Helsinki

Central
Library
Synopsis
This project is developed according to the theme
“Tectonic Design – Architectural Form and Struc-
ture”, and it is dedicated to design the new central
library building in the Töölönlahti area in Helsinki Fin-
land. Furthermore, the library is designed with con-
cern about user experience with both conventional
and modern media. The focus is to accommodate
and provide people of different generations and
backgrounds with comfortable environment for
knowledge and leisure.

Department of Architecture, Design and Media

Technology,
Aalborg University, 2012.

Title: Helsinki Central Library

Main theme: MSc. 4 project

Topic: Tectonic Design - Architectural Form and

Structure

Period: 1/02 - 23/05 2012

Architectural Supervisor : Adrian Carter,

Associate Professor, Department of Architecture
and Design

Technical Supervisor : Poul Henning Kirkegaard

Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering

Pages: 106
Copies:4

Krzysztof Fornalewski

3
 Introduction
The initiative to create a new modern Library be- places where only storage and distribution of books
gan already in 1990 as a result of a public debate. take place. Information and knowledge is being
City of Helsinki is lacking meaningful and suitable delivered by various new media. Helsinki Central
place of city centre scale to cultivate Finnish read- Library has to adapt to the changes and promote
ing culture and the literature. Finally on September new ways of communication.
2011 decision has been made: architectural com-
petition for Central Library will take place as a part In another aspect the library has to take into the ac-
of World Design Capital Helsinki 2012 programme count various types of users and provide them with
and it belongs to the global library network. The for- equal opportunities. That includes different ages,
mat of the contest was decided as an open two genders or user’s cultural background. Library has
stage international competition. to provide working environment for students as well
as it has to support active senior citizens with litera-
The competition programme envisaged new build- ture and other forms of cultural experiences. Vari-
ing as a place of freedom and equity for the us- ous types of the working spaces have to be devel-
ers. Basic functions of the library are: to transfer the oped both for quiet and semi-quiet conditions.
knowledge and traditions upon the future genera- In the other hand the library is also envisaged to be-
tions, to create good basis for invention and cul- come a place of various cultural events as well as
ture and to provide opportunities for spiritual experi- it will function as a place of leisure. The project will
ences. incorporate such functions as cinema and exhibi-
tion hall.
Project has to consider changes that have oc-
curred in the recent years in Finnish libraries and be In conclusion, Central Library has to combine both
adjusted to the new needs and requirements. Now- new and experimental ways and purposes of me-
adays the value of books as psychical objects has dia house with traditional functions of a Library.
significantly decreased. The libraries are no longer

4
Table of contents
Synopsis ������������������������������������������������������������3 Finite element analysis ������������������������������������48

Introduction �����������������������������������������������������4 Chosen details �������������������������������������������������50

Table of contents ��������������������������������������������5 Facade design ������������������������������������������������52

Finnish architecture �����������������������������������������8 Daylight studies �����������������������������������������������54

Tectonic approach �����������������������������������������12 Solar screening ������������������������������������������������56

Evolution of library �������������������������������������������14 Artificial light ����������������������������������������������������58

Case studies �����������������������������������������������������16 Materials and atmosphere ����������������������������60

Introduction to the site �����������������������������������22 Summary ����������������������������������������������������������96

Mapping ����������������������������������������������������������24 Conclusion �������������������������������������������������������97

Landmarks ��������������������������������������������������������26 Finite element analysis ������������������������������������100

Architectural vision �����������������������������������������30 Structural calculations ������������������������������������101

Volume studies ������������������������������������������������34 Light levels ��������������������������������������������������������103

Concept development ����������������������������������36 Fire escape routes �������������������������������������������104

Division of functions ����������������������������������������38 List of references ���������������������������������������������105

Spatial program ����������������������������������������������39 List of illustrations ����������������������������������������������106

Atrium design ���������������������������������������������������40

Flow through the building ������������������������������41

Working and reading areas ���������������������������42

Staircase design ����������������������������������������������44

Structural system ���������������������������������������������46

Structural considerations ��������������������������������47

ill. 01

5
 INVESTI-
GATIONS

6
7
 Finnish architecture

This chapter is an investigation into Finnish architec- fluence. In Finnish architecture these obviously op-
ture which mainly during the modernism period has posite approaches found the way not to exclude
contributed a great amount of influence on inter- each other. At that time study trips to other Nordic
national styles such as Nordic Architecture. The aim countries and to Italy became a strong part of ar-
of this paragraph is to understand the origin of this chitect’s education. Although Finland was still un-
specific style which even though was influenced der Swedish influence their response to internation-
by many international trends and became very alism and modernism was much more warm and
unique and remarkable. intuitive. In the 1930 at the time of Stockholm exhi-
bition which brought Nordic ideals and modernism
fins were already thinking about refining and adap-
Pioneering Period tations of the forms. [Connah, 2005]

Carl Ludwig Engel, born and educated in Berlin, White functionalism

went abroad looking for employment. He became
a City Architect of Tallinn where he discovered Em- Although the modern movement has grown to
pire Style of St Petersburg which he begun to ad- enormous scale there was still many architects who
mire. When Russians took over Helsinki after the war trained in classicism accepted change in more re-
with Sweden in 1808-9,he was the leading architect served manner. The parliament house which was
in reconstructing the city. Engels vision was to es- designed in 1923-4 is the best evidence of those
tablish ideals and identity of Russian Empire in the circumstances.
autonomous country which Finland was. Result of Short after monumentalism which was in contrast to
his work was the creation of miniature version of St the new attitudes in architecture had to give way
Petersburg in Helsinki. to new trends among which 4 most characteris-
tic were: the Bauhaus school, works and words of
In Finland the split between engineers and archi- Le Corbusier, the Dutch De Stijl group and Russian
tects begun in 1890 when planning became work of Constructivism. While Alvar Aalto who promoted
architects. Due to natural progression and creativ- his own works in International Congress of Modern
ity of architects, they started to become more than Architecture other lesser know architects were de-
just designers of the facade. Nineteenth century signing and shaping sensibility in the profession and
required change of their position as they desired contributed to the process that turned modernism
to become designers of the building. Encouraged to become more socially conductive. Finnish pavil-
by European trend in applying folk arts and building ion project in New York 1939 where Aalto presented
practises, Finnish architects seek their own identity Finnish architecture as responsive and humane as
by travelling to Karelia eastern region where the well as regional implications, leaded to Aalto being
origin of Finnish language and culture was created. identified with Finland and its modern movement.
[Connah, 2005]
Finnish romanticism was known for its seriousness
which was result of Russification. The empire was War Period
aiming to distance autonomy from Swedish influ-
ence. Finnish romanticism didn’t last very long and Supported by Germany, Finland was bravely re-
architects were urging avant-garde and dilettan- sisting Russian assault forcing Soviet Union to ne-
tism which was the evidence of desire for new spirit. gotiate. As a result Finland lost a part of its territory
[Connah, 2005] including Karelia and Vippuri which leaded to re-
location around 420,000 Fins. Nevertheless Finland
Transition period remained independent. When war between Ger-
many and Russia began, Finland was seeking ways
In 1917 at the brink of ending first World War, Fin- to become neutral.
land reached independency. With help of German Characteristic aspects in architecture for that pe-
forces short civil war was won and Russian troops riod were rationalising and more systematic plan-
were defeated, Finland became a free country. ning. Great example of combining those two to-
New master planning was a result of technical and gether is designed in 1938 by Elsi Borg- Children’s
commercial development that through architec- Castle Hospital. Harsh wartime conditions forced
ture demonstrated new possibilities of Helsinki. In architects to reach new and efficient technologies.
the other hand social requirements had huge im- Alvar Aalto has explored the American develop-
pact on design. In first years of independency Fin- ment of prefabricated elements. Aalto’s intention
land needed minimal living and hygiene standards was to bring that knowledge to Finland and estab-
therefore identity became secondary objective. lish laboratory for experimentations. His goal was to
introduce more humane Modernism.
There were two major directions in architecture [Connah, 2005]
Nordic Classicism and Functionalism - German in-

8
Helsinki railway statio nill.02 Kallio church ill.03

Artturinlinna Apartments (1932) ill.04 Eerikinkatu 33 Apartments (1933) ill.05

Children’s castle hospital (1948) ill.06 ‘Snake Housing’ (1951) ill.07

Saynatsalo Civic Centre (1952) ill.08 Kaivotalo (1956) ill.09

9
 Expressive Modernism In that period Alvar Aalto’s has became recog-
nized as international architectural master. As Sig-
After astonishing victory with Soviet Union Finland fried Giedion would describe in his book “Space
became world’s centre of attention. Even though Time and Architecture”: “Finnish architect with that
eventually part of territory had to be given up, rea- ‘inner source of energy which always flows through
sons to pride were indubitable. Finland gained rec- his maintained, Finland with him wherever he goes.”
ognition on international scene as country of great Among the long list of impressive buildings Saynat-
courage. Modernism became a symbol of nation’s salo Civic Centre was probably one of the most
rebirth. Finland was developing and expanding characteristic projects that could demonstrate ex-
very rapidly in terms of technology and intellect. pressive intimacy of his works. [Connah, 2005]
Since invention of television in 1950s numbers of
books and newspaper has significantly raised. The Late modernism
impressive success of Nokia Company in 1990s was
evidence of Finland being pioneer in broadcasting Through the 60s Finnish architecture was strongly
technology. promoted by various exhibitions that took place all
over the world. At this point Alvar Aalto turned into
Along with the technical and economical growth more monumental approach in his architecture ex-
architects who were very limited during the war pe- amples are Finlandia Hall and far-reaching city cen-
riod, now had their chance to establish new posi- tre plan for Helsinki. In his new project in 1962 Enso-
tion and authority in society. While reconstructing Gutzeit Headquarter he used marble as cladding
the country demands for housing as well as pub- material. These attempts exposed Aalto to heavy
lic building were enormous. That situation leaded critique and his role as leader of Finnish modernism
to enhance role of an architect society. Inspired was questioned. Architect Reima Pietila became
by Finnish exceptional war experiences architects famous for its experiments with organic forms. He’s
were encouraged to respond to that challenge in attempts to move beyond the limits and modesty
unique way and contribute much to International of the neo-Constructivist. His works were in conflict
Architecture. with trends and achievements of Finnish architec-
ture but brought him much recognition abroad.
Increased demand for dwelling leaded city expan- The products of recent development in Finnish ar-
sion towards the outskirts and creation of clustered chitecture were iconographic buildings of elegant
city blocks that would interfere with the landscape. appearance and technical advancement. Sano-
Finnish architects came up with sensitive and har- ma house and Nokia Headquarters are best exam-
monious approach that resulted in various organic ples of approach of those times. For many people
forms that would integrate with environment. Snake what was lacking in such architecture was more
House designed by Yrjo Lindegren is ordinary hous- poetics and soul. [Connah, 2005]
ing complex putted in a snake shape form that
would gently follow the landscape lines. New build- Summary
ing methods allowed a creation of building of in-
creased scale and iconic expression which leaded History of Finnish architecture came a long way:
to change the image of many cities especially Hel- affected by political situations and wartime, influ-
sinki. Kaivotalo designed by Paul Salomaa was one enced by many international sources remained
of the first big commercial buildings to have no load exceptional and unique. Purity of given forms, hon-
bearing walls and prefabricated elements used to est in use of materials, careful adaptation to the
experiment with space. Neon Sign on the facade landscape and humane approach to functions are
added modernity both to the building and to the reasons why it became internationally recognised
city. This kind of large scale projects had redefined and admired. Never the less recent development
the City of Helsinki turning centre into commercial, especially in big city areas although technology
business and shopping hub. and functionally sophisticated lost some of its sensi-
tivity. That kind of situation opened doors for foreign
Designed by Yrjo Lindegren and Toivo Jantti Olym- architects like Steven Holl to attempt for reinterpre-
pic stadium was probably one of the most impor- tation of Finnish modernism.
tant developments of new chapter in Finnish history. As a conclusion golden age of Finnish architecture
Originally it was supposed to be constructed for was characterised by purity of the forms, choice of
Olympic Games in 1940 due to war Olympic were materials that creates humane atmosphere and
postponed and construction finished 1952. Stadium the basis for phenomenological experience and
is in many ways link between past decades as it re- sensitive relation to the surrounding landscape and
calls the white functionalism and romantic desires. environment. Mentioned aspects should be taken
Tower obviously functionalistic element of the build- into the consideration in the Helsinki Central Library
ing was a symbol the young and vibrant republic. project.

10
ill. 10

11
 Tectonic approach

This paragraph is based on books: “Studies in Tec- designed in such way may provide satisfying aes-
tonic Culture” by Kenneth Frampton and chapter thetical experience yet tectonic architecture pro-
“The Crisis of Scale and Tectonic” of “Digital Cul- vides something more than that. Being able to
ture in Architecture” by Antonie Picon and it is dedi- understand how the building is put together and
cated to analyse concept of tectonic approach in the load bearing system works provides common
architecture. user with feeling of reflection upon the building and
The word “tectonic” was known in ancient Greece its architecture. Therefore significant role plays the
and it was referring to the art of crafting but it wasn’t readability of load bearing system which has to be
very common apart from those times. The term has well exposed and designed in such way that regu-
made its return in recent decades and started to lar person could be able to figure out how it per-
describe works of modern architects. The reason forms.
for that is the practice of some contemporary ar- There is no better way to express that theory than
chitects that by using modern technology are able quoting architect Auguste Perret:
to fully concentrate on architectural form and ne- “He who hides a column makes a blunder, he who
glect structure which later is adjusted to the design. makes false column commits a crime”.
That kind of performances are considered to be at- Architect Louis Kahn was opposite to suspended
ectonic and since it first became an issue various ceiling, in his opinion floor structure should be a
discussions and theories have been created in or- manifest inside as well outside. [Frampton, 1995]
der to define which works can be considered tec-
tonically correct. Those rules apply to construction Materials
in various ways and scales from buildings form to
detailing of the joint. Each architect should be aware of construction
materials properties. To ensure good performance
it is crucial to consider which material will be the
Structure most suitable in given situation. Architect Louis Kahn
in his famous speeches has attached a lot of impor-
One of most important characteristics of tectonic tance for honouring the materials. Consulting the
architecture is structural expression of the building. nature by analysing materials and their capabilities
In nowadays we can witness many attempts to was very important for him.
hide structural system which is neglected during the Another important aspect of tectonic approach is
conceptual phase of the project. Building which is honesty in presenting used materials. One should

Turku City Library ill. 26 Salk Institute ill. 27

12
not use renderings or materials that imitate some- Ghery are probably the best example where spec-
thing that they are not. Architect Jorn Utzon when tacular architectural form takes over and there are
dealing with large glass panels was always trying very little considerations regarding the structure.
to avoid placing them in vertical position other- [Picon]
wise they could appear as a load bearing element.
[Frampton, 1995] “We refuse to recognize the problems of form, but
only problems of building. Form is not the aim of our
Joint work, but only the result.
Form by itself, does not exist. Form as an aim is for-
According to Semper, a joint is the most significant malism; and that we reject”
element of construction, it is the place where all the
things come together and it represents the transi- That declaration of Mies van de Rohe indicates that
tion between base of the building and its tectonic form of the design has to be strictly related to the
frame. It is very important that joint explain how the buildings function and the result is nothing more
forces are being transferred from one element to than tectonic expression. [Frampton, 1995]
another, it should tell the story in order that com-
mon person can comprehend how it works. Semper Architects like Jorn Utzon seek inspiration in the na-
believed that careful articulation of the joint is the ture, in his opinion shape of every plant and ani-
essence of the architecture. [Frampton, 1995] mal had a mathematical and physical basis where
nature took most beneficial path in accordance
to laws of physics. Furthermore Utzon argued that
Form
understanding of those principles makes us admire
their harmony and beauty. [Carter]
In recent development the line between the infra-
structure and buildings has faded away leading to
Following the tectonic approach architect is bound
programs like giant airports or super-shopping malls.
to consider structural system in his project and cre-
That resulted in a need of using digital technology
ate form that is optimal for it.
in order achieve structural solutions. What follows
is that technology which initially was supposed to
help solve difficult technical challenges became a
reason to create a distance between architectural
imagery and building techniques. Buildings of Frank

Saynatsalo Civic Centre ill. 28 Kuwait’s National Assembly Building ill. 29

13
 ill. 24

Evolution of library

Library of the past

First Libraries appeared already in 3rd century BC,

they were mainly private collections. Usually their
function was closely related with religion, many im-
portant leaders created those as a workplace for
their artists and scientist. The ruins of the Library con-
structed by Eumenes II in 2nd century BC in the city
of Pergamon were discovered in 1878. The building
had the typical layout of ancient Greece. The ac-
cess to the building was through numerous doors
from columned portico. The library was divided into
four big rooms. There is still a debate among scien-
tists about what functions were performed in those
rooms.

First Libraries in ancient Rome were created by con-

quering precious book collections during wars. In
last years of the republic and during the empire pos-
sessing library became a fashion among wealthy
citizens. Very often Library was maintained just in
order to improve image of the owner as a person
of knowledge and wealth. The potential of the li-
braries was also noticed by the government. Yet
any of those Libraries were open to public. While
republican system was being replaced with em-
pire, initiatives to create public libraries begun. The
erection of the first public library was planned by
Julius Caesar which was unfortunately interrupted
by the death of the emperor. It took five more years
to open the first public library which was placed in
Roman Forum in the temple of freedom. “Atrium
Libertatis” was equipped with Greek and Latin lit-
erature available for public use. It was decorated
with painting of famous Roman writers.

Milestone in development of public libraries was “Bil-

bliotheca Palatina” which was created by Caesar
August in Apollo’s Temple in 28 year BC. It became
greatest library in whole city and a role model for
future libraries. At the same time book collections
were placed in the public baths as those were
places of gathering, discussions and reading.

First medieval libraries started to appear in 5th and

6th century. The methods of creating the library
and solutions for using them that were developed
in ancient world were never transferred onto me-
dieval as the libraries at that time were under the
control of church. Most of the libraries were placed
in church vestry, monastery or a special church ex-
tension. Such library functioned both as book stor-
age and a reading place. Bigger books were at-
tached with chain to specially carved desktops as
they were under the risk of theft while the smaller
ones were kept in closets. All the medieval libraries
had private character or they were tightly related
to group of people. Finally during Renaissance, li-
braries were opened up for the public. The inven-
tion of book printing by Johannes Gutenberg revo-
lutionized the accessibility of information. [Skórka]

14
 ill. 25

Library Today

Since invention of the print, books became availa-

ble for everyone. Libraries would grow in every city,
becoming a symbol and knowledge. In the recent
decades not much has changed in the way that Li-
brary would operate. They became places to store
distribute and read books. Recently more and more
concern is taken to implement technological solu-
tions within libraries. Traditional reading desks are
now being replaced with computer stations.

In present times we will witness transformation of

Library into something new. It is evident due to re-
cent development that role of the book as a source
of information has significantly decreased. With in-
creasing role of technology when more and more
information is available through media like internet
one could say that necessity of visiting Library is no
longer necessary. It is very likely that decade from
now all the literatures could be available without
leaving home. However range of the users of library
has expanded in recent years. More and more li-
braries are providing spaces for children activities,
libraries became favourite choice of the students
who besides learning gather there for social purpos-
es, not to forget about elder citizens who are used
to visit library and spent their time there reading. All
those target groups have to be taken to considera-
tion while designing a library building today.

Although Library which still remains as a symbol of

knowledge and potential of citizens, it never was
just a place of gaining information. Since ancient
times Library was the place where discussions and
exchange of the ideas among the citizens took
place, function of enriching and shaping cultural
identity of society. Library became also a cultural
hub where art, music and movie found their place.
New libraries offer small cinemas, art exhibitions and
music-listening facilities. Frequently we are able to
find libraries where children are able to do various
activities including: interactive learning, bard and
video games.

Since Library is losing its position as a place of dis-

tributing knowledge it is possible that the role of the
library will turn from a place of gaining knowledge
to a place where knowledge will be produced.
Therefore much more focus should be taken to im-
prove working conditions and make them creativ-
ity friendly. Program of the Helsinki Central Library
envisages places where people can work together
in various flexible environments, places where com-
mon users can publish their own work. That concern
not only writing, many libraries today provide users
with opportunities to rehearse and record music or
use video and photo workshops. [Werf]

15
 Case studies

This investigation is an attempt to analyse various

aspects of library design. Basis of the studies is to
evaluate different approaches and ideas that have
been developed in library design of recent century.
The aim is to compare relevant projects in order to
find most suitable solutions. Phillips Exeter Academy Library ill. 30

Stockholm Central Library was chosen as an exam-

ple of neoclassical project which implies monumen-
tal and iconic expression of the building which was
characteristic for century. The finalist of Stockholm
library extension – Delphium projects is taken in to
consideration due to its humble expression and ad-
aptation to the context of iconic building. Seattle
central Library was selected to represent techno-
logically advanced project that consider many as-
pects of the future use of libraries. Viipuri Library was
chosen as an example of Finnish modernism move- Seattle Public Library ill. 31
ment, featuring functionalistic approach of crating
working spaces and utilization of daylight. Sendai
Mediatheque is project where structural solutions
enabled the project to provide large open spaces
with impression of lightness. Media library at Da-
larna university recent competition winner in Swe-
den where focus on the user experience resulted in
creating flexible and vibrant working areas. Jaume
Fuster Library in Barcelona is the project where
particular relation to the context was developed
in combination with user friendly and comfortable Media library at Dalarna university ill. 32
working zones.

Stockholm Central Library ill. 33

Jaume Fuster Library ill. 34

Viipuri Library ill. 36 Sendai Mediatheque ill. 35

16
Expression

The site of the project is surrounded with many ar-

chitectural landmarks therefore it is necesary to
provide humble design that will remain a back-
ground for other key establishments. Nevertheless
Central Library building will be very important insti-
tution therefore it is crucial to give it interesting and
intriguing appearance. The recent competition in
Stockholm is a fine example on how to deal with
neighbouring monumental buildings. Architects de-
cided to distance their project from existing build-
ing by creating one story plateau covered with
green roof that is connected to the nearby park.
What characterise the project is sensitivity and har-
mony with the urban context. White colour of mon-
olithic facade creates both mysterious and inviting
impression.
Stockholm Central Library ill. 37

Typology

The typology of library building depends on vari-

ous factors. Most relevant aspects are obviously site
dimensions in relation to building programme and
context. Huge role in defining the typology of the
library is its type among which we can distinguish:
national, public, university, school and specialised
library.

Central Library in Stockholm which is central na-

tional library of Sweden represents monumental
approach. Raised above surrounding buildings on
the plateau with staircase leading to the entrance
building became landmark. In the most of other
examples projects are multi-storey buildings but in
those cases context might play big role since they
are located in the city centre and plot dimensions
Sendai Mediatheque ill. 38
forced such typology.

Experience

There has been a huge change in experiencing

the library building in recent decades. Library as
an important institution used to be very formal of-
ten cold place. Nowadays Libraries still represent
place of knowledge but in more user friendly way.
It became not only place to store and read books
but also place for entertainment and leisure. Library
today offers inviting spaces for group work, socialis-
ing and using modern media. Dalarna multimedia
library is an example where lot of focus was dedi-
cated to crate comfortable environment by pro-
viding various recreational functions and furniture.
The layout of the piazza is flexible and can be ad-
justed to user needs.

Media library at Dalarna university ill. 39

17
 Entrance

We can define two general types of entrance. First

one is emphasized and clearly marked in the fa-
çade of the building. Those kinds of entrances are
usually preceded by staircase or some kind of path
that is leading to it. That kind of exaggeration is
mostly common among the monumental buildings
of the past like Stockholm central library. Nowadays
Libraries are usually open from many directions,
especially when project is located in dense urban
area it is important to provide certain openness of
the institution good example is Seattle Central Li-
brary. The disadvantage of such solution might be
the fact that entrance is not very obvious and that
could be misleading. The balanced solution might
be the one presented in Jaume Fuster Library in Bar-
celona where entrance is very clearly pushed it into
the library volume which makes it very exposed but
without unnecessary exaggeration.
Jaume Fuster Library ill. 40

Work Spaces

Project of Central Library in Helsinki requires two

kind of working spaces: private (quiet) and group
(semi quiet). In traditional Libraries like Stockholm
Central library, work spaces are separated from
main hall where silence and proper light conditions
are provided. In case of Viipuri Library work spaces
are surrounding the main atrium and book shelves
which are on the lower levels serving as base for a
reading desk.

Viipuri Library ill. 41

Book Collection

The way of displaying the book collection may dif-

fer from one library to another. In many cases books
are exposed towards the visitors in order to use
them as a symbol and decoration. Such approach
makes searching for books easier. In other exam-
ples books are stored in rows of shelves that kind
of solution provides feeling of intimacy while brows-
ing books and can be used to form quiet reading
areas.

Sendai Mediatheque ill. 42

18
19
 REGIS-
TRATION

20
21
 Introduction to the site
The town of Helsinki needed new city centre that Alvar Aalto didn’t live enough to whiteness the en-
could represent Finland independency and demo- tire transformation of the new city centre, further-
cratically structure. Alvar Aalto himself investigated more initiatives to develop that area were neglect-
various possibilities to determine which site within ar- ed until 1985 when the new Nordic competition was
eas of the city would be the most appropriate. The arranged. Finally, 25 years after his death, utopian
reason for no intervention in the old city centre was plans of Aalto started to become true.
that it represented Finland’s autonomy and was ful-
filling the political requirements and functions. By gradually adding cultural buildings, over the
years Töölönlahti has become an intellectual cen-
Töölönlahti was favoured location due to its repre- tre of Finland. Currently the area inhibits such great
sentational layout and possibilities that could solve institutions like: Finlandia- Finnish national opera, Ki-
the problem of city traffic. Aalvar Aalto envisaged asma- museum of contemporary art, Helsinki music
the area as new cultural centre situated between centre and Finnish parliament house. Central library
railway station and parliament building. project will become another important step in the
realization of master plan.
In his plans he considered academy, congress hall,
concert hall, opera, art museum, municipal library
aligned along the main road, and to reserve four
additional sites for future buildings. In his vision he
would create large piazza consisted of three de-
scending traces under which he would inhabit
parking spaces for 4000 cars and convert old part
of the town to a pedestrian area. [Fleig, 1975]

22
Töölönlahti bay

Site

Helsinki

ill. 11

23
 Mapping

Mapping is a set of investigations that provide

knowledge and understanding of the site. Investi-
gations will concern important matters of the site
including traffic analysis, environmental features of
the site and context studies, all accompanied with
pictures and diagrams. The aim of the mapping is
to provide sufficient information that is needed to
start design process.

Car traffic routes ill. 12

Accessibility

East and North borders of the site are marked by

the Tölöviksgatan Street which is the only bound-
ary between project site and the railway and bus
station which makes building very accessible. In
addition there is a tram line passing in very close
distance making it even easier to reach the library

Train traffic

North and east facades will be very exposed to the

railway traffic. People arriving into the train station
will be able to observe the Library building. That situ-
ation will change when the master plan of the area
is executed as there is an additional building con-
sidered which will separate library from the railways.
Train traffic routes ill. 13
Parking

As the area of Töölönlahti was developing and new

cultural building were continuously added the need
of parking space has arise. Fortunately enough that
problem was solved and car-parking facilities are
currently being constructed and will be finished in
year 2012. Car-park will serve the entire area that
will include the Library building.

Pedestrians

Due to ongoing construction works in the area the

number of pedestrians in the area is low. But in the
future pedestrians will play major role in the area.
Expected main pedestrian paths will lead along the
park area.
Pedestrian main paths ill. 14

24
Green areas

North-West façade of the project will face the green

areas of Hesperia and Makasiinipuisto Park. Trees
and grass fields are accompanied with waters of
Töölönlahti, it creates natural buffer zone between
library building and Opera hall and music centre.
Displaying the views towards the park area will be
important aspect of the project. The park area has
to be considered to be occupied with pedestrians.
Close relation to the nature and pedestrian routes
give the best opportunities to crate café area in
that side of the project.

Green areas ill. 15

N
Sun and wind
10%
In order to understand environmental factors of the 22:50 20% 03:53

site sun and wind diagrams have been developed. 30%

Sun diagram shows the path of the sun over the 40%

year, that knowledge will be helpful to understand 50%

60%
how our project may affect surroundings by shad- 70%
ing them. 80%

W E
Wind is an important factor especially when it
comes to creating outdoes spaces.
As diagram shows the majority of the wind comes
from the south which is the direction of the sea.
Fortunately that side is shielded by neighbouring
buildings therefore wind is not a major issue of the
project.

S
Sun path diagram ill. 16

N
Conclusion

In conclusion project has no rare façade, every side

of it shall be considered carefully in regards not only
to its function but also to its appearance. Site has
to offer variety of different situations, it revels great
views towards the western green areas while being
exposed to the traffic by the north east side.
W E

S
Wind direction distribution ill. 17

25
 Landmarks

3
1

26 ill. 18
1 Parliament House ill. 19 2 Finlandia Concert Hall ill. 20

Project designed by J.S. Sirén in architectural com- The opera hall is designed by Alvar Aalto in a com-
petition in 1924 became a rational-classical monu- mission in 1962. It’s one of the last developments in
ment, for many it was a symbol of an end of era. his career. It represents many characteristics and
Project was proving that not all of Finnish architects values known from other works of Aalto. It’s in this
at that time were dedicated to functionalism. As specific project where Aalto attempted to com-
architect had freedom to focus on the beauty of bine monumental expression of the building with
the building it became ‘art for sakes of art’ such ap- functionalistic approach which is key in case of
proach was in contrast with new modernistic trends concert halls. As a result project does not follow
in architecture. strictly one architectural style. The form of the build-
ing is dictated by the practical requirements, func-
New parliament building represented independ- tions and constructional solutions. In the other hand
ency and rebirth of the Finnish nation, by the time it it has ornamental composition of cubistic forms yet
was constructed it was playing important role in the any of those elements is purely decorative. Alvar
life of Finland. [Connah, 2005] Aalto in his functionalistic approach tried to justify
each of his design decisions. Materials were playing
also very important role in this project: white mar-
ble was used both on the exterior and inside of the
building was as a link with Mediterranean traditions
that Aalto wanted to introduce in Finland.
[Schildt]

In eyes of many this project was a sign of end of

Alvar Aalto’s role as leading Finnish architect. The
modest and humane expression that was speaking
through Aaltos projects was lost.
[Connah, 2005]

27
 3 Sanomatalo ill. 21 4 Kiasma Museum ill. 22

Designed by Prof. Jan Söderlund and Architect Contemporary art museum designed by American
Antti-Matti Siikala who won the competition in 1995 architect Steven Holl who won the open compe-
organized by Sonoma- one of the leading Finnish tition in 1992. The project provides various spatial
newspapers. Like many projects constructed in late experiences. Spaces are designed to match dif-
20th century Sanomatalo was a symbol of Finnish ferent kind of requirements of the exhibited art, the
advanced technological level. Elegant in its ap- general approach is to offer silent contemplation
pearance and structurally and technically sophisti- mood that favour intensive experience of art to its
cated was a good example of where Finnish mod- full extend. [Holl]
ernism had leaded.
Steven Holl has become first foreigner since C.L. En-
For many in profession projects like that were disap- gel to create project in Helsinki, his work was select-
pointing, there was no surprise no romanticism, all ed among the 516 entries. His project presented
the design parameters were result of cold calcula- much freedom in shaped forms recalling works or
tions. What was missing was the sense of humane Reima Pietila. Architectural award of Alvar Aalto
and poetics. [Connah, 2005] Medal for Steven Holl has brought a lot of contro-
versy. Many were opposed to the decision pointing
recognized Finnish architects. Decision of granting
the award for Kiasma has questioned future of Finn-
ish architecture. [Connah, 2005]

28
 Conclusion

Töölönlahti is a specific area in the City centre of

Helsinki which inhabits significant amount of land-
marks. Each of the project symbolise not only dif-
ferent style and function of the building but it also
represents the times where it was erected and the
political situation that it was influenced by. Monu-
mental projects like parliament building and Fin-
landia Concert hall are now neighbours to more
recent developments like Sanoma house which
stands for an Icon of technological advancement
of Finland and Kiasma Museum which intended to
influence the image of Finnish modernism.

Placing the project in such neighbourhood is task

full of challenge, as recent music Centre competi-
tion showed good approach is to introduce hum-
ble and modest design that won’t create competi-
tion towards the existing landmarks.

5 Music centre ill. 23

Latest addition to the cultural centre of Töölönlahti

designed by young architect Marko Kivistö. Com-
petition was initiated by the The Sibelius Academy
and the reason for another concert hall was that
acoustic properties of Finlandia main hall were not
satisfying. The project aims to be humble and not to
create competition for existing architectural land-
marks.

A big part of the building is placed beneath the

ground level in order to maintain roof line aligned
with neighbouring buildings.

29
 Architectural vision

In order to define architectural vision of Relation to the site

the project set of different aspects were
taken to consideration. Those analy- As mentioned before project is very exposed in
ses are presented in a form of various all the directions. As important Library building will
themes that were found to be important become for the area it is crucial not to create any
for the project. kind of competition between project and existing
landmarks. Therefore intention of the design is to be
intriguing yet humble.

Experience

Project should provide different possibilities and

experiences, at the entrance distinguished feel-
ing known for institutional buildings as well as more
comfortable and intimate in the working place and
reading rooms. Layout of the building should imply
the movement and the variety of views and places
to explore should be provided.

Central gathering space

One of the most characteristic elements of Finnish

libraries is centrally placed atrium area. What is very
particular in those spaces is the feeling that could
be compared to being outdoor experience. Pro-
ject’s intention is to provide contemporary reinter-
pretation of traditional central gathering place.

Collection

Focus on both traditional and conventional media

should be equal. Books the main source of informa-
tion shall be exposed as symbolic and attractive
element motivating to gaining knowledge. New
media platforms should be integrated in the design
in the way that would create harmony and both
sources of knowledge could coexist as equally im-
portant.

Structure

Form of the project should be defined by optimal

structural principles. The performance of structural
system should be clear and readable. Joints should
be emphasized and articulated in a way that can
help to understand connection between elements.
Material should be used according to their proper-
ties in order to reach to performance.

30
31
 DESIGN
PHASE

32
33
 Volume studies

In order to determine the shape of the project basic volume studies have been performed. The purpose of those
studies was to find form most appropriate in relation to the context as well as most optimal solution for project
purposes.

Urban block

This typology utilizes the majority of the site area

making it possible to maintain low height of the
building.

It enables to create big open spaces inside the

building

It relates to the other long volumes in the area

(Finlandia Hall, Kiasma museum).

It follows expression of urban fabric as it is aligned

to the road.

It becomes acoustic barrier for the green areas by

separating them from traffic noises.

Compact shape increases energy efficiency of the

building and simplifies the installation system.

Two longitudinal volumes

It increases the amount of facades therefore the

amount of daylight entering the building.

It reduces the energy efficiency and increase the

number of installations.

It requires more height in order to fit fulfil the pro-

gram of the site.

It creates wind flows in between the volumes.

It creates shaded inner space between the vol-

umes.

The space in between would be unpleasant to stay

for its proportions and environmental conditions.

Four volumes

It maximises the amount of the daylight that enters

the building.

It requires more height in order to fit fulfil the pro-

gram of the site.

It gives the possibility to separate functions.

It diffuses the volume of Sanomatalo.

It multiplies the number of installations and increas-

es energy consumption necessary for conditioning
system.

Volume studies ill. 43.1-43.3

34
Conclusion

As a result of the studies urban block form was cho-

sen for further development. Long block form suits
in most favourable way both the urban demands
and the requirements of library. Furthermore shape
gives best possibilities of achieving humble expres-
sion mentioned in architectural vision.

ill. 44

35
 Concept development

This chapter is dedicated to describe further development of the building concept.

In order to maintain low height that could corre-

spond to the cultural buildings in the area it was
decided to utilize majority of the construction site.

The volume is being “pushed in” on the ground level

from the street side to expand pedestrian walkway

The volume is cut to mark the entrances. Entrances

are provided from the street side to face the train
and bus station which will promote the flow leading
to the library building. Another entrance is facing
the Parliament house making relation to the other
buildings located in the site. Last entrance is pro-
vided to create connection with the park.

Concept development ill. 45.1-45.6

36
In order to maintain humble, monolithic expression
of the project and at the same time control day-
light factor in the building solar screen was applied
to the project.

In order to frame important views openings in the

solar screen are provided. North facade is opened
to create screen that will face the park and trains
arriving to the City.

In order to avoid expression that could indicate

structural value on the glass panels they are inclined
in the side of the building where they are exposed.

37
 Division of functions

In the process of organizing different functions and understanding their relations the areas of similar purpose
were clustered. As a result, following categories were developed:

Public areas: the representative spaces dedicated for meetings and lobby functions
Knowledge: the collection area that is combined with working units and teaching facilities
Entertainment and leisure: the more free time functions are clustered and placed away from collections areas
Administration: all the staff facilities and related to its spaces

Administration

Knowledge

Staff facilities Teaching

Working area

Collections

Cinema
Interaction

Restaurant Foyer

Exhibition
Caffee
Children facility
Public Space

Leisure/ Entertiment

Division of function ill. 46

The foyer functions are placed in the ground floor spaces and they can be experienced upon the arrival to the
library. Collection space is placed in the central part of the project in order to emphasize the symbolic value
of the book. The working spaces are partly combined with collections areas and isolated in the other areas.
Entertainment sector is placed away from the other functions to create a distance between work and leisure.

Division of function section ill. 47

38
Spatial program

Learning and doing

Staff facilities

Collection ares and spaces linked to it

Event spaces

Service spaces

Main lobby and central public service spaces

Administration
Public sauna

Games and viewing

Service core

Collection area
Working area

Cinema Reading area

Multipurpose hall

Reading area

Exhibition space

Reading area

Lobby meeting area

Spatial program ill. 48

Spatial outline

Main lobby and central public service spaces 1150 m2

Event spaces 1570

m2

Spaces for external service providers 840 m2

The collections area and spaces linked to it 2780 m2

Learning and doing 2040 m2

Staff facilities 430

m2

Library logistics and library material handling facilities 480 m2

Service spaces 710 m2

Programme floor area in total 10 000 m2

39
 Atrium design
Role of atrium in Finnish architecture

One of the most characteristic elements of Finnish

libraries is the Atrium.
Specific climatic conditions that are in North Europe
force people to spend most of their time indoors
which is in contradiction with human nature. The at-
tempt of architects in Finland was to create indoor
experiences that could be comparable to being
outside. Spaces where one can benefit from day-
light and have a feeling of openness were always
desired in Finnish libraries.

Atrium in Helsinki library ill. 113

Positioning of atrium

It has been decided to place the atrium in the south

end of the building as it is the area of main lobby
functions as well as the place where two entrance
of the building converge. Purpose of the atrium is to
give more qualities to the interior in terms of spatial
scale and natural light.

Atrium shape

Initially round shape was adopted but due to the

site dimensions it was stretched forming oval shape
and providing more daylight inside the building as it
is covered with glazed dome.

Atrium design ill. 49.1-49.2

40
Flow through the building
Arriving to the library

The majority of the arriving people will enter the

building from south east side as it is the entrance
facing the public transport. Upon the arrival visitors
will be welcomed with main lobby area. The ground
level is very open and it easy to explore. The lockers
areas as well as the cloaking room are located in
central part of the floor making it equally accessible
from every entrance.

Inner flow

Although the general idea of the project is to cre-

ate open layout the flow through the project should
provide more dynamic experience rather than just
long and straight corridors. Additional service core
together with secondary atrium shape the flow that
is more organic in its expression and at the same
time it divide the space to accommodate more iso-
lated functions.

Vertical circulation

Upon arriving to the library visitors have possibility to

access different levels by using main staircase that
is designed to provide the continuous flow thorough
the project. Secondary staircase is located in the
north part of the project and it is aligned to the wall
of the load bearing core. Beside main staircases
project is equipped with additional 4 fire staircases
distributed in all areas of the project. Alternative op-
tion is to use two elevators which are located in the
centre of the project while additional elevator is in
the main atrium area.

Flow diagram ill. 50.1-50.3

41
 Working and reading areas

Library project will host various types of users and will serve different purposes therefore it is necessary to provide
different working and reading areas. Projects layout in general offers a lot of open areas but in order to provide
more intimacy more enclosed working and reading places are incorporated into the design.

Working units in open layout

The project is equipped with several different work-

ing places in open layout which are offering com-
fortable conditions both for individual and group
work. In addition interesting views are provided.
Working spaces are combined with collection ar-
eas which makes it easy to use book shelves while
working.

Reading places in open layout

Give the opportunity for users to use various types of

furniture for comfortable reading while experienc-
ing different spaces and views. Reading places in
open layout are designed to support comfortable
browsing as they are very well related to collection
area.

Enclosed working area

Enclosed working areas as well as the teaching fa-

cilities are designed for more focused work, they
are isolated from general spaces to provide quiet
atmosphere that improves working conditions.
Working area is supported by a laptop renting point
and users have access to printing room.

Reading chambers

Rooms formed with book cases formed in oval shelf.

Purpose of the chambers is to provide users with the
space where they can isolate themselves from the
surrounding and focus on the reading or working.
Chambers serve the surrounding as bookshelves.

Reading and working areas ill. 51.1-51.4

42
Open layout in Sendai Mediatheque ill. 52 Reading areas in Free University of Berlin ill. 53

Reading areas in Sendai Mediatheque ill. 54 Working spaces in Jaume Fuster Library ill. 55

Shelves at the Amsterdam Public Library ill. 56 Infinity book shelf sculpture ill. 57

43
 Staircase design

Stairs are an important element of library buildings as it is the main connection between different floors and can
add aesthetical and spatial values to the interior of the library.

Staircase experience

In order to emphasize the presence of the main

stairs and suggest people to use them they have
been designed with a considerable width and the
space above them with double storey height to en-
hance the feeling of the space while exploring the
building. They have also been placed in the mid-
dle of the space to facilitate the flow and become
more visible.

The path through the stairs is straight and doesn’t

require turning around so that it follows the longitu-
dinal geometry of the building. In order to prevent
stairs to be a massive element which could block
the open layout they allow certain visual transpar-
ency between its steps.

Stair development diagram ill. 58.1-58.2

44
Stairs at Hanasaki house Yokohama ill. 59

45
 Structural system

Structural considerations

The structure plays important role in the expression of the project. The initial intention was to design a system that
would give possibilities to create as open as possible layout as well as maintain the expression of floating volume.

The truss system creates conflict in the general ex-

pression of the project. The inclined structural mem-
bers cause the project’s structure to be difficult to
read. Additionally this system causes lots of limita-
tions in forming shape as well as it divides interior in
the way that would create a lot of spatial incon-
veniences.

Vierendeel truss system is following the box expres-

sion more accurately but still limiting the possibilities
of formed shapes and spaces inside the building.

As final result, concrete column and slab system

is chosen. This system is very easy to read and un-
derstand. Columns will have a great impact on the
project expression and will take part in experienc-
ing the spaces.

Structural considerations diagram ill. 60.1-60.3

46
Structural considerations

In addition to the structural system of columns and slab, concrete and brick structural cores replace the func-
tion of the columns in the areas of the project where closed spaces are needed. From one hand, vertical com-
munications, toilets, installations and other services are placed inside the long structural core, in the other hand,
multipurpose hall, exhibition room and game room are placed in the oval structural core.
These cores also work as dividing elements ,as they separate rooms from the main space, as well as defining the
flow.

Project consist of 4 storeys and is 17 meters high.

Structural system ill. 60.4

47
 Finite element analysis

Below are the loads considered in the structural analysis and the key outcomes from calculations made by Robot
program. It has been checked that stresses, displacements and deflections are optimal.

Section properties: reinforced concrete column C45

Applied loads:

Wind load = 0,58 kN/m2

Snow load = 2,0 kN/m2

Dead load on the partition slab = 7,938 kN/m2

Live load on the partition slab = 10 kN/m2

Dead load on the roof slab = 8,113 kN/m2

Live load on the roof slab = 5 kN/m2

Results (global extremes):

Reactions:
FX(kN) FY(kN) FZ(kN) MX(kNm)
MY(kNm)
MZ(kNm)
MAX 83,28 12,47 4691,82 1996,00 2500,18 8,12
Node 116 116 117 170 189 246
Case 6 (C) 6 (C) 6 (C) 6 (C) 6 (C) 6 (C)

MIN -83,27 -12,24 0,0 -1447,97 -1871,56 -6,72
Node 222 222 2 350 175 224
Case 6 (C) 6 (C) 6 (C) 6 (C) 6 (C) 6 (C)

Deflections:

UX(cm) UY(cm) UZ(cm)

MAX 0,0 0,0 0,2
Bar 169 169 102
Case 1 6 (C) 6 (C)

MIN -0,0 -0,0 -0,2
Bar 170 102 169
Case 6 (C) 6 (C) 6 (C)

Displacements:

UX(cm) UY(cm) UZ(cm) RX (Rad) RY(Rad) RZ(Rad)

MAX 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,011 0,015 0,000
Node 1041 1059 1 677 927 1038
Case 6 (C) 6 (C) 6 (C) 6 (C) 6 (C) 6 (C)

MIN -0,0 -0,0 -12,9 -0,031 -0,009 -0,000
Node 1086 1056 1326 1322 825 1040
Case 6 (C) 6 (C) 6 (C) 6 (C) 6 (C) 6 (C)

Stresses :

Smax(MPa) Smin(MPa) Smax(My) Smax(Mz) Smin(My) Smin(Mz) Fx/Ax

(MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa)
MAX 29,00 2,33 24,55 0,71 0,0 0,0 9,89
Node
102 110 102 170 2 2 110
Bar 152 117 152 161 3 3 117
Case
6 (C) 6 (C) 6 (C) 6 (C) 1 1 6 (C)

MIN -2,33 -29,00 0,0 0,0 -24,55 -0,71 -9,89
Bar 170 169 2 2 102 170 170
Node
223 152 3 3 152 161 161
Case
6 (C) 6 (C) 1 1 6 (C) 6 (C) 6 (C)

Detailed calculations to be found in appendix, FEM analysis available in attached CD.

48
Structural system grid ill. 61

49
 Chosen details

Column and slab connection

In order to clarify the structural understanding of

connection between those members the offset
from the column and the flooring or ceiling is ap-
plied. Such solution is exposing the structural ele-
ments making it easy to comprehend how the load
bearing system functions. Column that appear to
carving in to the partition floor indicates its vertical
continuity.

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

Column detail isometric ill. 62

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

Profile

150
Timber flooring

OSB board

Cast on site slab, 300 mm

Acoustic insulation 100 mm

Acoustic gypsum panel

Concrete column ø 450 mm

Column detail ill. 63

Scale 1:20

50
Load bearing wall and slab connection

Another important element in the construction of

the project is wall of the service core located in the
centre of the project. Within the service core instal-
lation shaft is placed, in order to provide and ac-
commodate all of the necessary ducts and pipes
suspended ceiling is installed inside the core.

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

Wall and roof detail isometric ill. 64

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

Gravel layer

Filtering layer

Drainage 12 mm

Water proof membrane

Rigid insulation,
200 +150 mm EPS

Cast on site slab, 220 mm

Connection bars

Prefabricated concrete wall,

200 mm Suspended ceiling,
boards 600 x600 x15 mm

Wall and roof detail ill. 65

Scale 1:20

51
 Facade design

Facade of the building

In order to fit the project into this particular area, the facade of the building will maintain the monolithic expres-
sion. The solar screening is adapted to the project to prevent users from excessive sunlight in those areas where
too much light could be an inconvenience for reading, studying, etc. In addition, the solar screening provides a
homogenous appearance thanks to its continuous pattern.

Various types of solar screening were taken into consideration during the design phase in order to find the solu-
tion that would relate to the context in the most favourable way. Furtherer investigations of the solar screening
are to be found in the following chapters.

Facade design

The ground level is decided to remain uncovered in

order to maintain typical city centre style of having
exposed façade on the ground floor as well as to
open up the project both to the city and the park.

North façade is facing park areas and it is visible

upon arriving to the City of Helsinki both with a car
and a train. Due to the favourable daylight condi-
tions as well as the representational aspect it was
decided that glazed north façade will be exposed,
serving as a screen facing arriving people. Exposed
glass panels are framed with the small stripes of so-
lar screen.

In order to avoid exposed glazed panels to ap-

pear as structural members they are inclined. The
remaining facades are chosen to be covered with
solar screen to maintain monolithic expression and
provide optimal day light conditions.

Pedestrian walkway

On the ground floor, level east façade is “pushed

in” into the building volume in order to expand and
provide shelter for pedestrian walkway. Due to the
height of the ground floor the space beneath the
cantilever is still exposed to weather conditions so
it doesn’t fully protect the pedestrians. The solar
screen is extended to create a shield that will stop
rain and snow.

Pedestrian walkway diagram ill. 66.1-66.2

52
Centre of contemporary culture Barcelona ill. 67

53
 Daylight studies

The use of daylight was always a desirable feature of a building that provides both visual and psychical comfort.
In recent decades the utilization of daylight became also a sustainable aspect to be concerned about. The ob-
jective of the light design in the library is to provide optimal light level and at the same time to prevent sun glare.

Daylight factor and illuminance levels

The shape of the project site is forcing the building

to have a large façade area exposed both to the
west and the east side. Such conditions are leading
to problems with controlling daylight level inside of
the building.

In order to verify the daylight conditions in the build-

ing Autodesk Ecotec analysis tool is used to perform
daylight factor simulation. Studies were performed
on simplified model of the project without any solar
screening in different floors of the project. Measure-
ments were taken on height of one meter above
floor level as it is the average height where light will
be used for reading or working. Illuminance level
studies were performed with Radiance control
panel in the most crucial areas of the building in
Illuminance levels: April 14:00 ill. 68.1
different time of the day.

Daylight factor and illuminance level studies have

proved that the amount of light that enters the
building exceeds the comfortable light level. The
table of the optimal illuminance levels can be
found in the appendix.

In conclusion, solar screen is required in order to re-

duce light intake in the building and prevent glare.
Additionally, density of the openings in solar screen
should be adjusted in order to meet different re-
quirements in various spaces of the library.

Illuminance levels: April 12:00 ill. 68.2

Illuminance levels: April 10:00 ill. 68.3

54
Daylight factor: ground floor ill. 69.1 Daylight factor: 1st floor ill. 69.3

Daylight factor: 2nd floor ill. 69.2 Daylight factor: 3rd floor ill. 69.3

55
 Solar screening

In Finland as well as in the other Nordic countries daylight conditions are very specific, sun is passing on a very
low level which enables the light to penetrate deeply into the building. For that reason solar screening is a cru-
cial design element that allows controlling the amount of the light that comes in to the building and prevents
from the glare. In addition solar screen will have big influence on buildings expression guarantying monolithic
appearance.

In order to choose the system that creates good relation with the context various systems were taken into con-
sideration.

Timber lamellas

System of timber lamellas is an elegant solution that pro-

vides the possibility of homogeneous expression. How-
ever the pattern created by lamellas is very uniform and
makes it difficult adapt to various light conditions in differ-
ent areas of the project.

Kripalu Center, Massachusetts ill. 70

Perforated Corten steel panels

Perforated panels of Corten are an example where pos-

sibilities of creating a pattern and therefore adapting the
light intake are endless. The material itself would be new
to the site and it would not relate to the context in any
way.

Caixia forum, Madrid ill. 71

Perforated Copper panels

Perforated copper is a way to use a very common mate-

rial in Helsinki in a new way. Relation to they music house
as well as the rest of the city is evident.

Sarphatistraat Offices, Amsterdam ill. 72

56
 PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

Pattern development

The choice of the perforated copper panels

gives various possibilities of creating the pat-
tern that allows controlling the sunlight mak-

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

ing it more open or closed depending on the

areas requirements.

Created pattern was inspired by irregularity

in book sizes stacked on a shelf. Such solution
allows manipulating the density of the open-
ings creating very open areas (where shelf is
full of books) or more enclosed (where the
books are lacking).
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

Depending on the different conditions and

requirements density of the pattern will vary.
Application of differently perforated pan-
els will be reflected in building facade and
make it look more dynamic at the same time
preserving the monolith expression.

Following diagram will present the distribution

of the different solar screening.

Bookshelf ill. 73

B C A A

B C B

A: Rare B: Average C: Dense

Pattern density levels ill. 74

57
 Artificial light

In library projects beside daylight lot of concern is attached to artificial lighting. The specific weather conditions
in Nordic countries like Finland where days tend to be short the issue of lack of the daylight is important factor to
consider. Library project should provide different light solutions depending on requirements of different spaces.

Light of common spaces

In the most of the common areas it was chosen to distrib-

ute sphere shaped lamps that will create a new line of
the ceiling resembling starry sky.

Illuminating bookcases

For comfortable browsing and use of bookshelves each

of them is equipped with individual light beam.

Work spaces light

There are two different types of the light systems in

work areas. In the more open spaces working units are
equipped with hanging lamp that projects indirect light
over the table creating good conditions for various ac-
tivities like reading or working with laptop. Additionally
lamp provides light in the areas surrounding the table.
In other cases tables are equipped with individual lamp
attached to the tables that provide good reading and
working conditions.

Illuminating walls

The load bearing element, a service core in the centre

of the building which is illuminated by the sunlight in day
time, during the evenings it will be lighten up with lamps
that will be located in the slab opening which are going
along the wall and penetrate building in its entire height.
Light in its appearance will resemble the daylight. Thanks
to that solution texture of the material will be exposed as
well as the role of the wall as a load bearing element will
be emphasized.

Artificial light systems ill. 75.1-75.4

58
Lamps in Turku library ill. 76 Lamps in Malmo library ill. 76

Illuminated book shelfs in Helsinki Library ill. 76 Individual lamps in Turku library ill. 77

Des Moines Public Library ill. 78 Illuminated brick walls in Aalto university ill. 79

59
 Materials and atmosphere

This chapter is dedicated to describe the choice of materials used in order to provide diverse experiences within
the library building.

Cladding

Copper was chosen as cladding material to create

relation to the context. Copper is a popular mate-
rial often used as a façade element in Helsinki ur-
ban areas.

Copper cladding in Bookshop Helsinki ill. 80

Structure

Structure plays important role in the experience of

the project. In order to strength the tectonic con-
cept it is chosen to present bearing elements with
honesty in presented materials. Load bearing walls
were decided to be brick and columns are deliv-
ered in exposed concrete.

Structure in SEB bank Copenhagen ill. 81

Flooring

Two different types of floor are being applied to the

design. Smooth concrete floor is used in the most
public and representative areas of the project like
main lobby as well as in the corridors and pathways.
The timber flooring is used in more intimidate spaces
like work rooms and teaching facilities.

Concrete floor ill. 82

60
 Ceiling

The project consists of many hard surfaces there-

fore it is necessary to consider an acoustic solution.
Perforated gypsum ceiling is absorbing noises and
transferring them to the insulation layer. That solu-
tion provides optimal acoustic conditions in the li-
brary.

Acoustic gypsum ceiling ill. 83

Brick walls in Stary Browar shopping centre ill. 84

61
 PRESEN-
TATION

62
63
 Site plan ill. 85

Scale : 1:2000

64
65
 PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PROD

Basement ill. 86

1. Library material handling

2. Building management moni-

toring and server room

3. Library collections storage

4. Cleaning centre

5. Building maintenance store

1
4

5
3

Scale:
1:600

66 CED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

Ground floor ill. 89

6. “Children World”

7. Rentable exhibition space

8. Cleaning storage 7

9. Customer service point

10. Cafe kitchen

11. Locker room area

12. Cloak room 8

9
13. Stage
11
14. Return automat area

15. Customer service point

10

12

13

14

15

Scale:
1:600

67
 15
First floor ill. 90 16

15. Restaurant

16. Kitchen

17. Multipurpose hall 17

18. TV and radio studio

19. Personal office area

20. Cleaning storage

21. Laptop lending point

18
22. Book store

23. Customer service point

19

20
21

22

23

Scale:
1:600

68
Second floor ill. 91 24

26
25

24. Projection room

25. Vip lounge

26. Music, recording and video 27

studio

27. Living lab

28. Photocopying, printing and

scanning room

29. IT room 28
30. Teaching and group work 29
facilities
30
31. Cleaning storage

32. Communal kitchen

33. Customer service point

31
32

33

Scale:
1:600

69
 34

Third floor ill. 92

35

34. Administration
36
35. Public sauna

36. Listening, viewing and

games room

37. Photocopying, printing and

scanning room

38. IT room

39. Customer service point

37
40. Cleaning storage 38

41. Video conference room

39
40
41

Scale:
1:600

70
Roof terrace ill. 93

42. Storage

43. Technical room

44. Technical room

42`

43`

44`

Scale:
1:600

71
 East elevation Scale 1:600 ill. 94

West elevation Scale 1:600 ill. 95

North elevation

North elevation Scale 1:600 ill. 96

72
South elevation Scale 1:600 ill. 97
73
 Section A-A ill. 98

Scale: 1:400

Section B-B ill. 99

Scale: 1:400

74
Section C-C ill. 100

Scale: 1:400

75
 Aerial view ill. 101

76
77
 View from the park ill. 102

78
79
 View from the park at night ill. 103

80
81
 View from the Töölönlahdenkatu street, east entrance ill. 104

82
83
84
Staircase, first floor ill. 105

85
 Cafe, North-West entrance ill. 106

86
87
 Atrium area second floor ill. 107

88
89
90
Work room first floor ill. 108

91
 Interactive spaces third floor ill. 109

92
93
 SUMMARY

94
95
 Summary

The vision of the project was to design modern library building, offering comfortable working and reading spac-
es for various types of users. Summary will be divided into different chapters in relation to the parameters that
could be found in the vision.

Relation to the site Structure

The project is located in a very specific area which is The structure is an important part of the project,
becoming a cultural centre of Finland where many from the very first sketches a lot of attention was
landmarks have been constructed ranging from dedicated to combine function, structure and aes-
parliament building to contemporary art museum. thetics.
Central library project is an important institution and
it is necessary to emphasize its position in the hier- In order to emphasize and make it more under-
archy. However, due to very unique context, the standable, the structural elements are represented
intention of the project was to create a design that in strong expressive materials. The columns are left
would remain humble yet intriguing. in concrete and the load bearing walls are present-
ed in brick. In order to distinguish the elements that
Solar screen provides monolithic expression of the have no structural meaning all non bearing walls
project which thanks to the copper makes the are presented in white. The use of suspended ceil-
building very well composed in the site, as it is a ing was avoided in order to present structure of the
very common material in the city of Helsinki. While floors in most clear way.
approaching to the library, pure geometry of the
inner volumes is revealed, which is especially visible A lot of concern was dedicated to the connection
in the night time. In such way the building remains between elements so that it was chosen to expose
modest in its appearance but at the same time it the connection of the columns and slabs in most
encourages to visit and explore it. readable way.

Experience

In present times the role of libraries as places of dis-

tributing knowledge has been decreased therefore
the new role of libraries as places for working and
producing knowledge has increased. The intention
of the project was to accommodate both tradition-
al and modern ways of using the library in the best
possible way.

The building offers variety of spaces that are dedi-

cated for working and reading. Users can choose
between units located in open layout that benefit
from great views and spatial experiences provided
by atrium areas, or more enclosed rooms that fa-
vour focused work or reading without any distrac-
tions.

Furthermore the library is a place that encourages

cultural recreational activities. The project creates
atmosphere that invites users to spend their time in
various possible ways.

Layout of the project is enabling users to experi-

ence open spaces but at the same time inner vol-
umes are shaping the flow to be dynamic making
exploring the building much more interesting and
exciting.

96
Conclusion

This chapter is dedicated for conclusions regarding most vital aspects of the project. Most important considera-
tions and impact on the design process had tectonic approach, finish architecture and role of the library in
modern society.

Tectonic design

In present times when possibilities that come from

computer aided design bring the possibilities to
achieve structural solutions to solve most difficult
challenges in constructions it is important not to ne-
glect the structural system in the early phases of the
project. Design involving sculptural forms and thrill-
ing spatial experiences may end up with aestheti-
cal satisfaction but the feeling of comprehension
of how the things work and are put together brings
spiritual experiences that are much more valuable.

Finnish architecture

Finland is a country where strong traditions of func-

tional design have overcome Romantic desire for
decorations and ornament. Purity of the forms, at-
tention to the detail and appreciation for the ma-
terials were always symbol of Nordic architecture.

Project taking the modesty and humble approach

as a guidance is aiming to become integrated part
of the area rather than become icon. Spaces and
objects crated in the interior of the project are the
result of applying simple geometry used in rational
way in order to create interesting and comfortable
spaces.

Role of library

In recent decades libraries went through major

changes but the real transformation from places
solely dedicated to distribute the books and pro-
vide reading places to modern mediatheques is
taking place right now.

Aim of the project was to fulfil requirements of wide

range of users, scaling from children to elderly citi-
zens. Library building became a multifunctional cul-
tural centre accommodating various facilities like
cinema, exhibition spaces or recording studios.

Open layout gives possibilities and flexibility for the

building to change and adapt to new require-
ments. The free standing furniture enables the pro-
ject to be easily rearranged and adjusted to new
requirements. As time pass bookshelves might be
replaced with new media or removed to expand
the working areas.

97
 APPENDIX

98
99
 Finite element analysis

This chapter is dedicated to describe process of creating 3d model in Robot analysis tool and using it for struc-
tural analysis.

Creating grid

The initial step in creating working model is setting

up grid that will be used as guidance in the process
of assembling structural elements. It is important
to create a grid that underlines the composition
of structural elements. Following step is to arrange
storey settings in accordance to dimensions of the
project.

Adding structural members

In order to add structural members it is necessary

to choose appropriate section type and choose its
dimensions. After adding structural member it is im-
portant to choose and add of the joints between
different structural elements.

Applying loads

After calculating loads it is possible to apply them

onto the model, it is important to add loads sepa- Structural model in Robot ill. 110
rately to each horizontal structural member.

After defining the load combinations it is possible to

run calculations.

FE analysis
Finite element analysis is available on attached CD

Structural model with applied loads ill. 111

100
Structural calculations

Degree of safety: Library = CC3 (high risk class)

Variable Loads

Wind load:
Terrain category: IV
Basic wind speed: vb=24 m/s
Building exposed to wind height h = z = 17 m
Peak velocity pressure of wind above the characteristic value of z qp0 (z) = q p (z) = 0.58 kN/m2

Snow load:
Terrain characteristic value sk = 2.5 kN/m2
Exposing factor Ce = 1.0
Shape factor μi = 0,8
Thermal factor Ct = 1,0

s = μiCeCtsk

s=2.5*1*0.8*1

Snow load on the roof: s = 2,0 kN/m2

Reinforced Concrete partition slab calculation:

The storey partition is constructed as follows:
- 22 mm parquet on timber joists.
- 100 mm insulation
- 300mm hollow core slab
- 2 layers of 13 mm gypsum boards
Pay load on the storey partition is 4,0 kN/m2.
Material control: Normal
Material: Concrete 35 MPa.

Calculation of loads:

Dead load: 22 mm parquet = 0,022m* 7kN/m3 = 0,154 kN/m2

100 mm insulation = 0,1m*0,5kN/m3 = 0,050 kN/m2
300mm hollow core slab =0,18m*25kN/m3 = 7,500 kN/m2
2*13 mm gypsum boards = 0,026m*9kN/m3 = 0,234 kN/m2
Total dead load gk =7,938 kN/m2

Pay load= 4,00 kN/m2

Book load estimation 600kg/m2 = 6kN/m2

Live load: qk = 4,00 kN/m2 + 6kN/m2 = 10 kN/m2

Reinforced Concrete roof slab calculation:

The storey partition is constructed as follows:
- 22 mm parquet on timber joists.
- 350 mm insulation
- 300mm hollow core slab
- 2 layers of 13 mm gypsum boards
Pay load on the roof is 5,0 kN/m2.
Material control: Normal
Material: Concrete 35 MPa.

101
 Calculation of loads:

Dead load: 22 mm timber terrace = 0,022m* 7kN/m3 = 0,154 kN/m2

5 mm Asphalt roof cover = 0,05 kN/m2
350 mm insulation = 0,35m*0,5kN/m3 = 0,175 kN/m2
300mm hollow core slab = 0,18m*25kN/m3 = 7,500 kN/m2
2*13 mm gypsum boards = 0,026m*9kN/m3 = 0,234 kN/m2
Total dead load gk = 8,113 kN/m2

Pay load= 5,00 kN/m2 (roof terrace)

Live load: qk = 5 kN/m2

102
Light levels

Space Recommended Illuminance

(Foot-candle Level)

Active (occupied) Book Stacks See table footnote a below

Inactive Book Stacks 5b = ~53, 7 lux
Book Repair and Binding 30 = ~322, 92 lux
Cataloging 30 = ~322, 92 lux
Circulation Desk and Reference Desk 30c = ~322, 92 lux
Computer Areas 30 = ~322, 92 lux
Audiovisual Areas 30 = ~322, 92 lux
Audio Listening Areas 30 = ~322, 92 lux
Reading (normal size and contrast: newsprint,
magazines, keyboard) 30 = ~322,92 lux
Reading (very small size and low contrast: fine detail
items, small print) 50d = ~538,2 lux

aFor book stacks, use vertical foot-candle levels. See the discussion immediately below.
b At 30 inches above the finished floor level.
c Although this is the IES standard, lighting designers typically prefer 40-50 foot candles at these desks.
d This should not be used as an excuse to light the whole library to 50 foot candles, just because there are always
some low contrast tasks interspersed throughout the library. The higher light level would apply only in specific
areas, such as collections of phone books.
Book Stack Illumination
Book stacks must be lit evenly across the stack face so that titles and call numbers can be
easily found and read. The lighting level should be a minimum of 6 foot-candles measured vertically on the face
of the book spine at a height of 12 inches above the floor, and a
maximum of 35 foot-candles at any height, so that no more than a 6:1 ratio results across the
entire vertical face of the book stack. Daylight should be introduced above and behind the
patron so that book titles are illuminated without glare. See Figure 4 for a diagram and Figure
18 for an example in a built project.

[Source: Daylighting Design in Libraries. 2005. by Edward T. Dean, AIA]

103
 Fire escape routes

Access to the fire staircase

is in range smaller than 25m
at any given place within the
building.

Fire escape routes ill. 112

104
List of references
Articles

[Carter, 2009]
Carter, A., 2009, Between Earth and Sky: The work of Jørn Utzon,
as an exemplary phenomenological approach to modern architecture made concrete., Aalborg University

[Schildt]
Schildt, G., Alvar Aalto and Finlandia Hall

Books
[Connah, 2005]
Connah, R., Finland – modern architectures in history, 2005, Reaktion Books Ltd

[Frampton, 1995]
Frampton, K., Studies in Tectonic Culture:
The poetics of Construction in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Architecture, 1995, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

[Picon, 2010x]
Picon, A., Digital Culture in Architecture: an introduction for the design professions, 2010, Birkhauser

[Fleig, 1975]
Fleig, K., Alvar Aalto,

[Werf]
The Architecture of Knowledge
The Library of the Future

Webpages
[Skórka]
http://www.wsp.krakow.pl/whk/biblioteki/

105
 List of illustrations
01 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Helsinki_Market_square_as_seen_from_the_sea.jpg
02 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Helsinki_Railway_Station_20050604.jpg
03 http://mw2.google.com/mw-panoramio/photos/medium/20724772.jpg
04 http://www.korttelit.fi/photo.php?id=739
05 http://www.korttelit.fi/photo.php?id=778
06 http://v1.cache3.c.bigcache.googleapis.com/static.panoramio.com/photos/original/57053013.jpg?redirect_coun-
ter=2
07 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Kaarmetalo1.jpg
08 http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1056/1213222348_9869df1e4b.jpg
09 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Kaivotalo_Helsinki.jpg
10 http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_s7cvBRedTtI/S_Z7CIf32ZI/AAAAAAAABck/LIS7XX-SpKM/s1600/Olympiastad+1.jpg
11 http://maps.google.com/
12 Own illustration
13 Own illustration
14 Own illustration
15 Own illustration
16 http://www.gaisma.com/en/location/helsinki.html
17 http://www.windfinder.com/windstats/windstatistic_helsinki-malmi.htm
18 Kiasma museum- Own picture
19 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eduskuntatalo_%28Finnish_Parliament_building%29.JPG
20 http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1121/1180383044_8a4c08eef5.jpg
21 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Sanomatalo_Helsinki.jpg
22 Own picture
23 http://www.nordicbuildingforum.fi/Musiikkitalo_2.jpg
24 http://koutsipetsidis.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/tumblr_lgyl8fcpu41qaqpcio1_500.jpg
25 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phillips_Exeter_Library,_New_Hampshire_-_Louis_I._Kahn_%281972%29d.jpg
26 Own picture
27 http://shuttermike.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/Salk-005.jpg
28 http://www.flickr.com/photos/rauerbac/2507425241/#/
29 http://www.flickr.com/photos/cajie/127029298/
30 http://static.panoramio.com/photos/original/6266073.jpg
31 http://wlmaconference2010.files.wordpress.com/2010/10/seattle-public-library.jpg
32 http://www.architizer.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/ADEPT-and-Sou-Fujimoto-_exterior.jpg
33 http://www.arkitekt.se/s32025/b11841?ts=1329745148
34 http://www.hgarchi.com/NSBBS/fileData/BBS_IMG/_hg01_118999680040.jpg
35 http://ad009cdnb.archdaily.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/1299694967-sendai2.jpg
36 http://cosmogeny.files.wordpress.com/2009/01/a.jpg
37 http://www.arkitekt.se/s32030/b11981?ts=1329745148
38 http://images.businessweek.com/ss/07/01/0102_wow_libraries/image/09002.jpg
39 http://www.evolo.us/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/adept-1.jpg
40 http://farm7.staticflickr.com/6063/6099269036_c58d6ae6b5_z.jpg
41 http://wikiarquitectura.com/es/images/2/2f/Bibl_Viipuri_sala_lecturas.jpg
42 http://www.galinsky.com/buildings/sendaimediatheque/sendai-interior-4.jpg
43-51 Own illustration
52 http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_47MfFyv_xjE/TEAlv5FicDI/AAAAAAAAAC4/JJfT1vJ7w78/s1600/%E7%94%BB%E5%83%8F+035.jpg
53 http://www.miragebookmark.ch/images/library-philology-uni-berlin.jpg
54 http://c532063.r63.cf3.rackcdn.com/image/group-7/61086/list/4c6a9b7b139d07.32848545.jpg
55 http://farm7.staticflickr.com/6073/6095866142_da29c25584_z.jpg
56 http://www.contemporist.com/photos/amsterdam_library_shelves.jpg
57 http://forabsolutebeginners.blogspot.com/2011/09/infinity-book-shelf.html
58.1-58.2 Own illustration
59 http://image.architonic.com/imgArc/project-1/4/5204922/MoNo-Hanasaki-House-08.jpg
60-66 Own illustration
67 http://0.tqn.com/d/gospain/1/0/o/W/-/-/4771854601_9679591bd0_b.jpg
68.1-68.3 Own illustration
69.1-69.4 Own illustration
70 http://www.bustler.net/images/news2/2--Exterior-2.jpg
71 http://kab3ey.files.wordpress.com/2010/12/dentelle-caixa-forum1.jpg
72 http://lh3.ggpht.com/-n-xm48inmrE/SPn0W6bG8jI/AAAAAAAACik/1lRG1VWWT5w/IMG_1954.jpg
73 http://www.only-photography.com/images/i_raeume/bibliothek_regal_front_01.jpg
74 Own illustration
75.1-75.4 Own illustration
76 http://scanqueen.files.wordpress.com/2010/08/dsc02070.jpg?w=600&h=450
77 Own picture
78 http://www.selux.us/web/images/projects/des_moines/des_moines_2b.jpg
79 Own picture
82 http://www.flickr.com/photos/lbsrnpb/3542719171/sizes/z/in/gallery-42535760@N03-72157622380542908/
85-112 Own illustration
113 Own picture

106