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Unit-5 Measurement and Control System

The document discusses various types of signals and responses in control systems, including: 1) It defines different types of unit signals - impulse, step, ramp, and parabolic - and how they are represented mathematically. 2) It examines the time response and characteristics of first-order systems when different unit signals are applied as inputs. 3) It analyzes second-order systems by deriving and solving their characteristic equations for different cases of damping ratio δ. 4) Key responses like step response are analyzed for second-order systems for different δ values through Laplace transformations.

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Davinder Singh
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58 views30 pages

Unit-5 Measurement and Control System

The document discusses various types of signals and responses in control systems, including: 1) It defines different types of unit signals - impulse, step, ramp, and parabolic - and how they are represented mathematically. 2) It examines the time response and characteristics of first-order systems when different unit signals are applied as inputs. 3) It analyzes second-order systems by deriving and solving their characteristic equations for different cases of damping ratio δ. 4) Key responses like step response are analyzed for second-order systems for different δ values through Laplace transformations.

Uploaded by

Davinder Singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Deck 1

1) Time Response

If the control system output for a input varies with the time then it is called time response.

Time response is divided into two parts transient and steady state response.

After the input certain time is taken by the output to attain the steady state, the response in the period
of transient state is known as transient response.

For larger values of time transient response is zero, this is known as steady state response.

2) Unit impulse signal

It only exists at t is equal to zero.

The area of this signal in the small interval of the time is equal to one

The value of unit impulse is zero for all the values of t.


3) Unit Step

It is defined as u(t)

The values of unit step are zero for all values less than zero.

The values of unit step signal are one for interval zero to any instant of time.

4) Unit Ramp Signal

A unit ramp signal, is defined as r(t)

The unit ramp signal has some values for all t greater than zero.
And the values of ramp signal are increased as the time increase.

The increment is linear w.r.t time.

5) Unit Parabolic Signal

A unit parabolic signal, is defined as

It is started from the zero and have a quadratic function over time.

6) The Impulse Signal

The impulse signal is a narrow and tall signal.

If a tends to zero 1/a is very large.


And the area of this rectangle is one.

Deck 2

1) First order system

Let us take a block diagram of the closed loop control system.

And the open loop transfer function is 1/(sT), have connection with the unit negative feedback system.

The transfer function in the closed loop has unit negative feedback.

If the power in the denominator is one then it is known as first order system.

C(s) is the Laplace transformation of the output signal

Whereas R(s) is the Laplace transformation of the input signal

T is also known as time constant


2) Impulse response in the first order system

Let us take a unit impulse signal as an input to the first order system.

By applying Laplace transformation on both sides, we get

R(s)=1

By applying the inverse Laplace, we get


This function is decaying and tends to zero at time t.

3) Step response of First Order System

In this unit step signal is input to the first order system

r(t)=u(t)

By applying the laplace transform

R(s)=1/s

By applying the inverse laplace on both the sides, we get

Its plot is as following


4) Ramp Response of First Order System

Consider the unit ramp signal which is equivalent to the input

Apply laplace on both the sides, we get

A=1, B=-T, C=T2


By applying inverse laplace, we get

Plot the graph, which is as following

5) Parabolic Response of First Order System

Take a unit parabolic signal in the input form to the first order system

By applying the laplace transformation, we get


With the help of partial fractions, we get

Here, A, B, C, D=1, -T, T2, -T3

Now put these values

By doing inverse laplace transformation

6) Second Order System


In this there is block diagram as following, and an open loop transfer function G(s) which is
connected to the unit negative feedback.
The power of s in the denominator is 2, therefore it is known as second order system.

7) Characteristic equation and roots

Below here given is the characteristic equation

When δ is equal to zero, the two roots are imaginary.

When δ is equal to one, the roots are real.

When the δ is greater than one, two roots are real.

When δ is from zero to one then these roots are complex conjugate.

8) Steps used in the Second Order System

Take laplace transformation on the input signal, r(t).

Take the equation, as following.


Put the vale of R(s) in the above equation.

Solve the partial fractions of C(s).

Apply the laplace transformation on the C(s)

9) Step response of Second Order System

Take the unit step signal as an input to the second order system.

Perform the laplace transformation on the unit step signal.

Take

Transfer function is given as following

10) Case 1: δ =0

Put the value of δ=0, in the transfer function, we get

Also put the value of R(s)=1/s in the above equation, we get


11) Case 2: δ =1

Put the value of delta=1 in the transfer function

From the above equation the values of A, B, C=1, -1, -ωn

Put these values in the above equation plus perform the laplace transformation and we get
12) Case 3: 0<δ<1

By modifying the denominator, the following equation is solved as

The transfer function is as following

Put the value of R(s)=1/s

We get A, B, C=1, -1, -2δωn

Put these values in the equation and we get


13) Case 4 : δ>1

The denominator is modified according to our ease, hence

The transfer function is as following

Now the value of C(s) becomes

By performing the partial fractions, we get C(s) equal to


By put these values we get this result

By applying the Inverse laplace transformation on both the sides, we get

14) Impulse Response of the Second Order System


15) delay time
Peak time
Peak overshoot
Formulas
Steady state error
P

PI

PID

Frequency response
Resonant peak

Band width
Bode plot

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