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Solid State Ionics: Sciencedirect

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Solid State Ionics: Sciencedirect

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AMINE BENDAHHOU
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Solid State Ionics 347 (2020) 115270

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Solid State Ionics


journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ssi

La3+ modified bismuth titanate (BLT) prepared by sol – gel synthesis: T


Structural, dielectric, impedance and ferroelectric studies
⁎
Shraddha K. Badge, A.V. Deshpande
Department of Physics, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, South Ambazari Road, Nagpur, Maharashtra 440010, India

A R T I C LE I N FO A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Sol - gel synthesis method was used to prepare lanthanum doped Bismuth Titanate BLT ceramics. Structural
Bismuth titanate properties of BLT ceramics were studied by X - ray analysis (XRD). Rietveld refinement of the BLT ceramics was
Lanthanum carried out. Microstrain, domain size and density of dislocation were calculated by Williamson Hall (WH) plot
Structural method. Microstructural properties were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and it has been found
Dielectric
that the grain size decreases with La3+ modification in bismuth titanate. Dielectric, impedance and ferroelectric
Impedance and ferroelectric
properties of BLT ceramics have been investigated.

1. Introduction stability of Bi4Ti3O12 resulting in better ferroelectric properties. The


role of doping is to relocate the volatile Bi ions with rare earths which
Lead based ceramics like lead titanate, lead zirconate titanate, lead in turn suppresses the Bi vacancies accompanied by oxygen vacancies
magnesium niobate and so on, are widely used as ferroelectric materials and reduces domain pinning [12]. The effect of pressure of pelletization
in capacitors, sensors, transducers and actuator applications [1–3]. But and sintering temperature with different synthesis routes on dielectric,
lead is toxic to environment, hence recent studies are focused on lead - impedance and ferroelectric properties has been studied earlier [13,14].
free ceramics [4–8]. Bismuth titanate (Bi4Ti3O12) is one among them. It Lanthanum doped Bi4Ti3O12 ceramics have been widely studied be-
belongs to bismuth layered structure of ferroelectrics (BLSFs) having cause of their application in FRAM [11]. Studies have been reported on
high Curie temperature (675 °C), high dielectric constant and low di- lanthanum doped Bi4Ti3O12 ceramics with different concentration and
electric loss. different synthesis methods [12,15–20].
The general formula of BLSFs is (Bi2O2)2+(Am−1BmO3m+1)2−, Most of the previous studies have been focused on the BLT thin
where m = 3 with A to be mono, di or trivalent cation and B to be tri, films, whereas only few reports have been focused on BLT ceramics
tetra or pentavalent cation. This formula implies structure of Bi4Ti3O12 with different synthesis methods (Table 1). Sol – gel synthesis is a low
[9]. However several drawbacks of Bi4Ti3O12 limit its applications. Bi temperature synthesis route and it is cost effective, provides homo-
ion located at A – site in ABO3 perovskite structure of Bi4Ti3O12 is geneity and domain size in nanometer. So far, there is no report on
unstable due to its volatility during high temperature sintering [10]. detailed study of lanthanum doped Bi4Ti3O12 ceramic powder prepared
The oxygen near the Bi ion are unstable due to volatile nature of Bi ions by sol – gel synthesis. Hence, this study is focused on the effect of La3+
generating defects such as oxygen vacancies and bismuth vacancies. cation substitution on A- site of Bi4Ti3O12 ceramic. Hence, in this paper,
The oxygen and bismuth vacancies may exist in perovskite layer and act we report detailed study of the effect of lanthanum doping in Bi4Ti3O12
as space charge. Bi2O2 layers in BLSFs self-regulate their position in the ceramics on structural, dielectric, ferroelectric and impedance proper-
lattice to compensate this space charge. When defects such as oxygen ties.
vacancies interact strongly with domain boundaries, then domains are
locked by these defects and their polarization switching is difficult, 2. Experimental
which is known as domain pinning [11]. One of the most interesting
advantages of BLSFs is the flexibility of composition, which allows 2.1. Synthesis
modification in chemical composition for various properties.
Doping in perovskite layer of Bi4Ti3O12 can be performed on A – The preparation of pure Bi4Ti3O12 ceramics by sol – gel synthesis
site, B – site or both the sites. Rare earth doping improves the structural using low calcination temperature has been reported earlier [13].

⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (A.V. Deshpande).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2020.115270
Received 12 September 2019; Received in revised form 15 February 2020; Accepted 18 February 2020
0167-2738/ © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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