. osteoclasis Practice: Prefixes That 31. monoplegia
Prefix Linkup
5. lipoma Indicate Number or Quantity 32. quadriplegia
1. pseudocyesis
6. hemophilia The Right Match 2. aseptic 33. semiconscious
7. audiologist 1. f 3. neonate 34. tripara
8. pathology 2. g 4. bradycardia 35. unipara
9. hematemesis 3. h 5. circumcision 36. abduction
10. dysphagia 4. b 6. dyslexia Practice with Prefixes
11. prophylaxis 5. e 7. hyperthyroidism 1. intra- within
12. thoracocentesis 6. c 8. malabsorption 2. anti- against, opposite
13. podiatry 7. n 9. megalocyte of
14. cardiomalacia 8. l 10. ultrasound 3. hyper- excessive,
15. lithotripsy 9. d abnormally high,
16. tenodynia 10. i or j The Right Match above
17. gastroplasty 11. m 1. h 4. bi- two
18. anorexia 12. a 2. g 5. hemi- half
19. meningocele 13. i or j 3. o 6. pan- all
20. hypoxia 14. k 4. j 7. poly- extensive, over,
21. gastroscope Prefix Linkup 5. n many
22. cervical 6. k 8. tri- three
1. monoplegia
23. chiropractic 7. m 9. dis- apart, away
2. nulligravida
8. p 10. epi- upon, over,
24. arthrodesis 3. ambidextrous
9. e above, on top
25. biopsy 4. polyphagia
10. b 11. intra- within
26. myasthenia 5. tricuspid
11. c 12. hypo- deficient,
27. thermometer 6. quadriplegia
12. f abnormally low,
28. esophagitis Practice: Prefixes That
13. a below
29. laparoscopy Indicate Location or Timing
14. d 13. neo- new
30. aphasia 14. tachy- rapid, fast
The Right Match 15. i
Practice with Suffixes 1. e 16. l
1. -scopy process of 2. j
viewing 3. g
Chapter 4
2. -meter measure, Chapter Review Practice: Anatomy and
4. h
measuring 5. a or r Word Building Physiology Word Root
instrument 6. d 1. (provided in chapter) Introduction
3. -ac pertaining to 7. k 2. anticonvulsive The Right Match
4. -logy study or science 8. b 3. metabolism 1. g
of 9. o 4. diplopia 2. f
5. -pathy disease 10. q 5. hemiplegia 3. h
6. -itis inflammation 11. n 6. multipara 4. c
7. -oma tumor 7. nullipara 5. j
12. c
8. -philia loving, affinity for
13. p 8. pandemic 6. b
9. -plegia paralysis
14. f 9. diplegia 7. a
10. -rrhagia abnormal
15. m 10. polyarteritis 8. i
discharge
16. i 11. primipara 9. e
11. -al pertaining to
12. -plasty surgical repair 17. t 12. adduction 10. d
13. -stomy surgical creation 18. l 13. dialysis 11. s
of an opening 19. a or r 14. dislocated 12. o
14. -logist one who studies 20. u 15. ectopic 13. r
21. s 16. intradermal 14. t
Z05_WING1226_04_SE_APP5.indd 20 15/03/18 8:13 PM

15. q Chapter 5 3. b minimized by providing
16. k Practice: Signs and 4. c relief from the pruritus
17. l Symptoms of the 5. d (itching sensation) and with
18. m Integumentary System Linkup anti-inflammatory medi-
19. p 1. (provided in chapter) cations such as topical
The Right Match
20. n 2. rhytidectomy ointments.
1. c
Correct the Spelling 3. dermatoplasty 3. Antibiotic therapy is
2. a
1. abdominal 4. dermatoautoplasty included to combat bacte-
3. f
2. thoracic 5. dermatome rial infection that may arise
4. h
3. pericardial Practice: Abbreviations with rupturing of vesicles.
5. b
4. physiology 6. g 1. bx or Bx Case Study Questions
5. sagittal 7. e 2. basal cell carcinoma a. dermatology; b. dermatitis;
6. superficial 8. d 3. SLE c. actinic keratosis; d. vesicles;
7. homeostasis 9. n 4. squamous cell carcinoma e. pruritus; f. ulcers;
8. diaphragm 10. l 5. TBSA g. cicatrices; h. keloids;
11. m 6. herpes simplex virus i. emollients
Word Root Linkup
1. physiology 12. j Chapter Review Medical Report Comprehen-
2. abdominal 13. i Word Building sion Questions
3. hypochondriac 14. k 1. (provided in chapter) 1. Prolonged activity in out-
4. pericardial 15. u 2. cellulitis door sports, during which
5. pelvic Correct the Spelling 3. onychopathy exposure to the sun was
1. erythema 4. onychomycosis common, supports the ini-
Chapter Review 2. pruritus 5. xeroderma tial diagnosis.
Word Building 3. abscess 6. abrasion 2. A common word for nevus
1. (provided in chapter) 4. urticaria 7. folliculitis is mole.
2. home/o/stasis 5. pallor 8. trichopathy 3. No, antibiotic therapy
3. CT scan 6. keloid 9. impetigo should be unnecessary.
4. chron/ic 10. nevus Antibiotics will not attack
Practice: Diseases
5. path/o/logy 11. macule cancer cells, and the inci-
and Disorders of the
6. acute 12. emollient sion to remove the tumor
Integumentary System
7. transverse plane is minor.
The Right Match Define the Combining Form
8. abdomin/o/pelv/ic cavity 1. skin; dermatology, der- Case Study Questions
1. h
9. endo/scopy matologist, dermatitis, j. emollient; k. nevus;
2. a
10. sign dermabrasion, dermato- l. dermatologist;
3. e
11. tissues autoplasty, dermatome, m. melanoma; n. bx or Bx;
4. g
12. thorac/ic region dermatoplasty o. dermatoautoplasty;
5. c
13. magnetic resonance 2. follicle; folliculitis p. cicatrix
6. d
imaging 7. f 3. radiation; actinic keratosis
14. epi/gastr/ic 8. b 4. hard; actinic keratosis Chapter 6
15. pleur/al Break the Chain 5. black; melanoma Practice: Signs and
16. sagittal plane 1a. & 1b. (provided in chapter) 6. hair; trichomycosis Symptoms of the Skeletal
17. umbilic/al 2a. melan/oma 7. nail; onychocrypto- and Muscular Systems
18. eti/o/logy 2b. tumor sis, onychomalacia,
19. ana/tom/y Break the Chain
3a. onych/o/myc/osis onychomycosis
20. physi/o/logy 1a. & 1b. (provided in chapter)
3b. fungus Complete the Labels 2a. a/tax/ia
Define the Combining Form 4a. pedicul/osis 1. epidermis 2b. a reaction to a stimulus
1. abdomen; abdominal 4b. condition of 2. sebaceous gland 3a. a/troph/y
cavity, abdominal 5a. scler/o/derm/a 3. hair follicle 3b. development
region 5b. hard 4. hair root 4a. brady/kines/ia
2. skull; cranial cavity 6a. trich/o/myc/osis 5. sweat gland 4b. slow
3. below; inferior 6b. hair Medical Report Exercises 5a. dys/kines/ia
4. back; posterior 7a. cellul/itis Medical Report Comprehen- 5b. motion
5. near; proximal 7b. inflammation sion Questions 6a. dys/troph/y
6. above; superior 8a. leuk/o/derm/a 1. The cicatrices on the skin 6b. process of
7. chest, thorax; thoracic 8b. skin are the result of scar tis- 7a. hyper/troph/y
8. to cut; anatomy, Practice: Treatments, sue accumulation as the 7b. excessive, abnormally
anatomical Procedures, and Devices of skin attempts to heal the high, above
9. pleura, rib; pleural cavity the Integumentary System vesicles and the damage 8a. my/algia
10. bowl, basin; pelvic The Right Match caused by itching. 8b. muscle
cavity, abdominopelvic 1. e 2. New scar tissue can be 9a. ten/o/dynia
cavity 2. a prevented or at least 9b. condition of pain
Practice: Diseases and Practice: Abbreviations ostectomy, osteoclasis, 6. c
Disorders of the Skeletal and 1. SCI osteopathy, osteoplasty 7. f
Muscular Systems 2. total knee arthroplasty 7. cartilage; chondroplasty, 8. e
The Right Match 3. RA chondrectomy 9. h
1. i 4. Duchenne muscular 8. synovial; tenosynovitis Break the Chain
2. e dystrophy Complete the Labels 1a. & 1b. (provided in chapter)
3. a 5. HNP 1. compact bone 2a. thromb/o/penia
4. b 6. electromyography 2. periosteum 2b. clot
5. c 7. ACL 3. diaphysis 3a. leuk/o/penia
6. h 8. total hip replacement 4. epiphysis 3b. abnormal reduction in
7. j 9. L1 through L5 5. cranium (or frontal bone) number
8. f 10. carpal tunnel syndrome 6. clavicle 4a. hem/o/lysis
9. g 11. ROM 7. humerus 4b. loosen, dissolve
10. d 12. osteoarthritis 8. sacrum 5a. leuk/o/cyt/o/penia
13. TKR 9. phalanges 5b. white
Linkup
14. the 12 thoracic vertebrae 10. femur Practice: Diseases and
15. DJD 11. deltoid Disorders of the Blood and
2. polymyositis
16. temporomandibular joint 12. gastrocnemius the Lymphatic System
3. lordosis
disease 13. sternocleidomastoid
4. epicondylitis The Right Match
17. MG 14. biceps brachii
5. arthritis 1. b
18. ankylosing spondylitis 15. rectus femoris
6. osteomalacia 2. c
7. bursitis Chapter Review Medical Report Exercises 3. h
8. osteitis Word Building Medical Report Comprehen- 4. g
9. bursolith 1. (provided in chapter) sion Questions 5. a
10. meniscitis 2. osteoporosis 1. Broken skin at right ankle 6. d
11. tenosynovitis 3. paraplegia and x-rays 7. f
4. scoliosis 2. To confirm the diagnosis 8. e
Practice: Treatments, 5. tenosynovitis 3. The ankle 9. j
Procedures, and Devices of 6. arthrogram Case Study Questions 10. i
the Skeletal and Muscular 7. meniscitis
Systems a. compound; b. tendonitis; Linkup
8. arthrotomy c. myalgia; d. myositis; e. poly-
The Right Match 1. (provided in chapter)
9. myasthenia myositis; f. Pott’s; g. tendonitis
1. e 2. thymoma
10. myocele
2. c Medical Report Comprehen- 3. anemia
11. carpal tunnel syndrome
3. d sion Questions 4. botulism
12. arthrolysis
4. a 1. Osteoporosis and 5. hematoma
13. Paget’s disease
5. b osteoarthritis 6. iatrogenic
14. herniated disk
6. h 2. Osteoarthritis 7. hemophilia
15. arthroplasty
7. i 3. Osteoporosis is a condition 8. hemoglobinopathy
16. tenodynia
8. j of abnormal loss of bone 9. lymphadenitis
17. bursolith
9. g density that is a common 10. mononucleosis
18. ankylosis
10. f result of aging, especially 11. hydrophobia
Define the Combining Form among women. The term Practice: Treatments and
Break the Chain 1. crooked; ankylosis, spon- literally means “condition Procedures of the Blood and
1a. arthr/o/desis dylosing ankylosis of holes in bone.” the Lymphatic System
1b. surgical fixation 2. joint; arthrology, arthrolo-
Case Study Questions The Right Match
2a. chondr/ectomy gist, arthritis, arthralgia,
h. dyskinesia; i. arthralgia; 1. c
2b. cartilage spondylarthritis, arthro-
j. orthopedics; k. kyphosis; 2. f
3a. crani/o/tomy centesis, arthroclasia,
l. kyphosis; m. osteoporosis; 3. j
3b. no arthrodesis, arthrogram,
n. osteoarthritis 4. b
4a. lamin/ectomy arthrolysis, arthroplasty,
4b. excision arthroscopy, arthrotomy 5. a
5a. electr/o/my/o/graphy 3. purse or sac, bursa; bursi-
Chapter 7 6. e
5b. muscle tis, bursolith, bursectomy Practice: Signs and 7. d
6a. orth/o/tics 4. vertebra; spondylarthritis Symptoms of the Blood and 8. g
6b. straight 5. bone marrow; myeloma, the Lymphatic System 9. h
7a. oste/o/clasis osteomyelitis The Right Match 10. i
7b. break apart 6. bone; osteitis, osteitis 1. d Break the Chain
8a. ten/o/my/o/plasty deformans, osteosarcoma, 2. a 1a. immun/o/therapy
8b. surgical repair osteogenesis imperfect, 3. i 1b. treatment
9a. oste/o/plasty osteomalacia, osteo- 4. g 2a. splen/ectomy
9b. bone myelitis, osteoporosis, 5. b 2b. spleen
3a. lymph/aden/ectomy hemorrhagic fever, hema- primary evidence for a Practice: Treatments,
3b. gland tocrit, hematology, hemo- iagnosis of anemia.
d Procedures, and Devices of
4a. immun/o/logy globin, hemostasis Case Study Questions the Cardiovascular System
4b. exempt, immunity 4. red; erythropenia l. dyscrasia; m. complete The Right Match
5a. hom/o/logous 5. gland; lymphadenitis blood count; n. hematocrit; 1. d
5b. same 6. clear water or fluid; lym- o. hemoglobin; p. anemia 2. g
6a. hemat/o/logy phatic system, lymphoma, 3. e
6b. study of lymphadenitis 4. f
Chapter 8
7a. aut/o/logous 7. spleen; splenomegaly, 5. a
7b. self splenectomy Practice: Signs and
6. h
8a. anti/bi/o/tic 8. poison; toxemia Symptoms of the
7. c
8b. against 9. putrefying, wall or partition; Cardiovascular System
8. b
9a. hem/o/stasis septicemia, sepsis, septic, Break the Chain 9. j
9b. standing still septic shock 1a. & 1b. (provided in chapter) 10. i
10a. thromb/o/lysis 10. white; leukemia 2a. brady/card/ia
2b. heart Break the Chain
10b. loosen, dissolve Complete the Labels
3a. cardi/o/dynia 1a. arteri/o/gram
Practice: Abbreviations 1. neutrophil 1b. a record or image
3b. condition of pain
1. AIDS 2. platelets 2a. ech/o/cardi/o/graphy
4a. cardi/o/genic
2. complete blood count 3. red blood cells 2b. sound
4b. pertaining to producing
3. PLT 4. lymphatic vessel 3a. embol/ectomy
5a. cyan/osis
4. red blood cell or red blood 5. thymus gland 3b. a plug
5b. blue
count 6. spleen 4a. sphygm/o/man/o/metry
6a. angi/o/spasm
5. HGB, Hgb 7. lymph nodes 4b. process of measuring
6b. sudden, involuntary
6. prothrombin time Medical Report Exercises muscle spasm 5a. phleb/o/tom/ist
7. PTT Medical Report Comprehen- 5b. vein
8. white blood cell or white The Right Match 6a. electr/o/cardi/o/graphy
sion Questions
blood count 1. f 6b. recording process
1. Persistent mild fever and
9. HCT, Hct 2. e 7a. cardi/o/pulmon/ary
body aches, tenderness of
10. human immunodeficiency 3. g 7b. lung
the armpit and groin lymph
virus 4. a 8a. end/arter/ectomy
nodes.
11. MRSA 5. d 8b. within
2. Antibiotics may fail if the
12. non-Hodgkin lymphoma 6. h 9a. valvul/o/plasty
bacterial strain is resistant
7. c 9b. surgical repair
Chapter Review to its effects.
8. b
Word Building 3. Staphylococcemia means Practice: Abbreviations
1. (provided in chapter) “condition of Staphylococ- Practice: Diseases 1. CHF
2. anisocytosis cus aureus in the blood” and Disorders of the 2. atrial septal defect
3. dyscrasia and is commonly called a Cardiovascular 3. CABG
4. malaria staph infection. System 4. myocardial infarction
5. erythropenia Case Study Questions Linkup 5. PET
6. hemophilia a. lymphadenitis; 1. (provided in chapter) 6. cardiopulmonary
7. leukemia b. lymphoma; c. Hodgkin 2. cardiomyopathy resuscitation
8. macrocytosis disease; d. splenomegaly; 3. atherosclerosis 7. ASHD
9. staphylococcemia e. differential count; 4. angioma 8. atrioventricular
10. autoimmune disease f. infection; g. septicemia; 5. pericarditis 9. ECG, EKG
11. polycythemia h. staphylococcemia; 6. angiocarditis 10. coronary artery disease
12. poikilocytosis i. antibiotic; 7. varicosis 11. AED
13. septicemia j. immunodeficiency; 8. thrombosis 12. right ventricle
14. lymphadenitis k. immunotherapy 9. hypertension 13. VSD
14. mitral valve prolapse
Define the Combining Form Medical Report The Right Match
1. bacteria; bacteremia Comprehension Questions 1. e Chapter Review
2. exempt, immunity; 1. Dietary supplements 2. k Word Building
immunology, immunolo- were administered to 3. i 1. (provided in chapter)
gist, immunodeficiency, see if the cause of the 4. f 2. angiocarditis
immunosppression symptoms is pernicious 5. g 3. angiostenosis
3. blood; hematology, anemia. 6. a 4. angioma
hematologist, hemato- 2. The reduced ability of 7. d 5. arteriosclerosis
pathologist, hemolysis, red blood cells to carry 8. b 6. bradycardia
hemorrhage, hematoma, oxygen. 9. j 7. cardiodynia
hemoglobinopathy, 3. The patient’s complaint 10. c 8. endarterectomy
hemophilia, hemorrhage, of lack of energy is the 11. h 9. cardiomegaly
10. endocarditis Case Study Questions Practice: Diseases and Practice: Abbreviations
11. arrhythmia a. angina pectoris; Disorders of the Respiratory 1. CPAP
12. hypertension b. cardiology; c. cardiolo- System 2. TB
13. myocardial infarction gist; d. electrocardiography; Linkup 3. adult (or acute) respiratory
14. myocarditis e. stress ECHO; f. block; 1. (provided in chapter) distress syndrome
15. electrocardiography g. myocardial infarction; 2. sinusitis 4. CXR
Define the Combining Form h. angiostenosis; i. athero- 3. bronchiectasis 5. cardiopulmonary
1. blood vessel; angina pec- sclerosis; j. cardiovalvulitis; 4. tracheostenosis resuscitation
toris, angiospasm, angio- k. valvuloplasty 5. asphyxia 6. CF
stenosis, angiocarditis, Medical Report Comprehen- 6. tonsillitis 7. upper respiratory infection
angioma, angiography, sion Questions 7. bronchogenic carcinoma 8. SCLC
angiogram, angioplasty, 1. The cause of the abdomi- 8. pneumoconiosis 9. chronic obstructive pulmo-
angioscopy, angiostomy, nal pain is angiospasm 9. tuberculosis nary disease
angiotomy from the aortic aneurysm. 10. legionellosis 10. PE
2. heart; angiocarditis, 2. The aortogram pro- 11. pulmonary embolism 11. acid-fast bacilli smear
cardiac arrest, cardiac vided the evidence for The Right Match 12. NRDS
tamponade, cardiomegaly, the diagnosis of aortic 1. h 13. shortness of breath
cardiomyopathy, aneurysm. 2. e 14. PFTs
cardiovalvulitis, endocarditis, 3. An angioplasty is a surgical 3. g 15. purified protein derivative
myocardial infarction, repair of a blood vessel. In 4. a Chapter Review
myocarditis, pericarditis, this case, it is performed to 5. i Word Building
cardiac c atheterization, repair the aortic aneurysm, 6. d 1. (provided in chapter)
cardiac pacemaker, probably by the insertion 7. c 2. anoxia
cardiopulmonary of a stent to reinforce the 8. j 3. bronchitis
resuscitation, weakened blood vessel 9. f 4. respiratory distress
echocardiography, wall. 10. b syndrome (or ARDS, or
echocardiogram, Case Study Questions NRDS)
electrocardiography l. hypertension; m. aortogram; Practice: Treatments, 5. auscultation
3. blood; hemorrhoids n. angiospasm; o. aneurysm; Procedures, and Devices 6. hypoxia
4. vein; phlebectomy, phle- p. angioplasty; q. arteriotomy of the Respiratory 7. dyspnea
botomy, phlebotomist System 8. hypercapnia
5. narrow; angiostenosis, aor- The Right Match 9. bronchiectasis
tic stenosis Chapter 9 1. j 10. pneumoconiosis
6. hard; arteriosclerosis, Practice: Signs and 2. f 11. bronchogenic carcinoma
atherosclerosis Symptoms of the Respiratory 3. g 12. cystic fibrosis
7. clot; thrombus, thrombo- System 4. c 13. tracheitis
sis, thrombolytic therapy The Right Match 5. b 14. asphyxia
8. sound; echocardiography, 1. i 6. e 15. bronchogram
echocardiogram 2. f 7. i 16. thoracentesis (or
Complete the Labels 3. d 8. d pleurocentesis)
1. Lung (or pulmonary) 4. e 9. h 17. oximetry
capillaries 5. a 10. a
Define The Combining Form
2. Left pulmonary veins 6. b Break the Chain 1. airway, bronchus;
3. Artery 7. c 1a. trache/o/tomy bronchiectasis, bron-
4. Heart 8. j 1b. incision or to cut chitis, bronchiolitis,
5. Aorta 9. g 2a. thora/centesis bronchogenic carcinoma,
6. Right ventricle 10. h 2b. chest, thorax bronchopneumonia
7. Mitral (or bicuspid) valve 11. k 3a. pneumon/ectomy 2. voice box, larynx;
8. Left ventricle Break the Chain 3b. lung, air laryngitis, laryngospasm,
Medical Report Exercises 1a. & 1b. (provided in chapter) 4a. bronch/o/scopy laryngectomy,
Medical Report Comprehen- 2a. dys/phonia 4b. process of viewing laryngoscopy,
sion Questions 2b. condition of sound or 5a. aden/oid/ectomy laryngotracheotomy
1. Mild chest pain that is not voice 5b. resembling 3. oxygen; hypoxia, oximetry
characteristic of angina 3a. dys/pnea 6a. bronch/o/dilat/ion 4. nose; rhinorrhagia, rhinitis,
pectoris. 3b. difficult 6b. process rhinoplasty
2. The mild chest pain 4a. epi/staxis 7a. lob/ectomy 5. incomplete; atelectasis
combined with the dental 4b. dripping 7b. round part, lobe 6. pleura, rib; pleuri-
extractions suggests a 5a. hyper/pnea 8a. rhin/o/plasty tis, pleural effusion,
bacterial infection that 5b. breath 8b. nose pleurocentesis
originated from the mouth. 6a. laryng/o/spasm 9a. sept/o/plasty 7. air, lung; bronchopneu-
3. Congestive heart failure 6b. larynx 9b. surgical repair monia, pneumoconiosis,
pneumonia, pneumonitis, o. acid-fast; p. Pneumocystis 9. pancreatitis 9. enteritis
pneumonectomy jiroveci; q. pneumonia 10. dysentery 10. gastromalacia
8. lung; pulmonary, 11. anorexia nervosa 11. diverticulosis
pulmonologist Chapter 10 12. polyposis 12. hepatoma
Complete the Labels Practice: Signs and Practice: Treatments, 13. sialoadenitis
1. hard palate Symptoms of the Digestive Procedures, and Devices of 14. hemorrhoidectomy
2. pharyngeal tonsil System the Digestive System 15. colostomy
3. epiglottis The Right Match 16. proctoscopy
The Right Match
4. thyroid cartilage 1. f 17. laparoscopy
1. c
5. pharynx 2. c 18. glossorrhaphy
2. a
6. trachea 3. h 19. polypectomy
3. b
7. right lung 4. f 4. g Define the Combining Form
8. right main (or primary) 5. i 5. e 1. stomach; gastrodynia,
bronchus 6. e 6. d gastrectasis, gastric can-
7. h 7. i cer, gastric ulcer, gastritis,
8. d 8. a gastroenteritis, gastroduo-
Medical Report Comprehen- denitis, gastroenterocolitis,
9. g 9. j
sion Questions gastroesophageal reflux
10. b
1. Dyspnea, thoracalgia, Break the Chain disease, gastromalacia,
and malaise support Break the Chain
1a. & 1b. (provided in chapter) gastrectomy, gastric
the diagnosis of TB 1a. anti/emetic
2a. dys/peps/ia lavage
infection. 1b. vomiting
2b. digestion 2. gallbladder; chole
2. It is likely that the TB 2a. gloss/o/rrhaphy
3a. gastr/o/dynia cystitis, cholecystogram,
infection originated from 2b. tongue
3b. stomach cholecystectomy
exposure brought home by 3a. sigmoid/o/scopy
4a. hemat/emesis 3. common bile duct; chole
either of his parents. 3b. the letter S (sigmoid)
4b. vomiting dochitis, choledocholithia-
3. TB is an abbreviation for 4a. hemorrhoid/ectomy
5a. steat/o/rrhea sis, choledocholithotomy
tuberculosis, a bacterial 4b. surgical removal
5b. fat 4. small intestine; gastroen-
infection of the lungs and 5a. lapar/o/tomy
6a. hepat/o/megal/y teritis, gastroenterocolitis
other organs that often 5b. abdomen
6b. liver 5. duodenum; duodenal ulcer
becomes chronic and 6a. pylor/o/plasty
Practice: Diseases and 6b. surgical repair 6. gums; gingivitis
severe if not managed ag- 7. colon; colitis, colorectal
Disorders of the Digestive 7a. anti/spasmodic
gressively with antibiotic cancer, colon cancer
System 7b. against
therapy. 8. digestion; peptic ulcer,
The Right Match 8a. gingiv/ectomy
Case Study Questions 1. i 8b. gums dyspepsia
a. coryza (or acute 2. j 9a. vag/o/tomy Complete the Labels
rhinitis); b. bronchitis; 3. n 9b. incision 1. pharynx
c. bronchodilating; 4. c Practice: Abbreviations 2. esophagus
d. tuberculosis (TB); e. acid- 5. k 1. barium enema 3. stomach
fast; f. tuberculosis; g. chest 6. l 2. IBD 4. pancreas
x-rays 7. e 3. upper GI series 5. small intestine
Medical Report 8. a 4. GERD 6. large intestine
C
omprehension Questions 9. h 5. nausea and vomiting 7. gallbladder
1. Pneumonia causes the 10. b 6. UGI 8. liver
symptoms of dyspnea and 11. g 7. irritable bowel syndrome 9. teeth (incisor)
thoracalgia. 12. f 8. LGI 10. soft palate
2. It is important to locate 13. o 9. stool culture and sensitivity 11. uvula
the source of the infection, 14. r 10. GI 12. pharynx
such as the home or 15. p 11. fecal occult blood test 13. tongue
school, to prevent the 16. m 12. EGD Medical Report Exercises
further spread of the 17. d 13. lactose intolerance Medical Report Comprehen-
disease. 18. q Chapter Review sion Questions
3. The source of the infec- Linkup Word Building 1. Crohn’s disease
tion causing pneumonia is 1. (provided in chapter) 1. (provided in chapter) 2. A laparoscopy confirmed
the fungus Pneumocystis 2. glossitis 2. hepatomegaly the initial diagnosis of
jiroveci 3. cholelithiasis 3. dysphagia Crohn’s disease. Also,
Case Study Questions 4. proctoptosis 4. cheilitis a colonoscopy revealed
h. dyspnea; i. thoracalgia; 5. hepatoma 5. cholecystitis inflamed diverticula of the
j. auscultation; k. pulse 6. gastromalacia 6. cholelithiasis colon, and a barium enema
oximeter; l. spirometer; 7. esophagitis 7. colitis revealed inflammation of
m. hypoxemia; n. pneumonia; 8. gastroenteritis 8. colorectal cancer the ileum.
3. A laparoscopy is a diag- 8a. keton/uria 11. g nephromegaly, nephro-
nostic procedure in which 8b. ketone 12. j plasty, nephroptosis,
a modified endoscope, Practice: Diseases and Practice: Abbreviations nephrectomy, nephrogram,
called a laparoscope, is Disorders of the Urinary 1. urinalysis nephrology, nephrog-
inserted into the abdomen System 2. RP raphy, nephrologist,
to observe and surgically The Right Match 3. catheter, catheterization nephrolysis, nephropexy,
correct a condition. 1. b 4. VCUG nephroscopy, nephro-
Case Study Questions 2. c 5. intravenous pyelogram sonography, nephrostomy,
a. diarrhea; b. flatus; c. con- 3. e 6. UTI nephrotomogram,
stipation; d. lactose intol- 4. f 7. hemodialysis nephrotomography
erance; e. irritable bowel 5. a 8. ESKD 7. narrow; ureterostenosis,
syndrome; f. Crohn’s disease; 6. d 9. specific gravity urethrostenosis
g. inflammatory bowel; h. bar- 7. i 10. AKI 8. ureter; ureterocele,
ium enema; i. laparoscopy 8. g 11. extracorporeal shock wave ureterolithiasis, ureterectomy,
Medical Report Comprehen- 9. h lithotripsy ureterostomy, ureterotomy
sion Questions 10. j 12. BUN Complete the Labels
1. The father is the more 11. l 1. kidney
Chapter Review
likely source of an inherited 12. k 2. renal artery and vein
Word Building 3. ureter
condition. Linkup 1. (provided in chapter) 4. urinary bladder
2. The complaints of diarrhea 1. (provided in chapter) 2. bacteriuria 5. urethra
or constipation are com- 2. glomerulonephritis 3. cystolith 6. renal cortex
mon after eating and sup- 3. pyelonephritis 4. nephritis 7. renal pelvis
port IBS as a diagnosis. 4. nephrolithiasis 5. hematuria 8. ureter
3. IBS is an abbreviation for 5. hydronephrosis 6. ureterocele
irritable bowel syndrome. 6. nephroma Medical Report Exercises
7. enuresis
Case Study Questions 7. pyelitis 8. nephrolithiasis Medical Report Comprehen-
m. anorexia nervosa; n. colo- Practice: Treatments, 9. nephropexy sion Questions
noscopy; o. C&S; p. hemor- Procedures, and Devices of 10. pyelostomy 1. Lumbar pain, malaise,
rhoids; q. lactose intolerance; the Urinary System 11. urethroplasty hematuria, loss of appetite,
r. irritable bowel syndrome 12. ureterotomy generalized body aches
Break the Chain
13. cystogram 2. Nephrotomography liter-
1a. cyst/o/graphy
Chapter 11 14. nephrography ally means a “recording
1b. recording process
Practice: Signs and 15. intravenous pyelogram process of a cut kidney”
2a. cyst/o/lith/o/tomy
Symptoms of the Urinary 16. nephroscope and refers to a diagnostic
2b. incision or to cut
System 17. blood urea nitrogen (BUN) procedure of observing
3a. lith/o/tripsy
The Right Match 18. urinalysis the internal structure of a
3b. stone
1. g kidney using a series of
4a. hem/o/dia/lysis Define the Combining Form
2. c x-rays. The term nephrec-
4b. through 1. urine; urology, urologist,
3. i tomy is the surgical proce-
5a. cyst/o/rrhaphy uremia, urinary retention,
4. f dure involving the removal
5b. no urinary tract infection, uri-
5. b of a kidney.
6a. nephr/o/lysis nalysis, urinary endoscopy
6. e 3. Dialysis is ordered prior
6b. loosen or dissolve 2. pus; pyuria
7. a to surgery to stabilize the
7a. nephr/o/gram 3. kidney; renal transplant,
8. h patient’s condition, which
7b. a record or image renography
9. d will reduce the surgical risk
8a. nephr/o/tom/o/graphy 4. renal pelvis; pyelitis, of death.
Break the Chain 8b. kidney pyelonephritis, pyelogram,
1a. & 1b. (provided in chapter) 9a. ureter/o/stomy pyelolithotomy, pyeloplasty Case Study Questions
2a. azot/emia 9b. surgical creation of an 5. bladder, sac; cystitis, a. urinalysis; b. albuminuria;
2b. urea, nitrogen opening cystolith, cystocele, cys- c. hematuria; d. nephroto-
3a. dys/uria The Right Match tectomy, cystogram, mography; e. nephroscopy;
3b. pertaining to urine or 1. d cystography, cystoureter- f. nephromegaly; g. polycystic
urination 2. e ography, cystourethrog- kidney disease; h. pyelone-
4a. an/uria 3. a raphy, cystolithotomy, phritis; i. hemodialysis; j. renal
4b. without or absence of 4. b cystoplasty, cystorrhaphy, transplant
5a. py/uria 5. c cystoscopy, cystoscope, Medical Report Comprehen-
5b. pus 6. h cystostomy, cystotomy, sion Questions
6a. glycos/uria 7. k polycystic kidney disease 1. Any condition associated
6b. sweet, sugar 8. i 6. kidney; nephritis, with the left kidney could
7a. bacteri/uria 9. l nephroblastoma, neph- cause the symptoms of
7b. pertaining to urine, urination 10. f rolithiasis, nephroma, lumbar pain, dysuria, and
nocturia, such as polycys- Practice: Treatments, 4a. endo/metr/i/osis 3. f
tic kidney disease, glo- Procedures, and Devices of 4b. within 4. c
merulonephritis, etc. the Male Reproductive System 5a. lei/o/my/oma 5. b
2. It is unlikely that Type 2 The Right Match 5b. smooth 6. e
DM contributed to the 1. c Practice: Treatments, Linkup
renal calculi because 2. a Procedures, and Devices of the 1. amniocentesis
DM usually causes high 3. e Female Reproductive System 2. episiotomy
urine flow rather than low 4. b 3. fetometry
The Right Match
flow. 5. d 1. i Practice: Sexually
3. Renal calculi is the pres- 6. g 2. e Transmitted Infections (STIs)
ence of mineral deposits, 7. h 3. a The Right Match
or stones, within the renal 8. i 4. h 1. c
pelvis that interfere with 9. f 5. c 2. i
the flow of urine, and Break the Chain 6. g 3. f
pyelonephritis is inflamma- 1a. vas/ectomy 7. d 4. h
tion of the renal pelvis and 1b. vas deferens 8. b 5. a
kidney nephrons. 2a. hydr/o/cel/ectomy 9. f 6. b
Medical Report Case Study 2b. hernia, swelling, or protrusion
Linkup 7. e
k. dysuria; l. nocturia; m. uri- 3a. orchid/o/pexy
1. vulvectomy 8. g
nalysis; n. nephrolithiasis; 3b. testis
2. colpoplasty 9. d
o. urology; p. urologist; 4a. prostat/ectomy
q. pyelogram; r. nephroscopy; 3. gynecology Practice: Abbreviations
4b. surgical removal
s. lithotripsy 4. hysterectomy 1. prostate-specific antigen
5a. vas/o/vas/o/stomy
5. colporrhaphy 2. STI
5b. surgical creation of an
Chapter 12 6. hysteropexy 3. human immunodeficiency
opening
Practice: Signs and 7. mammogram virus
Practice: Signs and 4. TURP
Symptoms of the Male 8. oophorectomy
Symptoms of the Female 5. benign prostatic
Reproductive System 9. salpingectomy
Reproductive System hyperplasia
The Right Match Practice: Signs and
Linkup 6. AIDS
1. d Symptoms of Obstetrics
1. amenorrhea 7. HBV
2. a 2. colpodynia Break the Chain
8. herpes simplex virus type 2
3. b 3. mastalgia 1a. dys/toc/ia
9. DRE
4. e 4. menorrhagia 1b. condition of
10. human papillomavirus
5. c 5. hematosalpinx 2a. hyper/emesis
11. CIN
Break the Chain 6. oligomenorrhea 2b. excessive
12. dilation and curettage
1a. & 1b. (provided in chapter) 7. metrorrhagia 3a. pseud/o/cyesis
13. CIS
2a. olig/o/sperm/ia 8. leukorrhea 3b. false
14. hormone replacement
2b. few in number 9. dysmenorrhea 4a. poly/hydr/amni/o/s
therapy
3a. test/algia 10. hydrosalpinx 4b. amnion
15. NRDS
3b. testis 5a. lact/o/rrhea
Practice: Diseases and 16. premenstrual syndrome
4a. urethr/itis 5b. discharge
Disorders of the Female 17. TAB
4b. inflammation 6a. amni/o/rrhea
Reproductive System 18. polycystic ovary syndrome
5a. a/sperm/ia 6b. discharge
The Right Match 19. PID
5b. without or absence of Practice: Diseases and 20. transvaginal sonography
1. b
Practice: Diseases and Disorders of Obstetrics 21. GYN
2. c
Disorders of the Male 3. a The Right Match 22. biopsy
Reproductive System 4. e 1. c 23. Pap smear
The Right Match 5. f 2. f 24. erectile dysfunction
1. d 6. d 3. a 25. FBD
2. a 7. i 4. h 26. obstetrics
3. e 8. g 5. g 27. C-section
4. b 9. j 6. b 28. obstetrics/gynecology
5. f 10. h 7. e 29. SAB
6. c 8. d 30. pregnancy-induced
Break the Chain
Linkup 1a. vulv/itis Practice: Treatments, hypertension
1. (provided in chapter) 1b. vulva Procedures, and Devices of 31. FAS
2. balanitis 2a. salping/o/cele Obstetrics 32. infiltrating ductal
3. epididymitis 2b. fallopian tube The Right Match carcinoma
4. hydrocele 3a. a/mast/ia 1. d
5. varicocele 3b. breast 2. a
Chapter Review with evidences that point 3. g 2. c
Word Building to CIS. 4. h 3. e
1. (provided in chapter) 2. A Pap smear was per- 5. c 4. b
2. testicular carcinoma formed to evaluate stages 6. b 5. d
3. priapism of cervical cell changes 7. a 6. a
4. phimosis as an examination for CIS, 8. f Break the Chain
5. circumcision which is characterized by Practice: Diseases and 1a. dys/lexia
6. hep cell changes. Disorders of the Nervous 1b. bad, abnormal, painful, or
7. orchidotomy (or 3. Dysmenorrhea is abnormal System difficult
orchiotomy) pain during menstruation 2a. neur/osis
Break the Chain
8. cryptorchidism and menorrhagia is an ab- 2b. nerve
1a. & 1b. (provided in chapter)
9. oligospermia normally heavy menstrual 3a. psych/o/pathy
2a. cerebell/itis
10. orchitis flow. 3b. disease
2b. little brain or cerebellum
11. varicocele Case Study Questions 3a. encephal/itis 4a. psych/osis
12. amenorrhea a. dysmenorrhea; b. men- 3b. brain 4b. mind
13. leukorrhea orrhagia; c. leukorrhea; 4a. epi/lepsy Practice: Abbreviations
14. mastalgia d. dilation and curettage; 4b. seizure 1. EP studies
15. menorrhagia e. Papanicolaou (Pap) smear; 5a. mening/itis 2. positron emission
16. oligomenorrhea f. HPV (human papillomavirus); 5b. inflammation tomography
17. endometriosis g. colposcopy; h. carcinoma 6a. para/plegia 3. electroencephalography
18. cervicitis in situ of the cervix; i. cervical 6b. paralysis 4. CT scan
conization 7a. neur/oma 5. magnetic resonance
1. glans penis; balanorrhea, Medical Report Comprehen- 7b. tumor imaging
balanitis, balanoplasty sion Questions 8a. neur/itis 6. PD
2. testis; anorchism, crypt- 1. Testicular cancer is 8b. nerve 7. cerebral palsy
orchism, orchidopexy, supported by sensitivity 8. echoEG
in the scrotal and genital The Right Match 9. deep tendon reflexes
orchidoplasty 1. k
3. testis; testalgia, testicular region, palpable lump 10. MS
on lateral aspect of 2. e 11. cerebrovascular accident
torsion, testicular carcinoma 3. g
4. seed, sperm; aspermia, right testis, and positive 12. AD
biopsy for nonseminoma 4. a 13. amyotrophic lateral
azoospermia, oligospermia 5. h
5. vagina; colpodynia, col- testicular cancer in both sclerosis
testes. 6. j 14. ADD
pectomy, colpoplasty, 7. c
colporrhaphy 2. The gonorrhea infection 15. attention-deficit/hyperac-
was obtained through 8. f tivity disorder
6. breast; mammo- 9. d
plasty, mammography, unprotected sex. 16. TBI
3. A bilateral orchiectomy 10. i
mammogram Chapter Review
is surgical excision of 11. b
7. uterus; metrorrhagia Word Building
both testes, also called Practice: Treatments,
8. fallopian tube; pyosal- 1. (provided in chapter)
castration. Procedures, and Devices of
pinx, salpingitis, salpin- 2. cephalalgia
Case Study Questions the Nervous System
gocele, salpingectomy, 3. cerebellitis
salpingo-oophorec- j. oligospermia; Linkup 4. cerebral vascular disease
tomy, salpingopexy, k. orchiepididymitis; 1. anesthesia 5. glioma
salpingostomy l. balanorrhea; m. gonorrhea; 2. craniectomy 6. encephalomalacia
9. pregnancy; pseudocyesis n. testicular; o. orchiectomy; 3. neurology 7. neuropathy
10. birth; dystocia p. infertile 4. craniotomy 8. hyperesthesia
5. neurorrhaphy 9. encephalitis
Complete the Labels Chapter 13 6. psychiatry 10. meningocele
1. vas deferens Practice: Signs and 7. vagotomy 11. multiple sclerosis
2. prostate gland Symptoms of the Nervous 8. psychology 12. myelitis
3. testis System The Right Match 13. neurasthenia
4. epididymis 1. e
Linkup 14. neuroma
5. vagina 2. c
1. (provided in chapter) 15. neuralgia
6. ovary 3. d
2. hyperalgesia 16. paresthesia
7. labia minora 4. b
3. polyneuralgia 17. hemiplegia
8. cervix 5. g
4. hyperesthesia 18. polyneuritis
9. vagina 6. a
5. neurasthenia 19. psychopathy
Medical Report Exercises 6. neuralgia 7. f 20. quadriplegia
Medical Report Comprehen- 7. paresthesia Practice: Mental Health Define the Combining Form
sion Questions The Right Match Diseases and Disorders 1. membrane; meningitis,
1. Dysmenorrhea and menor- 1. e The Right Match meningioma, meningocele,
rhagia are both consistent 2. d 1. f meningomyelocele
2. brain; cerebral aneurysm, e. paresthesia; f. computed 5. retinopathy 5. b
cerebral atherosclerosis, tomography; g. magnetic reso- 6. ophthalmopathy 6. d
cerebral embolism, cere- nance imaging; h. intracranial; Practice: Treatments, Break the Chain
bral hemorrhage, cerebral i. craniotomy Procedures, and Devices of 1. a) ot/o/logist
palsy, cerebrovascular Medical Report Comprehen- the Eyes and Sight 1. b) ear
accident sion Questions 2. a) tympan/o/metry
The Right Match
3. brain; encephalitis, 1. Veteran of Vietnam War 2. b) measurement
1. c
encephalomalacia, with a history of drug use 3. a) myring/o/plasty
2. d
electroencephaly and chronic depression are 3. b) membrane, eardrum
3. b
4. spinal cord, medulla, indicators of PTSD. Practice: Abbreviations
4. a
myelin; myelitis, 2. The MRI revealed a slow 1. OM
5. f
poliomyelitis leakage of blood within the 2. ear, nose, and throat
6. e
5. nerve; neurology, neurolo- brain. 3. Oto
gist, neuritis, polyneuritis, Break the Chain
3. The term aphasia means 4. both ears
neuroma, neuropathy, 1a. & 1b. (provided in chapter)
a “condition of without 5. AS
polyneuropathy, neurec- 2a. dacry/o/cyst/o/rhin/o/
speech,” and agnosia 6. emmetropia
tomy, neurolysis, neu- stomy
means a “condition of 7. ARMD
roplasty, neurorrhaphy, 2b. surgical creation of an
without knowledge.” 8. right ear
neurotomy, neurectomy opening
Case Study Questions 3a. ophthalm/o/logist 9. EENT
6. sensation; paresthesia. j. epilepsy; k. aphasia; 10. tympanic membrane
anesthesia, anesthetist 3b. eye
l. paresthesia; 11. phaco
7. skull, cranium; craniec- m. Alzheimer disease; Practice: Signs and 12. head, eyes, ears, nose,
tomy, craniotomy n. cerebral hemorrhage; Symptoms of the Ears and and throat
8. knot, ganglion; o. cerebral angiography; Hearing 13. Ast
ganglionectomy p. cerebrovascular accident; The Right Match 14. laser-assisted in situ
9. mind; psychology, psy- q. psychopathy; r. psychosis; 1. b keratomileusis
chologist, psychiatry, psy- s. encephalomalacia 2. d 15. IOL
chiatrist, psychotherapy, 3. f 16. right eye; in Latin oculus
psychopathy, psychosis, 4. a dexter
psychosomatic
Chapter 14
5. c Chapter Review
10. to speak; aphasia Practice: Signs and
6. e
Symptoms of the Eyes and Word Building
Complete the Labels Sight Linkup 1. (provided in chapter)
1. brain 1. paracusis 2. blepharoptosis
The Right Match
2. gray 2. otorrhea 3. dacryolithiasis
1. f
3. ganglion 3. otalgia 4. conjunctivitis
2. d
4. nerve 4. otorrhagia 5. ophthalmomalacia
3. a
5. cerebral 5. anacusis 6. ophthalmoplegia
4. e
6. left 6. hyperacusis 7. retinopathy
5. b
7. cerebrum 6. c Practice: Diseases and 8. optometrist
8. cerebellum Disorders of the Ears and 9. dacryocystitis
Linkup
9. stem Hearing 10. ophthalmorrhagia
2. asthenopia The Right Match 11. leukocoria
3. ophthalmalgia 1. c 12. otitis media
Medical Report Comprehen- 13. otalgia
4. ophthalmorrhagia 2. f
sion Questions 14. otosclerosis
5. blepharoptosis 3. b
1. The early sign is the 15. otorrhea
6. blepharitis 4. e
polyneuritis reported on
5. d Define the Combining Form
the left limb and shoulder, Practice: Diseases and
6. a 1. eyelid; blepharoptosis
which indicates possible Disorders of the Eyes and
Linkup 2. pupil; leukocoria
brain damage to the right Sight
1. otitis 3. eye; ophthalmalgia, oph-
side. The Right Match
2. otosclerosis thalmoplegia, ophthalmol-
2. The primary possible con- 1. d
3. otopathy ogy, ophthalmologist
sequence to the patient is 2. e
4. mastoiditis 4. to bind together, conjunc-
brain damage to the right 3. b tiva; conjunctivitis
temporal lobe. 4. f Practice: Treatments, 5. tear; dacryolithiasis,
3. The term neuralgia means 5. a Procedures, and Devices of dacryocystitis
a “pain in a nerve,” and 6. c the Ears and Hearing 6. hard, cornea; keratitis
cephalalgia means a “pain The Right Match
Linkup 7. retina; retinopathy
in the head,” or headache. 1. c
1. conjunctivitis 8. ear; otorrhea, otorrhagia,
Case Study Questions 2. diplopia 2. a otalgia
a. cephalalgia; b. neuralgia; 3. astigmatism 3. e 9. hearing; audiologist, audi-
c. polyneuritis; d. analgesics; 4. iritis 4. f ometry, audiology
10. maze, inner ear; 2. e 3b. tumor Complete the Labels
labyrinthectomy 3. a 4a. thyroid/o/tomy 1. gland
Complete the Labels 4. b 4b. incision or to cut 2. thyroid
1. cornea 5. c 5a. thyr/o/para/thyroid/ectomy 3. adrenal
2. lens Break the Chain 5b. surgical excision or 4. pancreas
3. retina 1a. & 1b. (provided in removal 5. testis
4. sclera chapter) Practice: Abbreviations Medical Report Exercises
5. malleus 2a. ex/ophthalm/o/s 1. glucose tolerance test Medical Report Comprehen-
6. semicircular canals 2b. eye 2. RAIU sion Questions
7. cochlea 3a. poly/uria 3. postprandial blood sugar 1. Malaise between meals,
8. tympanic cavity 3b. pertaining to urine or 4. DI polydipsia, polyuria,
9. tympanic membrane urination 5. fasting blood sugar cephalalgia
Medical Report Exercises 4a. acr/o/megaly 6. HRT 2. No, the diagnosis is
Medical Report Comprehen- 4b. extremity 7. diabetes mellitus lifelong and not presently
sion Questions 5a. ket/o/acid/osis 8. PTH curable.
1. The diagnosis of conjunc- 5b. ketone 9. adrenocorticotrophic 3. FBS is fasting blood
tivitis is supported by oph- Practice: Diseases and hormone sugar, which refers to a
thalmalgia, inflammation, Disorders of the Endocrine 10. FSH blood test for glucose
and exudates. System following an overnight fast
Chapter Review
2. Antibiotics is the common Linkup (i.e., before breakfast).
form of treatment because 1. (provided in chapter) Word Building GTT is a glucose tolerance
conjunctivitis is usually 2. adenopathy 1. (provided in chapter) test, in which a patient is
caused by a bacterial 3. adenocarcinoma 2. hyperthyroidism given a known amount
infection. 4. hyperadrenalism 3. diabetic neuropathy of glucose and the blood
3. The meaning of OU oph- 5. hypercalcemia 4. adrenalitis is tested for it at timed
thalmalgia is “pain in each 6. hypoglycemia 5. endocrinopathy intervals.
eye.” 7. hyperparathyroidism 6. hypercalcemia
7. parathyroidoma Case Study Questions
Case Study Questions 8. hypothyroidism a. endocrinology;
9. pancreatitis 8. pituitary gigantism
a. ophthalmalgia; b. OS; b. polydipsia; c. ketosis;
10. thyroiditis 9. hypoadrenalism
c. blepharitis; d. conjunctivitis; d. acidosis; e. fasting
10. hirsutism
e. ophthalmologist; f. con- The Right Match blood sugar; f. glucose;
11. hypoparathyroidism
junctivitis; g. keratitis 1. f g. hyperglycemia; h. insulin;
12. hypoglycemia
Medical Report Comprehen- 2. d i. type 1 diabetes
13. thyrotoxicosis
sion Questions 3. h
14. Hashimoto’s disease Medical Report Comprehen-
1. In an infant, the evidence 4. j
15. hypogonadism sion Questions
includes pulling at the ear, 5. a
Define the Combining Form 1. A tumor of the adrenal
crying and fussiness, pos- 6. b
1. gland; adenoma, gland often causes
sible fever, and difficulty 7. e
adenocarcinoma hypersecretion of
sleeping. 8. c
2. adrenal gland; adrenalitis, androgens, which leads
2. The myringotomy is per- 9. g
adrenomegaly, to excess body hair or
formed to drain fluids from 10. i
hyperadrenalism, hirsutism.
the tympanic cavity to Practice: Treatments,
hypoadrenalism, 2. Hyperglycemia is related
relieve the pressure caused Procedures, and Devices of
adrenalectomy to weight gain because it
by the infection. the Endocrine System
3. to secrete; endocrine, is an excessive amount of
Case Study Questions The Right Match sugar in the blood, which
endocrinology,
h. otalgia; i. AD; j. oto- 1. d encourages the deposition
endocrinologist,
scope; k. myringitis; l. otitis 2. c of fat into tissues.
endocrinopathy
media; m. eye, ear, nose, & 3. a 3. Adrenal hyperplasia is the
4. thyroid gland; parathyroid,
throat; n. otologist; o. oti- 4. b excessive growth of an
hypothyroidism,
tis media; p. myringot- 5. g adrenal gland caused by a
hyperthyroidism,
omy; q. audiometry 6. e genetic error.
thyroiditis, thyroidectomy,
7. f thyroidoma, thyroidotomy Case Study Questions
Chapter 15 Break the Chain 5. sugar; hypoglycemia, j. hirsutism; k. adrenalitis;
Practice: Signs and 1a. adren/al/ectomy hyperglycemia l. adrenal hyperplasia;
Symptoms of the Endocrine 1b. pertaining to 6. pancreas; pancreatitis m. Cushing; n. hyper-
System 2a. endo/crin/o/logy 7. calcium; hypercalcemia, glycemia; o. androgens;
The Right Match 2b. to secrete hypocalcemia p. hirsutism; q. adenoma;
1. d 3a. thyroid/oma 8. acid/o; acidosis r. adrenalectomy
Glossary-Index
Note: Terms that appear in boldface are Key Terms from the chapters. Definitions are provided here for these
terms. Page numbers with f indicate figures; those with t indicate tables.
A Acid-fast bacilli smear (AFB), clinical test

performed on sputum to identify presence of
Abbreviations
bacteria that react to acid; used to confirm
of blood, 185
tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis, 257
of cardiovascular system, 226
Acidosis, the condition of acid in the body, 506
of digestive system, 319
Acne, bacterial infection of sebaceous glands and
of endocrine system, 525
ducts resulting in numerous comedones, 89,
of integumentary system, 104 89f
of lymphatic system, 185 Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS),
of nervous system, mental health, 463 a disease that results from infection with
of reproductive system and obstetrics, 420 the human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV,
of respiratory system, 273 acquired mainly through the exchange of body
of skeletal and muscular systems, 144 fluids during sex, such as semen, blood, and
of special senses of sight and hearing, 496 vaginal secretions, and also by the use of
of urinary system, 356 contaminated instruments, 161, 178, 417
Abdomen, 66f, 67 Acromegaly, enlargement of bone structure, 507,
Abdominal cavity, the superior portion of the 507f
abdominopelvic cavity, 66, 67 Acrophobia, fear of heights, 439
Abdominal pain, primary terms in present use to ACTH, adrenocorticotrophic hormone
identify the symptom of stomach pain, 285 Actinic dermatitis, a type of skin inflammation
Abdominal region, the area of the body trunk caused by sunlight exposure, 92
located below the diaphragm, 66, 67f Actinic keratosis, precancerous condition of the
Abdominocentesis, surgical puncture through the skin caused by exposure to sunlight, 90
abdominal wall to remove fluid; also known as Acute, a disease of short duration, usually with a
paracentesis, 307 sharp or severe effect, 72, 247
Abdominopelvic cavity, the inferior part of the Acute kidney injury (AKI), a rapid-onset disease
ventral cavity located beneath the diaphragm, of the kidneys resulting in a failure to produce
67, 68f urine; also called acute renal failure, 333
Abduction, 45 Acute renal failure, a condition in which kidney
ABGs. See Arterial blood gases function ceases, 327
Abortifacient, a drug that induces a therapeutic AD. See Alzheimer’s disease
abortion (TAB), 413 ADD. See Attention-deficit disorder
Abortion, termination of pregnancy by expulsion of Addison’s disease, a chronic form of
the embryo or fetus from the uterus, 413 hypoadrenalism, 514
Abrasion, a superficial scraping injury to the Adduction, 45
skin, 82 Adenocarcinoma of the lung, lung cancer arising
Abruptio placentae, premature separation of the from the cells lining the bronchi or from the
placenta from the uterine wall, 409, 409f soft tissues of the lung; the three primary
Abscess, a localized elevation of the skin containing types are bronchogenic carcinoma, small
a cavity filled with bacteria, white blood cells, cell lung carcinoma, and non–small cell lung
damaged tissue, and pus, 82 carcinoma, 245
Acetaminophen, 450 Adenoid, pharyngeal tonsil, 256
Achondroplasia, literally “without cartilage Adenoidectomy, surgical removal of a chronically
formation”; causes dwarfism, 120, 120f inflamed adenoid (pharyngeal tonsil), 256
I-1
I-2 Glossary-Index
Adenoma, a benign tumor of glandular cells, 510 Amblyopia, a common cause of vision loss in
Adenosis, any disease of a gland, 26, 510 children that occurs when the nerve pathway
ADHD. See Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder from one eye fails to develop, sending a blurred
Adrenal gland, 504 image to the brain, 476
Adrenal hyperplasia, excessive growth of the AMD. See Macular degeneration
adrenal gland caused by a genetic error that Amenorrhea, absence of a menstrual discharge in a
results in a missing enzyme, 510 woman of childbearing age, 384
Adrenal insufficiency, adrenal gland failure, 510 Amniocentesis, a procedure that involves
Adrenal virilism, the pattern of masculinization penetration of the amnion with a syringe and
resulting from excessive production of aspiration of a small amount of amniotic fluid
androgens in women, which may also lead to for analysis, 413, 414f
muscle and bone growth, 508 Amniorrhea, abnormal discharge of amniotic fluid
Adrenalectomy, the surgical removal of one or both that is a sign of a ruptured amniotic sac, 407
of the adrenal glands, 109 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a disease
Adrenalitis, inflammation of the adrenal gland, 510 characterized by progressive atrophy of muscle,
Adrenomegaly, 510 also known as Lou Gehrig disease, 437
Adrenopathy, disease of the adrenal glands, 510 Anacusis, a total loss of hearing, 487
Adult (or acute) respiratory distress syndrome Analgesics, a common form of pain management;
(ARDS), a respiratory disease caused by includes aspirin, ibuprofen, and acetamino-
severe lung infections or injury, often involving phen, 450
pneumonia and pulmonary edema, 253 Anaphylaxis, a reaction to an antigen that spreads
AED. See Automated external defibrillator quickly to cause bodywide inflammation, which
AFB. See Acid-fast bacilli smear can become life-threatening, 162
A-fib, abbreviation for atrial fibrillation Anatomical planes, 65
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), 479 frontal (coronal), 65, 63f
Agnosia, the inability to interpret sensory
sagittal, 65, 63f
information, 437
transverse, 65, 63f
Agoraphobia, fear of public places, 460
Anatomical position, erect posture of a subject, with
AI. See Aortic insufficiency
arms at the sides, palms facing forward, and legs
AIDS. See Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Albinism, genetic condition characterized by together with the feet pointing forward, 63
reduction of the skin pigment melanin, 90 Anatomy, literally “the process of cutting up”; the
Albino, a person affected with albinism, or the study of body structure, 58
absence of pigment, 90 Andropathy, a general term for a disease afflicting
Albuminuria, the condition of albumin in the urine, only males, 372
330 Anemia, reduced ability of red blood cells to deliver
Allergic dermatitis, an immune response to oxygen to tissues, 163
allergens that inflames the skin where it has Anesthesia, the primary type of pain management
made physical contact with the allergen, 162 that is used during surgical procedures, 450
Allergic rhinitis, an immune response to allergens Anesthesiologist, a physician who specializes in
that affects the mucous membranes of the nasal anesthesia and the management of pain, 450
cavity and throat; also called hay fever, 162 Anesthetist, a specialist trained in the
Allergy, the body’s immune response to allergens, 162 administration of anesthetics, 450
skin test, 160f Aneurysm, an abnormal bulging of an arterial wall;
Allograft, a procedure in which skin from another the bursting of a large aneurysm is usually life-
person is grafted onto a person’s existing skin; threatening, resulting in massive hemorrhage,
also called dermatoheteroplasty, 101 196, 196f, 438
Alopecia, baldness; may be a sign of an infection Angina pectoris, chest pain that is a primary
of the scalp, high fevers, drug reactions, or symptom of an insufficient supply of oxygen
emotional stress, 90 to the heart, 196
ALS. See Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Angiocarditis, inflammation of the heart and blood
Alveoli, 234 vessels, 201
Alzheimer’s disease, a disease characterized by Angiogram, image resulting from an angiography,
gradual deterioration in brain function, 437–39 213
Amastia, lack of breast tissue, although areola and Angiography, a diagnostic procedure that includes
nipple are present, 387 x-ray photography, MRI, or CT scan images
Glossary-Index I-3
of a blood vessel after injection of a contrast Antipsychotics, 452

medium, 213 Antipyretics, 452
Angioma, a tumor arising from a blood vessel, also Antiretroviral therapy, use of drugs to battle
known as a hemangioma, 201 viruses, 178
Angioplasty, surgical repair of a blood vessel, Antispasmodic, a drug that reduces peristalsis
including balloon angioplasty and laser activity in the GI tract, 307
angioplasty, 213, 213f Anuria, the production of less than 100 mL of urine
Angioscope, a modified endoscope that has a per day; a sign of kidney disease, 331
camera at one end and video monitor at the Anxiety disorder, a mental disorder in which anxiety
opposite end; used to observe a diseased dominates a person’s behavior, 458
blood vessel, 213 Aorta, 193, 193f, 200f
Angioscopy, the use of a flexible, fiber-optic Aortic insufficiency (AI), a condition in which the
instrument, or endoscope, to observe a diseased semilunar valve fails to close completely during
blood vessel in order to assess any lesions, 213 ventricular diastole causing blood to return to
Angiospasm, abnormal muscular contractions, or the left ventricle, which makes the left ventricle
spasms, of the smooth muscles forming the work harder; also called aortic regurgitation, 201
vessel walls, 196 Aortic regurgitation, a condition in which the
Angiostenosis, narrowing of a blood vessel causing semilunar valve fails to close completely
the reduction of blood flow to a part of the during ventricular diastole; also called aortic
body, 197 insufficiency (AI), 201
Angiostomy, creation of an opening into a blood Aortic stenosis, a narrowing of the aortic valve,
vessel, usually for the insertion of a catheter, 213 located between the left ventricle and aorta, 201
Angiotomy, surgical incision into a blood vessel, 213 Aortitis, inflammation of the aorta often caused by a
Anisocytosis, presence of red blood cells of bacterial infection, 201
unequal size, 157 Aortogram, the image resulting from aortography,
Ankylosis, abnormal condition of joint stiffness, 120 a procedure that obtains an x-ray photograph,
Anorchism, absence of one or both testes, 372 MRI, or CT scan image of the aorta, 214
Anorexia nervosa, emotional eating disorder Aortography, a procedure that obtains an x-ray
in which the patient avoids food due to a photograph, MRI, or CT scan image of the
compulsion to become thin in appearance, 289 aorta; image is called an aortogram, 214
Anoxia, the absence of oxygen, 50, 230 Aphagia, inability to swallow, literally “without
Antacid, an agent that reduces the acidity of the eating,” 284
stomach cavity, 307 Aphasia, the inability to speak, 8, 24
Anterior, 64, 64t Aphonia, the absence of voice, 238
Anterior plane, 63f Aplastic anemia, a type of anemia in which the
Anthrax, a bacterially caused disease that has been red bone marrow fails to produce sufficient
threatened for use in bioterrorism, 163 numbers of normal blood cells, 163
Antianxiety medication, 462 Apnea, a longer-than-normal pause between
Antibiotic therapy, a therapy against bacterial breaths, 238
infections, 177 Appendages, the limbs, which are attached to the
Antibiotics, substances with known toxicity to trunk, and include the head, arms, and legs, 68
bacteria used as a therapy against bacterial Appendectomy, surgical removal of the appendix, 307
infections, 104, 177 Appendicitis, inflammation of the appendix, 289, 289f
discovery of, 177 Arachnophobia, fear of spiders, 459
Anticoagulant, a chemical agent that reduces the ARDS. See Adult (or acute) respiratory distress
clotting process in blood, 177 syndrome
Anticonvulsants, 452 Arrhythmia, loss of the normal rhythm of the heart;
Antidepressants, 452 also called dysrhythmia, 197
Antidiarrheal, 307 Arterial blood gases, clinical test to identify levels of
Antiemetic, a drug that prevents or stops the oxygen and carbon dioxide in arterial blood, 258
vomiting reflex, 307 Arteriogram, the image resulting from
Antihistamine, a therapeutic drug that inhibits the arteriography, a procedure that obtains an
effects of histamines, 257 image of an artery, 214
Anti-impotence therapy, a collection of therapies Arteriography, a procedure that obtains an image
that address erectile dysfunction, or ED, 336 of an artery that is called an arteriogram, 214
I-4 Glossary-Index
Arteriopathy, the general term for a disease of an Asthma, condition characterized by widespread
artery, 210 narrowing of the bronchioles and formation
Arterioplasty, a procedure performed to repair an of mucous plugs, 245, 245f
injured artery, 214 Asthmatic bronchitis, a condition of asthma
Arteriorrhaphy, suturing the opening in an artery complicated with bronchitis, 245
after surgical repair, 214 Astigmatism (Ast), a condition in which the
Arteriosclerosis, a disease in which an artery wall curvature of the eye is defective, producing
becomes thickened and loses its elasticity, blurred vision, 480, 481f
resulting in a reduced flow of blood to tissues, Ataxia, the inability to coordinate muscles during
27, 202 a voluntary activity or movement, 119
Arteriosclerotic heart disease (ASHD), a condition Atelectasis, condition in which trauma or disease
in which the coronary arteries supplying the causes the alveoli to collapse and prevents
heart are damaged by arteriosclerosis, 202 air from entering, commonly called collapsed
Arteriotomy, an incision into an artery, 214 lung, 245
Artery, 193 ather/o, fatty plaque, 202
Arthralgia, joint pain, 25, 115 Atherosclerosis, a form of arteriosclerosis in which
Arthritis, inflammation and degeneration of a joint, one or more fatty plaques form along the inner
121, 121f walls of arteries, 202, 202f
Arthrocentesis, a procedure in which excess fluids Atom, the simplest organized substance of matter,
are aspirated through a surgical puncture in the 59, 60f
joint, 134, 134f Atrial fibrillation, a condition of uncoordinated,
Arthrochondritis, inflammation of articular cartilage rapid contractions of the muscle forming the
within synovial joints, 122 atria, involving a reduction of blood expelled
Arthroclasia, procedure in which an abnormally stiff from the atria; usually not fatal, 206
joint is broken during surgery to increase range Atrial septal defect, a form of congenital heart
of motion, 135 disease in which the infant’s heart allows blood
Arthrodesis, surgical fixation (stabilization) of a to move between the two atria because of a
joint, 135 small opening in the wall separating them, 203
Arthrogram, an x-ray image of a joint that is printed Atriomegaly, abnormally enlarged or dilated atria
on a film, 135 with reduced ability to push blood into the
Arthrolysis, a therapy in which a joint is loosened of ventricles, 203
its restrictions, 135 Atrioventricular block, also known as AV block, an
Arthroplasty, surgical repair of a joint, 135 injury to the atrioventricular node (AV node), which
Arthroscopic surgery, a surgery that involves normally receives impulses from the sinoatrial
a visual examination of a joint cavity and node (SA node) and transmits them to the
integrates fiber optics, live action photography, ventricles to stimulate ventricular contraction, 203
and computer enhancement, 136, 136f Atrophic vaginitis, a form of colpitis including
Arthroscopy, an endoscopic visual examination of symptoms of thinning of the vaginal wall and
a joint cavity, 136 loss of moisture, usually due to a depletion of
Arthrotomy, surgical incision into a joint, 136 estrogen, 395
AS. See Aortic stenosis Atrophy, lacking development, or wasting, 116
Asbestosis, a type of pneumoconiosis caused by Attention-deficit disorder (ADD), a neurological
inhalation of asbestos fibers, 250 disorder characterized by short attention span
Ascites, an accumulation of fluid within the and poor concentration, 459
peritoneal cavity that produces an enlarged Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),
abdomen, 284 a neurological disorder characterized by
ASHD. See Arteriosclerotic heart disease short attention span, poor concentration, and
Aspermia, the inability to produce or ejaculate hyperactivity; usually associated with school-
sperm, 370 age children but can also affect adults and
Asphyxia, absence of respiratory ventilation, makes learning very difficult, 459
or suffocation, 244 Attenuation, process in which pathogens are
Aspiration, a procedure that removes fluid, air, rendered less virulent prior to incorporation into
or foreign bodies with suction, 137, 258 a vaccine, 178
Ast. See Astigmatism Audiologist, specialist in hearing disorders and
Asthenopia, eye weakness or eyestrain, 474 treatment, 31, 492
Glossary-Index I-5
Audiology, field concerned with hearing disorders, Biopsy (Bx or bx), a minor surgical procedure that
492 involves the surgical extraction of tissue for
Audiometry, measurement of hearing function, microscopic analysis, 23, 100, 397, 397f
492, 492f Bioterrorism, the application of disease-causing
Auscultation, the procedure of listening to internal microorganisms (pathogens) to cause harm to a
sounds using a stethoscope, 214, 214f, 249 population, 163
Autism, developmental disorder that varies in Bipolar disorder, a mental disorder characterized
severity, 437 by alternating periods of high energy and
Autograft, a skin graft using one’s own skin; also mental confusion with low energy and mental
called dermatoautoplasty, 101 depression, 458, 458f
Autoimmune disease, a disease caused by a Blepharitis, inflammation of the eyelid, 474
person’s own immune response attacking Blepharoplasty, a procedure to repair damage to
otherwise healthy tissues, 164 the eyelid, 474
Autologous transfusion, transfusion of blood Blood, 60, 153–91, 154, 155f
donated by a patient for his or her personal use, abbreviations for, 185
178, 178f anatomy and physiology terms, 154–55
Automated external defibrillator (AED), a device diseases and disorders of, 161–74
used to stop the heart from defibrillation and medical report exercises for, 156–91
return it to the normal cardiac cycle by applying medical terms for, 156–59
a surge of electricity, 218, 218f signs and symptoms of, 157–59
AV block. See Atrioventricular block treatments and procedures of, 176–82
Azoospermia, absence of living sperm in semen, 371 Blood–brain barrier, 431
Azotemia, abnormally high levels of urea and other Blood chemistry, tests on a sample of plasma to
nitrogen-containing compounds in the blood, 331 measure levels of its composition, 178
Blood culture, clinical test to determine infection in
B the blood, 178
Bacteremia, presence of bacteria in the blood, Blood smear, 155f
158, 158f for leukemia, 169f
Bacteria, 158 Blood transfusion, addition of blood to restore
Bacteriology, the study of bacteria, a subspecialty blood volume to normal levels, 179, 178f
of immunology, or infectious disease, 157 Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), a lab test that
Bacteriuria, abnormal presence of bacteria in the measures urea concentration in blood as an
urine, 317, 331 indicator of kidney function, 344
Balanitis, inflammation of the glans penis, 372 Body
Balanoplasty, surgical repair of the glans penis, 378 building blocks of, 60f
Balanorrhea, an abnormal condition of discharge from cavities, 69f
the glans penis, a symptom of gonorrhea, 370 medical terms, introduction for, 71–76
Balloon angioplasty, 213, 213f organization of, 57–76
Bariatric surgery a surgical procedure for treating planes, 64f
obesity in which the body contains an regions of, 66–67, 67t
abnormally high amount of fat that threatens systems in, 61–62
the health of the patient, 308, 308f Bone grafting, a procedure that stimulates the
Barium enema (BE), 313 healing process of a fracture, 139
Barium meal, 313 Bone marrow transplant, a procedure that involves
Barium shake, 313 the removal of a sample from a compatible
Barium swallow, 313 donor, usually from red marrow in the pelvis,
Basal cell carcinoma, skin tumor that arises from and its inoculation into the recipient’s red
the epidermis, 92, 92f marrow, 180, 180f
Bell palsy, condition characterized by paralysis Bones, 111
of the face muscle on one side, 437 parts of, 112f
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), a condition of skeleton, 113f
of enlarged prostate gland in males older Botulism, life-threatening food-borne illness caused
than 50 years; also called benign prostatic by Clostridium botulinum, 164
hypertrophy, 372, 373f BPH. See Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Biceps, 114f Bradycardia, an abnormally slow heart rate, 50, 197
I-6 Glossary-Index
Bradykinesia, abnormally slow movements, Bursolith, a calcium deposit or stone within a bursa,
50, 116 122
Bradypnea, abnormal slowing of the breathing Bx, bx. See Biopsy
rhythm, 239
Brain, 429, 431f C
Breast cancer, a malignant tumor arising from C&S. See Stool culture and sensitivity
breast tissue, 409 CABG. See Coronary artery bypass graft
Breech presentation, abnormal childbirth CAD. See Coronary artery disease
presentation in which the buttocks, feet, or Calcipenia. See Hypocalcemia
knees appear through the birth canal first, 409
Candida albicans, 417
Bronchiectasis, chronic abnormal dilation of the
Candidiasis, infection by the yeastlike fungi, Candida
bronchi, 245
albicans, often sexually transmitted, 417
Bronchiole, 246
Carbon dioxide, 234
Bronchiolitis, inflammation of the small tubes in the
Carbuncle, a skin infection composed of a cluster
lungs, 246
of boils, 91, 91f
Bronchitis, inflammation of the bronchi, 246
Carcinoma, cancer arising from the epidermis of
Bronchodilation, procedure that uses a
the skin and other epithelial tissues, 91
bronchodilating agent to relax the smooth
muscles of the airways in an effort to stop Carcinoma in situ (CIS of the cervix), literally
bronchial constriction, 258 “cancer in site,” referring to the presence of
Bronchogenic carcinoma, aggressive form cancer in an organ before it spreads through
of cancer in cells of the bronchi; it is the metastasis. When occurring in the cervix, it
most common form of any type of cancer, arises from cells of the cervix, 389
246, 246f Cardiac arrest, the cessation of heart activity, 199
Bronchogram, x-ray image of the bronchi, 259 Cardiac catheterization, insertion of a narrow
Bronchography, the x-ray imaging of the bronchi flexible tube, called a catheter, through a blood
using a contrast medium to highlight the vessel leading into the heart, 215, 215f
bronchial tree, 259 Cardiac or coronary angiography, a diagnostic
Bronchopneumonia, acute inflammatory disease procedure that includes x-ray photography,
that involves the bronchioles and alveoli; also MRI, or CT scan images of the heart after
called lobar pneumonia, 247 injection of a contrast medium; a form of
Bronchoscope, a modified endoscope that is a angiography, 213
flexible fiber-optic tube with a small lens and Cardiac pacemaker, a battery-powered device that
eyepiece for viewing the bronchi on a computer is implanted under the skin and wired to the
monitor, 259, 259f inner wall of the heart to help control abnormal
Bronchoscopy, evaluation of the trachea and heart rhythms, 215, 215f
bronchi using a bronchoscope, which is Cardiac tamponade, acute compression of the
inserted through the nose, 259, 259f heart due to the accumulation of fluid within the
Bronchospasm, a narrowing of the airway caused pericardial cavity, 204
by contraction of smooth muscles in the Cardiac ultrasonography, another term for
bronchioles, 27, 239 echocardiography, an ultrasound procedure
Bulimia, eating disorder involving repeated gorging that directs sound waves through the heart
with food followed by induced vomiting or to evaluate heart function; recorded data is
laxative abuse, 289 typically called an echocardiogram, 219
BUN. See Blood urea nitrogen Cardiodynia, heart pain, 197
Bunion, abnormal enlargement of the joint at the Cardiogenic, a symptom or sign that originates
base of the big toe, 122 from a condition of the heart, 198
Burn, caused by excessive exposure to fire, Cardiologist, physician specializing in the branch
chemicals, or sunlight and measured by total of medicine known as cardiology, 195
body surface area (TBSA) and depth of the Cardiology, the study or science of the heart;
damage, 90 branch of medicine that provides clinical
classification, 90f treatment for heart disease, 10, 13, 195
Bursectomy, a surgery involving the removal of a Cardiomegaly, an enlarged heart, which occurs
bursa from a joint, 136 when the heart must work harder than normal
Bursitis, inflammation of a bursa, 122 to meet the oxygen demands of body cells, 204
Glossary-Index I-7
Cardiomyopathy, a general term for a disease of Cephalalgia, the clinical term for a headache, or a
the myocardium of the heart, 204 generalized pain in the region of the head, 433
Cardiopathy, disease of the heart, 13 Cerebellitis, inflammation of the cerebellum, 437
Cardiopulmonary, pertaining to the heart and lungs, 14 Cerebellum, 429, 438f
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, an emergency Cerebral aneurysm, a bulging wall of a blood
procedure that is used to maintain some blood vessel in the brain, 449, 449f
flow to vital organs until the heart can be Cerebral angiography, a diagnostic procedure
restarted; commonly abbreviated CPR, 216, 267 that reveals blood flow to the brain by x-ray
Cardiovalvulitis, inflammation of the valves of photography, 449, 449f
the heart that is usually diagnosed from the Cerebral atherosclerosis, accumulation of fatty
presence of a heart murmur, which is a gurgling plaques that cause arteries supplying the brain
sound detected during auscultation, 204 to gradually close, 438
Cardiovascular, 193 Cerebral concussion, physical damage to the
Cardiovascular system, 61, 192–227, 194f cerebrum that results in head pain, dizziness,
abbreviations of, 225 and sometimes nausea; a more severe brain
anatomy and physiology, 193–94 injury, called traumatic brain injury, often
diseases and disorders of, 200–211 involves bleeding that can result in functional
medical report exercises for, 229–33 losses and death, 441
medical terms for, 195–96 Cerebral embolism, a moving blood clot in an
signs and symptoms of, 196–98 artery of the brain, 438
treatments, procedures, devices of, 212–23 Cerebral hemorrhage, bleeding from cerebral
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), a repetitive stress blood vessels, 439
injury of the wrist, 122, 134f Cerebral palsy, a condition that appears at
birth or shortly afterward as a partial muscle
Carpoptosis, weakness of the wrist that results in
paralysis, 439
difficulty supporting the hand, 123
Cerebral thrombosis, condition of a stationary
CAT scan, acronym for computed axial tomography
blood clot in an artery of the brain, 442
scanning, it is a diagnostic imaging procedure
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a clear fluid produced
that uses x-ray technology with computer
within the ventricles of the brain that provides a
enhancement and analysis to observe internal
protective liquid cushion for the brain and spinal
body structures, also called CT scan, 73, 75f
cord, 443
Cataract, a condition in which the eye lens
Cerebrovascular accident (CVA), an acute event
transparency is reduced, 476
that is an irreversible death of brain cells
Cataract extraction, procedure to remove a
caused by inadequate blood supply to the
lens damaged by a cataract and replace with
brain, 432, 439
an artificial lens called an intraocular lens,
484, 484f causes of, 440f
Cathartic, an agent that stimulates strong waves warning signs, 440
of peristalsis of the colon, 308 Cervical cancer, a malignant tumor of the cervix;
Catheter, 215, 339 the most common form of cervical cancer is
Cavities, internal spaces of the body that are lined squamous cell carcinoma, arising from the
with a membrane and house one or more epithelial cells lining the opening into the
organs, 67, 68f uterus, 389
CBC. See Complete blood count Cervical conization, procedure in which a cone-
Cecum, 280 shaped section of precancerous or cancerous
Celiac disease, an immune response triggered by tissue of the cervix is removed, 399
gluten ingestion that results in damage to the Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), the
villi lining the small intestine, causing a failure to abnormal development of cells within the cervix
absorb nutrients, 301 resulting in tumor formation, which has the
Cell, the most basic unit of life, 59 potential of becoming cancerous, 389
Cellulite, a local uneven surface of the skin caused Cervicectomy, surgical removal of the cervix, 398
by fat deposition, 83 Cervicitis, inflammation of the cervix, 389
Cellulitis, inflammation of the connective tissue in Cervix, 367
the dermis caused by an infection, 92, 92f Cesarean section, an alternative to the nonsurgical
Central nervous system, the brain and spinal cord, birth of a child through the birth canal, birthing
abbreviated CNS, 429 can be accomplished surgically by making
I-8 Glossary-Index
an incision through the abdomen and uterus, Cholelithiasis, generalized condition of stones
abbreviated C-section, 414 lodged within the gallbladder or bile ducts,
CF. See Cystic fibrosis 12, 290
Chalazion, an infection of an eyelid, 478 Cholesteatoma, formation of a cyst-like ball of
Chancres, small ulcers on the skin, a symptom epithelial cells in the middle ear; the term
of syphilis, 317 literally means “tumor of cholesterol,” 489
Cheilitis, inflammation of the lip, 289 Chondrectomy, surgical removal, or excision, of
Cheilorrhaphy, procedure of suturing a lip, 309 the cartilage associated with a joint, 32, 137
Cheilosis, condition of the lip, including splitting Chondroplasty, surgical repair of cartilage, 137
of the lips and angles of the mouth, 289 Chronic, a disease of long duration, 72
Chemical peel, a procedure in which a chemical Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),
agent is used to remove the outer epidermal reduced flow of air to and from the alveoli in the
layers to treat acne, wrinkles, and sun-damaged lungs that may result from chronic bronchitis or
skin, 101 emphysema; a progressive disease that makes
Chest CT scan, diagnostic imaging of the chest by breathing very difficult, 247
computed tomography (CT), 260, 260f Cicatrices, 83
Chest radiograph, another term for chest x-ray, Cicatrix, clinical term for scar tissue, 83
an x-ray image of the thoracic cavity used CIN. See Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
to diagnose TB, tumors, and other lung Circumcision, removal of the prepuce, or foreskin,
conditions, 260 of the penis, 50, 378, 378f
Chest x-ray, x-ray image of the thoracic cavity Cirrhosis, chronic, progressive liver disease
used to diagnose TB, tumors, and other lung characterized by the gradual loss of liver cells
conditions; also called chest radiograph, and their replacement by fat and other forms of
225, 225f connective tissue, 291, 291f
Cheyne-Stokes respiration, a sign of brain Clavicle, 113
dysfunction or congestive heart failure Cleft palate, a congenital defect in which the bones
characterized by a repeated pattern of supporting the roof of the mouth, or hard
distressed breathing with a gradual increase palate, fail to fuse during fetal development,
of deep breathing, then shallow breathing, and leaving a space between the oral cavity and
apnea, 239 nasal cavity, 291, 291f
CHF. See Congestive heart failure Clinical psychologists, mental health professionals
Chiropractic, the field of therapy that is centered trained in the treatment of behavioral disorders,
on manipulation of bones and joints, most 432, 444
commonly the vertebral column, 31, 136 Clinical psychology, a subdiscipline of psychology
Chiropractor, a practitioner of the field of therapy that treats patients suffering from behavioral
centered on manipulation of bones and joints, disorders and emotional trauma, 455
most commonly the vertebral column, 136 Closed fracture, 139
Chlamydia, the most common bacterial STI in North Clostridium botulinum, 164, 294
America, 417 Clostridium tetani, 174
Cholecystectomy, surgical removal of the CNS. See Central nervous system
gallbladder, 308 Coagulation time, blood test that determines the
Cholecystitis, inflammation of the gallbladder, time required for a blood clot to form, 180
usually caused by gallstones lodged within it, Coarctation of the aorta, a congenital heart
291, 291f disease affecting the infant’s aorta that causes
Cholecystogram, x-ray image of the gallbladder, 309 reduced systemic circulation of blood and
Cholecystography, procedure of producing accumulation of fluid in the lungs; requires
an x-ray image, or cholecystogram, of the surgical repair, 201
gallbladder, 309 Coccidioidomycosis, fungal infection of the upper
Choledochitis, inflammation of the common bile respiratory tract; caused by Coccidioides
duct, 290 immitis organism, also called valley fever due to
Choledocholithiasis, presence of stones within the its place of origin in the San Joaquin Valley of
common bile duct, 290 California, 247
Choledocholithotomy, surgery that involves the Cochlea, 447f
removal of one or more obstructive gallstones Cochlear implant, a small electronic device that
from the common bile duct, 309 helps to provide a sensation of sound to a
Glossary-Index I-9
person who is profoundly deaf or very hard Congenital hypothyroidism, formerly known as
of hearing, 493, 493f cretinism; a condition in which the thyroid
Colectomy, surgical removal of a segment of the gland does not produce normal levels of growth
colon, 310 hormone at birth, 515
Colitis, inflammation of the colon; if chronic bleeding Congestive heart failure (CHF), a chronic form of
of the colon wall produces bloody diarrhea, the heart disease characterized by the failure of the
condition is called ulcerative colitis, 292 left ventricle to pump enough blood to supply
Collapsed lung, common term for atelectasis, a systemic tissues and lungs, also known as left-
condition in which trauma or disease causes ventricular failure, 205
the alveoli to collapse and prevents air from Conjunctivitis, inflammation of the conjunctiva,
entering, 252 476, 476f
Colon, 280, 281f Constipation, infrequent or incomplete bowel
Colonic irrigation, 312 movements, 284
Colonoscopy, a visual inspection of the colon’s Constructed terms, 5
interior using a specialized endoscope, 303, Contact dermatitis, a type of skin inflammation
309, 312, 313f caused by physical contact with a triggering
Colorectal cancer, cancer of the colon and the substance, such as poison ivy, 92
rectum that often arises as a polyp to become Contact lenses, 480
an aggressive, metastatic tumor, 293, 292f Contagious disease, another term for communicable
Colostomy, surgical creation of an opening disease, a disease capable of transmission from
in the colon to serve as an artificial anus, one person to another, 164, 165f
310, 310f Continuous positive airway pressure, a device
Colpectomy, surgical removal of the vagina, also that is commonly used to regulate breathing
called vaginectomy, 398 during sleep as a treatment for sleep apnea,
Colpodynia, a symptom of vaginal pain, 384 abbreviated CPAP, 261, 261f
Colpoplasty, surgical repair of the vagina, 398 Contraception, the use of devices and drugs to
Colporrhaphy, a procedure involving suturing the prevent fertilization, implantation of a fertilized
wall of the vagina, 398 egg, or both, 40, 415
Colposcopy, 398 Contusion, commonly known as a bruise, 83
Coma, abnormally decreased consciousness, 441 Convulsion, a series of involuntary muscular
Combining form, a word part that includes the spasms, 41, 440
word root and a combining vowel, which carries COPD. See Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
the primary meaning of the word, 9, 10 Cor pulmonale, the chronic enlargement of the
Combining vowel, 9, 10 right ventricle resulting from congestion of the
Comedo, skin blemish that is caused by a buildup pulmonary circulation, also known as right-
of sebaceous oils; pimple, 83 ventricular failure, 205
Comedones, 83 Cornea, 471
Communicable disease, disease capable of Corneal grafting, the surgical removal of an injured
transmission from one person to another, 164 cornea and replacement with a donor cornea, 483
Complete blood count, common laboratory blood Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), a surgical
test that provides diagnostic information about procedure that involves removing a blood vessel
a patient’s general health, 180 from another part of the body and inserting it
Computed axial tomography scanning. See CAT scan into the coronary circulation, 217, 217f
Computed tomography, a procedure that involves Coronary artery disease (CAD), a disease that
the use of a computer to interpret a series afflicts the coronary arteries supplying the
of images and construct from them a three- heart, 205
dimensional view of the brain, also called Coronary occlusion, a blockage within a coronary
CT scan, 75, 75f, 452 artery, resulting in a reduced blood flow to an
Concussion, an injury to the brain that results from area of the heart muscle, 206
a blow or violent shaking, 441 Coronary stent, an artificial, metallic scaffold that
Congenital anomaly, an abnormality present at is used to support an injured blood vessel,
birth, 409 compress an atherosclerotic plaque, or anchor
Congenital heart disease, a general condition a surgical implant or graft, 217, 217f
present at birth that centers on a malfunction Corrective lenses, 480, 481
of the heart, 209 Corynebacterium diphtheriae, 165f
I-10 Glossary-Index
Coryza, an infection of the upper respiratory tract CXR. See Chest x-ray
that causes local inflammation and a runny Cyanosis, a blue tinge seen in the skin and mucous
nose; also called rhinitis, 73, 247 membranes caused by oxygen deficiency in
Cosmetic surgery, a procedure in which the skin is tissues, 85, 198
surgically changed to enhance appearance, 102 Cyst, a closed sac or pouch filled with fluid, 84
Costectomy, a surgery involving the removal of a Cystectomy, surgical removal of the urinary
rib, 137 bladder, 344
Coumadin. See Warfarin Cystic fibrosis, a severe hereditary disease
Cowpox, 180 characterized by excess mucus production
CP. See Cardiodynia (chest pain); Cerebral palsy in the respiratory and digestive tracts and
CPAP. See Continuous positive airway pressure elsewhere in the body, 248
CPR. See Cardiopulmonary resuscitation Cystitis, inflammation of the urinary bladder, 335
Cramps, prolonged, involuntary muscular Cystocele, a protrusion of the urinary bladder
contractions, 123 against the wall of the vagina, 335, 390
Cranial cavity, the dorsal body cavity that houses Cystogram, the x-ray image of the urinary
the brain, 68 bladder that results from a procedure called
Craniectomy, surgical removal of part of the bony cystography that involves the injection of a
cranium, 451 contrast medium or dye, 345
Cranioplasty, a surgery that involves repair of one Cystography, an x-ray procedure producing an
or more bones of the cranium, 137 image of the urinary bladder with injection of a
Craniotome, 451 contrast medium or dye, 346
Craniotomy, a surgical incision through the cranium Cystolith, a stone in the urinary bladder, 336
to provide access to the brain, 35, 137, 451 Cystolithotomy, the removal of a stone through an
Creatinine, a protein that is a normal component of incision in the urinary bladder wall, 346
urine in small amounts and is measured in urine Cystoplasty, surgical repair of the urinary bladder,
samples, 329 345
Crohn’s disease, chronic inflammation of any part Cystorrhaphy, suturing of the urinary bladder wall, 345
of the GI tract that involves ulcerations, scar Cystoscope, specialized endoscope associated
tissue formation, and thickening adhesions with observing the interior of the urinary
of the organ wall, also known as regional ileitis bladder, 345f, 346, 355
and regional enteritis, 294 Cystoscopy, a diagnostic procedure that uses a
Crossmatching, blood type work to prevent blood modified endoscope to view the interior of the
incompatibility, the dangerous combination of urinary bladder, 346, 346f, 355
two blood types, 181
Cystostomy, the surgical creation of an artificial
Croup, viral infectious disease common among
opening into the urinary bladder, 346, 346f
infants and young children that produces
Cystotomy, an incision through the urinary bladder
a characteristic hoarse cough that sounds
wall, also called vesicotomy, 347
like the bark of a dog due to swelling of
Cystoureterogram, the image obtained from a
the larynx, also known by the clinical term
cystoureterography, 345
laryngotracheobronchitis or LTB, 247
Cystoureterography, a cystography that includes
Cryopexy, treatment for detached retina in which
tiny holes are created through the retina by the ureters, 345
laser treatment, which “welds” the retina back Cystourethrogram, the image formed during a
into place, 484 cystourethrography, 345
Cryptorchidism, condition of an undescended Cystourethrography, a cystography that includes
testis, also called cryptorchism, 372, 372f the urethra, 345
Cryptorchism, a condition of an undescended
testis, also called cryptorchidism, 372, 372f D
CSF. See Cerebrospinal fluid D&C. See Dilation and curettage
CT scan. See Computed tomography Dacryocystitis, inflammation of the lacrimal
CTS. See Carpal tunnel syndrome apparatus, 476
Cushing syndrome, an endocrine disease Dacryocystorhinostomy, a procedure in which a
characterized by excessive secretion of cortisol channel is surgically created between the nasal
that affects many organs, 511, 511f (or nose) cavity and lacrimal sac to promote
CVA. See Cerebrovascular accident drainage, 485
Glossary-Index I-11
Dacryolithiasis, the presence of rocky (or rocklike) Diabetic nephropathy, kidney damage from
particles in the lacrimal apparatus, 477 unmanaged diabetes resulting in large
Dacryosinusitis, inflammation of the lacrimal fluctuations in blood sugar levels, leading to
apparatus and the adjacent sinuses, 477 circulatory deficiencies, 512
Debridement, excision of foreign matter and Diabetic neuropathy, peripheral nerve damage
unwanted tissue with irrigation, 100, 100f resulting from unmanaged diabetes, 512
Decalcification, an abnormal reduction of calcium Diabetic retinopathy, a form of blindness that is
in bone, 116 associated with diabetes mellitus, 512
Decubitus ulcer, a common form of ulcer that arises Diagnosis, following an examination, an
from lack of movement when lying supine for an identification of a disease, 14, 71
extended period of time, 87 Diagnostic imaging, a noninvasive procedure
Deep, 64t using instrumentation that seeks to establish a
Deep burn, 90 diagnosis by observing body structure and/or
Deep tendon reflexes (DTR), reflex tests that function, 73
involve percussion, 456 Diaphragm, the skeletal muscle separating the
Defibrillation, an electric charge applied to the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity;
chest wall to stop the heart conduction system functions in respiratory movements, 67
momentarily, then restart it with a more normal Diaphysis, 284
heart rhythm, 218, 218f Diarrhea, frequent discharge of watery fecal
Degenerative joint disease (DJD), a progressive material, 284
disease of the joints in which the cartilage Differential count, a blood test in which the
degenerates, 123 number of each type of white blood cell is
Dementia, an impairment of mental function char- determined, 180
acterized by memory loss, disorientation, and Digestion, 280, 281
confusion; usually associated with old age and Digestive, 280, 281
sometimes accompanies Alzheimer’s disease, 459 Digestive flora. See Intestinal flora
Depth, of burn, 90 Digestive system, 62, 279–325
Dermabrasion, form of cosmetic surgery in which
abbreviations of, 318
the skin is surgically changed to improve
anatomy and physiology terms, 280–81
appearance, 101
diseases and disorders of, 288–303
Dermatitis, a generalized inflammation of the skin
involving edema, 92, 92f medical report exercises, 322–26
Dermatoautoplasty, surgery in which the patient’s medical terms for, 282–83
own skin is used as a graft, also called an organs of, 281f
autograft, 101 signs and symptoms of, 284–88
Dermatoheteroplasty, a procedure in which skin treatments, procedures, devices of, 306–315
from another person is grafted onto a person’s Digital rectal examination (DRE), a physical
existing skin; also called allograft, 101 exam that involves the insertion of a finger into
Dermatologist, a physician who specializes in the the rectum to feel the size and shape of the
field of dermatology, 10, 83 prostate gland through the wall of the rectum,
Dermatology, the medical field that specializes in 378, 379f
the health and disease of the integumentary Dilation and curettage (D&C), a common
system, 83 procedure that is used for both diagnostic and
Dermatome, an instrument that cuts thin slices of skin treatment purposes involving the widening of
for grafting or removes small skin lesions, 101 the cervical canal and scraping of the uterus
Dermatoplasty, surgical repair of the skin, 101 lining, 398
Dermis, the inner, deep layer of the skin composed Diphtheria, infectious disease resulting in acute
of connective tissue, 48, 48f, 80 inflammation with formation of a leathery
Detached retina, tearing-away of the retina from membrane in the throat, 165, 166f
the choroid layer of the eye, a common cause Diplopia, a condition of double vision, 42, 477
of blindness, 477 Direct inguinal hernia, type of hernia that is a
Diabetes insipidus (DI), a disease characterized by protrusion into the scrotal cavity in males, 299
polydipsia and polyuria, 512 Directional terms, words used to describe the
Diabetes mellitus (DM), a chronic disorder of relative location of the body or its parts,
carbohydrate metabolism, 512, 513f 63–64, 64t
I-12 Glossary-Index
Disease, a failure of homeostasis resulting in Dorsal, 64

instability of health, 71 Dorsal cavity, the body cavity on the posterior side
of blood and lymphatic system, 161–75 of the body that includes the cranial cavity and
of cardiovascular system, 200–211 vertebral cavity, 67
of digestive system, 288–303 Down syndrome, 409
of ear, 488–90 DRE. See Digital rectal examination
of endocrine system, 509–17 DTR. See Deep tendon reflexes
of eye, 475–81 Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), a condition
of female reproductive system, 387–95 that causes skeletal muscle degeneration
of integumentary system, 89–98 with progressive muscle weakness and
of male reproductive system, 372–77 deterioration, 123
mental health, 457–60 Duodenal ulcer, ulcer, or erosion, in the wall of the
of nervous system, 437–47 duodenum of the small intestine, 294
of obstetrics, 413–16 Duodenum (of small intestine), 280
of respiratory system, 244–55 Dwarf, an individual with abnormally short limbs
of skeletal and muscular systems, 119–32 and stature, 120, 120f
suffixes indicating, 25–27 Dwarfism, condition characterized by abnormally
of urinary system, 335–42 short limbs and stature, 120, 120f
Diskectomy, a surgery that involves the removal Dyscrasia, any abnormal condition of the blood,
of the intervertebral disk, 138 165
Disorders Dysentery, acute inflammation of the GI tract that
of blood and lymphatic system, 161–75 is caused by bacteria, protozoa, or chemical
of cardiovascular system, 200–211 irritants, 294
of digestive system, 288–303 Dyskinesia, difficulty in movement, 117
of ear, 488–90 Dyslexia, a reading handicap in which the brain
of endocrine system, 509–517 reverses the order of some letters and numbers,
50, 459
of eye, 475–81
Dysmenorrhea, abnormal pain during menstruation,
of female reproductive system, 387–95
384
of integumentary system, 89–99
Dyspepsia, commonly called indigestion, it is
of male reproductive system, 372–77
accompanied by stomach or esophageal pain
mental health, 457–60
or discomfort, 285
of nervous system, 436–47
Dysphagia, difficulty in swallowing, 24, 285
of obstetrics, 413–18
Dysphonia, hoarse voice, 239
of respiratory system, 244–55
Dyspnea, difficult breathing, 239
of skeletal and muscular systems, 119–32
Dysrhythmia, another term for arrhythmia, an
suffixes indicating, 25–27
abnormal heart rhythm, 197
of urinary system, 335–42
Dystocia, difficult labor, 407
Distal, 64t
Dystrophy, a deformity that arises during
Diuresis, the temporary, excessive discharge of
development, 117
urine, 331
Dysuria, difficulty or pain during urination, 331
Diverticula, small pouches that form on the wall
of the colon, often present without symptoms
or with mild bowel discomfort known as E
diverticulosis, 293 E. coli, 282
Diverticulitis, condition of inflammation of diverticula, Ear, 486–494
or small pouches on the wall of the colon, 293 abbreviations of, 495
Diverticulosis, presence of small pouches anatomy and physiology terms, 470–71
called diverticula on the wall of the colon, diseases and disorders of, 488–90
often without symptoms or with mild bowel lateral view of, 471f
discomfort, 293, 293f medical report exercises, 500–501
DJD. See Degenerative joint disease medical terms of, 472
See Duchenne muscular dystrophy signs and symptoms of, 486
DO. See Osteopath treatments, procedures, and devices of, 491–94
Doppler sonography, an ultrasound procedure that Ear, nose, and throat specialist (ENT), physician
evaluates blood flow through a blood vessel, 218 who specializes in treatment of upper
Glossary-Index I-13
respiratory tract disease; also called an Electromyography, a procedure that provides

otolaryngologist, 237 electrical stimulation of a muscle and records
Ecchymosis, condition caused by leaking blood and analyzes the contractions, 139
vessels in the dermis, producing purplish Em. See Emmetropia
patches of purpura, 93 Embolectomy, the surgical removal of a floating
ECG. See Electrocardiogram blood clot, or embolus, 221
Echocardiogram, recorded data resulting from Embolism, a blockage or occlusion caused by
echocardiography, an ultrasound procedure a blood clot or foreign particle (including air
that directs sound waves through the heart to or fat), an embolus, that moves through the
evaluate heart function, 219 circulation, 26, 206, 252
Echocardiography, an ultrasound procedure Embolus, an abnormal particle or blood clot that
that directs sound waves through the heart moves along with the bloodstream, 206, 252
to evaluate heart function; recorded data is Emmetropia (Em), the normal condition of the eye,
typically called an echocardiogram, 219 480, 481f
EchoEG. See Echoencephalography Emollient, a chemical agent that softens or
Echoencephalography, a procedure that uses smoothes the skin, 101
ultrasound technology to record brain Emphysema, chronic lung disease characterized
structures, 451 by dyspnea, chronic cough, barrel chest, and
Eclampsia, a condition of high blood pressure chronic hypoxemia and hypercapnia, 248, 248f
associated with a pregnancy that may worsen Empyema, another term for pyothorax, or the
to cause convulsions and possibly coma and presence of pus in the pleural cavity, 253
death, 410 Encephalitis, inflammation of the brain, 441
Ectopic pregnancy, a pregnancy occurring outside Encephalomalacia, an abnormal softening of brain
the uterus, 46, 410, 410f tissue, 441
Eczema, a skin disease marked by severe chronic End-stage kidney disease (ESKD), life-threatening
pruritus and deep scaliness; also called atopic condition in which both kidneys fail to form
dermatitis, 92 urine; also called renal failure, 336
ED. See Erectile dysfunction Endarterectomy, the surgical removal of the inner
Edema, swelling due to leakage of fluid from the lining of an artery to remove a fatty plaque, 221
bloodstream into the interstitial space between Endocarditis, inflammation of the endocardium,
body cells, 84, 163, 163f, 252 20, 206
EEG. See Electroencephalography Endocervicitis, a form of cervicitis that occurs
Effectual drug therapy, a general type of treatment when the inner lining of the cervix becomes
to manage neurological disorders, 452 inflamed, 389
EKG. See Electrocardiogram Endocrine system, 63, 503–525
Electrical bone stimulation, a procedure that abbreviations of, 525
applies electricity to stimulate the healing anatomy and physiology terms, 503–504
process of a fracture, 139 diseases and disorders of, 509–17
Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG), recorded medical report exercises, 505–8
data resulting from electrocardiography, a medical terms for, 506
procedure in which electrodes are pasted to signs and symptoms of, 506–518
the skin of the chest to detect and measure treatments, procedure, devices of, 520–524
the electrical events of the heart conduction Endocrinologist, a physician specializing in
system, 220, 220f endocrinology, 520
Electrocardiography, a procedure in which Endocrinology, the field of medicine that focuses
electrodes are pasted to the skin of the on the study and treatment of endocrine
chest to detect and measure the electrical disorders, 506, 520
events of the heart conduction system Endocrinopathy, a general term for disease of the
and used to evaluate heart function; endocrine system, 514
the record or image of the data is called Endometrial ablation, a procedure in which lasers,
an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG), electricity, or heat is used to destroy the
220, 220f endometrium, 308
Electroencephalography (EEG), a diagnostic Endometrial cancer, a malignant tumor arising from
procedure that records electrical impulses the endometrial tissue lining the uterus, 300
of the brain to measure brain activity, 452, 452f stages of, 300f
I-14 Glossary-Index
Endometriosis, a condition of abnormal growth baby’s blood, also called hemolytic disease of
of endometrial tissue throughout areas of the the newborn, 411, 411f
pelvic cavity, including the external walls of the Erythrocytopenia, an abnormally reduced number
uterus, fallopian tubes, urinary bladder, and of red blood cells; also called erythropenia, 158
even on the peritoneum, 301 Erythrocytosis, an abnormal increase in number
Endometritis, inflammation of the endometrium of red blood cells; also called polycythemia,
usually caused by bacterial infection, 301 158
Endoscope, a flexible fiber-optic instrument that Erythropenia, abnormally reduced number of red
provides a visual examination of various parts blood cells; also called erythrocytopenia, 158
of the body, 73f, 73f Esophageal atresia, 409
Endoscopy, a diagnostic imaging procedure that Esophageal cancer, 294
uses a device that can be inserted into body Esophagitis, inflammation of the esophagus often
orifices; a camera at one end enables a health caused by acid reflux, 21, 294
professional to observe interior body spaces, Esophagogastroduodenoscopy, 312
73, 73f Esophagomalacia, morbid softening of
Endotracheal, 261 the esophageal wall caused by chronic
Endotracheal intubation, insertion of a noncollaps- esophagitis, 294
ible breathing tube into the trachea by way of the Esophagoscopy, 312
nose or mouth, 261 Esophagus, 280, 281f
Enema, 313 Essential hypertension, 207
ENT. See Ears, nose, and throat specialist ESWL. See Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
Enteritis, inflammation of the small or large Etiology, the study or science of cause, 72
intestine, 294 Eupnea, normal breathing rhythm, 238
Enuresis, the involuntary release of urine, 336 Evoked potential studies (EP studies), a group
EP studies. See Evoked potential studies of diagnostic tests that measure changes
Epicondylitis, inflammation of bony elevations in brain waves during particular stimuli to
determine brain function, 452
(epicondyles) near the elbow joint, 123
Exophthalmos, the condition of abnormal
Epidermis, the superficial layer of the skin,
protrusion of the eyes, 507, 507f
composed of epithelium, 14, 45, 45f, 79, 79f
Expectorant, a drug that breaks up mucus and
Epididymis, 366f
promotes the coughing reflex to expel the
Epididymitis, inflammation of the epididymis, 374
mucus, 261
Epidural block, the injection of a spinal block
External fixation, a procedure done during fracture
anesthetic into the epidural space, 415
reduction in which metal rods and pins are
Epigastric, the upper central abdominal region, 66
attached from outside the skin surface to
Epiglottis, 236f
stabilize the alignment, 139
Epiglottitis, inflammation of the epiglottis, 249
Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), a
Epilepsy, a brain disorder characterized by recurrent
lithotripsy procedure in which ultrasonic energy
seizures, including convulsions and temporary
loss of consciousness that results from sudden, from a source outside of the body is used on
uncontrolled bursts of electrical activity in the stones that are too large to pass through the
brain, 441 urethra, 348
Episiotomy, an incision through the vulva and Eye, 473–495
perineum to widen the vaginal orifice to prevent abbreviations of, 495
tearing during childbirth, 340 anatomy and physiology terms, 470–71
Epispadias, a congenital defect that results in the diseases and disorders, 498–499
abnormal positioning of the urinary meatus, 336 lateral view of, 471f
Epistaxis, nosebleed, 240 medical report exercises, 498–499
Epstein-Barr virus, 171, 171f medical terms of, 472
Erectile dysfunction (ED), the inability to achieve signs and symptoms of, 472–73
an erection sufficient to perform sexual treatments, procedures, devices of, 482–84
intercourse, also known as impotence, 374
Erythema, any redness of the skin, 84 F
Erythroblastosis fetalis, a condition of neonates in FAS. See Fetal alcohol syndrome
which red blood cells are destroyed due to an Fascia, layer of tough connective tissue surrounding
incompatibility between the mother’s blood and muscle, 138
Glossary-Index I-15
Fasciotomy, a surgical incision into the fascia, Fracture reduction, a procedure that involves
the connective tissue sheath surrounding a aligning the broken bones to their normal
muscle, 138 positions, 139
Fasting blood sugar (FBS), a procedure that Frontal (coronal) plane, a vertical plane passing
measures blood sugar levels after a 12-hour through the body from side to side, dividing the
fast, 521 body into anterior and posterior portions, 65, 65f
FBS. See Fasting blood sugar Fulguration, a surgical procedure that destroys
Fecal occult blood test (FOBT), clinical lab test living tissue with electric current, used to
performed to detect blood in the feces, 311 remove tumors and polyps from interior wall of
Female contraception, 414 the bladder, 347
Female reproductive system, 62, 367f Full-thickness burns, 89, 89f
diseases and disorders of, 387–95 Fungal septicemia, a fungal infection that
signs and symptoms of, 384–86 spreads throughout the body by way of the
treatments, procedures, devices of, 397–407 bloodstream; also called fungemia, 166
Femur, 112 Fungemia, fungal infection that spreads throughout
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), a neonatal condition the body by way of the bloodstream; also called
caused by excessive alcohol consumption by fungal septicemia, 166
the mother during pregnancy, 411 Furuncle, abscess associated with a hair follicle,
Fetometry, a procedure that measures the size 85, 85f
of a fetus using ultrasound technology on the
pregnant mother in the technique known as G
obstetrical sonography, 415 Gamete, 365
Fever, 72 Ganglionectomy, the surgical removal of a
Fibrillation, a condition of uncoordinated rapid ganglion, also called gangliectomy, 453
contractions of the ventricles or atria, 206 Gastralgia, another term for gastrodynia, or
Fibrocystic breast disease, inherited condition of stomach pain, 294
one or more benign, fibrous cysts that develop Gastrectasis, abnormal stretching of the stomach,
within the breast, 391 294
Fibroid tumors, 391, 391f. See also Leiomyomas Gastrectomy, surgical removal of part of the stomach
Fibromyalgia, a disease of unknown origin that or, in extreme cases, the entire organ, 311
produces widespread pain of musculoskeletal Gastric cancer, an aggressive, metastatic cancer
structures of the limbs, face, and trunk (but not arising from cells lining the stomach, commonly
joints), 123, 391 known as stomach cancer, 295, 295f
Fibromyalgia syndrome, 123 Gastric lavage, cleansing procedure in which
Fissure, the clinical term for a narrow break or slit in the stomach is irrigated with a prescribed
the skin, 84, 84f solution, 311
Fistula, an abnormal passage from one organ Gastric ulcer, ulcer, or erosion, in the wall of the
or cavity to another: a rectovaginal fistula stomach, 296, 302
occurs between the vagina and rectum, and a Gastritis, inflammation of the stomach, 21, 26, 296
vesicovaginal fistula occurs between the urinary Gastrocnemius, 115
bladder and the vagina, 29, 391 Gastroduodenitis, inflammation of the stomach and
Flatulence, gas expelled through the anus, 274, 285 the duodenum, the first segment of the small
Flatus, presence of gas, or air, in the GI tract, 285 intestine, 296
Floating kidney, another name for nephroptosis, Gastrodynia, symptom of stomach pain, also
which is the condition of a downward known as gastralgia, 285
displacement of a kidney, 340 Gastroenteritis, inflammation of the stomach and
FOBT. See Fecal occult blood test small intestine, 8, 296
Folliculitis, inflammation of the hair follicles, 92 Gastroenterocolitis, inflammation of the stomach,
Food-borne illness, ingestion of food contaminated small intestine, and colon all at once, 296
with harmful bacteria can cause symptoms of Gastroenterologist, physician who treats disease
diarrhea and vomiting; Clostridium botulinum of the stomach or intestines, 283
causes the food-borne illness known as Gastroesophageal, 296
botulism, 294 Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD),
Fracture, clinical term for a break in the bone, 124 condition of recurring reflux of stomach
categories of, 124t contents into the esophagus, 296
I-16 Glossary-Index
Gastromalacia, softening of the stomach wall, 297 Goiter, a swelling of the thyroid gland on the
Gastromegaly, abnormal enlargement of the anterior side of the neck, 507
stomach, 294 Gonorrhea, an STI that is caused by the bacterium
Gastroscopy, 312 Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 417
Gavage, process of feeding a patient through a tube Gout, caused by an abnormal accumulation of uric
inserted into the nose that extends through the acid crystals in the joints; usually affects the big
esophagus to enter the stomach, 311 toe joints, 125, 125f,
Genital herpes, a type of herpes characterized by Graves’ disease. See Hyperthyroidism
periodic outbreaks of ulcerlike sores on the Gray matter, 429
external genitals; caused by herpes simplex Growth hormone (GH), 517
virus (HSV) type 2, 417 GTT. See Glucose tolerance test
GERD. See Gastroesophageal reflux disease GYN. See Gynecology
GI endoscopy, visual examination of the GI tract Gynecologist, 399
made possible by the use of an endoscope, Gynecology, branch of medicine focusing
312, 313f on women; a physician known as an
GI series, diagnostic techniques that provide obstetrician-gynecologist combines these
radiographic examination of the GI tract, usually two areas of expertise, abbreviated OB/GYN,
by means of barium swallow, barium shake, or 368, 399
barium meal (upper GI) or barium enema (BE) Gynopathologist, 399
(lower GI), 313, 313f
Gynopathology, the study of diseases that afflict
Giardia intestinalis, 297
women, 399
Giardia lamblia, 297
Giardiasis, infection by the intestinal protozoa H
Giardia intestinalis or Giardia lamblia produces
symptoms of diarrhea, cramps, and nausea and Hair follicles, 80, 81f
vomiting, 297, 297f Hair (root), 81f
Gingivectomy, surgical removal of diseased tissue Halitosis, condition of bad breath, 285
in the gums, or gingiva, 313 HCT, Hct. See Hematocrit
Gingivitis, inflammation of the gums, or gingivae, 297 HD. See Hemodialysis
Glands, 81, 503 Head and neck specialist, physician who treats
Glaucoma, a loss of vision caused by an increase in disease of the mouth or throat, 283
the fluid pressure within the anterior chamber of Headache. See Cephalalgia
the eyeball, 477, 477f Hearing, medical terms of, 472
Glioma, a tumor of neuroglial cells, 442, 442f Heart, 193
Glomerulonephritis, inflammation of the internal anatomy of, 195f
glomeruli, 337 Heart attack, the common name for myocardial
Glomerulonephropathy, any disease of the infarction, or MI, the death of a portion of the
glomeruli, 337 myocardium, 208
Glomerulus, a coiled capillary tucked within the Heart block, an interference with the normal
space of a Bowman’s capsule through which electrical conduction of the heart, 206
blood passes, which permits the movement Heart murmur, an abnormal sound heard during
of fluids through openings in its wall during the auscultation of the heart, 207
process of filtration, 337, 330f Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), 296, 302
Glossitis, inflammation of the tongue often caused Hemangioma, a tumor arising from a blood vessel;
by exposure to allergens, toxic substances, or also called angioma, 201
extreme heat or cold, 297 Hematemesis, vomiting blood, a sign of a severe
Glossopathy, disease of the tongue, 297 digestive disorder, 23, 277
Glossorrhaphy, surgical repair of the tongue, 314 Hematocrit (HCT and Hct), determination of the
Glucose tolerance test (GTT), a test in which percentage of red blood cells relative to other
glucose is given orally or intravenously and blood components from centrifugation, 180
blood sugar levels are measured at timed Hematologist, a physician specializing in the
intervals, 516 treatment of disease associated with blood;
Gluten sensitivity enteropathy, 301 also known as a hematopathologist, 156
Glycosuria, the abnormal presence of glucose Hematology, medical field that focuses on blood-
(sugar) in the urine, 331 related disease, 156
Glossary-Index I-17
Hematoma, the condition of blood outside of the Hepatoma, tumor arising from cells within the
vessels and confined within an organ or space liver; also called hepatocellular carcinoma
within the body, 166, 166f or HCC, 298
Hematopathologist, a physician specializing in the Hepatomegaly, abnormal enlargement of the liver,
treatment of disease associated with blood; 285
also known as a hematologist, 156 Hernia, an abnormal protrusion through a body wall,
Hematosalpinx, a condition of retained menstrual 299
blood in a fallopian tube, 384 Herniated disk, a rupture of an intervertebral disk,
Hemiplegia, a condition of paralysis on one side of 125, 125f
the body, 42, 447 Herniorrhaphy, suturing of a hernia; a common
Hemodialysis (HD), a procedure that pushes a surgical procedure to repair an abnormal
patient’s blood through permeable membranes protrusion through a body wall, 314
within an instrument to artificially remove Herpes, viral skin eruption that produces clusters
nitrogenous wastes and excess ions, 347, 347f of deep blisters; major types are oral, genital,
Hemoglobin (HGB and Hgb), the protein within and shingles, 93, 93f
red blood cells that transports oxygen and
HGB, Hgb. See Hemoglobin
carbon dioxide; also a procedure included in a
complete blood count that measures the level Hiatal hernia, protrusion of the cardiac portion
of hemoglobin in red blood cells, 181 of the stomach through the hiatus of the
Hemoglobinopathy, disease that affects diaphragm to enter the thoracic cavity, 299, 299f
hemoglobin within red blood cells, 167 Hippocrates, 11f
Hemolysis, rupture of the red blood cell Hirsutism, excessive body hair in a masculine
membrane, 158 pattern, 507
Hemolytic disease of the newborn. See HIV. See Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Erythroblastosis fetalis HIV/AIDS, a combined term to refer to human
Hemophilia, an inherited bleeding disorder resulting immunodeficiency virus and acquired
in a failure of hemostasis, 24, 167 immunodeficiency syndrome, 161, 417
Hemoptysis, coughing up and spitting out blood, 240 Hodgkin’s lymphoma, a type of cancer of the
Hemorrhage, abnormal loss of blood from the lymph nodes in which altered lymphocytes,
circulation, 158 called Reed-Sternberg cells, form, 170
Hemorrhagic fever, an infectious disease that Holter monitor, a portable electrocardiograph worn
causes internal bleeding, 167 by the patient to monitor electrical activity of
Hemorrhoidectomy, surgical removal of the heart over 24-hour periods, 221, 221f
hemorrhoids, 314 Homeostasis, the process of maintaining internal
Hemorrhoids, varicose, or swollen, condition stability, 24, 59, 76, 429
of the veins in the anus that produces painful Homologous transfusion, transfusion of blood that
swellings that may break open and bleed, 299 is voluntarily donated by another person, 181
Hemostasis, the stoppage of bleeding, 181 Hordeolum, an infection of the meibomian gland
Hemothorax, blood pooling within the pleural that produces a local swelling of the eyelid; also
cavity, 240, 240f called a sty, 478, 478f
Hep B. See Hepatitis B Hormone replacement therapy (HRT), a therapy
Hepatitis, viral-induced inflammation of the liver; for hormonal management, which can be very
the five known forms are categorized with the effective in correcting disrupted menstrual and
letters A through E, 298 ovarian cycles, 521
Hepatitis A, 298 HPV. See Human papillomavirus
Hepatitis B, an inflammatory disease of the liver HRT. See Hormone replacement therapy
that is caused by a virus and may spread Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 161
through sexual contact, commonly called Human papillomavirus (HPV), a virus that is
hep B, 299 extremely common in the human population
Hepatitis C, 298 and is transmitted during sexual intercourse;
Hepatitis D, 299 characterized by the onset of genital warts,
Hepatitis E, 299 389, 418
Hepatobiliary specialist, physician who treats Hydrocele, a swelling of the scrotum caused by
diseases of the liver, 283 fluid accumulation, usually due to injury, 374
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), tumor arising from Hydrocelectomy, the surgical removal of a
cells within the liver; also called hepatoma, 298 hydrocele, 379
I-18 Glossary-Index
Hydrocephalus, a congenital disease character- Hypodermis, below the skin, 81f

ized by an abnormally increased volume of Hypogastric region, 66
cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the Hypoglycemia, a condition of abnormally low levels
brain, 443, 444 of sugar in the blood, 515
Hydronephrosis, distension of the renal pelvis due Hypogonadism, a disease characterized by
to a blockage of urine, 337, 337f abnormally low amounts of follicle-stimulating
Hydrophobia, a less-common synonym for rabies, hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH),
a viral infection that is spread from the saliva of 517
an infected animal, 173 Hypoparathyroidism, a disease characterized by
Hydrosalpinx, a fluid accumulation within a abnormally low thyroid production of PTH by
fallopian tube, 385 the parathyroid glands, 515
Hyperacusis, abnormally sensitive hearing, 486 Hypopnea, abnormally shallow breathing, 241
Hyperadrenalism, excessive activity of one or more Hyposecretion, abnormally low hormone
adrenal glands, 450 production, 506
Hyperalgesia, an extreme sensitivity to painful Hypospadias, a congenital defect in which the
stimuli, 433 urinary meatus is shifted ventrally, 337
Hypercalcemia, a condition of abnormally high Hypotension, abnormally low blood pressure, 207
levels of calcium in the blood, 513 Hypothyroidism, a disease characterized by
Hypercapnia, excessive levels of carbon dioxide in abnormally low levels of thyroid hormone,
the blood, 240 50, 515
Hyperemesis gravidarum, a condition of Hypoventilation, reduced breathing rhythm
severe nausea and emesis (vomiting) during that fails to meet the body’s gas exchange
pregnancy, 407 demands; opposite to an accelerated breathing
Hyperesthesia, an abnormal increase in sensitivity rhythm called hyperventilation, 241
to a stimulus, 434 Hypoxemia, abnormally low levels of oxygen in the
Hyperglycemia, a condition of excessive sugar in blood, 241
the blood, 515 Hypoxia, abnormally low levels of oxygen
Hyperhidrosis, a condition of excessive sweat, 93 throughout the body, 23, 241
Hyperopia, farsightedness, 480, 480f
Hysteratresia, a closure of the uterus resulting in an
Hyperparathyroidism, a disease characterized
abnormal obstruction within the uterine canal
by the excessive production of parathyroid
hormone (PTH) by the thyroid glands, 515 that may interfere with childbirth, 392
Hyperpnea, abnormally deep breathing or an Hysterectomy, the surgical removal of the uterus and
increased rate of breathing, 241 sometimes surrounding structures, 399, 399f
Hypersecretion, abnormally high hormone Hysteropexy, the surgical procedure that may
production, 505 be used to correct a prolapsed uterus by
Hypertension, abnormally high blood pressure; strengthening its connections to the abdominal
includes essential hypertension and secondary wall to correct its position, 400
hypertension, 40, 207 Hysteroptosis, prolapsed uterus, 394
Hyperthyroidism, a disease characterized by abnor- Hysteroscope, 400
mally high levels of thyroid hormone, 50, 515 Hysteroscopy, a noninvasive diagnostic technique
Hypertrophy, excessive muscle growth, 117 that uses a modified endoscope, called a
Hyperventilation, abnormally rapid breathing; hysteroscope, to evaluate the uterine cavity, 400
opposite to a reduced breathing rhythm called
hypoventilation, 241 I
Hypoadrenalism, a condition of abnormally low Iatrogenic disease, a condition caused by a
activity of the adrenal glands, 514 medical treatment, 168
Hypoalgesia, an extreme lack of sensitivity to IBD. See Inflammatory bowel disease
normally painful stimuli, 433 IBS. See Irritable bowel syndrome
Hypocalcemia, a condition of abnormally low levels See Implantable cardioverter defibrillator
of calcium in the blood, 50, 514 See Infiltrating ductal carcinoma
Hypocapnia, abnormally low levels of carbon Idiopathic disease, disease that develops without a
dioxide in the blood, 240 known or apparent cause, 167
Hypochondriac, the upper right and upper left Ileostomy, surgical creation of an opening through
abdominal regions, 66 the abdominal wall and into the ileum of the
Glossary-Index I-19
small intestine to establish an alternative anus Influenza, viral disease characterized by fever and
for the passage of feces, 314 an acute inflammation of respiratory mucous
Ileum, 280, 314 membranes, 169
Iliac, the lower right and lower left abdominal Inguinal hernia, type of hernia that is a protrusion
regions, 65 of a small intestinal segment through the
Ilium, 114f abdominal wall in the inguinal region, 299
Immunization, inoculation of a substance that Inhaler, a small handheld device containing a
establishes immunity against a particular prescription medication, such as albuterol,
antigen, 181, 181f that delivers a specific dosage of aerosolized
Immunocompromised, an adjective used medicine for inhalation to open (dilate) the
to describe a person suffering from an bronchiolar airways, 262
immunodeficiency, 167 Integumentary system, 63, 79–109
Immunodeficiency, condition resulting from a abbreviations of, 104
defective immune response, 167 anatomy and physiology terms, 80–81
Immunology, the study of immunity and allergy, diseases and disorders of, 89–98
156, 181 medical report exercises, 108–109
Immunosuppression, a reduction of the immune medical terms of, 82
response, 167 signs and symptoms of, 82–88
Immunotherapy, treatment of infectious disease by treatments, procedures, devices of, 100–3
the administration of pharmacological agents, 182 Internal fixation, a procedure done during fracture
Impetigo, contagious bacterial skin infection reduction in which pins, screws, rods, or plates
characterized by small vesicles and a yellowish may be used to stabilize the alignment, 139
crust following the rupture of the vesicles, 94, 94f Internal medicine, area of medicine that treats
Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD), a digestive disorders, 283
small device implanted under the skin with Intravenous pyelogram (IVP), a pyelogram of the
electrodes terminating direction on the heart; renal pelvis that uses iodine as the contrast
used to stop an arrhythmia, 218, 218f medium and is injected into the bloodstream, 350
Incentive spirometry, a postoperative breathing Intussusception, condition of infolding of a
therapy that uses a portable spirometer to improve segment of the small intestine within another
lung expansion after an operation, 261, 261f segment, 300, 300f
Incompatibility, the destruction of red blood cells IOL. See Intraocular lens
that results from the combination of two blood Iritis, inflammation of the iris, 479
types, 167 Iron-deficiency anemia, a type of anemia caused
Induration, local hard areas on the skin, 85 by a lack of available iron, resulting in the
Infection, a disease caused by parasitic organisms, body’s inability to make adequate amounts of
such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi, 73, 83, 156, hemoglobin, 163
168, 168f Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), chronic disease
reaction against, 168f characterized by periodic disturbances of large
Infectious disease, a disease resulting from intestinal (bowel) function without clear physical
invasion by a pathogen, or disease-causing damage, 300
microorganism; another term for immunology, Ischemia, abnormally low flow of blood to tissues, 207
the field of medicine that treats this form of IVP. See Intravenous pyelogram
disease, 73, 156, 168, 174
Infectious mononucleosis, a viral disease J
characterized by enlarged lymph nodes,
Jaundice, yellowish-orange coloration of the skin,
atypical lymphocytes, throat pain, pharyngitis,
fever, and fatigue, 171 sclera of the eyes, and deeper tissues that is a
collective sign of liver disease, 86, 286
Inferior, 64t
Jejunum, 280
Inferior plane, 65f
Infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC), a malignant
tumor arising from breast tissue, 388 K
Inflammation, the swelling of body tissue, 21, 85, Kaposi sarcoma, a form of skin cancer arising from
123–124, 169, 169f the connective tissue of the dermis; common
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), general term among people with AIDS, 94, 94f
that includes the conditions ulcerative colitis Keloid, an overgrowth of elevated scar tissue that is
and Crohn’s disease, 299 often different from adjacent, normal skin, 85, 85f
I-20 Glossary-Index
Keratitis, inflammation of the corneum, 479 Laser angioplasty, a type of angioplasty that uses
Ketoacidosis. See Ketosis a laser beam to open a blocked artery, 213
Ketonuria, the abnormal presence of ketone bodies Laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK),
in the urine, 332 the use of a laser to reshape the corneal tissue
Ketosis, an excessive amount of ketone bodies in beneath the surface of the cornea to correct
the blood and urine, a symptom of unmanaged vision disorders, 486, 486f
diabetes mellitus, 509 LASIK. See Laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis
Kidney, a pair of organs located against the posterior Lateral, 64t
abdominal wall on each side of the vertebral LEEP, loop electrosurgical excision procedure; used
column, which form urine through filtration of the in cervical conization, 308
blood and also help regulate blood pressure and Left-ventricular failure, another term for congestive
maintain water and electrolyte balance, 327, 328f heart failure (CHF), a chronic form of heart
Kyphosis, a spine deformity with a posterior curve disease characterized by the failure of the left
of the thoracic spine, 126, 126f ventricle to pump enough blood to supply
systemic tissues and lungs, 205
L Legionella pneumophila, 249
Labyrinthectomy, surgical removal of the inner ear, Legionellosis, form of pneumonia caused by the
493 Legionella pneumophila bacterium; also called
Laceration (lac), result of an injury caused by a Legionnaires’ disease, 249
tear, or perhaps a cut, 86 Legionnaires’ disease, another term for
Lactorrhea, a normal, spontaneous discharge legionellosis, a form of pneumonia caused by
of milk, 407 the Legionella pneumophila bacterium, 249
Lactose intolerance (LI), lack of an enzyme in the Leiomyomas, a condition of benign tumors in the
small intestine that breaks down lactose, the muscular wall of the uterus, also known as
primary sugar in milk and milk products, 300 fibroid tumors or fibroids, 392
Laminectomy, surgical removal of the lamina to Lens, 473
relieve pressure on the spinal cord, 137 Leukemia, a form of cancer that originates from
LAP. See Laparotomy cells within the blood-forming tissue of the red
Laparoscope, 400, 400f marrow, 131, 169, 169f
Laparoscopy, a procedure in which a modified Leukocoria, abnormal presence of a white film in
endoscope equipped with a camera and the pupil of the eye, 474
surgical instruments is inserted through Leukocytopenia, an abnormally reduced number
the abdominal wall via one or more small of white blood cells; also called leukopenia, 159
incisions to allow surgical procedures to be Leukoderma, condition in which skin becomes
performed or to help diagnose a problem, lighter in color due to reduced activity of the
22, 314, 315f, 339, 400f pigment-producing cells, 93
Laparotomy (LAP), surgical procedure that involves Leukopenia, an abnormally reduced number of white
an incision through the abdominal wall, often from blood cells; also called leukocytopenia, 159
the base of the sternum to the pubic bone, 314 Leukorrhea, a white or yellow discharge from the
Laryngectomy, surgical removal of the larynx, 262 vagina, literally “white discharge,” 385
Laryngitis, inflammation of the larynx, 249 LGI. See Lower GI series
Laryngoscope, a modified endoscope used to See Lactose intolerance
visually examine the larynx, 262 Ligaments, bands of dense connective tissue that
Laryngoscopy, diagnostic procedure that uses a extend from bone to bone to stabilize and
laryngoscope to view the larynx, 262 strengthen joints, 112
Laryngospasm, closure of the glottis due to Lipopenia, type of life-threatening malabsorption
muscular contractions of the throat, 241 syndrome that is the inability to absorb fat
Laryngotracheobronchitis, viral infectious disease molecules, 301
common among infants and young children that Liposuction, the removal of subcutaneous fat by
produces a characteristic hoarse cough that insertion of a device that applies a vacuum to
sounds like the bark of a dog due to swelling pull the fat tissue out of the body, 102
of the larynx, also known as croup, 247 Lithotripsy, a surgical technique that applies
Laryngotracheotomy, surgical incision into the concentrated sound waves to pulverize or crush
larynx and trachea, 263 (or dissolve) kidney stones, 35, 348, 348f
Glossary-Index I-21
Liver, 280, 281f Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a diagnostic

Lobar pneumonia, another term for procedure in which powerful magnets are used
bronchopneumonia, an acute inflammatory to observe soft tissues in the body, 75, 75f
disease that involves the bronchioles and Malabsorption syndrome, disorder that is
alveoli, 251 characterized by difficulty in absorbing one or
Lobectomy, surgical removal of a single lobe of a more nutrients, 301
lung, 263 Malaria, disease caused by a parasitic protozoan
Lordosis, a spine deformity with an anterior curve that infects red blood cells and the liver, 170
of the spine, 126, 126f Male-pattern baldness, the result of a genetically
Lou Gehrig disease. See Amyotrophic lateral controlled factor that prevents the development
sclerosis of hair follicles in certain areas of the scalp in
Lower GI series (LGI), 313 adult males, 90
Lower respiratory tract, 235 Male reproductive system, 62, 366f
LP. See Lumbar puncture diseases and disorders of, 372–77
LTB. See Laryngotracheobronchitis signs and symptoms of, 369–71
Lumbar, the middle right and left abdominal treatments, procedures, devices of, 377–81
regions, 65 Malignant hepatoma, a tumor arising from cells
Lumbar puncture (LP), withdrawal (aspiration) within the liver, 297
of cerebral spinal fluid from the subarachnoid Malignant melanoma, an aggressive skin cancer
space in the lumbar region of the vertebral arising from melanocytes, which is the most
column below the spinal cord, 453, 453f life-threatening form of skin cancer, 95
Lumpectomy, 402 Mammogram, 401
Lung, 235 Mammography, an x-ray procedure that
Lung cancer, cancer that arises from the cells lining produces an x-ray image of a breast, called a
the bronchi or from the soft tissues of the lung; mammogram, 401, 401f
also called bronchogenic carcinoma, 246, 246f Mammoplasty, the surgical repair of one or both
Lung scan, another term for ventilation-perfusion breasts, including enlargement or reduction of
scanning, a diagnostic tool that uses nuclear breast size, reconstruction, or tumor removal,
medicine or radioactive material to evaluate 401
pulmonary function; also called V/Q scan, 270 Mania, an emotional disorder of abnormally high
Lupus. See Systemic lupus erythematosus psychomotor activity, 459
Lymph node, 156 Mantoux skin test, another term for TB skin test, a
Lymphadenectomy, the surgical removal of one or simple skin test used to determine the presence
more lymph nodes, 182 of a tuberculosis infection; also called PPD skin
Lymphadenitis, inflammation of the lymph nodes, 170 test, 267
Lymphatic system, 61, 153–82, 155f Marfan’s syndrome, congenital disease that results
abbreviations for, 185 in excessive cartilage formation at the growth,
anatomy and physiology terms, 155–63 or epiphyseal, plates, 126
diseases and disorders of, 161–74 Mastalgia, the symptom of pain in the breast, 385
medical report exercises for, 188–91 Mastectomy, the surgical removal of breast tissue;
medical terms for, 156–57 types include simple mastectomy, radical
signs and symptoms of, 157–60 mastectomy, modified radical mastectomy, and
treatments and procedures of, 175–83 lumpectomy, 402, 402f
Lymphatic vessel, 154 Mastitis, inflammation of the breast often caused by
Lymphoma, a malignant tumor that originates in bacterial infection of the lactiferous ducts within
lymphatic tissue, 171 breast tissue, 392
Mastoidectomy, surgical removal of the mastoid
M process in the skull, 493
Macrocytosis, abnormally large red blood cells, 160 Mastoiditis, inflammation of the mastoid (or part
Macular degeneration, a progressive deterioration that resembles a breast), 488
of the macula lutea that leads to a loss of visual Mastoidotomy, incision into the mastoid process
focus, 469 of the skull, 493
Macule, a discolored flat spot on the skin surface, Mastoptosis, a condition of a breast that is
such as a freckle, 84f, 86 abnormally pendulous or sagging, 392
I-22 Glossary-Index
Measles, an acute viral disease that causes fever, Meningitis, inflammation of the meninges, 443
a skin rash of numerous vesicles, and general Meningocele, a protrusion of the meninges, 444
inflammation of the respiratory tract, also called Meningomyelocele, a protrusion of the meninges
rubeola, 171, 171f and spinal cord, 444, 444f
Meatoscope, a specialized endoscope used to view Meniscitis, inflammation of a meniscus, 126
the urinary meatus, 354 Menorrhagia, abnormal discharge (excessive
Mechanical ventilation, medical treatment that bleeding) during menstruation, 395
provides supplemental oxygen to patients in Menorrhea, normal menstrual discharge, 384
respiratory distress with a ventilator, 262, 262f Mental health, 458–61
Medial, 64t abbreviations of, 462
Mediastinum, a potential space in the center of diseases and disorders, 457–60
the thoracic cavity that contains the heart and medical report exercises, 466–69
surrounding structures, 67 medical terms for, 413–32
Medical report exercises Metrorrhagia, abnormal discharge from the uterus;
for blood and lymphatic system, 188–90 commonly defined as abnormal bleeding from
for cardiovascular system, 229–33 the uterus between periods, 385
for digestive system, 321–24 See Myocardial infarction
for ear, 500–501 Microscopic, pertaining to an object of a size
for endocrine system, 528–31 too small to be seen without the aid of a
for eye, 498–499 microscope, 11
for integumentary system, 106–7 Midsagittal plane, 65, 66f
for muscular and skeletal system, 149–52 Miscarriage, 396
for nervous system and mental health, 466–69 Mitral, 192
for reproductive system and obstetrics, 424–27 Mitral valve prolapse (MVP), a leaky mitral valve
for respiratory system, 274–77 (the atrioventricular valve on the left side); a
for urinary system, 359–62 common source of heart murmur, 206
Medical reports, understanding, 76 Mittelschmerz, a symptom of abdominal pain
Medical specialty, suffixes indicating, 31–35 occurring during ovulation, 385
Medical terms Modified mastectomy, 403, 403f
for blood and lymphatic system, 156–57 Molecules, nonliving particles composed of two or
for cardiovascular system, 192–93 more atoms, 59
for digestive system, 281–83 Mononucleosis, a viral disease characterized by
for ear and hearing, 472 enlarged lymph nodes, atypical lymphocytes,
for endocrine system, 505 throat pain, pharyngitis, fever, and fatigue,
for eye and sight, 472 171, 171f
for integumentary system, 81 Monoplegia, a condition of paralysis of a single
introduction of, 71–75 limb, 43, 447
for nervous system, 430–32 MRI, acronym for magnetic resonance imaging,
origins of, 11–12 a diagnostic imaging procedure that uses
for reproductive system and obstetrics, 368–69 magnetics and computer enhancement to reveal
for respiratory system, 236 details of internal structure and function, 75, 75f
for skeletal and muscular system, 115–6 MRSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus
for urinary system, 329–30 aureus, 174
Megalomania, a form of mania in which an MS. See Multiple sclerosis
individual believes oneself to be a person of Multiple sclerosis (MS), a disease characterized by
great fame or wealth, 459 the deterioration of the myelin sheath covering
Melanin, the pigment in the skin, 95 axons within the brain, 445, 445f
Melanocytes, the cells in the skin that produce the Mumps, common term for parotitis, or inflammation
pigment melanin, 95 of one or both parotid glands, that is caused by
Melanoma, dangerous skin cancer that literally a virus; may also be called sialoadenitis, 301
means “black tumor,” 88, 95, 95f Muscles, major, 115f
Ménière disease, a chronic disease of the inner Muscular, 112
ear that causes dizziness and ringing in the Muscular system, 64, 112–42
ears, 489 abbreviations of, 144
Meningioma, a benign tumor of the meninges, 443 anatomy and physiology terms, 112–14
Glossary-Index I-23
diseases and disorders of, 118–32 Nausea, symptom of dizziness that includes an urge
medical report exercises for, 149–52 to vomit; when accompanied by vomiting, it is
medical terms of, 115 abbreviated N&V, 285
signs and symptoms of, 116–18 Nebulizer, a device that converts a liquid
treatments, procedures, devices of, 134–42 medication into a mist and delivers it to the
Musculoskeletal, 13, 111 lungs through deep inhalation, 263
Musculoskeletal system, 64, 111 Necrosis, the death of one or more cells or a
MVP. See Mitral valve prolapse portion of a tissue or organ, 172
Myalgia, muscle pain, 117 Necrotic, an adjective used to describe a cell or
Myasthenia gravis (MG), literally “serious cells, tissue, or organ that is dead, 172
muscle weakness”; a condition caused by a Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 417
progressive failure of muscles to respond to Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, a lung
nerve stimulation, 127 disorder of neonates, particularly premature
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 253 infants, in which certain cells of the lungs fail
Myelitis, inflammation of the spinal cord, 445 to mature at birth to cause lung collapse that
Myelogram, an x-ray photograph of the spinal cord can result in suffocation; abbreviated NRDS;
following injection of a contrast dye, 454 also called respiratory distress syndrome of the
Myelography, a procedure of taking an x-ray newborn, 252
photograph of the spinal cord following Nephrectomy, the surgical removal of a kidney,
injection of a contrast dye, 454 348
Myeloma, a tumor that forms in the red bone Nephritis, inflammation of a kidney, 338
marrow, 111 Nephroblastoma, a tumor that originates from
Myocardium, the muscle layer of the heart wall, kidney tissue and includes embryonic cells,
194 338, 338f
Myocardial infarction (MI), death of a portion of Nephrogram, the x-ray image of the kidney from a
the myocardium, also called heart attack, 207, nephrography, 347
207f Nephrography, an x-ray technique that produces
Myocarditis, inflammation of the myocardium of the an image of a kidney after injection of a contrast
heart, 207 medium or dye, 347
Myocele, protrusion of muscle through its fascia, 127 Nephrolithiasis, the presence of one or more
Myopia, nearsightedness, 480, 481f stones (or calculi) within a kidney; also called
Myoplasty, surgical repair of a muscle, 139 renal calculi, 339, 339f
Myorrhaphy, a surgical procedure that sutures the Nephrologist, a physician specializing in the field of
torn ends of a muscle, 139 nephrology, 330, 349
Myositis, inflammation of a muscle, 127 Nephrology, the medical field that studies and treats
Myringoplasty, surgical repair of the eardrum, 493 disorders associated with the kidneys, 330, 349
Myringotomy, incision into the eardrum, 483 Nephrolysis, surgical procedure in which abnormal
Myxedema, advanced hypothyroidism in adults with adhesions are removed from a kidney, which
the characteristics of low energy, swollen hands loosens the organ, 349
and face, and dry skin, 515 Nephroma, a general term for a tumor that arises
from kidney tissue, 339
N Nephromegaly, abnormal enlargement of one or
N&V (nausea and vomiting), 285 both kidneys, 339
Nails, 80 Nephropathy, a severe condition of a kidney that
bed, 81f leads to end-stage kidney disease, 339
body, 81f Nephropexy, surgical fixation of a kidney, 349
root, 81f Nephroptosis, a downward displacement of a
structure of, 81f kidney, commonly called floating kidney, 340
Narcolepsy, a sleep disorder characterized by Nephroscope, a specialized endoscope used to
sudden uncontrollable episodes of sleep, view the kidneys, 349
attacks of paralysis, and hallucinations, 446 Nephroscopy, visual examination of kidney
Narcotics, 450 nephrons using a nephroscope, 349
Nasogastric tube, 311 Nephrosonography, an ultrasound procedure that
Nasopharyngitis, inflammation of the nasal provides an image of a kidney for diagnostic
membrane and pharynx, 248 analysis, 349
I-24 Glossary-Index
Nephrostomy, the surgical creation of an opening Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, a malignant tumor of

through the body wall and into a kidney, also lymphatic tissue that results in a diffuse pattern,
called pyelostomy, 349 which differs from the nondiffuse pattern of
Nephrotomogram, the x-ray image obtained from a Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 170
diagnostic procedure that images the kidney to Non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), 246
observe internal details of kidney structure, 350 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs),
Nephrotomography, a diagnostic procedure that the most common pharmacological treatment
images the kidney with sectional x-rays to for inflammation or pain, 140
observe internal details of kidney structure, 350 Nosocomial infection, an infectious disease that is
Nerve, 429 contracted during a hospital stay, 172
Nerve block anesthesia, an injection made into NRDS. See Neonatal respiratory distress
a nerve to block the conduction of impulses syndrome
between the nerve and the CNS, 450 NSAIDs. See Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
Nervous system, 62, 419–53 drugs
abbreviations of, 462 NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer
anatomy and physiology terms, 429–31 Number
diseases and disorders of, 436–48 prefixes indicating, 42–44
medical report exercises, 467–69 suffixes indicating, 29–30
medical terms for, 431–32
organization of, 430f O
signs and symptoms of, 432–34
OA. See Osteoarthritis
treatments, procedures, devices of, 449–56
OB. See Obstetrics
Neuralgia, pain in a nerve, 434
OB/GYN, 366, 416
Neurasthenia, generalized body fatigue, 434
Obstetrical sonography, 415, 415f
Neurectomy, the surgical removal of a nerve, 454
Obstetrician, a physician who practices obstetrics,
Neuritis, inflammation of a nerve, 446
367, 416
Neurologic, 432, 454
Obstetrics, the medical field concerned with
Neurologists, specialists in brain and spinal cord
treatments, 432, 454 prenatal development, pregnancy, childbirth,
Neurology, the branch of medicine specializing in and the postpartum period, abbreviated OB,
the treatment of disorders affecting the nervous 366, 406–416
system, 432, 454 abbreviations of, 419
Neurolysis, the procedure of separating a nerve by diseases and disorders of, 313–16
removing unwanted adhesions, 455 medical report exercises for, 424–25
Neuroma, a tumor originating from nerve cells, medical terms for, 368–69
446, 446f signs and symptoms of, 406–408
Neuron, a nerve cell, 429 treatments, procedures, devices of, 414–16
Neuropathy, damage to peripheral nerves due to any Oligomenorrhea, an abnormally reduced discharge
cause; literally means disease of nerves, 27, 447 during menstruation, 386
Neuroplasty, the surgical repair of a nerve, 455 Oligospermia, an abnormally low sperm count,
Neurorrhaphy, the suture of a nerve, 455 a sign of male infertility, 45, 370
Neuroscientist, 454 Oliguria, reduced urination, 45, 333
Neurosis, an emotional disorder that involves a OM. See Otitis media
counterproductive way of dealing with mental Oncologist, physician who specializes in cancer,
stress, 459 226
Neurosurgeon, 454 On-demand pacemaker, 215
Neurotomy, incision into a nerve, 455 Onychocryptosis, a nail buried in the skin due to
Nevus, a pigmented spot on the skin; a mole, abnormal growth, commonly called ingrown
86, 86f nail, 95
Nitroglycerin, a drug commonly used as an Onychomalacia, abnormally soft nails; often a sign
emergency vasodilator as a treatment for severe of calcium or vitamin D deficiency, 95
angina pectoris or myocardial infarction, 221 Onychomycosis, fungal infection of one or more
Nocturia, the need to urinate frequently at night, 332 nails, 95, 95f
Nocturnal enuresis, bedwetting, 336 Onychopathy, a disease of nails associated with
Nonconstructed terms, 4–5 either fingers or toes, 95
Glossary-Index I-25
Oophorectomy, the surgical removal of an ovary, Orthotist, a medical practitioner who specializes in
402 orthotics, 140
Oophoritis, 392 Ostectomy, surgical removal (excision) of bone
Oophoropathy, the general term for any disease tissue, 140
of an ovary, 392 Osteitis, inflammation of bone tissue, 127
Oophorosalpingitis, inflammation of an ovary and Osteitis deformans, a disease that results in bone
fallopian tube, 392 deformities due to acceleration of bone loss;
Open fracture, 139 Paget disease, 127
Open fracture reduction, 139 Osteoarthritis (OA), a common condition for older
Ophthalmalgia, a symptom of eye pain, 474 adults in which the joint structures become
Ophthalmologist, 485 worn over time and are gradually replaced by
Ophthalmomalacia, an abnormal softening of the bone, 121, 121f
eye, 480 Osteocarcinoma, bone cancer arising from
Ophthalmopathy, any form of eye disease, 480 epithelial tissue that has invaded a bone, 128
Ophthalmoplegia, the condition of paralysis of the Osteoclasis, a surgical procedure that involves
eye, 480 breaking a bone in order to correct a defect or
Ophthalmorrhagia, a hemorrhage of the eye, 474 an improperly healed fracture, 32, 140
Opioid analgesics, 450 Osteogenesis imperfecta, an inherited disease
Optometrist, a health professional trained to resulting in impaired bone growth and fragile
examine eyes to correct vision problems and bones, 128
eye disorders, 486 Osteomalacia, a gradual and painful softening of
Oral cavity, 281f bones, 128
Oral herpes, a type of herpes characterized by Osteomyelitis, inflammation of the red bone
blisters that appear around and within the marrow, 128
mouth that is caused by herpes simplex virus Osteopath (DO), a physician trained in osteopathy;
(HSV) type 1, 93 also called an osteopathic surgeon, 141
Orchialgia, another name for testalgia, 370 Osteopathic surgeon, 141
Orchidalgia, another name for testalgia, 370 Osteopathy, a medical field that emphasizes the
Orchidopexy, surgical fixation of a testis, relationship between the musculoskeletal
which is sometimes required to draw an system and overall health with an emphasis
undescended testis into the scrotum; also on body alignment and nutrition, 141
called orchiopexy, 379 Osteoplasty, the surgical repair of bone, 141
Orchidoplasty, surgical repair of a testis; also called Osteoporosis, abnormal loss of bone density,
orchioplasty, 379 128, 129f
Orchidotomy, 379 Osteosarcoma, bone cancer arising from
Orchiectomy, surgical removal of a testis, 379 connective tissue, usually within the bone
Orchiepididymitis, a condition in which both itself, 129
the epididymis and one or both testes are Otalgia, the symptom of pain in the ear, 486
inflamed, 374 Otitis, inflammation of the ear, 489
Orchitis, a condition in which one or both testes are Otitis externa, a form of otitis, or inflammation
inflamed, 374 of the ear, in which the external auditory canal
Organ, a structure composed of two or more is involved, causing sensations of pain, 489
different types of tissues that forms a certain Otitis media (OM), a form of otitis in which the
shape and performs a general function, 59 middle ear is involved, causing pain and a
Organelles, 59 temporary loss of hearing, 489, 489f
Orthopedics, the branch of medicine that focuses Otolaryngologist (ENT), physician who specializes
on diseases of the skeletal and muscular in disease of the ears, nose, and throat, 260
systems, 115 Otology, the medical field of ear disorders, 493
Orthopedist, a physician who specializes in Otonasolaryngologist, another term for
orthopedics, 115 otolaryngologist, a physician who specializes
Orthopnea, limited ability to breathe when lying in disease of the ears, nose, and throat; also
down, 240 called otorhinolaryngologist, 260
Orthotics, the field of medical support involving Otopathy, a general disease of the ear, 479
the construction and fitting of orthopedic Otorhinolaryngologist, another term for
appliances, 140, 140f otonasolaryngologist, a physician who
I-26 Glossary-Index
specializes in disease of the ears, nose, Paraplegia, a condition of paralysis of the lower
and throat, 260 body, including both legs, 129, 447
Otorrhagia, abnormal ear discharge; the clinical Parathyroidectomy, the surgical removal of a
meaning of the term is bleeding from the parathyroid gland, 522
external ear canal, 487 Parathyroidoma, a tumor of the parathyroid
Otorrhea, a discharge of pus into the external gland, 522
auditory canal, 487 Paresthesia, the abnormal sensation of numbness
Otosclerosis, an abnormal formation of bone within and tingling, 434
the ear, 491 Parkinson’s disease, a chronic, degenerative
Otoscope, 494 disease of the brain characterized by tremors,
Otoscopy, a visual examination of the ear using a rigidity, and shuffling gait, 447
handheld instrument called an otoscope, 494, 494f Parkinsonism, 447
Ovarian cancer, the most common form of Paronychia, an infection alongside the nail, 96
reproductive cancer in women, 393 Parotitis, inflammation of one or both parotid
Ovarian cyst, a cyst on an ovary that is usually glands; if caused by a virus, it is usually referred
benign and asymptomatic, although in to as mumps, 300
some cases it may cause pelvic pain and Parovarian cyst, an ovarian cyst that spreads into
dysmenorrhea, 393 the fallopian tube, 393
Ovary, 365, 367f Paroxysm, sudden onset of symptomatic sharp
Oximeter, an instrument that measures oxygen pain or a convulsion, 242
levels in the blood, 263 Partial thromboplastin time (PTT), a type of
Oximetry, procedure that measures oxygen levels in coagulation time test that is used to evaluate
the blood using an oximeter, 234 clotting ability, 180
Oxygen, 234 Partial-thickness burns, 90
Patent ductus arteriosus, a congenital condition
P characterized by an opening between the
Paget disease, also known as osteitis deformans, pulmonary artery and the aorta due to a failure
results in bone deformities due to the of the fetal vessel to close, 209
acceleration of bone loss, 127 Pathologist, a physician specializing in the study
Paget’s disease. See Paget disease of disease, 71
Palate, 281f Pathology, the study of disease, 31, 71
Pallor, abnormal pale color of the skin, 86 PD. See Parkinson’s disease
Palpitation, the symptom of pounding, racing, PE. See Pulmonary embolism
or skipping of the heartbeat, 198 Pediculosis, head lice; may also be found in the
Palsy, 437 pubic region and other parts of the body, 96
Pancreas, 280, 503 Pelvic cavity, the bowl-shaped inferior portion of
Pancreatitis, inflammation of the pancreas, 300, 516 the abdominopelvic cavity, 67
Pap smear. See Papanicolaou smear Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), inflammation
Papanicolaou smear, a common diagnostic involving some or all of the female reproductive
procedure that screens for precancerous organs within the pelvic cavity, 394
cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer; also Penicillium, 177
known as Pap smear or Pap test, 401, 403f Penile implant, surgical insertion of a prosthesis,
Papillomas, wartlike lesions on the skin and or artificial device, to correct for erectile
mucous membranes resulting from infection dysfunction, 380, 380f
with human papillomavirus (HPV), commonly Peptic ulcer, erosion into the inner wall of an organ
called genital warts, 418 along the GI tract, 48f, 301, 301f
Papule, any small, solid elevation on the skin, such Pericardial cavity, the cavity surrounding the
as a comedo, 84f, 86 heart, 67
Paracentesis, 487 Pericarditis, inflammation of the membrane
Paracusis, a symptom of partial loss of hearing, 487 surrounding the heart, the pericardium, 209
Paranoia, a mental disorder including persistent Pericardium, 69
delusions of persecution that results in mistrust Periosteum, 112
and combativeness; a mental experience of fear Peripheral nervous system, the nerves and
without substantive cause, 459 ganglia, abbreviated PNS, 429
Glossary-Index I-27
Peritoneal dialysis, the use of artificial filtration Placenta, 368f

to cleanse (or filter) fluids from the peritoneal Placenta previa, a condition in which the placenta
cavity, 347 is abnormally attached to the uterine wall in the
Peritonitis, inflammation of the extensive membrane lower portion of the uterus, 412, 412f
that lines the inner wall of the abdominopelvic Plague, any infectious disease that is widespread
cavity and covers most of its organs, 302 and causes extensive mortality, 172
Pernicious anemia, a type of anemia caused Plasmodium, 170
by a failure to acquire vitamin B12 into the Plastic surgery, a popular form of skin treatment
bloodstream for its delivery to red bone marrow, used for skin repair following a major injury,
which requires it in order to produce new red correction of a congenital defect, or cosmetic
blood cells, 163 improvement, 101
Pertaining to, 29 Platelet count, a laboratory procedure that
Pertussis, acute infectious disease that causes calculates the number of platelets in a known
inflammation of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi volume of blood, 172, Platelets 154
with spasmodic coughing, commonly known Pleural cavity, the cavity surrounding each lung
as whooping cough because of the noise between the parietal and visceral pleurae,
produced, 249 67, 240f
PET scan, acronym for positron emission Pleural effusion, a disease in which fluid leaks into
tomography scanning, a diagnostic imaging the pleural cavity due to injury or infection of the
procedure that uses radiology to detect areas pleural membranes, 250
that have absorbed tracer substances, revealing Pleurisy, inflammation of the pleural membranes;
body functional activity, 75, 75f also called pleuritis, 250
Petechiae, small red dots appearing on the skin Pleuritis, inflammation of the pleural membranes;
surface as a sign of a potentially serious also called pleurisy, 250
disorder involving rupture of blood vessels, 86 Pleurocentesis, surgical puncture and aspiration
Peyronie disease, a hardness, or induration, of the of fluid from the pleural cavity, 265
erectile tissue within the penis, 374 Pleuropneumonia, inflammation of the pleural
PFTs, pulmonary function tests membranes (pleuritis) and the lungs, 251
Phacoemulsification, use of sound waves to break PLT. See Platelet count
up a lens damaged by a cataract so that it can be PMS. See Premenstrual syndrome
removed by suction; also called phaco, 484, 484f Pneumectomy, another term for pneumonectomy,
Phalanges, 114f the surgical removal of a lung, 265
Pharyngitis, inflammation of the pharynx, 250 Pneumoconiosis, inflammation of the lungs caused
Pharynx, 236, 237f, 280 by chronic inhalation of fine particles (literally,
Phimosis, a congenital narrowing of the prepuce dust), 250
opening, 374 Pneumocystis jiroveci, 251
Phlebectomy, the surgical removal of a vein, 222 Pneumonectomy, surgical removal of a lung; also
Phlebitis, inflammation of a vein, 209 called pneumectomy, 265
Phlebotomist, a healthcare professional who Pneumonia, inflammation of soft lung tissue
performs the phlebotomy procedure, 222 caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal pathogens
Phlebotomy, puncture into a vein to remove blood that results in the formation of an exudate
for sampling or donation by a phlebotomist, within alveoli; it can also be caused by smoke
222, 222f inhalation, 251
Phobia, an irrational, obsessive fear, 458 Pneumonitis, inflammatory condition of the lungs
Phobophobia, fear of developing a fear, 458 that is independent of a particular cause, 251
Physiology, the study of nature; the study of the Pneumothorax, abnormal presence of air or gas
functional nature of living things, 59 within the pleural cavity, 252, 252f
PID. See Pelvic inflammatory disease PNS. See Peripheral nervous system
PIH. See Preeclampsia Podiatrist, a healthcare professional trained in the
Pituitary dwarfism, short stature due to a deficiency field of foot health, 141
of pituitary growth hormone, 518, 518f Podiatry, health care specialty that focuses on foot
Pituitary gigantism, an abnormally increased health, 31, 141
growth of bones that produces a very large Poikilocytosis, large, irregularly shaped red blood
stature, caused by hypersecretion of growth cells, 159
hormone that begins before puberty, 518, 518f Polio. See Poliomyelitis
I-28 Glossary-Index
Poliomyelitis, a disease characterized by inflammation Preeclampsia, a circulatory disorder that places a

of the gray matter of the spinal cord, 447 pregnant woman and her child at risk; also called
Polyarteritis, simultaneous inflammation of many pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), 410
arteries, 43, 200 Prefix, a word part that is placed before the word
Polycystic, 340 root to modify the meaning of the word, 40
Polycystic kidney disease, a condition in which common, 40
numerous (or many) cysts occupy much of the indicating location or timing, 45–48
kidney tissue, 340, 340f indicating number or quality, 42–44
Polycystic ovary syndrome, a hormonal indicating quality about term, 50–53
disturbance characterized by lack of ovulation, introduction, 41–42
amenorrhea, infertility, and ovarian cysts, 393 understanding, 39–57
Polycythemia, abnormal increase in number of red Pregnancy, normal, 368f
blood cells, 159 Pregnancy-induced hypertension. See Preeclampsia
Polydipsia, a condition of excessive thirst, 43, 509 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS), a collection
Polyhydramnios, the excessive production of of symptoms, including nervous tension,
amniotic fluid during fetal development, 407 irritability, breast pain (mastalgia), edema, and
Polymastia, the presence of more than two breasts, headache, usually occurring during the days
387 preceding menstruation, 394
Polymyositis, inflammation of many muscles Prenatal development, 366
simultaneously, 130 Presbyacusis, progressive loss of hearing due to
Polyneuralgia, pain in many nerves, 434 old age, 491
Polyneuritis, inflammation of many nerves at Presbyopia, a reduction in vision due to age, 491, 492f
once, 446 Priapism, an abnormally persistent erection of
Polyneuropathy, a disease affecting many parts of the penis, often accompanied by pain and
the nervous system, 446 tenderness, 374
Polyp, abnormal mass of tissue that projects from Procedures
the wall of the organ into the interior like a
of blood and lymphatic system, 176–83
mushroom, 302, 302f
of cardiovascular system, 211–22
Polypectomy, surgical removal of polyps, 315
of digestive system, 305–315
Polyposis, condition of polyps, usually occurring
of ear, 491–94
in the colon or rectum of the large intestine,
of endocrine system, 519–523
where it increases the risk for colorectal
cancer, 303, 303f of eye, 483–85
Polyuria, chronic excessive urination due to the of female reproductive system, 397–404
production of abnormally large volumes of of integumentary system, 100–55
urine, 43, 333, 508, 508f of male reproductive system, 377–82
Positron emission tomography (PET), a scan of nervous system, 449–82
using a radioactive chemical to provide a map of obstetrics, 349–55
of metabolically active cells within the brain, 74, of respiratory system, 305–14
74f, 222, 455 of skeletal and muscular systems, 134–42
Posterior, 63, 63t suffixes indicating, 32–35
Posterior plane, 62f of urinary system, 344–54
Postprandial blood sugar (PPBS), a procedure Proctitis, inflammation of the anus and usually the
that measures blood sugar levels about 2 hours rectum as well, 303
after a meal, 520 Proctologist, physician who treats disease of the
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a disorder rectum, 282
caused by a severe mental strain or emotional Proctoptosis, prolapse of the rectum, 303
trauma that includes sleeplessness, anxiety, Proctoscopy, 311
and paranoia, 460 Prognosis, a prediction of the probable outcome
PPBS. See Postprandial blood sugar of a disease, 73
PPD skin test, another term for TB skin test, a Programmed learning approach, 2–3
simple skin test used to determine the presence Prolapsed uterus, a condition in which the uterus
of a tuberculosis infection; also called Mantoux may become displaced to shift downward into
skin test, 268 the vagina, 394, 394f
Glossary-Index I-29
Prophylaxis, a preventative treatment, 33, 178 a response to infection or injury or from adult
Prostate, 366f respiratory distress syndrome, 252
Prostate cancer, an aggressive form of cancer Pulmonary embolism, a blockage in the pulmonary
of the prostate gland; also called prostatic circulation due to a mobile blood clot, 252
carcinoma, 375, 375f Pulmonary function tests (PFTs), a series of
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), a clinical test that diagnostic tests that determines the cause
measures levels of the protein, prostate-specific of lung disease by evaluating lung capacity
antigen, in the blood, 380 through spirometry, 266
Prostatectomy, the surgical removal of the prostate Pulmonary specialist, physician who specializes
gland, 380 in treatment of diseases that affect the lower
Prostatic carcinoma, another name for prostate respiratory tract, 230, 267
cancer, an aggressive form of cancer of the Pulmonologist, physician with specialized
prostate gland, 375 training in lung disease; also called pulmonary
Prostatitis, inflammation of the prostate gland, 370 specialist, 230, 267
Prostatorrhea, an abnormal discharge from the Pulse oximeter, a small, handheld instrument
prostate gland, 370 that measures oxygen levels in the blood by
Prosthesis, an artificial limb, 140 noninvasive physical contact with a finger,
Proteinuria, the presence of any protein in the 264, 264f
urine, 333 Purpura, symptom of purple-red skin discoloration
Prothrombin time (PT), a form of coagulation usually the result of a broken blood vessel, 87
time test often used to monitor the effects of Purulence, a collected mass of pus, 82
anticoagulants, 180 Pus, a mixture of bacteria, white blood cells,
Proton pump inhibitors, medications that inhibit the damaged tissue, and fluids, 82
amount of acid produced in stomach cavity, 307 Pustule, elevated area of the skin filled with pus,
Proximal, 64t 84f, 86
Pruritus, symptom of itchy skin, 86 Pyelitis, inflammation of the renal pelvis, 340
PSA. See Prostate-specific antigen Pyelogram, a procedure that injects a contrast
Pseudocyesis, a sensation of being pregnant when medium into the ureter using a cystoscope to
a true pregnancy does not exist, 52, 407 examine kidney-related disorders, 350
Psoriasis, characterized by red lesions covered with Pyelolithotomy, surgical removal of a stone from
silvery epidermal scales, 96, 96f the renal pelvis, 350
Psychiatrist, physician who specializes in mental Pyelonephritis, inflammation of the renal pelvis and
illness, 432, 455 nephrons, 340
Psychiatry, the branch of medicine that addresses Pyeloplasty, surgical repair of the renal pelvis, 315
disorders of the brain resulting in mental, Pyelostomy, another name for nephrostomy,
emotional, and behavioral disturbances, 455 which is a procedure that surgically creates
Psychoanalysis, 455 an opening through the body wall and into a
Psychology, the study of human (or mind, mental) kidney, 349
behavior, 455 Pyloroplasty, surgical repair of the pylorus region
Psychopathy, a general term for a mental or of the stomach, which may include repair of the
emotional disorder, 460
pyloric valve, 315
Psychopharmacology, drug therapy targeting the
Pyogenesis, the production of pus, 82
brain, 455
Psychosis, a mental disease characterized by a Pyosalpinx, a discharge of pus from a fallopian tube
gross distortion or disorganization of mental that is a sign of infection, 337
capacity, 460 Pyothorax, the presence of pus in the pleural cavity;
Psychosomatic, the influence of the mind over also called empyema, 252
bodily functions, especially disease, 460 Pyromania, a form of mania in which an individual
Psychotherapy, the technique used in treating has an obsessive fascination with fire, 459
behavioral and emotional issues, 455 Pyuria, the presence of pus in the urine, 333
PTSD. See Posttraumatic stress disorder
Pulmonary angiography, diagnostic procedure that Q
evaluates the blood circulation in the lungs, 264 Quadriplegia, a condition of paralysis from the
Pulmonary edema, accumulation of fluid within neck down including all four limbs, 24, 43,
the tiny air sacs within the lungs (the alveoli) as 129, 447
I-30 Glossary-Index
Quality tract that involves ulcerations, scar tissue

prefixes indicating, 42–42 formation, and thickening adhesions of the
suffixes indicating, 29 organ wall, 292
Regions, areas of the body, 65, 65t
R Renal, 314
RA. See Rheumatoid arthritis Renal calculi, another name for nephrolithiasis,
Rabies, a viral infection that is spread from the which is the presence of one or more stones,
saliva of an infected animal, usually by way or calculi, within a kidney, 339
of a bite, 173 Renal cortex, the outer portion of the interior of a
Radial keratotomy, a procedure in which incisions kidney, 328f
are made into the cornea to flatten it to correct Renal failure. See End-stage kidney disease
myopia, 486 Renal pelvis, a membrane-enclosed basin that
Radical mastectomy, 402 collects urine in the interior of a kidney, 328f
Radicotomy, a surgical incision into a nerve root, Renal transplant, the replacement of a dysfunctional
also called rhizotomy, 456 kidney with a donor kidney, 351, 351f
Radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU), a diagnostic Renogram, the recording of a renography, which is
procedure in which radioactive iodine is used to an examination that uses nuclear medicine by
track and measure its entry into thyroid gland IV (intravenous) injection of radioactive material
cells, 522 into the patient’s kidneys, 351
Radioiodine therapy, a treatment for a thyroid Renography, an examination that uses nuclear
tumor that involves the use of radioactive medicine by IV injection of radioactive material
iodine, 522 into the kidney, 351
RAIU. See Radioactive iodine uptake Reproductive, 364
Range of motion (ROM), refers to exercises that Reproductive medicine, 368
increase muscle strength and joint mobility, 135 Reproductive system, 62–63, 364–405
RBC. See Red blood count abbreviations of, 419
RDS. See Respiratory distress syndrome; anatomy and physiology terms, 365–68
respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn diseases and disorders of female, 387–95
Rectocele, a protrusion of the rectum against the diseases and disorders of male, 372–77
wall of the vagina, 390 medical report exercises for, 424–7
Rectovaginal fistula, a fistula occurring between medical terms for, 368–69
the vagina and rectum, 391 signs and symptoms of female, 383–85
Red blood cells, 154 signs and symptoms of male, 369–71
Red blood count (RBC), a clinical lab test that treatments, procedures, devices of female,
measures the number of red blood cells, 179, 182 397–405
Reduction, a procedure in which orthopedic treatments, procedures, devices of male, 377–82
surgeons, or orthopedists, treat fractures by Respiration, 234
aligning the broken bones to their normal Respiratory, 222
positions; types include closed and open, 139 Respiratory distress syndrome, a severe
Reflex testing, a series of diagnostic tests respiratory disease that is characterized by rapid
performed to observe the body’s response to respiratory failure; one form affects newborns
touch stimuli, 456 (neonatal respiratory distress syndrome [NRDS]),
Reflux, backward flow of material in the GI tract, another affects adults (adult or acute respiratory
or regurgitation, 285
distress syndrome [ARDS]), 252
Refractive error conditions of the eye that result in
Respiratory system, 61, 234–69, 235f
a reduction of vision, or “low vision,” resulting
from an error in the refraction (bending) of light abbreviations of, 271
as it travels through the eye, 480, 481f anatomy and physiology terms, 234–35
Regional enteritis, another term for Crohn’s diseases and disorders of, 234–54
disease, a chronic inflammation of any part of lower tract of, 235f
the GI tract that involves ulcerations, scar tissue medical report exercises, 274–77
formation, and thickening adhesions of the medical terms for, 236
organ wall; also known as regional ileitis, 292 signs and symptoms, 237–42
Regional ileitis, another term for Crohn’s disease, treatments, procedures, devices of, 256–69
a chronic inflammation of any part of the GI upper tract of, 235f
Glossary-Index I-31
Respiratory therapist, a medical assistant with S

special training in the operation of equipment
Sacrum, 114
used to diagnose or treat breathing problems,
236 Sagittal plane, a vertical plane passing through
Resuscitation, artificial respiration used to restore the body from front to back, dividing the body
breathing, 266 into right and left portions; a midsagittal plane
Retina, 471 divides into equal portions, and a parasagittal
Retinoid, a type of medication that is used to plane divides into unequal portions, 65, 63f
manage certain forms of acne by causing Salmonella, 293
the upper layers of the epidermis to slough Salpingectomy, the surgical removal of a fallopian
away, 101 tube, 403
Retinopathy, a general disease of the retina; a Salpingitis, inflammation of a fallopian tube, 394
common form is diabetic retinopathy, which Salpingocele, a protrusion, or herniation, of a
occurs among people with diabetes mellitus, fallopian tube wall, 395
480, 480f Salpingo-oophorectomy, the surgical removal of a
Retrograde pyelogram (RP), x-ray image produced fallopian tube and an ovary, 403f, 403
by means of injecting a contrast medium into a Salpingopexy, the surgical fixation of a fallopian
ureter using a cystoscope, 350, 350f tube, 404
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), an autoimmune disease Salpingostomy, a procedure to open a blocked
in which joint structures become eroded by fallopian tube or to drain fluid from an inflamed
the action of the body’s own white blood cells, tube, 404
121, 121f SARS. See Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Rhinitis, inflammation of the mucous membrane SCA (sudden cardiac arrest). See Cardiac arrest
lining the nasal cavity, 252 Scabies, skin eruption caused by the female itch
Rhinoplasty, surgical repair of the nose, 266 mite, 97, 97f
Rhinorrhagia, another term for epistaxis, or Scar tissue, 83
nosebleed, 27, 239 Schizophrenia, a mental condition characterized
Rhinorrhea, discharge from the nose (runny nose), 27 by delusions, hallucinations, and extensive
Rhizotomy. See Radicotomy withdrawal, 459
Rhytidectomy, plastic surgery in which skin SCLC, small cell lung cancer, 246
wrinkles are surgically removed, 102 Sclera, 471
Rhytidoplasty, the surgical repair of skin wrinkles, Scleroderma, abnormal thickening or hardness of
102, 102f the skin, caused by inflammation, 97
RICE, rest, ice compresses, compression of the Scoliosis, abnormal lateral curve of the spine, 126,
injury site, and elevation of the injured limb, 141 126f
Rickets, a disease in which the bones become Sebaceous glands, 79, 80f
softened due to the excessive removal of Seborrheic dermatitis, an inherited form of skin
calcium for other body functions, 130 inflammation characterized by excessive sebum
Right-ventricular failure, a condition of chronic production, 92
enlargement of the right ventricle resulting from Seizure, a series of involuntary muscular spasms
congestion of the pulmonary circulation; also caused by an uncoordinated excitation of motor
called cor pulmonale, 205 neurons that trigger muscle contraction, 432
Ringworm. See Tinea Sensory receptors, 80
Rotator cuff injury, a trauma that causes tearing Sepsis, a systemwide disease caused by the
of tendons and/or muscles of the shoulder, presence of bacteria and their toxins in the
130 circulating blood; also called septicemia, 173
Rotator cuff tendonitis, a form of tendonitis Septic, an adjective describing a person having the
resulting from injury to one or more muscles condition of septicemia, or sepsis, 173
forming the rotator cuff of the shoulder, 132 Septicemia, a systemwide disease caused by the
RP. See Retrograde pyelogram presence of bacteria and their toxins in the
Rubeola, an acute viral disease that causes fever, circulating blood; also known as sepsis, 173
a skin rash of numerous vesicles, and general Septoplasty, a type of rhinoplasty that involves
inflammation of the respiratory tract, also called surgical repair of a deviation of the nasal
measles, 171 septum to improve breathing, 266
I-32 Glossary-Index
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), a breaths occur while sleeping; pauses may last
viral infection that causes lung inflammation, from a few seconds to several minutes, usually
alveolar damage, and atelectasis, 252 anywhere from 5 to 30 or more times per
Sexually transmitted infections (STI), infections minute, 237
acquired during intimate physical contact Small cell lung cancer (SCLC), 245
that occurs during sexual intercourse or other Smallpox, a viral disease that was eradicated in 1975
sexual activities, also called sexually transmitted due to an aggressive vaccine campaign, 173
diseases (STDs), 369, 417–418 SOAP, 76
SG. See Specific gravity Sob, shortness of breath, 244
Shingles, a type of herpes virus infection Sonohysterography, a noninvasive diagnostic
characterized by rows of painful blisters that is procedure that uses ultrasound waves to
caused by herpes zoster virus, 93 visualize the uterus within the pelvic cavity, 404
Sialoadenitis, another term for parotitis, or mumps, Special senses, 469–94
inflammation of one or both parotid glands, 300 Specific gravity, the measurement of the density of
Sickle cell anemia, a type of anemia in which the substances in a liquid compared to water, 352
hemoglobin is defective within cells, resulting Sphygmomanometer, 223, 223f
in misshaped red blood cells that cause Sphygmomanometry, the procedure that measures
obstructions in blood vessels, 163, 163f arterial blood pressure with a device called a
Sigmoidoscopy, 311 sphygmomanometer, 223, 223f
Sign, a finding that can be discovered through Spina bifida, a congenital defect in which a child
objective examination, 72 is born with a protrusion of the meninges,
of blood and lymphatic system, 157–59 usually caused by a defect in the skull or spinal
of cardiovascular system, 196–98 column, 26f, 444, 444f
of digestive system, 283–85 Spinal cord injury, trauma to the vertebral column,
of ear, 486–87 133
of endocrine system, 506–8 Spinal fusion, a surgical procedure in which
of eye, 473 the adjacent vertebrae are fused together
of female reproductive system, 384–86 following the removal of the disk; also called
of integumentary system, 82–88 spondylosyndesis, 138
of male reproductive system, 369–71 Spinal tap. See Lumbar puncture
of nervous system, 431–33 Spirometer, device used to improve lung
of obstetrics, 408 expansion after an operation or during a
of respiratory system, 237–40 hospital stay, 265
of skeletal and muscular systems, 115–17 Spirometry, 265, 265f
of urinary system, 330–33 Spleen, 155
Silicosis, a type of pneumoconiosis caused by Splenectomy, the surgical removal of the spleen, 182
inhalation of fine silicone dust, 249 Splenomegaly, abnormal enlargement of the
Simple mastectomy, 402 spleen, 159
Sinusitis, inflammation of the mucous membranes Spondylarthritis, inflammation of intervertebral
of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, 253 joints, 130
Skeletal system, 64, 112–43 Spondylosyndesis, a surgical procedure in which
abbreviations of, 144 the adjacent vertebrae are fused together
anatomy and physiology terms, 112–15 following the removal of the disk, 138
diseases and disorders of, 119–32 Spontaneous abortion (SAB), 413
medical report exercises for, 149–51 Sprain, a tear of collagen fibers within a ligament,
medical terms of, 115 131, 131f
signs and symptoms of, 115–17 degrees of, 131f
treatments, procedures, devices of, 134–43 Sputum, expectorated matter that is coughed out
Skeleton, bones of, 113f from the lungs, 241
Skin, 80, 81 Squamous cell carcinoma, skin tumor that arises
anatomy of, 81f from a superficial layer of the epidermis, 91
layers, 80, 81f Staph infection, an infection caused by
Sleep apnea, a common form of apnea in which Staphylococcus, a frequent cause of infections in
one or more pauses in breathing or shallow wounds, a complication of normal healing, 174
Glossary-Index I-33
Staphylococcemia, the presence of the Superior plane, 63f

Staphylococcus bacterium in the blood, 174 Suppuration, the formation of pus, 82
Staphylococcus, 174 Sweat glands, 80, 81f
STDs. See Sexually transmitted infections Symptoms, experiences of a patient resulting from
Steatorrhea, abnormal levels of fat in the feces, a disease, 71
literally “discharge of fat,” 285 of blood and lymphatic system, 157–59
Stent, an artificial, metallic scaffold that is used to of cardiovascular system, 196–98
anchor a surgical implant or graft, 218 of digestive system, 283–85
Sterile, the inability to produce offspring, 382 of ear, 486, 87
STIs. See Sexually transmitted infections of endocrine system, 506–8
Stoma, 309 of eye, 473
Stomach, 279 of female reproductive system, 384–85
Stool culture and sensitivity (C&S), test that of integumentary system, 82–88
includes obtaining stool (fecal) samples, using of male reproductive system, 369–71
the samples to grow microorganisms in culture, of nervous system, 431–33
and identification of the microorganisms, 315 of obstetrics, 408
Strain, an injury that results from stretching a of respiratory system, 237–41
muscle beyond its normal range, 131 of skeletal and muscular systems, 115–17
Strangulated hernia, type of hernia that restricts
of urinary system, 330–33
blood flow to the protruding organ, requiring
Syncope, a temporary loss of consciousness and
medical intervention to avoid the loss of the
posture; commonly known as fainting, 434
affected organ, 298
Syndrome, a disease involving multiple organs
Strep infection, an infection caused by
and causing an array of symptoms, 23, 48,
Streptococcus, 174
506, 511
Strep throat, a form of pharyngitis caused by an
infection by Streptococcus, 174 Syphilis, an STI caused by a bacterium called a
Streptococcemia, the presence of the spirochete (Treponema pallidum), 418
Streptococcus bacterium in the blood, 174 System, a group of organs sharing a common
Streptococcus, 174 function, 59
Stress ECG, electrocardiography that is performed Systemic lupus erythematosus, chronic,
during physical activity using a treadmill or progressive disease of connective tissue
stationary bicycle, 220 affecting the skin and many other organs
Stress ECHO, echocardiography that is performed commonly known as lupus, 97
during and after exercise to reproduce a heart
dysfunction, 219 T
Stress incontinence, an involuntary discharge Tachycardia, a rapid heart rate, 52, 198
of urine occurs during a cough, sneeze, or Tachypnea, rapid breathing, 241
strained movement, 338 TB. See Tuberculosis
Stricture, condition of abnormal narrowing, 341 TB skin test, simple skin test used to determine the
Stroke. See Cerebrovascular accident presence of a tuberculosis infection; also called
Subcutaneous, below the skin, 48, 80 PPD skin test and Mantoux skin test, 267, 267f
Suffix, a word part affixed to the end of a word that TBI. See Traumatic brain injury
modifies the meaning, 6, 8, 10 TBSA. See Total body surface area
common, 20–21 Teeth, 280
indicating action or state, 23–25 Temporomandibular joint disease (TMJ),
indicating condition or disease, 25–27 inflammation of the temporomandibular joint
indicating location, number, or quality, 29–30 that results in frequent, painful dislocations, 131
indicating medical specialty, 31–32 Tendonitis, inflammation of a tendon, 132
indicating procedure or treatment, 32–35 Tenodynia, pain in a tendon, 26, 117
introduction, 21–22 Tenomyoplasty, a surgical procedure involving the
understanding, 19–38 repair of both muscle and tendon, 141
Superficial, 64t Tenorrhaphy, a surgery that sutures a tear in a
Superficial burn, 90 tendon, 142
Superficial partial thickness burn, 90 Tenosynovitis, form of tendonitis that also involves
Superior, 64, 64t inflammation of the synovial membrane, 132
I-34 Glossary-Index
Tenotomy, a procedure in which one or more Thyroid scan, a radiological procedure in which
incisions are made into a tendon, 142 an image of the thyroid gland is obtained,
Testalgia, the symptom of testicular pain, also 523, 523f
known as orchialgia and orchidalgia, 370 Thyroidectomy, the surgical removal of the thyroid
Testicular carcinoma, a cancer originating from gland, 522, 522f
the testis, the most common form is called Thyroiditis, inflammation of the thyroid gland, 517
seminoma, 375 Thyroidoma, the condition of a thyroid tumor, 523
Testicular torsion, a condition in which the Thyroidotomy, an incision into the thyroid gland,
spermatic cord becomes twisted, causing a 523
reduced blood flow to the testis, 376, 376f Thyroparathyroidectomy, the surgical removal of
Testis, 365, 504 the parathyroid glands as well as the thyroid
Tetanus, disease caused by a neurotoxin released gland, 524
by the bacterium Clostridium tetani, 174 Thyrotoxicosis, a chronic form of hyperthyroidism
Tetralogy of Fallot, a severe congenital disease in that is an acute event triggered by infection
which four defects associated with the heart are or trauma and that can become life-
present at birth, 209 threatening, 515
Therapeutic abortion (TAB), 413 Thyroxine test, a diagnostic test that measures
Thoracalgia, pain in the chest region, 241 thyroxine levels in the blood, 524
Thoracentesis, surgical puncture using a needle Timing, prefixes indicating, 39–45
and syringe into the thoracic cavity to aspirate Tinea, fungal infection of the skin often called
pleural fluid for diagnosis or treatment; also ringworm, 98, 98f
called thoracocentesis or pleurocentesis, Tinea capitis, a fungal infection that forms on the
264, 267 scalp and can lead to alopecia, 98
Thoracic cavity, the superior part of the ventral Tinea corporis, a fungal infection that occurs on
cavity; also called the chest cavity, 67 the body surface, 98
Thoracic region, the area of the body trunk located Tinea pedis, a fungal infection that occurs on the
between the neck and the diaphragm, 65 foot; also known as athlete’s foot, 98
Thoracocentesis, another term for thoracentesis, Tinnitus, ringing or buzzing in the ears, 488
a surgical puncture using a needle and syringe Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) a powerful
into the thoracic cavity to aspirate pleural chemical that dissolves blood clots in vessels
fluid for diagnosis or treatment; also called supplying the brain, 456
pleurocentesis, 32, 264, 267 Tissues, a combination of similar cells that combine
Thoracodynia, another term for thoracalgia, or pain to form a generalized function, 59
in the chest region, 241 TMJ. See Temporomandibular joint disease
Thoracostomy, surgical puncture into the chest Tongue, 282f
cavity, usually for insertion of a drainage or air Tonsil, 236
tube, 268 Tonsillectomy, surgical removal of tonsils, 10
Thoracotomy, surgical incision into the chest wall, Tonsillitis, inflammation of one or more tonsils, 254
268 Total body surface area (TBSA), the amount of
Thrombocytopenia, 159 body surface affected and the depth of injury
Thrombolysis, treatment that dissolves an caused by a burn, 90, 90f
unwanted blood clot, 182 Toxemia, the presence of toxins in the bloodstream,
Thrombolytic therapy, treatments to dissolve 28, 159
unwanted blood clots to prevent the Toxoplasma gondii, 412
development of emboli, 223 Toxoplasmosis, a disease caused by the protozoan
Thrombopenia, abnormally reduced number of Toxoplasma gondii that may be contracted by
platelets, 159 exposure to animal feces, most commonly from
Thrombosis, the presence of stationary blood clots household cats, 412
within one or more blood vessels, 210 TPA. See Tissue plasminogen activator
Thrombus, an unwanted blood clot, 182 Trachea, 234
Thymoma, a tumor originating in the thymus Tracheitis, inflammation of the trachea, 253
gland, 174 Tracheoplasty, surgical repair of the trachea, 268
Thymus gland, 505 Tracheostenosis, narrowing of the trachea due to
Thyroid gland, 229, 503, 504 inflammation, 253
Glossary-Index I-35
Tracheostomy, surgical creation of an opening into Tuberculosis, infection of the lungs by

the trachea, usually for insertion of a breathing Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium, 246
tube, 268, 268f skin tests for, 254, 254f
Tracheotomy, surgical incision into the trachea, 268 TURP. See Transurethral resection of the prostate
Tranquilizers, 451 gland
Transurethral resection of the prostate gland Tylenol. See Acetaminophen
(TURP), a procedure involving removal of Tympanic membrane, 471f
prostate tissue to treat BPH, 381 Tympanometry, measurement of the elasticity of
Transvaginal sonography, a diagnostic procedure the eardrum, 494
in which an ultrasound probe is inserted Tympanoplasty, surgical repair of the eardrum, 494
through the vagina to record images of the
uterine cavity and fallopian tubes, 404 U
Transverse plane, a horizontal plane dividing the UA. See Urinalysis
body into superior and inferior portions, 65, 64f UGI. See Upper GI series
Trauma, a physical injury, 73 Ulcer, an erosion through the skin or mucous
Traumatic brain injury, a severe brain injury often membrane; a bed sore is a decubitus ulcer,
involving bleeding that can result in functional 84f, 87
losses and death, abbreviated TBI, 441 Ulcerative colitis, condition of chronic bleeding of
Traumatic disease, 73 the colon wall, forming bloody diarrhea, a form
Treadmill stress test, the use of exercise during of chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD),
echocardiography or electrocardiography 291, 298
(or both) to examine heart function under Ultrasound imaging (sonography), a diagnostic
stress, 223 imaging procedure that uses a receiver
Treatments and computer enhancement to detect and
of blood and lymphatic system, 176–83 enhance sound waves as they echo from body
of cardiovascular system, 212–14 structures, 52f, 76, 76f
of digestive system, 306–15 Ultraviolet light therapy, a treatment for acne and
of ear, 494 other related skin disorders in which ultraviolet
of endocrine system, 519–523 light is applied to the skin to slough away the
of eye, 482–85 upper layers of the epidermis, 101
of female reproductive system, 397–405 Umbilical, the middle abdominal region, 66
of integumentary system, 101–3 Umbilical hernia, type of hernia that is a protrusion
of male reproductive system, 377–82 of a small intestinal segment through a tear in
of nervous system, 449–56 the membrane covering the abdominal wall at
of obstetrics, 414–416 the umbilical (navel) region, 298
of respiratory system, 256–69 Upper GI series, 312
of skeletal and muscular systems, 134–42 Upper respiratory infection (URI), generalized
suffixes indicating, 32–35 infection of the nasal cavity, pharynx, and
of urinary system, 344–54 larynx, 254
Treponema pallidum, 418 Uremia, excess urea and other nitrogenous wastes
Trichomonas vaginalis, 418 in the blood, 341
Trichomoniasis, an STI caused by the protozoan Ureteral stricture, 341
Trichomonas, which is an amoeba-like single- Ureterectomy, the surgical removal of a ureter, 352
celled organism, 418 Ureteritis, inflammation of a ureter, 341
Trichomycosis, fungal infection of hair, 98 Ureterocele, herniated ureter, 341
Trichopathy, a disease that affects the hair, 98 Ureterolithiasis, one or more stones (or calculi)
Trunk, the torso of the body, 66 within a ureter, 341
TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone, 515 Ureterostenosis, a ureteral stricture, or narrowing,
TSS. See Toxic shock syndrome 341
Tubal ligation, a common form of female Ureterostomy, the surgical creation of an opening
sterilization as a contraceptive measure in through a ureter, 352
which fallopian tubes are severed and closed to Ureterotomy, an incision into the wall of the ureter, 352
prevent the migration of sperm upward into the Ureterovesical stricture, a stricture, or narrowing,
tubes, 404, 404f of the junction of the ureter and bladder, 326
I-36 Glossary-Index
Ureters, paired, narrow tubes that conduct urine Urticaria, allergic skin reaction to foods, infection,
from each kidney to the posterior part of the or injury that produces small fluid-filled skin
urinary bladder, 341 elevations; also known as hives, 87, 87f
Urethra, a tube that conveys urine from the urinary Uterus, 365, 367
bladder to the exterior, through the external UTI. See Urinary tract infection
urethral orifice (urinary meatus), 326, 327f
Urethral stricture, a urethral stricture, or V
narrowing, 341 Vaccination, inoculation of a foreign substance to
Urethritis, inflammation of the urethra, 370 provide a cure, or prophylaxis, 183
Urethrocystitis, infection of the urethra and urinary Vaccine, a preparation used to activate an immune
bladder causing inflammation, 335 response, 181f, 183
Urethropexy, surgical fixation of the urethra, 352 Vagina, 365, 366f
Urethroplasty, surgical repair of the urethra, 352 Vaginal speculum, an instrument used to open the
Urethroscope, specialized endoscope is associated vaginal orifice wide enough to permit visual
with viewing the urethra, 352 examination of the vagina and cervix, 405
Urethrostomy, surgical creation of an opening Vaginectomy, another name for colpectomy,
through the urethra, 352 surgical removal of the vagina, 398
Urethrotomy, an incision into the wall of the Vaginitis, inflammation of the vagina; also called
urethra, 352 colpitis, 395
URI. See Upper respiratory infection Vagotomy, a procedure in which several branches
Urinalysis (UA), a collection of clinical lab tests that of the vagus nerve are severed (with an
are performed on a urine specimen, 354, 354f incision) to reduce acid secretion in the
Urinary bladder, a hollow, muscular organ located stomach, 314, 456
at the base of the pelvic cavity that serves as a Valley fever, another term for coccidioidomycosis,
temporary reservoir for urine, 327, 328f a fungal infection of the upper respiratory tract;
Urinary catheter, 353 caused by Coccidioides immitis fungus, whose
Urinary catheterization, the process of inserting a place of origin is in the San Joaquin Valley of
urinary catheter into the urethra to drain urine California, 247
from an immobile patient’s bladder, 353, 353f Valvuloplasty, surgical repair of a heart valve, 223
Urinary endoscopy, the use of an endoscope to Varicocele, herniation of the veins within the
observe (or view) internal structures of the spermatic cord caused by failure of the valves
urinary system, 354 within the veins, 375
Urinary incontinence, the inability to control Varicosis, an abnormally dilated vein that results
urination, 338 when valves within a superficial vein of the leg or
Urinary retention, abnormal accumulation elsewhere fail, allowing blood to pool, 210, 210f
(or retention) of urine within the urinary Vas, 365, 366f
bladder, 342 Vasectomy, an elective sterilization procedure in
Urinary system, 62, 326–61 which the vas deferens is severed to block the
abbreviations of, 357 flow of sperm during ejaculation, 382, 382f
anatomy and physiology terms, 327–29 Vasovasostomy, a surgical procedure to reverse a
diseases and disorders of, 335–42 vasectomy, 382
medical report exercises, 359–61 VCUG. See Voiding cystourethrogram
medical terms for, 329–30 Vein, 194, 195f
organs of, 328f Venipuncture, a procedure in which a small
signs and symptoms of, 330–40 puncture is made in a vein to withdraw blood;
treatments, procedures, devices of, 344–54 also called phlebotomy, 222
Urinary tract infection (UTI), an infection of urinary Ventilation-perfusion scanning (V/Q scan or VPS),
organs, usually the urethra and urinary bladder, diagnostic tool that uses nuclear medicine or
342, 342f radioactive material to evaluate pulmonary
Urine, 327 function, 269
Urologist, physician who treats disorders of the Ventilator, device that pushes air into the patient’s
urinary system, 330, 354, 368, 380 airway, often used by a respiratory therapist in
Urology, the medical discipline specializing in the a clinical setting or by an emergency medical
clinical treatment of urinary disease, 330, 354, technician at the site of injury and in transit to a
368, 380 hospital, 263, 263f
Glossary-Index I-37
Ventral, 64t Volvulus, severe twisting of the intestine that leads

Ventral cavity, the body cavity on the anterior side to obstruction, 303, 303f
of the body that includes the thoracic cavity VPS. See Ventilation-perfusion scanning
and abdominopelvic cavity, 67, 68f V/Q scan, another term for ventilation-perfusion
Ventricular fibrillation, the condition of scanning (VPS), a diagnostic tool that uses
uncoordinated, rapid contractions of the muscle nuclear medicine or radioactive material to
forming the ventricles that results in circulatory evaluate pulmonary function; also called lung
collapse due to the failure of the ventricles to scan, 269
expel blood, 218 VSD. See Ventricular septal defect
Ventricular septal defect (VSD), a congenital Vulvectomy, the surgical removal of the vulva, 404
disease in which an opening in the septum Vulvitis, inflammation of the external genitals, or
separating the right and left ventricles of the vulva, 395
heart is present at birth, 211 Vulvovaginitis, inflammation of the external genitals
Ventriculitis, inflammation of the ventricles of the and vagina, 395
brain, 448
Verruca, a wart that is a sign of infection by a W
papillomavirus, 88 Warfarin, the most common anticoagulant agent
Vertebrae, the bones that form the spinal column, 14 (Coumadin), 173
Vertebral cavity, the dorsal body cavity that houses Wheal, a temporary, itchy elevation of the skin,
the spinal cord; also called spinal cavity, 67, 67f 84f, 88
Vertebroplasty, a surgical procedure that repairs White blood count (WBC), 180
damaged or diseased vertebrae, 142 Whooping cough, common term for pertussis,
Vertigo, a sensation of dizziness, 488 an acute infectious disease that causes
Vesicle, small skin elevation filled with fluid; a inflammation of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi
blister, 84f, 88f, 88 with spasmodic coughing that produces a
Vesicotomy, another name for cystotomy, which is distinct noise, 249
an incision through the urinary bladder wall, 347 Wilms’ tumor, another name for nephroblastoma,
Vesicourethral, 354 which is a tumor originating from kidney
Vesicourethral suspension, a surgery that tissue that includes developing embryonic
stabilizes the position of the urinary bladder, cells, 338
354 Word parts, 6–12
Vesicovaginal fistula, a fistula occurring between forming words from, 13–15
the urinary bladder and the vagina, 391 prefix, 6
Vesiculectomy, a surgical procedure to remove the suffix, 6, 8, 10
seminal vesicles, 382 word root, 6, 8
Viral hepatitis, a viral-induced inflammation of the Word root, 6, 8, 13
liver, 298 Words, forming from word parts, 11–14
Virology, the study of viruses, a subspecialty of World Health Organization, 170
immunology, or infectious disease, 157
Viscera, internal contents of body cavities, which X
include organs and supporting structures, 67
Vision disorders. See Refractive error Xeroderma, condition characterized by abnormally
Voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG), a dry skin, 98
cystourethrogram procedure that includes
x-rays taken before, during, and after urination Y
to observe bladder function, 345 Yersinia pestis, 172

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Brief Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction to Word Parts and Word Construction 1

Chapter 2 Understanding Suffixes 19

Chapter 3 Understanding Prefixes 39

Chapter 4 The Human Body in Health and Disease 57

Chapter 5 The Integumentary System 79

Chapter 6 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems 110

Chapter 7 Blood, the Lymphatic System, and Immunology 153

Chapter 8 The Cardiovascular System 192

Chapter 9 The Respiratory System 234

Chapter 10 The Digestive System 279

Chapter 11 The Urinary System 326

Chapter 12 Reproductive System and Obstetrics 364

Chapter 13 The Nervous System and Mental Health 428

Chapter 14 The Special Senses of Sight and Hearing 470

Chapter 15 The Endocrine System 503

Appendix A: Word Parts Glossary A-1

Appendix D: Pharmacology Terms*

*Appendix D and Appendix E can be found online at www.pearsonhighered.com/healthprofessionsresources

330 Hudson Street, NY NY 10013

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Wingerd, Bruce D., author.

ISBN 10: 0-13-470122-4

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Diseases and Disorders of the Male Reproductive System

12.18 A word root that means “testis” is orchi or orchid. When

12.19 Inflammation of the glans penis is a disorder called

Key Terms A–Z Programmed Instruction

Image Labeling Frames

These frames provide you withofopportunities

e Labels helping to reinforce

Left main bronchus

15.24 Another use of the suffix -emia is in the term hyperglycemia,

15.25 The excessive production of PTH by the parathyroid glands

Reproductive System and Obstetrics 389

Did You Know? para-

Fallopian tube revealing the tumor and how it

Analyze these medical terms:

14. the absence of respiratory ventilation 12. tumor of the liver

15. x-ray image of the bronchi 13. inflammation of a salivary gland

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Complete the Labels Complete the Labels

complete the labeling of illustrations. The

­Anatomy and Physiology Terms section 2.

(new to this edition).

the use of medical case Anita Del Rio 2. ______________________________________________________________________________________________

Medical Consultation: Pediatrics Date: 09/07/2017

Photo Source: Scott Griessel/Fotolia.

How do Students Benefit?

Key Features of MyLab Medical

Comprehensive Instructional Package

New to This Edition

The Programmed Approach

About the Illustrators

A01_WING1226_04_SE_FM.indd 14 14/03/18 8:50 PM

Fourth Edition Reviewers Amy Bowersock, PhD Litta Dennis, BSN, MS

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A01_WING1226_04_SE_FM.indd 19 14/03/18 8:52 PM

Chapter 1 Introduction to Word Parts and Word Construction 1

Chapter 2 Understanding Suffixes 19

Anatomy and Physiology Terms section 2.