School of Community and Health Sciences

Citation Practice: comprehensive guide to

Harvard Referencing

1
 Citation Practice
City Community and Health Sciences
City University London

Introduction
Students are expected to present research and evidence-based essays and assignments as part of their
course work. Books, journal articles and other sources used in the preparation of such work must be
acknowledged. Quotations, statistics, other people's thoughts and ideas need to be used, cited and referred
to.

Your assessment guidelines tell you how marks are awarded for referencing. The marks are not just awarded
for the quality of the sources you have used, but also for citing and referencing correctly according to the
Harvard citation system in use at the School of Health and Community Sciences. By learning to cite
references properly you will have gained a skill, which is necessary in all scholarly activity.

What is a citation, reference and bibliography?

A citation is when you refer to the work, theories, arguments and ideas of other authors, in the body of your
own writing, giving brief details only. Other authors‟ works are used to show evidence of background reading
and to support your content and conclusions.

Each citation needs to be listed, at the end of your writing, with full details, in a list of references. The main
requirement in citing and referencing is to provide the full, accurate details that will enable the reader to be
able to trace back to the original information you have used.

A bibliography is a list of all the items that you read and found to be useful in forming your ideas, but which
were not necessarily referred to in your text.

Reasons for using citation/referencing and bibliographies:

Demonstrate that you have an awareness and understanding of other people’s ideas.
Show that you have located relevant works, read and analysed them and formed your own
opinions in the subject area.
Acknowledge other people’s ideas, opinions, and research to avoid plagiarism.
Provide the full details so the reader can find the original material you used.
Support points and arguments you want to make.
Reflect the range of research you have undertaken, not just the sources quoted.

Remember:

Keep a detailed note of all your sources as you read/make notes from them, including websites
(eg, author, title, URL and date accessed).
Keep a note of the details of the items you use from the library before you return them.
If you photocopy an article make sure you write the full details on the copy you have made.
There is a difference in the way you cite different types of resources.
In work submitted to the School of Community and Health Sciences (SCHS), the reference list
and bibliography should be presented in separate lists, but in a common layout.
Your assessment guidelines will tell you what percentage of marks are awarded for correct
citation and referencing. Don’t lose vital marks through poor/inaccurate citation and
referencing.

March 2011 Liz Murray – SCHS Library 2

What is plagiarism?
Plagiarism is presenting someone else‟s ideas and work as your own, ie not citing and referencing properly.

Remember:
It is an attempt to pass off someone else's ideas as your own, or to copy sections of text from
another's work without attempting to put these ideas into your own words or acknowledge
sources by clearly referencing.
It is a form of theft/cheating and is regarded as a serious offence in educational settings.
Citations/references must be provided for all information/ideas used.
You must cite/reference all sources found in electronic formats as well as paper-based
information found in books, journals, statistical volumes, government reports, leaflets etc.
Assignments will be failed if work has been plagiarised. If in doubt ask your personal tutor.
Full details about plagiarism are given in your student handbook.

Which citation/referencing system do we use?

The referencing system in use at the School of Community and Health Sciences is based on the Harvard
referencing system.

Remember:

Students preparing their MSc Dissertation or PhD Thesis should consult their supervisor. The
Harvard System is extremely detailed and students at this level will be expected to have an in
depth understanding of the referencing system they choose to use.

How many references or quotations do I need to use?

There are no exact rules on this and it will depend on the assignment you are undertaking. However, you
should support all the major arguments and points you make and show that you have an understanding of
other authors‟ works.

How do I use quotations and citations in my text?

In-text citations can take the form of quotations, paraphrasing or summarising.

Paraphrasing (express others’ writing in your own words)

This is a way of referring to an author‟s ideas or arguments, without using their actual words. Paraphrasing
shows that you truly understand what the author is saying and it allows you to acknowledge their ideas, while
maintaining your own style and flow.

It is important not to change the meaning of what the author was saying. You still need to cite the author‟s
work and reference the source at the end of your writing.

eg
Sully and Dallas (2005, p.182) discuss the ending of placements and remind us that we must keep all
informed so that placements run smoothly, which develops our knowledge and skills in dealing with
relationships.

Summarising
Summarising is where you pull out the key points from a book, web page etc and state these briefly, in your
own words. There is less detail than paraphrasing.

eg
Sully and Dallas (2005, p.182) discuss the best way of dealing with the end of a placement.

March 2011 Liz Murray – SCHS Library 3

Quotations (using the author’s own words)
Quotations should be very relevant and used sparingly or they may disrupt the flow of your text.

Short quotations (up to two or three sentences) should be included in the body of the text and placed in
quotation marks. The quotation is followed by author‟s surname, date of publication and page number, all in
brackets. The citation in brackets is part of the quote, so the full stop comes after the brackets.

eg
Sully and Dallas make a good point about informing patients at the end of a placement period, which
reinforces my argument, when they state, “it is highly likely that you will have developed a good relationship
with both patients and staff and so leaving unannounced will create varying levels of concern and possible
anxiety” (Sully and Dallas, 2005, p.182).

Longer quotations should be indented on the page, to show it is a quotation. The writer's name, date of
publication of the work and page numbers follow the quote in brackets. The full stop is put at the end of a
long quotation (before the author date page citation).

eg
Sully and Dallas develop this idea further when they say:
Endings provide a variety of opportunities to develop our knowledge with regard to our relationships,
knowledge and our skills. There may be an opportunity to negotiate when the ending may occur or
this may be predetermined: either way, those with whom you are working will need to be informed
and reminded when this takes place. This is particularly important in clinical placements for a number
of reasons. (Sully and Dallas, 2005, p.182)

What is secondary referencing?

Secondary referencing is where you read an author who refers to a previous author‟s work, where you haven‟t
read the original book. Secondary referencing is best avoided wherever possible; it is better to find and read
the original source. If it is not possible, refer as necessary and use "cited by" and the name of the author and
date of publication of the text actually used.

eg
Bowlby (1998) suggests that changes in personal tutor or group/module leader may add to student anxieties
since the “secure base” from which to explore this learning experience has been disturbed (cited by Sully and
Dallas, 2005)
OR
Bowlby (1998) cited by Sully and Dallas (2005).

Remember:

In this example only details of the publication by Sully and Dallas will appear in the reference
list at the end of the essay.

March 2011 Liz Murray – SCHS Library 4

How do I set out citations in my text, reference list and bibliography?

Books

Cite in the text In the reference list

Book with one author Freeth (2002, p.23) explains that Author, Initials. (Year) Title [in italics].
there is a difference between ... Edition [If later than the first]. Place of
or Publication: Publisher.
There is a difference between eg.
...(Freeth, 2002, p.23) Bell, J. (2005) Doing your research
th
project. 4 ed. Maidenhead: Open
University Press.

Book with two or three Goddard and Barrett (2007) Heneghan, C. and Badenoch, D. (2006)
nd
authors suggested that … Evidence based medicine toolkit. 2 ed.
or Oxford: BMJ Books.
…despite possible objections from
the patient (Heneghan and
Badenoch, 2006, p.124).

Book with more than Critical thinking and discussion can Savage, A., Mayer, P., Masoud, S.,
three authors be a great challenge for many Rhonda, L. and Davis, J. (2006) Effective
students (Savage et al, 2006, p29) academic writing. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Book with an editor The formation of professions was Prest, W. (ed.) (1987) The professions in
examined in Prest (1987). early modern England. London: Croom
Helm.
nd
Book with no author The Percy Tomb has been Treasures of Britain and Ireland. 2 ed.
described as “one of the best (1990) London: Reader‟s Digest
masterpieces of medieval Association Ltd.
European art” (Treasures of
Britiain, 1990 p.84).
Chapter in an edited book The view proposed by Franklin Franklin, A.W. (2002) “Management of the
(2002, p.88) was that … problem”, in Smith, S.M. (ed.) The
maltreatment of children. Lancaster: MTP,
pp.83-95.
Electronic books/e-books In her analysis, Carroll (2007, Author (Publication year) Title of book.
pp.36-92) writes that … Name of e-book collection [Online]
Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
eg,
Carroll, L. (2007) Acute medicine: a
handbook for nurse practitioners. My-
iLibrary resource [Online]. Available at:
http://library.city.ac.uk/search (Accessed:
18 August 2010).
Multi-volume works Butcher‟s (1961) guide talks about Butcher, R. (1961) A new British flora. (2
… vols.) London: Leonard Hill.

Remember:

For reprints, use the year of the original publication, as a reprint is not a new edition.

March 2011 Liz Murray – SCHS Library 5

Journal articles
Cite in the text In the reference list
Journal article Often, Evidence-based practice is Author, Initials. (Year) „Title of
described as research applied to article’ Title of Journal, Issue
practice. (Fitzpatrick, 2010, p.20). Information eg, vol, issue, part,
page numbers. Layout journal
information as indicated on the
journal itself.
eg.
Fitzpatrick, J.J. (2010) „Connecting
or disconnecting the dots between
research and evidence-based
practice‟, Applied Nursing
Research, 23(1), pp.18-22.
Electronic journals/e-journals This information has recently been Zhang, J., Pare, P.D. and
updated (Zhang, Pare and Sandford, A. (2008) „Recent
Sandford, 2008). advances in asthma genetics‟,
Respiratory Research, 9(4),
Pubmed Central [Online].
Available at: respiratory-
research.com/content/9/1/4
(Accessed: 4 July 2008).

Remember:

The rules regarding authors are the same as those for books.
Do not abbreviate Journal titles unless the short title is on the cover e.g. BMJ:
McKinstry, B. (2000) Do patients wish to be involved in decision making in the consultation? A
th
cross sectional survey with video vignettes. BMJ 321 7 October, pp. 867-871.
Page numbers – include the first and last including the references or appendix but if there are
intervening advertisements or other matter they must be excluded by a comma, e.g. 78-80, 82,
84-5 shows pages 81 and 83 are not part of the paper.
The full text of the journal article may be held in a variety of places; it could be hosted by a full
text service or held only as an e-journal by the publisher. The important thing in terms of
referencing is giving the information needed so your reader can find it.

Websites
Cite in the text In the reference list
Web pages with individual Yau (2001) provided Author, Initial. (Year site was updated). Title
authors information about the of Internet site. Available at: URL.
Chinese community. (Accessed: date).
eg
Tau, T. (2001) Dragon project. Available at:
http://www.geocities.com/dragonprofect2000/
(Accessed: 14 June 2008).
Reports on web pages ... as discussed in the Tower Hamlets Council (2011) Joint strategic
analysis of mortality (Tower needs assessment: 1.6 Health inequalities.
Hamlets Council, 2011). [Online]. Available at:
http://www.towerhamlets.gov.uk/lgsl/701-
750/732_jsna.aspx (Accessed: 28 February
2011).
Web pages with no authors Illustrations of the houses Palladio’s Italian villas (2005) Available at:
can be found online http://www.boglewood.com/palladio/
(Palladio’s Italian villas, Accessed: 2 June 2008).
2005)

March 2011 Liz Murray – SCHS Library 6

Other publications and items

Cite in the text In the reference list

Annual Reports The company‟s profits British Sky Broadcasting Group plc (2007) Annual report
expanded (British Sky [Online]. Available at:
Broadcasting Group http://library.corporate-ir.net/library/10/104
plc, 2007) ... 104016/items/258443/AR07.pdf.
Audio/Video Mr Brightside was a Artist if available if not put title first (year of distribution) Title of
downloads major success (The recording. Name of download site. [Download]. Available at:
Killers, 2004). URL (Accessed: date).
eg
The Killers (2004) Mr Brightside. iTunes [Download]. Available
at: http://www.apple.com/uk/itunes/ (Accessed: 13 November
2007).
Book illustrations, … as shown in the Author, Initials. (Publication year) Title of book. Place of
diagrams, tables comparison of Publication: Publisher, page reference, illus./fig./table.
etc. skeletal, cardiac and eg.
smooth musles Marieb, E. (2006) Essentials of human anatomy and
th
(Marieb, 2006, p.179) physiology. 8 ed. San Francisco: Pearson. p.179, table.
Book reviews Darden (2007) Darden, L. (2007) „New cell research‟. Review of Discovering
considered the book cell mechanisms: the creation of modern cell biology, by
… William Bechtel. Journal of the History of Biology, 40 (1)
pp.185-7.
British Standards Loft conversions are British Standards Institute (1989) BS5268-7.4: Structural use of
subject to strict timber: ceiling binders. London: British Standards Institute.
controls (British
Standards Institute,
1989) such as ...
CD/DVD-Rom The student made Title. (Publication Year) [CD-ROM] Producer [if known]
extensive use of an Available: Publisher/Distributor.
authoritative source eg.
(World development World development indicators (2002) [CD-ROM]. The World
indicators, 2002) … Bank Group. Available: SilverPlatter.
Conference The conference Institute for Small Business Affairs (2000) Small firms: adding
rd
proceedings (Institute for Small the spark: the 23 ISBA national small firms policy and
Business Affairs, research conference. Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen 15-
2000) reported that ... 17 November. Leeds: Institute for Small Business Affairs.
DVD – episode Close attention was „Title of episode‟ (year of distribution) Title of programme/series
paid to period details, In Title of compilation [DVD] Place of distribution: Distributor.
for example, the eg
costumes of the „Episode 4# (2006) The Mallen streak. In Catherine Cookson
dancers („Episode 4‟, complete collection [DVD]. London: ITV.
2006).
DVD - film Special effects can Title of film (year of distribution) Directed by [DVD] Place of
dominate a film, eg. distribution: Distribution company.
The Matrix reloaded eg
(2003). The Matrix reloaded (2003) Directed by A. & L. Wachowski
[DVD]. Los Angegles: Warner Brothers Inc.
EU Publications The predicted Name of EU Institution (Publication Year) Title. Place of
migration of labour Publication: Publisher.
(European eg.
Commission, 2003) ... European Commission (2003) Making globalisation work for
everyone. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the
European Union.

March 2011 Liz Murray – SCHS Library 7

Genealogical Thomas Wilson „Name of person‟ (year of census) Census return for ...Street,
sources, moved to Willington in place, county, Registration sub-district. Public Record Office:
ie censuses the 1850s („Thomas piece number, folio number, page number.
Wilson‟, 1861). If certificate was obtained online, add: Name of website (year
of last update). Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
eg
„Thomas Wilson‟ (1861) Census return for New Row,
Willington, St Oswald sub-district, County Durham. Public
Record Office: PRP RG9/3739, folio 74, p.11.
Ancestry (2008). Available at: http://www.ancestry.co.uk
(Accessed: 3 July 2008).
Government Bills Haulage companies Great Britain. Parliament. House of … (year of publication)
expressed concern Title. Place of publication: Publisher.
about the provisions eg
of the Transport Bill. Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. (1999)
(Great Britain. Transport Bill. London: The Stationery Office. (Bills 1999-
Parliament. House of 2000 8).
Commons, 1999)
Government The latest advice Great Britain. Department of Health. Saving lives: our
Publications: given (Great Britain. healthier nation. London: The Stationery Office. (Cm.4386).
command papers Department of Health,
1999) is that ...
Government Prison numbers Great Britain. Ministry of Justice (2007) Sentencing statistics
Publications: increased last year (annual) London: Ministry of Justice.
departmental (Great Britain. .
publications Ministry of Justice, Great Britain. Department of Health (2008) Health inequalities:
2007) as did the progress and next steps [Online]. Available at:
disparity in medical http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsand
care (Great Britain. statistics/Lettersandcirculars/Healthservice
Department of Health, Circulars/DH_4071269 (Accessed: 18 June 2008).
2008)
Graphs in a book The effects of the Day, R. And Gastel, B. (2006) How to write and publish a
(give book details) compounds (Day and scientific paper. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p.95,
Gastel, 2006, p.95) graph.
are such that ...
House of Parliamentary reports Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. (1999)
Commons and for the year included Criminal justice: working together, Session 1999-2000.
House of Lords the criminal justice London: The Stationery Office. (HC 1999-2000 29).
papers system (Great Britain.
Parliament. House of
Commons, 1999).
International A report by the United Name of organisation (Publication Year) Title, Place of
Publications Nations (2005) states Publication: Publisher.
that ... eg.
United Nations (2005) Yearbook of the United Nations, 2003
vol. 47. New York: United Nations Department of Public
Information.
Interviews – The Democrat Name of Person Interviewed (year of interview) „Title of the
internet, appeared confident in interview‟ Interview with/interviewed by. Interviewer‟s name.
newspaper and the discussion Title of publications or broadcast. Day and month of interview.
television (Obama, 2008). If published on the interview, add:
[Online] Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
eg
Obama, B. (2008) Interviewed by Terry Moran for ABC News,
19 March. [Online]. Available at:
http://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/vote2008/story/
?id-4480133 (Accessed: 16 June 2008).

March 2011 Liz Murray – SCHS Library 8

Leaflets Lloyds TSB Bank plc Author (corporate or individual) (Date, if known) Title [Leaflet
(no date) provides obtained …] Date.
insurance for its eg
mortgages … Lloyds TSB Bank plc (no date) Mortgages. [Leaflet obtained in
Newcastle branch] 4 June 2008.
Lectures, Points of interest from Author/speaker (year) Title of communication [Medium]
seminars, the lecture (Brown, Day/month.
webinars 2008) included … eg
Brown, T (2008) Contemporary furniture. [Lecture to BSc
Design Year 4]. 21 April.
Minutes of Jones (2008) Author (individual or group) (year of meeting) „Item being
meetings suggested work referenced‟ Title and date of meeting. Organisation. Location of
shadowing and meeting.
mentoring … eg
Jones, T. (2008) „Item 3.1: Developing our staff‟, Minutes of
staff development committee meeting 23 June 2008, Western
Health Trust, Shrewsbury.
Newspaper articles House prices fell by Author, Initial (year of publication) „Title of article‟ Title of
by an author 2.1% last month (Old, newspaper. (edition, if necessary), Day and Month, page
2008, p.25). number.
eg
Old, D. (2008) „House price gloom‟, Evening Chronicle
(Newcastle ed.), 26 June, p.25.
Newspaper articles The article (The Title of Newspaper (year of publication) „Title of article‟ Day
without an author Times, 2008, p.7) and month, page number.
reported that … eg
The Times (2008) „Bank accounts‟, 14 June, p.7.
Online discussion Debt was discussed Author of message (year of message) „Subject of the message‟
groups and bulletin by Peters (2008) … Discussion group or bulletin board. Date posted: day/month
boards [Online]. Available e-mail: e-mail address.
eg
Peters, W.R. (2008) „International finance questions”, British
Business School Librarians Group discussion list, 11 August
[Online] Available e-mail:[email protected].
Pamphlets Bradley‟s pamphlet Bradley, M. (1994) CD-ROMs: how to set up your workstation.
(1994) gave London: ASLIB.
instruction in the use
of …
Patents Dear (2007) proposed Dear, A.G. (2007) Plastic bag carrier. UK Intellectual Property
a solution whereby ... Office Patent no. GB2439278 [Online]. Available at:
http://www.ipo.gov.uk/p-find-publication (Accessed: 1 July
2008).
Personal This was disputed by Sender/speaker/author (year of communication) Medium of
communications, Walters (2008) when communication, receiver of communication, Day/month of
eg in person, by he said … communication.
letter, email, eg
phone, text, fax Walter, F. (2008) Conversation with John Stephens, 13
etc. August.
Walters, F. (2008) Letter to John Stephens, 23 January.
Walters, F. (2008) E-mail to John Stephens, 14 August.
Walters, F (2008) Telephone conversation with John Stephens,
25 December.
Walters, F. (Text message to John Stephens, 14 June).
Walters, F. (Fax to John Stephens, 17 December).
Phonecasts Zuckerberg created „Title of phonecast‟ (year of production) Title of webpage.
Facebook in 2004 („A Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
conversation with eg
Mark Zuckerberg‟, #A conversation with Mark Zuckerberg‟ (2007) Phonecasting.
2007). Available at: http://www.phonecasting.com/channel
/viewchannel.aspx?id=1904 (Accessed: 1 July 2008).

March 2011 Liz Murray – SCHS Library 9

Photographs from This explanatory Photographer (Publication year) Title of Photograph [Online].
Internet photograph (Kitto, Available at URL (Assessed: date).
2008) ... eg.
Kitto, J. (2008) Golden sunset [Online]. Available at:
http://www.jameskitto.co.uk/hoto_1827786.html
(Accessed 14 June 2008).

Photographs in The deep hues in Photographer (Publication year) Title of photograph. Title of
online collections, Kamuro‟s photo online collection [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
eg Flickr (2008) ... eg.
Kamuro (2008) Calmness. Flickr [Online]. Available at:
http://www.fleckr.com/photos/kamuro/443012/in/
Pool-ysplix (Accessed: 30 June 2008).
Podcasts Ben (2005) warned Author/presenter (Year site was published/updated) „Title of
students to evaluate podcast‟, Title of Internet site [Podcast]. Day/month of posted
their sources. message. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
eg
Ben (2005) „Critical thinking and the Internet‟, BBC schools
podcast [Podcast] 23 June. Available at:
http://searach.bbc.co.uk/cgi-
bin/search/results.p;?tab=av&q=school%20podcast
&recipe=all&scope=all&edition= (Accessed: 25 June 2008).
Posters The image (Chagall, Artist (if known, or use title) (year) Title [Poster] Exhibited at.
no date) was so Location and date of exhibition. Dimensions (if relevant and
beautiful … available).
eg
Chagall, M. (not date) Le violiniste [Poster].
84cmx48cm/33”x19”.
eg
Smith‟s poster (2003)
Smith, K. (2003) Prints, books and things [Poster]. Exhibited at
…
New York, Museum of Modern Art. 5 December 2003-8 March
2004.
Press releases Google Inc (2008) Author/organisation (year issued) Title of communication
offered to … [Press release] Day/month. If online add: Available at: URL
(Accessed: date).
eg
Google Inc. (2008) Cartography for the masses [Press
release]. 24 June. Available at:
http://google.com/intl/en/press/annc/mapmaker_20080624.html
(Accessed: 3 July 2008).
Radio programmes The latest report Title of programme. (Year of transmission) Name of channel,
(Today, 2010) Date of transmission day/month.
eg
th
Today (2010) BBC Radio 4, 19 August.
Radio programmes Technology offers the Title of programme (Original year of transmission) Name of
heard on the means to improve channel, day and month of original transmission. Available at:
Internet human ability URL (Accessed: date).
(Redesigning the eg
human body, 2006) ... Redesigning the human body (2006) BBC Radio 4, 25
September. Available at:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/redesigninghumanbody/
(Accessed: 15 June 2008).
Research Reports The minimum cost of Bradshaw, J., Middleton, S., Davis, A., Oldfield, N., Smith, N.,
living in Britain is Cusworth, L. And Williams, J. (2008) A minimum income
£13,400 (Bradshow et standard for Britain: what people think. [Online]. Available at:
al., 2008, p32). http://jrf.org.uk/
Bookshop/ebooks/2226-income-poverty-standards.pdf
(Accessed: 3 July 2008).
RSS feeds Really simple Syndication is a method of notifying subscribers if a web page has been
updated. You should reference the original source, eg new web page or journal article,
not the RSS feed.

March 2011 Liz Murray – SCHS Library 10

Screencasts ie, An online video „Title of screencast‟ (year of production) Title of web page
video screen demonstrated [Screencast]. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
captures functions („Putting eg
Flickr on rails‟, 2008). „Putting Flickr on rails‟ (2008) Show, don’t tell [Screencast].
Available at: http://rubyonrails.org/screencasts (Accessed 27
June 2008).
Television Vicky Pollard (Little Little Britain (2005) BBC2 Television, 23 June.
programmes Britain, 2005)
exemplifies the
temperamental
teenager.
Television The effects of the „Title of episode‟ (Transmission year) Title of
programmes accident were programme/series, series and episode number, Name of
viewed on the portrayed graphically channel, Day/month of transmission [Online] Available at: URL
Internet („Love you‟, 2008). (Accessed: date).
eg
„Love you‟ (2008) Holby City, Series 10, episode 4, BBC1
Television, 9 June [Online]. Available at:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/ (Accessed: 15 June 2008).
Theses – on the Research by Winkelman, P. (2001) Beyond science: an exploration of
Internet. Winkelman (2001) values in engineering education adn practice. PhD thesis.
demonstrates that ... University of Calgary, Alerta [Online]. Available at:
http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/
ftp04/nq64892.pdf (Accessed: 14 June 2008).
Theses – Researach by Tregear, A.E.J. (2001) Speciality regional foods in the UK: an
unpublished. Tregear (2001) has investigation from the perspectives of marketing and social
shown that ... history. Unpublished PhD thesis. University of Newcastle
upon Tyne.
UK Statutes The statute (Great Great Britain. Short Title of the Act and Year . Name of
Britain. Mental Health Sovereign. Chapter number. (year of publication) Place of
Act 1983) brought into publication: Publisher.
effect many changes, eg
such as ... Great Britain. Mental Health Act 1983: Elizabeth II. Chapter
20. (1983) London: HMSO.
UK Statutory The Primary Care Name/title including year (SI number and year).
Instruments Trusts eg
(Establishment) Primary Care Trusts (Establishment) Amendment Order 2006
Amendment Order (SI 2006/2077).
2006 was
introduced....
Vidcasts – video The vidcast was most Author, Initials. (Year site was published) „Title of vidcast‟ Title
podcasts informative (Walker of Internet site. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
and Carruthers, eg
2008). Walker, A. and Carruthers, S. (2008) „Episode 126: Storage on
your network‟, Lab rats! Available at:
http://labrats.tv.episodes/ep126.html (Assessed: 19 June
2008).
Virtual Learning Bright (2003, p.262) Author, Initials (Publication Year), „Title of article‟ volume,
Environment believed that ... issue, page numbers. Name of academic module. [Online]
(Moodle) Journal Available at: URL of Virtual Learning Environment. (Accessed:
articles date).
eg,
Bright, M. (2003) „The advance of learning‟, Journal of Ideas,
46(2), pp. 259-277. E-learning in the classroom [Online].
Available at: http://duo.dur.ac.uk (Accessed: 23 July 2007).
Virtual Learning It is advisable to Thomas, D. (2008) „Word count and referencing style‟,
Environment check which Frequently Asked Questions discussion board in Housing
(Moodle) referencing style is Studies [Online]. Available at:
Messages from required (Thomas, http://duo.dur.ac.uk (Accessed: 14 may 2008).
course discussion 2003).
boards

March 2011 Liz Murray – SCHS Library 11

Virtual Learning The need for Hollis, K. (2880) „Week 7: dissertation preparation materials‟.
Environment preparation (Hollis, Research methods for MA History [Online]. Available at:
(Moodle) Tutor 2008) is paramount ... http://duo.dur.ac.uk (Accessed: 2 February 2008).
Notes
Web pages with Yau (2001) provided Author, Initial. (Year site was updated). Title of Internet site.
individual authors information about the Available at: URL. (Accessed: date).
Chinese community. eg
Tau, T. (2001) Dragon project. Available at:
http://www.geocities.com/dragonprofect2000/ (Accessed: 14
June 2008).
Web pages with The Open Gardens British Red Cross (2008) Open gardens. Available at:
organisations as scheme (British Red http://redcross.org.uk/index.asp?id=
authors Cross, 2008) ... 39992 (Accessed: 17 June 2008).
Web pages with Illustrations of the Palladio’s Italian villas (2005) Available at:
no authors houses can be found http://www.boglewood.com/palladio/
online (Palladio’s Accessed: 2 June 2008).
Italian villas, 2005)

Remember:

If referring to an online version, rather than a print version, then replace place of publication
and publisher with [Online]. Available at: URL. (Accessed: date).
You must have permission of the person who sent the e-mail before using it as a reference
source.
If there is not clear author, the information on the website might be unreliable.
If there are no dates on the website, the information may be out of date.

Notes on compiling your reference list and bibliography

Remember:

The details you need are usually found on the front and back of the title page. This is normally
the first or second unnumbered page inside the book.
Note where the punctuation appears; it is very important that this is correct.
Do not include an edition statement if it is the first edition, however all later editions DO require
an edition statement.
Be very careful not to confuse the date of the edition with any reprint dates. Publishers
sometimes reprint titles when they have run out of copies, this could be years after the date that
edition was issued. e.g. Rowntree, D. (1981) Statistics Without Tears. London: Penguin. This
book was reprinted in 1991 and again in 2000 with minor corrections and new further reading,
but it is still the 1981 edition.
The place of publication is the city or town, not country.
You should not use an ampersand i.e. “&” between names, always write the word “and”.

March 2011 Liz Murray – SCHS Library 12