EFFECTS OF POLITICAL CAMPAIGNING TO THE

VOTING PREFERENCES OF RESIDENTS IN

BARANGAY BACAGAN

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Elections in the Philippines were never safe from any issue or problem. Some of these problems include
vote buying, violence, influence of political dynasties, inefficiency of PCOS machines and black
propaganda. So we conduct a simple research that specifically aims to study the effects of political
campaigns in the voting behaviour of people around our barangay's during the spread of pandemic. We
compare political attitudes of respondents before and after a national lockdown. And find that the
lockdown experience increased support for current decision-makers, institutions and regimes. Our studies
found out that exposure to informative media coverage and political advertising significantly influenced
the vote choice of the electorates. Voting behaviour is a set of personal electoral activities, including
participation in electoral campaigns, turn out at the polls, and voting preference is choosing for whom to
vote.
This represent that there is significant shift of the frame of voters on the basis of voting choices. Political
campaign is an organized effort which seeks to influence the decision making progress within a specific
group. In democracies, political campaigns often refer to electoral campaigns, by which representatives
are chosen or referendums are decided. In modern politics, the most high-profile political campaigns are
focused on general elections and candidates for head of state or head of government, often a president or
prime minister.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This research determines the effects of political campaign in the voting behavior of people in barangay
Bacagan while exposing in this pandemic. The research aims to answer the following questions:
1. What is the profile of the respondents as to:
1.1 Age
1.2 Sex
1.3 Religion
1.4 Occupation
1.5 Monthly income
 2.What are the effects of political campaigning to the voting preference of the residents in baranggay
bacagan interms of having differents religion and lifestyle?
2.1

3.Is there a significant relationship between the profile variable of the respondents to the ......
3.1

We will do a likert questionaires that contains some simple questions that provide details and clarity for
us and to the respondents on what is the purpose of our research and do a house to house visitation to give
the questionnaires and make an interview to our modify respondents.
As an outcome will hoping that everyone would cooperated and give a honest answers on the
exact day of collection.We will examine and secure all of it for the organization of questionaires. We'll
see the explanation on the question differ on the research tittle with the research itself on what is the main
effect of political campaigning in the voting preferences of the residents in barangay bacagan where we
conducted the research.

HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY

There is no significant relationship between the

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1. To examine the specific campaigning factors that affect the voting chooses of the respondents.
2. To find out how politicians giving good to the residents/ voters in our baranggay during
campaigns.
3. To find out why the residents wants or preferred those sweet talk politicians.
Our purpose in conducting this study is to determine the effects of every campaigns they done in our
barangay and the basis of voters in choosing their preferred politicians.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will give a brief insight on how campaigns effect the preferences of residents and the benefits
that every participants gain on the research.
The result of the study will merit the following:

VOTERS:This study will help them realize the effects given by the political campaigns and gives prior
knowledge on how they choose smart in the election.
POLITICIAN: This study will give the politicians a bases on what type of campaign residents preferred
and action must done.
COMELEC: The result of the study may serve as an eye opener for them to guard closely every elections
occurred in our place.
CAMPAIGN ADVERTISER: This study will help them to be prepared for a unique way of advertising in
a nice way.
RESEARCHERS:This study will help them to make further study about the topic and provide full basis
for the improvement of their research.
FUTURE RESEARCHERS: This study can serve as basis to the future researcher's who will have studies
in the future that can be related to this study.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The general intent of this study is to know the different action done by politicians that gives a big impact
in the choosing of electors in the incoming election. Also, this study yearn to identify on how can the
researchers develop and assist to be more independent on making decisions about this coming election
and on the next generations.
This study will be conducted with limited amount of financial resources and time framework.

DEFINITION OF TERMS
The following are key terms that were used in this study , they will be defined for better understanding
of the future readers. The terms were defined operationally.
BALLOT BOX
=> A closed container into which voters deposit their ballot papers during an election
CANDIDATE
=> An applicant for a political position. The candidacy stage tests their political credentials on the
campaign trail.
DEMOCRACY
=> Is a term used to describe systems of government in which power ultimately lies with the people.
ELECTION CAMPAIGN
=> During an election campaign, candidates or parties compete for votes.
ELECTION FRAUD
=> Voter fraud, electoral fraud or vote rigging is intentional, illegal actions aimed at changing or
influencing or forcing the results of an election
ELECTIONS
=> Is a democratic procedure through which one or more persons are chosen as executives or
representatives in certain bodies.
POLITICAL CAMPAIGN
=> Is an organized effort which seeks to influence the decision making progress within a specific group.
RE-ELECTION
=> The term “re-election” refers to an incumbent office holder being elected for a further legislative term.
VOTERS
=> Are people who have the legal right to vote in elections, or people who are voting in a particular
election
 CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERITURE AND STUDIES
Electoral campaigning in the Philippines
(Julio Teehankee, 2017)
Election campaigning in East and Southeast Asia,
Electoral campaigns in the Philippines, while patterned after traditional liberal democratic practices,
operate under a peculiar set of social and political dynamics. Elections have been an integral part of
Philippine political development since its introduction by American colonial rule in the 1900s. The
inequitable social structure has engendered a clientelistic political tradition and personality-based
electoral campaigning. Electoral campaigns and party politics served as avenues for elite dominance of a
resilient oligarchy throughout the post-independence republic from 1946 to 1971. In the post-1986
political regime, electoral campaigns in the Philippines provide opportunities for both elite circulation and
popular participation. A Campaign Finance Reform Bill has been discussed in the Philippine Senate that
would seek external audits of political campaign funds. Contemporary electoral politics in the Philippines
can be divided into three distinct phases: the period of post-independence republic, the period under
authoritarianism and the re-establishment of democratic politics since 1986
Experimental propaganda techniques and voting behavior
(Samuel J Eldersveld, 1956)
During 1953 and 1954 two different experiments designed to determine the comparative effectiveness of
personalized and impersonalized propaganda techniques were conducted in Ann Arbor. Although
“scientific” in orientation, both of them were carried out in conjunction with the teaching of a political
science course in public opinion. This not only provided a unique pedagogical opportunity but also made
possible the execution of a particularly difficult type of research. In the report following the first year's
experiment, the class procedure used and the drawbacks resulting from the use of students were discussed.
Here we will present the major findings and interpretations of two years of such experimental work.
Personal contact in political campaigns in the United States today receives a prominent emphasis in the
thinking and planning of party strategists. Despite technological improvements in the mass media,
especially television, there is today no diminution in attention to programs for personalized appeals to
“get out the vote,” unsystematic though such programs may often be. Successful political campaigners in
recent years invariably relate their success in part, at least, to the volume of their handshaking, their
extensive itineraries, and the intensity of personalized organizational work. In November, 1954 President
Eisenhower made history with his initiation of a Republican “talkathon” by telephoning ten party workers
around the nation just before Election Day.
Relationships of media use and political disaffection to political efficacy and voting behavior
(Bruce E Pinkleton, Erica Weintraub Austin, Kristine KJ Fortma 1998)
A random telephone survey (N=582) of Washington state voters conducted in November 1994 examines
relationships among mass media use, specific aspects of political disaffection, political efficacy and
participation. Results suggest that negativism toward media campaign coverage reduces media use and
that cynicism toward the political system reduces political efficacy. Negativism and media use also are
negatively related to cynicism. Contrary to concerns expressed by some scholars and journalists
concerning the negative impact of superficial media coverage on political participation, however, mass
media use positively predicts voting behavior. In addition, negativism toward campaign tactics appears
unrelated to political participation.
Direct and indirect effects of prejudice: sexism, information, and voting behavior in political
campaigns
(Tessa Ditonto, 2019)
This paper examines the effects of gender-based prejudice on candidate evaluation and voting behavior. It
uses a unique experimental design to test for direct effects of sexism on candidate evaluation and voting
behavior, as well as indirect effects of sexism on these variables via the information that subjects seek out
about women candidates. I find that subjects with higher scores on items measuring modern sexism are
less likely to vote for female candidates, less likely to vote “correctly” when their preferences most
closely align with a female candidate, and rate female candidates more negatively than their male
counterparts. I also find that subjects high in sexism search for less information about women candidates
and that less information search also leads to lower feeling thermometer ratings, a lower likelihood of
voting for women candidates, and a lower likelihood of casting a “correct” vote for a woman. In sum,
sexism has both direct and indirect effects on subjects’ voting behavior.
Simulating political attitudes and voting behavior
(Johannes Kottonau, Claudia Pahl-Wostl, 2004)
Understanding the dynamics of attitude formation is a key issue in social psychology. The paper presents
a computational model for simulating the formation and change of attitudes and the influence of the
strength of attitudes on behavior. The main conceptual challenge was to capture not only the traditional
attitude concept but the full concept of attitude strength. This required combining different theoretical
approaches within an integrated modeling framework. The dynamics of political attitudes of German
citizens were chosen as specific application area because of the considerable amount of empirical data
available. The model was tested by simulating the effects of different voting campaign strategies on the
outcome of an election. Uncertainties in model parameters were accounted for by using Monte Carlo
simulations. The implications of specific theoretical assumptions were investigated by performing model
simulations for different model structures.
Agenda setting in congressional elections: The impact of issues and campaigns on voting
behavior
(Owen G Abbe, Jay Goodliffe, Paul S Herrnson, Kelly D Patterson, 2003)
We use a unique data set that includes information from a survey of candidates and campaign aides who
competed in the 1998 House elections and a survey of individuals who voted in them. The study assesses
the impact of campaign-specific variables on citizens’ voting decisions, while controlling for relevant
attitudinal and demographic factors. We find that when a candidate and voter agree on what is the most
important issue in the election, the voter is more likely to vote for that candidate if that candidate’s party
“owns” the issue. The effects of shared issue priorities are especially strong for independent voters.
Clientelism and voting behavior: Evidence from a field experiment in Benin
(Leonard Wantchekon , 2003)
 In collaboration with four political parties involved in the 2001 presidential elections, clientelist and
broad public policy platforms were designed and run in twenty randomly selected villages of an average
of 756 registered voters. Using the survey data collected after the elections, the author estimated the effect
of each type of message by comparing voting behavior in the villages exposed to clientelism or public
policy messages (treatment groups) with voting behavior in the other villages (control groups). The author
found that clientelist messages have positive and significant effect in all regions and for all types of
candidates. The author also found that public policy messages have a positive and significant effect in the
South but a negative and significant effect in the North. In addition, public policy messages seem to hurt
incumbents as well as regional candidates. Finally, the evidence indicates that female voters tend to have
stronger preference for public policy platforms than male voters.
The activation of prejudice and presidential voting: panel evidence from the 2016 US election
(Daniel J Hopkins, 2021)
Divisions between Whites and Blacks have long influenced voting. Yet given America’s growing Latino
population, will Whites’ attitudes toward Blacks continue to predict their voting behavior? Might anti-
Latino prejudice join or supplant them? These questions took on newfound importance after the 2016
campaign, in which the Republican candidate’s rhetoric targeted immigrants from Mexico and elsewhere.
We examine the relationship between Whites’ prejudices, immigration attitudes, and voting behavior
using a population-based panel spanning 9 years. Donald Trump’s candidacy activated anti-Black but not
anti-Latino prejudice, while other GOP candidates had no such effect. This and other evidence suggests
that Whites’ prejudice against Blacks is potentially activated even when salient political rhetoric does not
target them exclusively. These results shed light on the continued political.
 CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH DESIGN
This study utilizes a quantitative research method through survey which employs the use of simple
questions and identification and of the Likert Scale. The study will use a descriptive correlational design.
It describes the respondents, socio demographic profile, candidate recognition, and their preferred
characteristics of electoral choices.

RESPONDENTS AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

The overall population of barangay Bacagan is 1,382 based on 2020 barangay population record. A
sample of sixty (60) respondents was determined. In the selection of respondents, the researchers used
convenience sampling. The respondents were selected according to availability, accessibility and of
consent.
The respondents are mostly female comprising of 41(68.3 %) individuals and male comprise 19 (31.7%)
respondents. All this participants are having positive intention to vote.

RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
The survey questionnaire is constructed in such a manner that it will be able to measure the respondents
voting behavior and voting preference. The survey is consists of a consent form and four series of test; the
socio demographic profile, voting behavior, candidate recognition and characteristics of electoral choices.
The test is identification, Likert Scale and mix positive and negative questions.

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

In pre collection phase, the researchers asked the permission and approval of the barangay captain Jonas
Bayubay for the administration of questionnaires and selection of respondents. In the collection phase the
researchers will go at every house to administer the questionnaire and finished it at the same day.

STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA

In the analysis of data, the researchers use appropriate statistical tools in order to provide a clear
presentation of the data. In the survey questionnaire, the items were attempted to measure the basis for
voting, presidential choice, level of commitment, second presidential choice, and prepared type of
electoral choices.
In the data analysis, the survey results regarding basis for voting, presidential choice, level of
commitment, second presidential choice, and the preferred type of political campaign was analyzed by
using frequency distribution, while the characteristics of the electoral choices will be analyzed by
determining the mean of the data. The socio demographical data and registration status are also analyzed
through frequency distribution.

Researchers:
Sanata Gonzales
Leizel Viloria
Angelyn Delos Santos
Lady Love Suyu