RUNNING HEAD: RESEARCH PROPOSAL 1
Research Proposal
The Application of Artificial Intelligence in
Cardiology
[Gagandeep kaur]
[Student Id- 30366864]
[ITECH 5500]
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Abstract
The current state and application of artificial intelligence (AI) are examined by this study in
cardiovascular medicine. The clinical practice of medicine is changing by AI. To identify
potential benefits of patient and to provide insights for the practicing clinician, this study has
focused upon the impact of artificial intelligence on cardiology. For this study, MEDLINE and
PubMed databases were searched using search terms related to cardiology and AI with no date
limitation. On the basis of relevance, articles were selected for inclusion. In recent years, the
major accomplishments were highlighted in all cardiology areas. The evidence suggested that the
centre stage in this filed will be taken by AI.
Keywords: clinical decision-making, cardiology, cardiovascular medicine, machine learning,
artificial intelligence.
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Table of Contents
Abstract.......................................................................................................................................................2
1. Introduction.........................................................................................................................................4
2. Literature Review................................................................................................................................4
3. Methodology.......................................................................................................................................5
4. Discussion of Implications and Research............................................................................................8
5. Conclusions.........................................................................................................................................9
6. References.........................................................................................................................................10
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1. Introduction
Throughout the world, technological development has been taking place and seeking its
application in almost all types of sectors and industries, involving the health care industry. The
treatment and care delivery processes have been improved and the entire process of health care
services has been facilitated by different technologies within the health care sector. One such
technology identified is AI (artificial intelligence) that possesses the qualifications of
revolutionizing the entire health care operational systems (Johnson et al., 2018). Machines are
offered by AI with the type of capability of responding and learning in a manner that is similar to
that of humans. Moreover, AI has been evolving rapidly in the area of medicine and specifically
in cardiology. Artificial intelligence can also be described as the theory as well as the
development of the computer system that is capable of performing those tasks that are required
generally by human intelligence (Lopez-Jimenez et al., 2020). To help cardiologists in cost-
effectiveness, increased productivity, the flow of work, and decision-making is the key objective
of AI that results eventually in increased outcomes of the patient. A set of tools for extending and
augmenting the effectiveness of cardiologists is provided by the promising role of machine
learning and artificial intelligence in cardiology.
Moreover, AI (artificial intelligence) is also one of the famous terms that refers to
machine learning of different types also often to deep neural networks. At the forefront of AI in
medicine is cardiology. A close collaboration among clinicians, clinical investigators, and
computer scientists is also required by artificial intelligence. In medicine, the future of AI
represents the collaboration between clinicians and investigators. This study will focus on the
emerging advancements of artificial intelligence in cardiovascular medicine. It will also focus
upon the challenges and best practices in implementation, interpretation, validation, and
generation of artificial intelligence in medicine. Further, it will highlight the future of AI in
cardiology.
2. Literature Review
According to Itchhaporia (2020), artificial intelligence (AI) is referred to as branch of
engineering that adopts new concepts for addressing complicated problems. Within the area of
medicine, the extensive application of deep learning algorithms will result in actionable changes
as well as knowledge concerning decision-making processes, diseases is studied, patients are
categories, and which treatments are developed. Itchhaporia (2020) also pointed out that in
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cardiology AI has the capability of conquering medicine, involving cardiovascular medicines.
The absence of human errors is one of the most important functions linked with the use of
artificial intelligence.
On the other hand, Dorado-Diaz et al., (2019) focused on the role of artificial intelligence
in cardiology as the outcomes of pulmonary hypertension amongst patients with greater accuracy
can be predicted by the researchers through a cardiac magnetic resonance imaging-based
algorithm of the 3-dimensional pattern of the systolic cardiac motion. On the other hand, Lopez-
Jimenez et al., (2020) indicated that concerning to artificial intelligence, different algorithms
were used for creating novel phenotypic categorizations of the patients with heart failure and
preserved ejection fraction.
Further, for improving patient care, interpretation, qualification, and identification of
relations among variables have been required largely by physicians (Johnson et al., 2018).
Different methods are comprised of AI and machine learning that help computers in doing the
same with the increased effectiveness of algorithmic learning. Conducting inference related to
the sample parameters or population is the key objective of statistics. On the other hand, the
algorithmic representation of the data structure is the key focus of machine learning as well as
making predictions and classifications. Since these two aspects are intertwined ultimately,
thereby, these can be categorized as separate entities as the same is perceived to be analogous
although the application is linked with answering different questions.
Johnson et al., (2018) also focused on the need of artificial intelligence in cardiology.
Due to the increasing amount of familiar algorithms that can be enhanced in real work tasks, AI
has emerged. Without the requirements for considering any type of assumptions relevant to the
underlying data machine learning algorithms is mostly used. Algorithms that are mostly accurate
concerning the prediction and classification have mostly resulted despite the hindrance that is
linked with the statistical interference. Thereby, it can be assumed that cardiovascular medicines
have the capability of seeking benefits from the implementation of AI and machine learning.
3. Methodology
A comprehensive picture of all of the research methods used in this study has been
provided under this chapter. Moreover, critical information about the research philosophy,
research methods, data collection methods, research approach, sample size, and data analysis
methods have also been provided. Lastly, this research study will be adequately following the
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onion research model forwarded by Saunders et al., (2015). The study gained effective guidance
from this onion research model in recognising the methodological approaches step by step and
accomplishing its desires research aims and objectives. In the end, the ethical considerations
countered by the study have been focused on by the chapter.
According to Mkansi and Acheampong (2012), some of the commonly used research
philosophies are positivism, realism, interpretivism, and pragmatism. These four key research
philosophies aid different types of mind-sets and research. However, the key notion present in
these research philosophies is present in the philosophical notions of ontology, epistemology,
and axiology. For this study, the pragmatism research philosophy has been chosen. Quinlan et
al., (2019) suggest that pragmatism research philosophy provides a great deal of flexibility to the
researcher especially concerning the research methods and research approaches. Lastly, the
pragmatism philosophy also supports the idea of preferring any mixed research methodology
along with the inductive or deductive approach. Further, Oyegoke (2011) highlighted that
deductive, abductive, and inductive are some of the most common approaches in research. For
this study, the deductive research approach has been chosen. However, the deductive approach
requires the identification of hypotheses in the study along with adequate validation. This
approach will also help the study in briefly extending is ideas by adding relevant theoretical
concepts.
Beins (2017) indicated that research method is one of the most important parts of a
research study. As the methodologies adopted and applied by the researcher in the study for
deriving valid outputs are highlighted under it. Two most common research methods are the
qualitative research method and quantitative research method. All types of research studies can
use any one or a mix of these two methods. Morse (2016) highlighted that the qualitative
research method generates the result outputs in the form of opinions, beliefs, and ideas. In
contrast to this, the result outputs in the quantitative method are generated in the form of
numbers of figures. Moreover, it is not necessary to use statistical tools in case of data obtained
from qualitative method. In comparison to this, the quantitative data must be evaluated through
various statistical tools, such as Microsoft Excel or SPSS. One of the biggest advantages
quantitative method has over qualitative is that it generates results based on facts and free of
biasness or opinions. This study has adopted and used the mixed research methodology.
Selection of such research methodology also provided a good benefit to the researcher, that is,
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the drawbacks of qualitative method were well-covered by the benefits provided by the
quantitative method.
Arai et al., (2020) suggested that different resources of data are used by researchers when
they are at the stage of collecting and gathering data for the study. The choice of the data sources
is dependent majorly upon factors, such as, the selected research approach, method, and
philosophy. Collection of data can be driven from different resources and can be both in
qualitative form (words) and quantitative form (numbers). This study has used two types of data
resources that are primary and secondary data resources, however, each one of them had their
own drawbacks and benefits. A combination of these two data resources is often used by a lot of
researchers.
According to Johnston (2017) data that already had been gathered and published by
different researchers in the past is considered as secondary data. The resources of secondary data
can be scholarly or peer-review journal articles published by renowned researcher or scholars in
the past, yearly organisational reports published by various organisations on their official
websites, or the records of governmental regulated bodies present on the official websites of the
government. Textbooks and news articles are also different types of secondary data resources.
This study has used all of these data resources to collect secondary data. Moreover, for assuring
the authenticity of the secondary data source, appropriate methods have also been used by the
researcher. As, maintenance of both the reliability and validity of secondary data is mandatory in
a research. However, two of the biggest benefits were gained by the researcher while using these
data resources. First, no cost was incurred to researcher for carrying out the research. Secondly,
much of the researcher’s time was saved.
Gray (2019) suggested that primary data resource can be considered as the original kind
of data gathered by the researcher her/himself. The primary data can be collected through various
kinds of research tools such as questionnaires, observations, interviews, and focus groups. In
comparison to secondary resources, they are considered as one of the highly authentic and
reliable kind of data resource as the researcher him/herself is mostly involved. Moreover, these
primary resources of data are also well-controlled by the researcher. The result outputs can also
be translated in an efficient manner for better understanding. However, one of the biggest
drawback of these resources is that they can turn costly to the researcher and consume a lot of
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his/her time. The primary data of this study has been supported with the help of survey-
questionnaire and interview questionnaire.
Validity and reliability of research study are two most crucial aspects that must be
prioritised highly by the researcher. As the research can only be considered appropriate and
useful, when its outcomes and conclusions are valid and reliable. Thereby, it is the key
responsibility of the researcher to focus on the reliability and validity of sources of data
(Taherdoost, 2016). The reliability and validity in this study has been maintained by the
researcher. Lastly, plagiarism is one of the main ethical aspect that is expected to be maintained
by every researcher conducting any type of research study (Ananth, 2019). It is perceived as the
act of using or stealing someone’s work that already has been published in the past, especially if
credentials are not given to the researcher whose work is being taken. Crediting the work of the
researcher and resources is referred to as citation. This key issue of plagiarism has been taken
care well in this study. All of the resources used in the study have been credited appropriately.
Secondly, collecting the consent of the participants is another important ethical aspect to be
considered by the researcher. This is necessary so that issues can be eliminated before
conducting the research.
4. Discussion of Implications and Research
With major developments in analysis of structured data, image segmentation, and signal
processing, cardiology is at the forefront of AI in medicine. In recent years, there have been
major accomplishments in a lot of cardiology areas with some concrete advances in risk
prediction, automatic interpretation of imaging studies, and ECG analysis. However, AI is
susceptible to major errors in increasing ethical and safety concerns, generalizability and
validity, and interpretation that require to be addressed in advance. It also has become clear that
in order to identify the most relevant issues to be solved, a close collaboration among other users,
clinicians, clinical investigators, and computer scientists is required. Further, for improving
patient care, interpretation, qualification, and identification of relations among variables have
been required largely by physicians (Johnson et al., 2018). Different methods are comprised of
AI and machine learning that help computers in doing the same with the increased effectiveness
of algorithmic learning. Conducting inference related to the sample parameters or population is
the key objective of statistics. On the other hand, the algorithmic representation of the data
structure is the key focus of machine learning as well as making predictions and classifications.
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Since these two aspects are intertwined ultimately, thereby, these can be categorized as separate
entities as the same is perceived to be analogous although the application is linked with
answering different questions.
5. Conclusions
For the clinical practice of current cardiology, one of the fundamental tools that have
emerged is AI (artificial intelligence). In relation to personalized care and from a therapeutic and
diagnostic perspective significant improvements have been allowed by different applications of
AI. However, it is important that healthy data must be used to use such tools. The nature of these
data is different and involves new resources like omic-data and wearable devices.
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6. References
Ananth, C., 2019. Policy Document on Research Paper-Presentation, Its Ethics and Plagiarism at
Higher Quality Accredited Institutions. International Journal of Advanced Research in
Management, Architecture, Technology and Engineering (IJARMATE) Vol, 1.
Arai, T., Yoshida, Y., Sato, S. and Urabe, H., Yokogawa Electric Corp, 2020. Data collection
system and data collection method. U.S. Patent Application 16/502,130.
Beins, B.C., 2017. Research method: A tool for life. Cambridge University Press.
Dorado-Díaz, P. I., Sampedro-Gómez, J., Vicente-Palacios, V., & Sánchez, P. L. (2019).
Applications of artificial intelligence in cardiology. The future is already here. Revista
Española de Cardiología (English Edition), 72(12), 1065-1075.
Gray, D.E., 2019. Doing research in the business world. Sage Publications Limited.
Itchhaporia, D. (2020). Artificial Intelligence in Cardiology. Trends in cardiovascular medicine.
Johnson, K. W., Torres Soto, J., Glicksberg, B. S., Shameer, K., Miotto, R., Ali, M., ... &
Dudley, J. T. (2018). Artificial intelligence in cardiology. Journal of the American
College of Cardiology, 71(23), 2668-2679.
Johnston, M.P., 2017. Secondary data analysis: A method of which the time has
come. Qualitative and quantitative methods in libraries, 3(3), pp.619-626.
Lopez-Jimenez, F., Attia, Z., Arruda-Olson, A. M., Carter, R., Chareonthaitawee, P., Jouni,
H., ... & Friedman, P. A. (2020, May). Artificial intelligence in cardiology: present and
future. In Mayo Clinic Proceedings (Vol. 95, No. 5, pp. 1015-1039). Elsevier.
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Mkansi, M. and Acheampong, E.A., 2012. Research philosophy debates and classifications:
students’ dilemma. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 10(2), pp.132-140.
Morse, J.M., 2016. Mixed method design: Principles and procedures. Routledge.
Oyegoke, A., 2011. The constructive research approach in project management
research. International Journal of Managing Projects in Business.
Quinlan, C., Babin, B., Carr, J. and Griffin, M., 2019. Business research methods. South Western
Cengage.
Saunders, M.N., Lewis, P., Thornhill, A. and Bristow, A., 2015. Understanding research
philosophy and approaches to theory development.
Taherdoost, H., 2016. Sampling methods in research methodology; how to choose a sampling
technique for research. How to Choose a Sampling Technique for Research (April 10,
2016).
