P

hysical Science Quarter

3 – Module 1:
Star Formation & Evolution

Physical Science – Grade 11

Quarter 3 – Module 1: Star Formation and Evolution
First Edition, 2020
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Physical
 Science Quarter 3 –
Module 1:
Star Formation & Evolution

Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning at home. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage
and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

For the learner:

As a learner, you must learn to become responsible of your own learning.

Take time to read, understand, and perform the different activities in the module.

As you go through the different activities of this module be reminded of the

following:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises. 2. Don’t forget
to answer Let Us Try before moving on to the other activities. 3. Read the
instructions carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are done.

If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not
alone. We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

ii

Let Us Learn
This module was designed for you, the learners. It is to facilitate you to learn
the appropriate knowledge and skills as you go through a series of worthwhile
activities. The lessons are arranged sequentially in this course to ease
understanding and mastery. The parameter of this module allows you to appreciate
the formation of heavier elements in the universe through star formation and
evolution and the pieces of evidence.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

• Give evidence for and describe the formation of heavier elements during
star formation and evolution (MELC).

Specifically, you will:

1. identify the heavier elements formed in the star evolution and their
 atomic masses
2. explain the formation of heavier elements in the stages of star
evolution; and,
3. cite evidence about the formation of heavier elements during star
formation and evolution.

Let Us Try!

Choose the best answer and write your answers on a separate paper. 1.

Where is the site of the formation of heavier elements in the universe?

A. Asteroid Belt C. Moon

B. Earth D. Star

2. Which of the following is the correct sequence of the evolution of the star?

A. main sequence star, supergiant, red giant, supernova

B. red giant, supergiant, main sequence star, supernova
C. main sequence star, red giant, supergiant, supernova
D. supernova, main sequence star, red giant, supergiant

1
3. What happens to the core temperature of a star as it ages/ evolves?
A. Decreases
B. Increases
C. Remains constant
D. Increases then decreases

4. In the main sequence star, what element is formed when hydrogen fuse in the
star’s core?

A. Beryllium C. Helium
B. Carbon D. Oxygen

5. How is the heavy element Carbon formed in a star’s core? It is formed via:

A. Explosion of the star C. Hydrogen Fusion

B. Helium Fusion D. Oxygen Fusion

Let Us Study
Have you observed the bright stars in a clear night sky? Have you witnessed
the spectacular sunrise at dawn? I think you have. The sun is also a star in the
universe. Both the stars and sun in the universe take part of our everyday lives. We
could even say that we are the universe’s way of experiencing itself.
 Meanwhile, looking beyond what we see in our own two eyes spark more the
inquisitive mind.

What are stars made of? How are they formed? Would they stay up in the sky
infinitely throughout their lifetime? These are just some of the queries that will be
unraveled in detail in this module.

Read the comic strips below and answer the questions that follow:

Oh really! I don’t know that. Thank universe? I am learning

you, Hannah! a lot from
Andres, do you you, Hannah.
know that
Hydrogen is the In fact, hydrogen,
most abundant together w/ helium, lithium &
element in the beryllium, were formed through Big
Bang nucleosynthesis.
 How about
the formation
of heavier
elements?Interestingly, they
were formed within
stars.

That sounds
cool! I want to
know more of
that…

Comic Strip By: Reden S. Ranalan

Questions:

1. What is the most abundant element in the Universe?

2. What do you call the process in which heavier elements (e.g. lithium and
beryllium) are formed?
3. Where do formation of heavier elements take place?

What is a Star?

A star is a ball of gas strongly held together by its own gravitational force. The
Sun, our very own star, is the closest star to Earth and has been used by
astronomers as a model in studying stars in detail.
A star’s life starts as clouds of dust and gas. Gravity pulls these clouds
together. Various nuclear fusion reactions take place and drive the formation and
development of stars. Stars with different masses grow and “evolve” (or change)
throughout the different stages of their lives.

Stars, in general, begin life in the same way however they develop in different
ways depending on their size.
The sun, our star, is formed around 4.5 billion years ago. It is driven by
nuclear fusion, initially involving hydrogen and producing helium along with a high
amount of energy. This is the source of the energy of a star like our sun.

How Are Stars Formed?

3
The outer space may seem like a vacuum but in reality, it contains very
thinly spread of gas and dust called the interstellar medium (ISM). Stars are
formed from the accumulation (or accretion) of these clouds of dust and gas,
referred to as molecular clouds. The gravitational energy pulls together the clouds
of gas and dust causing it to collapse. As the clouds of gas and dust collapse, they
become denser and this paves the way for the formation of stars. The dense clouds
of gas and dust are known as a nebula – the birthplace of stars. The Orion Nebula
situated in our galaxy, the Milky Way, is one of the brightest nebulae that can be
observed in the night sky.

The formation of stars involves several stages and each stage could take
around million years.

The process of star formation The figure on the process of star formation shows the
six (6) steps (A to F) of star formation for Sun-like stars. The process begins on (A),
where clouds of gas and dust in the space between stars (ISM) collapse into a dense
sphere of gas called a prestellar core (B) that eventually will become the sun.

During the collapse, a disk (C) forms around the core, while two jets are
emitted at the poles. At some point the star stops growing, but gas still fall onto the
disk (D). After a few million years this process also halts. The star is now born (E),
while the planets are being formed from the left-over material, which will eventually
become a solar system (F). A solar system typically lives 10 billion years after the
formation process.

4
Stars spend the majority of their life fusing hydrogen into helium through a
process called nuclear fusion. When the hydrogen is nearly used up, the star can
fuse helium into heavier elements. Elements heavier than beryllium are formed
inside the stars known as stellar nucleosynthesis.

The star formation theory suggests that stars are formed from the collapse
of the dense sections of molecular cloud. As this cloud collapses, the fragments
shrink to form a stellar core known as protostar. The protostar shrinks due to
strong gravitational force while its temperature increases. When the core
temperature reaches about 10 million Kelvin, nuclear reactions start. As a result,
the contraction is stopped and gravitational equilibrium is attained. The protostar
has become a main sequence star.

Evolution of Stars

The figure below shows the life cycles of stars: Stars that are similar in size
to the Sun follow the lower path in the figure:
• Red giant star → white dwarf → black dwarf

Stars that are far greater in mass than the Sun follow the upper path in the figure:

• red super giant star → supernova → neutron star, or a black hole

(depending on size)

5
Note:
Symbol
Alpha (α) He 24
Beta (β) −1��0
Gamma (γ) 0��0
Table 1. Evolution of Stars
Stage Core Description Reaction
 Temperature

Main- 1.5 x 107 K In this stage, nuclear fusion 1

H + 1H = 2H + β
sequence of hydrogen occurs in the 2
H + 1H = 3He + γ
star (yellow core that convert hydrogen 3
He + 3He = 4He +
into helium. Four hydrogen
atoms combine to make a 2 1H
helium atom and high
energy gamma rays. This
hydrogen fusion occurs in
three steps. Element Formed:
Helium (He)
star)
Due to this process, the
temperature and density of
the star’s core increases up
to 100 million K. As such,
the star expands into a red
giant.

Red giant 2 x 108 K In this stage, several 2He

4
+ 2He 4 = 4Be 8
nuclear fusion reactions 8 4
take place. It involves alpha 4Be + 2He = 6C
12
particles (2He 4) and fusion +γ
of three 2He 4 atoms.

Helium is converted to
carbon in the core while
hydrogen is converted to Element Formed:
helium in the shell Carbon (C)
surrounding the core.
Then, the rate of fusion
slows down. Gravity again
squeezes the star. Hence,
the star balloons into a
supergiant as it
accumulates mass and
temperature.

6
Supergiant 7 x 108 K In this stage, carbon fusion 12
+ 2He 4 8O
occurs. The star undergoes 16
a series of reaction as more
6C
alpha particles are fused to
form heavier elements all 16
the way to iron in the core +2He 410Ne 20 8O
and in the shells around 20
the core. 10Ne + 2He 412Mg
24 24
The element oxygen is 12Mg + 2He 4Si
formed from carbon fusion;
neon from oxygen fusion; 14 28
magnesium from neon
28
fusion; silicon from + 2He 4 16S
magnesium fusion until iron 32
is formed. This process Si 14
makes the core and star
itself more massive. 32
+ 2He 4 Ar 18 36

16S

36
+ 2He 4 20Ca 40

Ar 18
40
20Ca + 2He 4 Ti 22
4
4
44
+ 2He 4 Cr 24
48
Ti 22
48
+ 2He 4 26Fe 52 Cr

24

Elements
Formed:
Oxygen (O)
Neon (Ne)
Magnesium (Mg)
Silicon (Si)
Sulfur (S)
Argon (Ar)
Calcium (Ca)
Titanium (Ti)
Chromium(Cr)
Iron (Fe)

7
 Supernova 1 x 1011 K Finally, in this stage the Elements with
core is eventually unable atomic
to further generate mass/weight
energy to resist gravity heavier than Iron
due to the formation of (Fe), except
heavier transuranium
elements. The gravity elements.
squeezes the core until
the star explodes and
releases high amount of
energy into space
enough to form
elements heavier than
iron such as thorium
and
uranium, except
transuranium elements
(Refer to Periodic Table
of Elements).

Subsequently, these
elements are absorbed in
the dust that condensed
to form new stars. Such
star explosion is known
as supernova.

Pieces of Evidence
1. Discovery of interstellar medium. This interstellar medium filled the
“empty space” between the stars. Molecular clouds of this medium are dense regions
where the concentrations of gas and dust are thousands of times greater than
elsewhere. It has become a reservoir from which matter like stars can be formed.
Hence, it provided a major piece of evidence which supported the star formation
theory.

2. Infrared Radiation (IR). This heat energy is emitted from different stages
of star formation and evolution. Most of the new stars cannot be seen in the visible
light because dense clouds of gas block their light. But using infrared spectrum, it
reveals the young stars behind the column of gas and dust. Through this, IR has
given us keys to unlock the mystery of the universe and to explain how stars are
born and to trace the origin of galaxies.

8
 Let Us Practice
Activity 1: Unlocking Heavier Elements

Supply the needed information in the table below. For the third column,
please refer to the Periodic Table of Elements on page 16 as you answer. The first
item is done for you.

You may begin!

Stages Element/s Formed Atomic
mass/weight

1. main sequence star Helium (He) 4.0026

2. red giant star

3. supergiant star

4. supernova (at least

3 elements)

Processing Questions: Answer briefly. Please answer on a separate paper.

1. What do you observe to the atomic mass/weight of the elements as the star
ages/evolves?

______________________________________________________________________________

9
2. How is the heavier element Carbon formed in the process?

______________________________________________________________________________
3. How are heavier elements like O, Ne, Mg, Fe and the like formed in supergiant
star?

_______________________________________________________________________________
4. What piece of evidence supports that young stars are formed from gas and
dust particles?

_______________________________________________________________________________

Were you able to accomplish it? I hope you find the task easy and challenging.

Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the Universe and the first
element on the periodic table. Almost 90% of the Universe is hydrogen. The
second most abundant element is helium.

Nearly 10% of the Universe is helium. All of the other elements exist in
much lower abundances, much less than 1%. Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen,
magnesium, silicon, and iron are some of the common and more abundant
heavier elements in the Universe.

Let Us Practice More

Activity 2: Fusion Reactions

Elements are produced in the cores of high-mass stars by fusion

reactions. All stars start by burning hydrogen and end up creating many
heavier elements inside their cores. It is this kind of star that will eventually
spread the elements it created in its core when it dies in a supernova
explosion.

Your task is to complete the series of fusion reactions to show the

various reactions that create helium, carbon, magnesium, oxygen, sulfur,
neon, nickel, cobalt and the 4 different isotopes of iron. Complete the series
of reactions by supplying the missing element in the blanks with numbers 1
to 10 enclosed in parenthesis. Remember to follow the law of conservation of
mass and charge.

10
SERIES OF FUSION REACTIONS

Step 1: 4 ( ��) → ���� + 2�� 2+ + 2������������������ +

������������ 4
11
Step 2: 3 ( ����) → 6�� + ������������ 12
24

Step 3: �� + 6�� → ____(1)_____ + ������������ 12

12
6

Step 4: �� + 6�� → ____(2)_____ + ������������ 12

12
6

Step 5: �� + 2���� → ____(3)_____ + ������������ 4

12
6

Step 6: �� + 8�� → ____(4)_____ + ������������ 16

16
8

Step 7: �� + ____(5)_____ → 10���� + ������������ 20

16
8

Step 8: ____(6)____ + 7( ����) 24 → 28���� + ������������ 56

56
→ ____(7)____ + ��+ (���������������� ��
����������)
Step 9: ���� 28

56
Step 10: ____(8)____ → ���� + ��+ (���������������� ��
����������) 26
56
Step 11: 26���� + 0��1 → ___(9)___
57
Step 12: 26���� + 0��1 → ___(10)___
58
Step 13: 26���� + 0��1 → 26���� 59

Highly massive stars convert its hydrogen to helium, helium to carbon,

carbon to magnesium, carbon and helium to oxygen, oxygen to sulfur, oxygen and
helium to neon, and silicon and helium to nickel. The unstable isotope of nickel
created undergoes positive beta decay and forms an isotope of cobalt that in turn
decays into iron. Positive beta decay is when a proton becomes a neutron, and a
positron is emitted.
A high-mass star creates many unstable isotopes of iron and actually goes
through a series of reactions that cause the star to make heavier and heavier
nuclei of elements, all the way up to Bismuth-209 - the heaviest known non-
radioactive nucleus.
 11

Let Us Remember

Through this module, you have learned the following important concepts about
star formation and evolution.

• Stellar nucleosynthesis is the process by which heavier elements are formed

within stars.
• A main sequence star is formed from hydrogen fusion in a protostar. • A red
giant star is formed from the fusion of three helium atoms. • A supergiant star
is formed from the fusion of more alpha particles making it more massive.
• A supernova is a star that explodes and releases a tremendous amount of
energy forming the elements heavier than iron.
• Evidences of star formation and evolution was traced in Infrared Radiation
(IR) and discovery of interstellar medium of gas and dust.

Let Us Assess

Read the questions carefully. Choose the best answer and write it on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. In the main sequence star, what element is formed when hydrogen fuse in the
star’s core?
A. Helium C. Carbon
B. Beryllium D. Oxygen

2. At approximately what temperature can nuclear reaction in a star’s core

occur?
A. 100,000 Kelvin C. 10,000,000 Kelvin
B. 1,000,000 Kelvin D. 100,000,000 Kelvin

3. Through what process are stars in the universe formed?

A. Nuclear fusion C. Nuclear decay
B. Nuclear fission D. Nuclear transmutation

4. How is the heavy element Carbon formed in a star’s core?

A. Explosion of the star C. Helium fusion
B. Hydrogen fusion D. Oxygen fusion

5. Where is the site of the formation of heavier elements in the universe?

A. Asteroid Belt C. Moon
B. Earth D. Star

12
6. How many Helium atom/s fuse/s together to produce Carbon? A.
1 C. 3
B. 2 D. 4
7. What piece of evidence of star formation provides a view of stars due to their
heat energies?
A. Abundance of light elements C. Redshift
B. Infrared radiation D. Interstellar medium of gas & dust

8. What heavier element can a supergiant star only produce up to?

A. Helium C. Iron
B. Carbon D. Magnesium

9. Which of the following is

the correct sequence of the
evolution of the star?
A. main sequence star,
supergiant, red giant,
supernova
B. main sequence star,
red giant, supergiant,
supernova
C. red giant, supergiant, main sequence star, supernova
D. supernova, main
sequence star, red giant, supergiant

10. What stage of the evolution of the star produces the element Iron (Fe)?

A. Main sequence star C. Supergiant

B. Red giant D. Supernova

11. What fuel is needed in a red giant star to begin its fusion reaction?

A. Hydrogen C. Carbon
B. Helium D. Iron

12. What signals the doom or death of a star?

A. nucleosynthesis C. Supernova
B. Formation of iron D. Alpha fusion

13. How are elements heavier than Iron (Fe) formed?

A. Supernova C. Hydrogen Fusion
B. Helium Fusion D. Fusion of more alpha particles

14. What happens to the mass of a star as time goes on?

A. Lighter C. Constant
B. Heavier D. Equilibrium

15. What happens to the core temperature of a star as it ages/ evolves?

A. Decreases C. Constant
B. Increases D. Increases then decreases

13

Let Us Enhance
Activity 3: Life and Death

After learning the lesson of this module, it is time to apply what you have
learned into real life situation. This will be done for you to find connection and
meaning of the lesson to your personal life.

Please read the text below and write your reflection in a separate sheet of
paper.

The occurrence of supernova in the universe signals the

death of a star. In the same manner, life here on Earth has
its end. Do you believe in “life after death”? Explain your
answer.

You can do it!

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

Your response in the reflective essay will be rated based on the rubric. Please
be guided accordingly.

14
Rubric in Assessing Reflective Essay
Criteria Poor Fair Good Excellent
1 pt 2 pts 3 pts 4 pts
 Depth of Response Response Response Response
Reflection shows lack shows shows a shows an in-
of shallow general depth
reflection reflection reflection on reflection on
on the on the the selected the selected
selected selected topic, topic,
topic, with topic, including some including
no details. including a supporting supporting
few details details and details and
and examples. examples.
examples.

Quality of Information Informatio Information Information

Information is vague to n clearly relates clearly relates
the main somehow to the main to the main
topic. relates to topic. It topic. It
the main provides 1-2 includes
topic. No supporting several
details details and/or supporting
and/or examples details and/or
examples examples.
are
provided.

Structure Response is Response is Response is Response is

& unclear, unclear, mostly clear, clear, and well
Organizati disorganized. and ideas and organized. organized.
on are not Ideas are Ideas are
logically conveyed in a conveyed in a
well logical manner. logical
organized. manner.

Let Us Reflect

Stars are the most widely recognized astronomical objects, and represent
the most fundamental building blocks of galaxies. The age, distribution, and
composition of the stars in a galaxy trace the history, dynamics, and evolution of
that galaxy. Moreover, stars are responsible for the manufacture and distribution
of heavy elements such as carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, and their
characteristics are intimately tied to the characteristics of the planetary systems
that may coalesce about them. Consequently, the study of the birth, life, and
death of stars is central to the field of astronomy.

15
 n

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16

Answer Key
 Let Us Try 1. A 8. C 14. B
5. D
Let Us Assess 7. B 13. D
4. C
6. C 12. C
3. A elements
10. C Let Us Assess 11. B
B 5. C 4. B 3. C 2. D 1.
2. C 15. B
B 9. Let Us Assess.

occurring -
naturally *only
Answers may vary
55.845 Iron (Fe)
51.996 Chromium
(Cr) 47.867
Titanium (Ti)
40.078 Calcium
(Ca) 39.948 Argon
(Ar)
32.06 Sulfur (S)
28.085 Silicon (Si)
24.305
Magnesium (Mg)
20.180 Neon (Ne)
elements)
(at least 3 4.
supernova

15.999 Oxygen (O) 3. supergiant star 12.011 Carbon (C) 2. red giant star 4.0026
Helium (He) 1. main sequence star Atomic mass/weight Element/s Formed Stages

Elements Unlocking Heavier Activity 1:

. formation of young stars from gas and dust particles

llar medium supports the The discovery of interste
formed from gas and dust particles?
4. What piece of evidence supports that young stars
are

. supergiant star by fusion of more alpha particles

The heavier elements like O, Ne, Mg and Fe are
formed in
d in supergiant star? forme
3. How are heavier elements like O, Ne, Mg, Fe and
the like

atoms.
The element Carbon is formed from fusion of three
Helium

2. How is the heavier element Carbon formed in the

process?

as the star ages.

mass/weight of the elements becomes heavier The atomic
elements as the star ages/evolves?
1. What do you observe to the atomic mass/weight of the
 Processing Questions:

17
References

American Physical Society. 2012. google.com. September. Accessed June 6, 2020.

https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/201208/physicshistory.cfm .
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Radiation." BEAM Learning Guide.

—. 2018. "Energy and the Environment: Uses of Nuclear Radiation." BEAM

Learning Guide.

Borel, Brooke. 2013. google.com. May 13. Accessed June 2, 2020.

https://www.popsci.com/science/article/2013-04/making-new-elements/.

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w

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Learner, Chemistry. n.d. google.com. Accessed June 23, 2020.

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Religioso, Estrella E. Mendoza & Teresita F. 2000. Chemistry. Quezon City: Phoenix
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Christensen M (2019) How Do Stars Form?. Front. Young Minds. 7:92. doi:
10.3389/frym.2019.00092
BBC GCSE (2021) Accessed at
https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zpxv97h/revision/1.

(Helmenstine, google.com, 2015)

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Telefax: 224-3274

Email Address: [email protected]