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10
Mathematics
Quarter 2 - Module 1
Illustrating and Graphing Polynomial Functions

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

Mathematics- Grade 10
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 - Module 1: Illustrating Polynomial Functions
Fifth Edition, 2021

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 10

Mathematics
Quarter 2 - Module 1
Illustrating and Graphing Polynomial Functions

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Table of Contents
Page
Cover Page
Copyright Page
Title Page
Lesson 1: Illustrating Polynomial Functions 1
Overview 1
Objectives 1
Pre-Assessment 1
Prior Knowledge 2

Presentation 4
Concept Development 5
Activities 9
Assessment 10

Application 10
Generalization 11
Post Assessment 11

Lesson 2: Graphing Polynomial Functions 13

Overview 13
Objectives 13
Pre-Assessment 14
Prior Knowledge 16

Presentation 16
Concept Development 17
Activities 23
Assessment 25

Application 25
Generalization 26
Post Assessment 27
Answer Key 29
References 34

Lesson ILLUSTRATING
1 POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS
Overview
In this lesson, you need to recall what you have learned about polynomials
like the degree, coefficients, constant terms, factoring, and using special products.
This lesson focuses in illustrating polynomial functions (M10AL-IIa-1).

Objectives
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. define polynomial function;
2. identify the degree, coefficients and constant terms of a polynomial function;
and
3. write polynomial function in standard form and in factored form.

Pre-Assessment
Directions: Choose the letter that best answers each question.

1. Which of the following is a polynomial function?

i. f ( x )=x −3 +2 x+ 1 ii. f ( x )=x 2 + x +1 iii. f ( x )= √2 x 2+ √ x
A. i only B. ii only C. i and ii D. i and iii

2. Which of the following is NOT a polynomial function?

A. f ( x )=0
B. f ( x )=1
C. f ( x )=x 2 + x +1
−1
D. f ( x )=
2x

3. What is the leading coefficient of f ( x )=x 2 +4 x3 +1?

A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

4. What is the constant term of the polynomial function in number 3?

A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
4 2 x 3 1
5. How should the polynomial function f ( x )=x −8 x + + 4 x + be written in
2 2
standard form? 1
4
1 x
A. f ( x )=−8 x 2 + 4 x3 + + x +
2 2
4
x 1
B. f ( x )= + −8 x 2+ 4 x 3 + x
2 2
4 3 2 x 1
C. f ( x )=x + 4 x −8 x + +
2 2
3
1 x
D. f ( x )= + 4 x −8 x 2 + + x 4
2 2
 6. What is the standard form of f ( x )=(5 x−3)(25 x2 +15 x+ 9)?
A. −125 x 3−27
B. 125 x 3−27
C. −125 x 3+27

3
125 x +27
7. What is the leading term of number 6?
A. −27 B. 27 C. 125 x 3
−125 x 3
8. What is the factored form of f ( x )=x 3 +3 x 2−4 x −12?
A. f ( x )=( x+ 2)( x−2)(x +3)
B. f ( x )=(x+ 2)(x +2)(x+ 3)
C. f ( x )=( x−2)(x−2)( x+3)
D. f ( x )=( x−2)(x−2)( x−3)

9. How should f ( x )=x 4 + x 3 + x 2 + x be written in factored form?

A. f ( x )=x ( x +1)(x2 +1)
B. f ( x )=x (1)(x 2+1)
C. f ( x )=x ( x−1)(x 2+ 1)
D. f ( x )=x (−1)( x 2+ 1)

10. What is the factored form of y=9 x 3−3 x 2 +81 x−27?

A. y=3 ( x 2+ 9)(3 x−1)
B. y=−3( x 2+ 9)(3 x −1)
C. y=3 (x 2−9)(3 x−1)
D. y=−3( x 2+ 9)(3 x +1)

Prior Knowledge
A polynomial is defined as an expression which is composed of variables,
constants and positive integer exponents that are combined using the
mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division
(No division operation by a variable).

Types of Special Products

2

1. Square of Binomial
This special product results into Perfect Square Trinomial (PST).
¿ ¿
Example: ¿

2. Product of Sum and Difference of Two Terms

This results to Difference of Two Squares.
 ( a+ b ) ( a−b )=a2−b 2
Example: (x +2)( x−2)=x2 −4

3. Square of Trinomial
This would result to six (6) terms.
¿
Example: ¿

4. Product of Binomials
The result is a General Trinomial. F.O.I.L (First, Outer, Inner, Last) method is
usually used.
( a+ b ) ( c+ d )=ac + ( bc +ad ) +bd
2
Example: ( x +2 )( x +3 ) =x + ( 2 x+ 3 x ) +6
2
¿ x +5 x +6

5. Product of Binomial and Trinomial

The result is a Sum or Difference of Two Cubes.
(a+ b)(a2−ab+b 2)=a3 +b3 ( a−b ) ( a 2+ ab+b 2) =a3 −b3
Example: ( x +2)( x2−2 x +4 )=x 3+ 8

Methods of Factoring

Method When is it Example

Possible
1. Factoring out If each term in 2
2 x +8 x
the Greatest the polynomial The common factor of both terms
Common has a common is 2x.
Factor (GCF) factor.
2
2 x +8 x=2 x ( x+ 4)
2. The Sum- If the polynomial 2
x + 5 x +6
Product is of the form The factors of 6 that if added will
2
Pattern (A-C x + bx+ c and get 5 are 2 and 3.
Method) there are factors
of c that if added x 2+ 5 x +6=( x+ 2 )( x +3 )
will get b .
3. Grouping If the polynomial
3 2 x2 +9 x−5
Method is of the form The factors of ac= (2 )(−5 ) =−10
ax 2 +bx +c and that if added will get 9 are 10 and
there are factors −1.
of ac that if
added will get b .  Split up middle term
2 2
2 x +9 x−5=2 x +10 x−1 x−5
Steps:  Group the terms (make sure to group
 Split up middle the terms with common factors)
term. ¿(2 x ¿¿ 2−1 x)+(10 x−5) ¿
 Group the terms.  Factor out GCFs of each group
 Factor out GCFs ¿ x ( 2 x−1 ) +5 ( 2 x−1 )
of each group.  Factor out the common binomial
  Factor out the ¿ ( 2 x−1 ) ( x+5)
common
binomial.
4. Perfect If the first and 4 x2 +12 x+ 9
Square last terms are The first and last terms are
Trinomials perfect squares perfect squares: √ 4 x 2=2 x √9=3
and the middle The middle term is twice the
term is twice the product of their roots:
product of their 2 ( 2 x ) ( 3 )=12 x
roots.
2
4 x +12 x+ 9=¿
5. Difference of If the expression 2
x −4
Squares represents a Square roots of the terms:
difference of two √ x 2=x √ 4=2
squares
x 2−4=(x +2)( x −2)

Presentation
Let’s explore!

Directions: Identify if each item is a polynomial or not a polynomial. State your

reason if it is not a polynomial. Use another sheet of paper for this activity.

1. 10 x
2. x 3−2 √ 5 x + x
3. −2020 x
2
4. x 3 + 3 x +1
1 2 3
5. 2 + 3 + 4
x x x
6. π
7. 3 x √2 + √ 3 x 2 4
8. x 3+ 2 x +1
9. −2 x−3+ x3
10. 1−4 x 2

Concept Development
A polynomial function is a function of the form

+ …++a 1 x+ a0 , an ≠ 0 ,
n n−1 n−2
P ( x ) =an x + an−1 x +a n−2 x

where n is a nonnegative integer, a 0 , a 1 , … , an are real numbers called

coefficients (numbers that appear in each term) , a n x n is the leading term, a n is
 the leading coefficient, and a 0 is the constant term (number without a variable).
The highest power of the variable of P ( x ) is known as its degree.

There are various types of polynomial functions based on the degree of the
polynomial. The most common types are:

 Zero Polynomial Function (degree 0): P ( x ) =a x 0=a

 Linear Polynomial Function (degree 1): P ( x ) =a x 1+ b=ax+ b
2
 Quadratic Polynomial Function (degree 2): P ( x ) =a x + bx+ c
 Cubic Polynomial Function (degree 3): P ( x ) =a x 3+ b x2 +cx + d
4 3 2
 Quartic Polynomial Function (degree 4): P ( x ) =a x +b x +c x +dx +e
where a , b , c , d∧e are constants.

Other than P ( x ) , a polynomial function can be written in different ways,

like the following:
f ( x )=an x + an−1 x +an−2 x +…+ a1 x+ a0,
n n−1 n−2

+ …+ a1 x+ a0,
n n−1 n−2
y=an x + an−1 x +an−2 x

Examples:
Deg Ty L Lea C
ree pe e din o
of of a g n
the Fu d Co st
Poly nc i effi a
nom tio n cie nt
ial n g nt T
T er
e m
r
m

1. y=8 x 4 −4 x3 +2 x+ 22 4 Q 8 x4 8 22
ua
rtic

2. y=3 x 2 +6 x 3+ 2 x 3 C 6x
3
6 0
ub
ic

3. y=−2 x 2 +4 x −2 2 Q −2 x2 -2 -
ua 2
5 dr
ati
c
Writing Polynomial Function in Standard Form
When giving a final answer, you must write the polynomial function in standard
form. Standard form means that you write the terms by decreasing exponents.

Here’s what to do:

 1. Write the term with the highest exponent first.
2. Write the terms with lower exponents in descending order.
3. Remember that a variable with no exponent has an understood exponent of 1.
4. A constant term always comes last.

Examples: Write the following polynomial functions in standard form.

1. y=1+2 x + x 5−4 x 3 +2 x 4 +5 x2
Te
rm
wit
Term/s Co
h
with lower ns
hig
exponents ta
he Standard form
in nt
st
descendin ter
ex
g order m
po
ne
nt
x
5 4
2 x ,−4 x ,
3
1 5 4 3 2
y=x +2 x −4 x + 5 x +2 x+1
2
5 x ,2x

2. f ( x )=5 x +9 x 2−3 x 8
Often, the polynomial function does not contain all of the exponents. You still
follow the same procedure listing the highest exponent first (8) then the next (2)
and finally the term with just a variable (understood exponent of 1).
Term Term/s with
Con
with lower
stan
highes exponents
t Standard form
t in
ter
expon descending
m
ent order
−3 x
8 2
9x , 0 f ( x )=−3 x 8 +9 x 2 +5 x
5x

3. y=x ( x 2−5)
With a factored form of a polynomial function, you must find the product first.
In finding the product of a monomial and a binomial, recall the Distributive
Property.
Multiply the monomial to
x ( x ) =x =x
2 1 +2 3
the first term of the
binomial
Multiply the monomial to
the second term of the x (−5 )=−5 x
binomial
Arrange the exponents in
descending order.
3
Therefore, the standard y=x −5 x

6
 form is

4. f ( x)=−x( x−4)(x + 4)
Use the special product, Sum and Difference of two terms, in answering this
function.
Get the product of the sum and
( x−4 ) ( x+ 4 )=x 2−16
difference of two terms.
3
Multiply -x to the product. −x (x ¿¿ 2−16)=−x +16 x ¿
Thus, the polynomial
3
function in standard form f ( x )=−x +16 x .
becomes

Writing Polynomial Function in Factored Form

We will focus on polynomial functions of degree 3 and higher, since linear

and quadratic functions were already taught in previous grade levels. The
polynomial function must be completely factored.
Examples: Write the following polynomial functions in factored form.

1. y=64 x3 +125

This is of the form a 3+ b3 which is called the sum of cubes. The factored form of
a + b is (a+ b)(a ¿ ¿ 2−ab+b ) . ¿ To factor the polynomial function follow the steps
3 3 2

below:
Find a∧b a=4 x
(a is the cube root of the first term) b=5
(b is the cube root of the second
term)
Substitute the values of a and b in 2
y= ( 4 x +5 ) [( 4 x) ¿ ¿ 2− ( 4 x ) (5)+ ( 5 ) ]¿
2
(a+ b)(a ¿ ¿ 2−ab+b ) ¿
So the factored form is y= ( 4 x +5 ) ¿ ¿)

3 2
2. y=3 x +6 x + 4 x +8

a c
This is of the form ax 3 +bx 2 +cx +d . This can be easily factored if = . To
b d
factor the polynomial function, follow the steps:
Group the terms (ax ¿ ¿ 3+bx 2 )+(cx + d)¿ y=(3 x ¿ ¿3+ 6 x )+(4 x +8)¿
2

Factor x 2 out of the first group of terms. 2

y=x (3 x +6)+(4 x+ 8)
Factor the constants out of both groups. y=3 x 2 (x +2)+ 4(x +2)
Add the two terms by adding the y=3 x 2 (x +2)+ 4(x +2)
coefficients y=(3 x¿ ¿2+ 4)(x +2)¿
So, the factored form is y=(3 x¿ ¿2+ 4)(x +2)¿

3. y=45 x3 +18 x 2−5 x−2 7

 This is of the form ax 3 +bx 2 +cx +d . Follow the steps below:
Group the terms (ax ¿ ¿ 3+bx 2 )+(cx + d)¿ y=(45 x ¿ ¿ 3+18 x 2)+(−5 x−2) ¿
Factor x 2 out of the first group of terms. y=x 2 ( 45 x+ 18 ) +(−5 x−2)
Factor the constants out of both groups. y=9 x 2 ( 5 x +2 )−(5 x+ 2)
Add the two terms by adding the y=9 x 2 ( 5 x +2 )−1(5 x +2)
coefficients y=(9 x ¿¿ 2−1)(5 x +2)¿
This can be further factored as a
difference of two squares y=(3 x+ 1)(3 x−1)(5 x+2)
So, the factored form is y=(3 x+ 1)(3 x−1)(5 x+2)

4
4. y=81 x −16

This is of the form a 4−b4 . We can factor a difference of fourth powers (and
higher powers) by treating each term as the square of another base, using the power
to a power rule. Follow the steps below:
Treat a 4 as (a 2)2 and b 4 as (b 2)2
2 2 2
2 2
(a ) −(b )
2 2 y=(9 x ) −(4 )
It shows difference of two squares, factor it.
2
(a 2)2−( b2 ) =(a2 +b 2)(a 2−b2 ) y=(9 x ¿¿ 2+ 4)(9 x 2−4) ¿
This can be further factored as a difference
of squares y=(9 x ¿¿ 2+ 4)(3 x +2)(3 x −2) ¿
So, the factored form is y=(9 x ¿¿ 2+ 4)(3 x +2)(3 x −2) ¿

5. y=x 4 −4 x2 −45

This is of the form ax 4 + bx2 + c. In similar manner, we can factor some

trinomials of degree four by treating x 4 as (a 2)2. Follow the steps below:
Treat a 4 as (a 2)2
(x 2)2−b( x ¿¿ 2)−c ¿ y=( x 2)2−4( x ¿¿ 2)−45¿
Let x 2=x , thus, it shows a quadratic
2
trinomial: ax 2 +bx +c y=x −4 x−45
Factor it: y=( x−9)(x +5)
Put it back. (Substitute x=x 2) y=( x 2−9)( x 2+ 5)
This can be further factored as a difference
2
of squares y=( x +3)( x−3)( x +5)
So, the factored form is y=( x +3)( x−3)( x +5)
2

Activities
Let’s do this… 8
A. Directions: Complete the table below. If the given is a polynomial function, give the
degree, leading coefficient and its constant term. If it is not, give the reason. Use
separate sheet for your answer.
Poly R D Lea C
nom e e din o
ial a g g n
 s
t
a
Fun
s r Coe n
ction
o e ffici t
or
n e ent T
Not
e
r
m
1. f ( x )=0
2. f ( x )=x 2− √2 x+ x
3
3. f ( x )=x 4 +2 x +2

4. y=−x−1
3x
5. P ( x ) =
√4
B. Directions: Complete the table below.
Ter
m C
wit o
Term/s St
h n
with lower an
hig st
exponents dar
Polynomial Function he a
in d
st nt
descendin for
ex te
g order m
po r
ne m
nt
4
1. f ( x )=4+ 4 x +8 x
2. f ( x )=(x+ 2)( x−2)
3. y=1+2 x + x 3

C. Directions: Write the factored form of the following polynomial functions by

completing the table:
1. y=343 x 3 +27
Find a∧b
(a is the cube root of the first term) a=¿ ¿
(b is the cube root of the second b=¿ ¿
term)
Substitute the values of a and b in
(a+ b)(a ¿ ¿ 2−ab+b 2) ¿ y=¿¿
So, the factored form is y=¿¿ )

2. y=x 4 −5 x 2+ 4
Treat a 4 as (a 2)2
2 2
(x ) −b( x ¿¿ 2)+ c ¿ y=¿¿
Let x 2=x , thus, it shows a quadratic
2
trinomial: ax 2 +bx +c y=x −¿ + ¿ ¿
Factor it: y=¿
Put it back. (Substitute x=x 2) y=¿
This can be further factored as a
difference of Two squares y=¿
So, the factored form is y=¿
Assessment
A. Directions: Complete the table below. If the given is a polynomial function, give
the degree, leading coefficient and its constant term. If it is not, give the reason.
Use another sheet to answer.
Poly R D Lea C
nom e e din o
ial a g g n
Fun s r Ter st
ctio o e m, a
n or n e Co nt
Not effi T
cie er
nt m
1. y=20
2. y= √ x +18
3. f ( x )=−1991 x
1
4. f ( x )=x 2 + x−1
5
5. f ( x )=
√5 x
6. y= √ 4 x
7. y=20−x + x 2

B. Directions: Factor the following:

1. y=x 4 −512 x
2. y=27 x 3−8
3. y=9 x 3−36 x 2 + 4 x−16

Application
A. Directions: Give three polynomial functions of different degree of polynomial.
Identify the degree of polynomial, the type of polynomial, the leading coefficient
and its constant term. Use a separate sheet to answer.
Degre Type Leadi Const
Polynomial e of of ng ant
Functions Polyn Polyn Coeffi Term
omial omial cient
1.
2.
3.
1. The intensity of light emitted by a firefly can be determined by
L ( t )=10+ 0.3 t+0.4 t 2−0.01t 3.
 2. The total number of hexagons in a honeycomb can be modeled by the function
2
f ( r )=1+3 r −3 r .

Generalization 10

A polynomial function is a function of the form

+ …++a 1 x+ a0 ,
n n−1 n−2
P ( x ) =an x + an−1 x +a n−2 x an≠ 0 ,

where n is a nonnegative integer, a 0 , a 1 , … , an are real numbers called

n
coefficients (numbers that appear in each term) , a n x is the leading term (has
the highest degree), a n is the leading coefficient, and a 0 is the constant term
(number without a variable). The highest power of the variable of P ( x ) is known
as its degree.

When giving a final answer, you must write the polynomial function in standard
form. Standard form means that you write the terms by decreasing exponents.

Here’s what to do:

1. Write the term with the highest exponent first.
2. Write the terms with lower exponents in descending order.
3. Remember that a variable with no exponent has an understood exponent of 1.
4. A constant term always comes last.

In writing polynomial function in Factored Form, make sure that it is

factored completely. The following questions might help you to factor the
polynomial functions completely.
1. Is there a common factor?
2. Is there a difference of squares?
3. Is there a perfect square trinomial?
4. Is there an expression of the form x 2+ bx+ c ?
5. Are there factors of ac that add up to b ?

Post Assessment
Directions: Choose the letter that best answers each question.

1. What function is y=x 4 + 1?

A. Linear Function
B. Quadratic Function
C. Quartic Function
D. Rational Function

2. What is the value of n in f ( x )=4 n if f is a polynomial function?

A. √ 3 B. 3 C. −3 D. 1/3
3. Which of the following is NOT a polynomial function?
A. P(x )=ax +b
p ( x)
B. P(x )=
q (x)
C. P ( x ) =a x 2+ bx+ c

P ( x ) =a x 4 +b x 3 +c x 4 + dx
For numbers 4-5, use the given function f ( x )=5 x 3 + x 2+3 x +15 and choose your
answers below:
A. 1 B. 3 C. 5 D. 15

4. Which of the choices is the leading coefficient of the function?

5. What is the constant term of the function?

6. What should be the order of terms of the polynomial function in standard form?
A. term with highest exponent, term/s with lower exponent, constant term
B. term with highest exponent, constant term, term/s with lower exponent
C. constant term, term with highest exponent, term/s with lower exponent
D. constant term, term/s with lower exponent, term with highest exponent

7. What is the standard form of y=6 x +12 x 2+2 x 3?

A. y=2 x 3 +6 x+12 x 2
B. y=12 x 2+ 6 x+2 x 3
C. y=2 x 3 +12 x 2 +6 x
D. y=12 x 2+ 2 x 3 +6 x

8. How should f ( x )=x 3−64 be written in factored form?

A. f ( x )=( x−4)( x 2+ 4 x +16)
B. f ( x )=( x+ 4)(x 2 +4 x+16)
C. f ( x )=( x−4)( x 2−4 x +16)
D. f ( x )=( x+ 4)(x 2−4 x +16)

9. How should y=¿ −10+3 x + x 2 be written in standard form?

A. y=¿ x 2+ 3 x −10
B. y=x 2 −10+3 x
C. y=¿ −10+3 x + x 2
D. y=¿ 3 x−10+ x 2

10. How should y=¿ x 2 −10+3 x be written in factored form?

A. y=(x +5)( x+2)
B. y=(x +5)( x−2)
C. y=(x−5)(x +2)
D. y=(x−5)(x−2)

12
 Lesson GRAPHING POLYNOMIAL
2 FUNCTIONS

Overview
This module has been designed to help both the teacher and the learner make
learning Mathematics as simple as possible. From its title, the learner is expected to
learn how to graph polynomial functions. The requirement to understand this module
easily is the learner’s knowledge on polynomial equations.

Mathematics helps us think logically and reason out analytically. The vision of this
module is to help the learner understand further the idea of functions. Functions is
everywhere. For example, the amount of medicine that a person should take depends on
the age of a person. The medicine dose changes when the age is changed.

Desmos and Microsoft Mathematics are some of the graphing applications that
were used to check the accuracy of the graph.

Objectives
Welcome to another learning experience! As you go through this module, you
should be able to:

 identify the leading term, its leading coefficient and degree of polynomial function
 determine the end-behavior of the graph of polynomial function using the Leading
Coefficient Test
 find the x and y intercepts of the function with the degree greater than 2
 determine the turning points of the graph
 describe the multiplicity of roots on the graph
 sketch the graph of polynomial functions
Most Essential Learning Competencies Code: M10AL-IIa-1

Pre-Assessment 13

Let us find out first what you have already probably known related to the content
of this module. Choose to answer all the items.
 Directions: Select the letter of your choice. Take note of your wrong answers and
find out what went wrong why you got such wrong answer. However, you may skip this
lesson if you get a perfect score without any help from others.

1. Which polynomial functions in factored form shows the sketch of the graph below?

A. ( x +3 ) ( x +1 ) ( x−1 )

B. ( x−3 ) ( x−1 ) ( x+1 )

C. ( x +3 ) ( x −1 )( x−3 )

D. ( x +1 )( x +3 ) ( x−3 )

2. Which of the choices below show the graph of polynomial function y = x3 – 7x + 6?

A. B. C. D.

3. Which of the following represents a graph of a polynomial function with degree greater
than 2?

A. B. C. D.

4. If the end behavior of a graph of the polynomial function falls both to the left and to the
right, which of the following is true about 14
the leading term?
A. The leading coefficient is positive, the degree is odd.
B. The leading coefficient is positive, the degree is even.
C. The leading coefficient is negative, the degree is odd.
D. The leading coefficient is negative, the degree is even.

5. What is the y-intercept of the function y = x3 – 4x2 + x + 6

 A. 2 B. -3 C. 6 D. -6

6. Determine the end behavior of the polynomial function f(x) = x 5 – 3x4 + 4?

A. rises to the left, falls to the right
B. rises to the right, falls to the left
C. falls to both sides
D. rises to both sides

7. If you are to illustrate the graph of the polynomial function y= -3x 4 – 6x + 4, which will
be your possible sketch?

A. B. C. D.

8. A point where the function changes from decreasing to increasing or from

increasing to decreasing values.
A. Multiplicity of a Root C. Turning Points
B. Intercept of a Graph D. Leading Coefficient Test

9. How will you sketch the graph of y = x (x-1)3 with respect to the x-axis?
A. sketch it tangent at both (1,0) and (0,0)
B. sketch it crossing (1,0) and tangent to (0,0)
C. sketch it tangent at (1,0) and crossing (0,0)
D. sketch it crossing both (1,0) and (0,0)

10. The following describes the graph of polynomial functions EXCEPT;

A. smooth B. continuous C. rounded turns D. gaps are observable

Prior Knowledge 15

In order to get you ready in this lesson, do this activity. It is about the concept of
polynomial function which you have learned in the previous module.

A. Directions: Complete the table below

Polynomial Function Leading Term Leading Coefficient Degree
y = 3x – 8x + 8x – 6
4 3
1. 2. 3.
3 2
y = x – 4x + x + 6 4. 5. 6.
B. Directions: Using your graphing paper or graphing notebook, graph the function given
below by plotting the values of x and y presented by the table.

1. f(x) = x2

X -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
y 9 4 1 0 1 4 9

Presentation
Let’s explore!

Directions: Observe the graphs given below and answer what is asked for each
item. The first one is done for you. Every correct answer in each blank is given one point.

Leading term: anxn where an ≠ 0

Leading coefficient: an ˃ 0  positive

an < 0  negative

Degree : even or odd

A. Polynomial function: y = x3 – 7x + 6

Leading term: x3
Leading coefficient: 1  positive
Degree : odd

B. Polynomial function: y= -3x3- 2x2 + 8x

16
Leading term: ___________

Leading coefficient : ______________

Degree :______________

C. Polynomial functions: y = x4 – 3x2 – 3

Leading term: ___________
Leading coefficient : ______________
Degree :______________
Concept Development
The activity that you have just answered will lead you to the new topic which is The
Leading Coefficient Test. This test can help you determine the end behavior of the
graph of polynomial functions by looking at the degree and the leading coefficient so that
it will give you a rough sketch of the graph. Let’s start by reviewing the definition of a
polynomial function that you have learned in the previous topic.

A polynomial function is a function of the form:

F(x) = an xn + an-1 xn-1 + … + a1 x + a0

where an are real numbers called coefficients and n is a positive integer, and anxn is the
leading term, an is the leading coefficient, a0 is the constant term and an ≠ 0.

End behavior is a description of the values of the function as x approaches

positive infinity or negative infinity. The leading coefficient and the degree of a
polynomial function determine its end behavior and it is very much helpful in graphing
polynomial function.

Polynomial End Behavior

17
Leading Degree Graph Comparison End Behavior
Coefficient
Positive Even The graph rises to
a>0 the right and
rises to the left

Negative Even The graph falls to

a<0 the right and falls
to the left
Positive Odd The graph rises to
a>0 the right and falls
to the left

Negative Odd The graph rises to

a<0 the left and falls
to the right.

Here are the examples of the four cases of the Leading Coefficient Test.

A. For the positive leading coefficient and even degree.

Steps Expression Discussion

1. Look at the given f(x)= 2x4 – 3x3 + x -1

polynomial function
2 is the leading
2. Identify the leading 2x4 coefficient and it is
term, its leading positive.
coefficient and degree 4 is the degree and it is
an even number.
3. Identify the end 2x4 The graph rises to the
behavior of the graph. right and rises to the left

18
4. Graph The leading coefficient
of the polynomial is
positive and its degree
is an even number.

B. For the negative leading coefficient and even degree.

Steps Expression Discussion

1. Look at the given f(x)= -3x2 – 6x + 4

polynomial function
-3 is the leading
2. Identify the leading -3x 2
coefficient and it is
term, its leading negative.
coefficient and degree 2 is the degree and it is
an even number.
3. Identify the end -3x2 The graph falls to the
behavior of the graph. right and falls to the left
4.Graph The leading coefficient of
the polynomial is negative
and its degree is an even
number.

For the positive leading coefficient and odd degree.

Steps Expression Discussion

1. Look at the given

polynomial function f(x)= x3 + 5
1 is the leading coefficient
2. Identify the leading x 3
and it is positive.
term, its leading 3 is the degree and it is an
coefficient and degree odd number.

3. Identify the end x3 The graph rises to the right

behavior of the graph. and falls to the left
4. Graph
19 The leading coefficient of
the polynomial is positive
and its degree is an odd
number.

C. For the negative leading coefficient and odd degree.

Steps Expression Discussion

1. Look at the given f(x)= -x5 + x4 -2x3 + 1

polynomial function
-1 is the leading
5
2. Identify the leading -x coefficient and it is
term, its leading negative.
coefficient and degree 5 is the degree and it is
an odd number.
3. Identify the end -x5 The graph rises to the
behavior of the graph. left and graph falls to
the right.
4.Graph
The leading coefficient
of the polynomial is
negative and its degree
is an odd number.

GRAPHING POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS

In this lesson, you will be provided with illustrative examples and the step- by-
step procedure on graphing polynomial functions. Here are some important details
that must be kept in mind while graphing polynomial functions. Use graphing paper or
notebook when plotting.

1. The graph of a polynomial function is continuous because every polynomial

function with real coefficients has the set of real numbers as its domain.

Furthermore, it means that there are no holes or gaps in which you can even draw the
graph without lifting your pen. Also, the graph of polynomial function is smooth, it has no
sharp corner and the turns are rounded.
2. Every polynomial function of the nth degree cannot have more than n roots
(Fundamental Theorem of Algebra),20 which means the graph cannot intersect
the x-axis more than n times.

3. A polynomial function of degree n has n-1 turning points on its graph or the
number of turning points is always less than n.

4. The multiplicity of root r is the number of times that x-r is a factor of f(x). When
a real root has even multiplicity, the graph of f(x) is tangent to the x-axis. When
a real root has odd multiplicity greater than 1, the graph bends as it crosses
the x-axis.

Example 1: Sketch the graph of f(x) = x3 – 2x2 – x + 2

Steps Expression Discussion

The leading coefficient is 1 and it is

3 2
1. Determine f(x) = x – 2x – x + 2 positive and the degree is 3 and it is
the end an odd number, thus the graph rises
behavior of the to the right and falls to the left.
graph
Let f(x)= 0
2. Find the x i. f(x)= x3 – 2x2 – x + 2 Equate the equation to zero.
intercept 0 = x3 – 2x2 – x + 2
Apply the Zero Product Property to
0= (x+1)(x-1)(x-2) get the x-intercepts.
x+1=0; x-1=0 & x-2=0 Therefore, the graph will pass through
x= -1 x= 1 x=2 (-1,0) (1,0) (2,0).
 (-1,0) (1,0) (2,0)
3. Find the y Let x= 0
intercept f(x) = x3 – 2x2 – x + 2
f(x)= (0)3 – 2(0)2 – 0 + 2 Substitute zero (0) to x and simplify.
f(x)= 0 –0 – 0 + 2
f(x)= 2 The graph will also pass through (0,
(0,2) 2).
4. Sketch the You may also find other points on the
graph graph by making a table of values.
X -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
-
y -12 0 2 0 0 8
40

Notice that your graph of f(x) = x3 – 2x2 – x + 2 crosses the x- axis 3 times, it’s
because the degree of your function is 3. A polynomial function of the nth degree cannot
have more than n roots. This means that the graph cannot intersect the x-axis more than
n times. It is true that the graph falls to the left and rises to the right as we have
mentioned in Step 1 using the Leading Coefficient Test.

The turning points of a graph occur when the function is changing values, from
21
decreasing to increasing or from increasing to decreasing. A polynomial function of
degree n has n-1 turning points on its graph or the number of turning points is always
less than the degree n. The graph above illustrates 2 turning points since the degree of
f(x) is 3.

Sometimes a polynomial function has a factor that occurs more than once. This
makes a multiple root. The multiplicity of root r is the number of times that x-r is a factor
of f(x). When a real root has even multiplicity, the graph of f(x) is tangent to the x-axis.
When a real root has odd multiplicity greater than 1, the graph bends as it crosses the x-
axis. Consider the next example.

Example 2: Sketch the graph of y = (x+1) (x+2)2(x-1)3

Steps Expression Discussion

1. Determine the The leading coefficient is 1
end behavior of the y = (x+1) (x+2)2(x-1)3 and it is positive, the degree
graph. is 6 and it is an even
If you get the number, thus the graph rises
product of the to the right and rises to the
polynomials, the left.
leading term will be
x6.
Let y= 0
2. Find the x i. y= (x+1)(x+2)2(x-1)3 Equate the equation to zero
x+1=0;
intercept. = (x+1)(x+2)2(x-1)3
0 -1
x=
(The given is in (x+2)2=0 (x+2)2=0
(x+1)=0 Applying the Zero Product
factored form (x-1) √2 0
√ ¿ ¿3==0 3
√ ¿ ¿=√ 0
3 Property.
x+2=0 x- 1= 0
already, there’s no x = -2 x=1 Equate each factor to zero
need to factor the
polynomial and simplify
completely.)

The graph will pass through

(-1,0), (-2,0), (1,0)
(-1,0), (-2,0), (1,0)
3. Find the y Let x= 0
intercept y= (x+1)(x+2)2(x-1)3 Equation
y= (0+1)(0+2)2(0-1)3 Substitute x to zero (0) and
y= (1)(2)2(-1)3 simplify
y=-4
(0,-4) The graph will also pas
through (0,-4)
4. Sketch the graph You may also find other
points on the graph by
making a table of values.
X -2 -1 0 1 2
y 0 0 -4 0 48

Notice on the graph where your zero is -2, the given factor is (x+2)2, meaning to
say the factor (x+2) occurred twice. When a real root has even multiplicity, the graph of
the function is tangent the x-axis, it simply touches it but does not cross the x-axis. This
is true for even multiplicity (the exponent is even). Thus -2 is of even multiplicity 2.
Observe the graph where the zero is 1 where the given factor is (x-1) 3. When a real root
has odd multiplicity, the graph bends as it crosses the x-axis, hence 1 is an odd
multiplicity 3.

Take a look at this table for more illustration.

Behavior of the graph

Roots Multiplicity
relative to x-axis

-2 Even Is tangent to
-1 Odd Crosses
1 Odd Crosses

You are now equipped with knowledge on how to sketch the graph of polynomial
functions. It’s now your turn to do the next activity.

Activities
Let’s try this!
 Directions: Determine the end behavior of the graph of each polynomial function.
Show your answer by filling in the blanks and show the possible sketch of the graph. The
first one is done for you. Every correct answer in each blank is given one point.
Sketching the graph would earn 3 points.

GUIDED PRACTICE

A. y = -x4 + 10x2 - 9

1. The leading term is -x4

2. The leading coefficient is -1 and it is negative.

3. The degree is 4 and it is even. 23

4. Since the leading coefficient is negative and the degree is even, then the
graph falls to the left and falls to the right.

5. Possible sketch:

B. y = -2x3 + x2 + 18x – 9

1. The leading term is ____

2. The leading coefficient is ______ and it is _________.

3. The degree is _____ and it is ______.

4. Since the leading coefficient is _________ and the degree is ____, then
the graph _______ to the left and _______ to the right.

5. Possible sketch:

C. y = 4x3 – 4x2 – 19x +10

1. The leading term is ____

2. The leading coefficient is ______ and it is _________.

3. The degree is _____ and it is ______.

4. Since the leading coefficient is _________ and the degree is ____, then
the graph _______ to the left and _______ to the right.

5. Possible sketch:

INDEPENDENT PRACTICE
Directions: Sketch the graph of the given polynomial functions.

1. y = x4 + x3 -7x2 – x +6

2. y = (2x+3)(x-2)(x-1)

Assessment 24

Below are the graphs of the following polynomial functions.

Directions:
A. Identify what polynomial function is indicated in each graph. Choose your answer
from the box.
B. Determine the y-intercept.
C. Identify the turning points.

y = x(x-1)(x+1) y = -x3+7x – 6
y = -2x(x-2)(x+1) y = x(x+1)(2x+1)(x-1)

1. 2. 3. 4.

Application
A. Directions: It’s time for you to check your understanding. Act like a
detective and do the activity below. Read the situation and answer the
questions that follow.

Two students namely Amihan and Pirena were asked by their teacher to show
the sketch of the graph of the polynomial function f(x) = x 4 – 3x2 -3. Who among
the two students show the graph correctly? Why do you say so? Explain your
answer.

PIRENA AMIHAN
 Were you able to identify who between the two students graph it right? If yes,
you did a great job! If no, try harder next time.

B. Directions: For the given polynomial function, y = x4 + 5x3 + 2x2 – 8x do the following
25
and sketch the graph.

1. describe the leading term (2 pts)

2. determine the end behaviors (2 pts)

3. find the x-intercepts and y-intercepts (3 pts)

4. create table of values (3 pts)

5. sketch (4 pts)

Have you sketch the graph of the polynomial functions given above? I hope you
enjoy doing the activities.

Generalization
 The Leading Coefficient Test is a test to determine the end behavior of the graph
of polynomial function by describing the leading term. It comes with 4 cases.
1. If the degree of the polynomial is odd and the leading coefficient is positive,
then the graph falls to the left and rises to the right.
2. If the degree of the polynomial is odd and the leading coefficient is
negative, then the graph rises to the left and falls to the right.
3. If the degree of the polynomial is even and the leading coefficient is
positive, then the graph rises to the left and rises to the right.
4. If the degree of the polynomial is even and the leading coefficient is
negative, then the graph falls to the left and falls to the right.

 The graph of a polynomial function is continuous and smooth and has rounded
turns.
 A polynomial function of degree n has n-1 turning points.
 Every polynomial function of the nth degree cannot have more than n roots.

 Here are the steps to sketch the graph of a polynomial function

1. Identify the end behavior of the graph through the Leading Coefficient Test.
2. Factor the polynomials completely (if the given is not in factored form)
3. Find the x- intercepts as well as the y-intercepts to determine where on the
x and y axis the graph passes through.
4. Plot the other points.

26
  A zero has a "multiplicity", which refers to the number of times that its
corresponding factor appears in the polynomial. When a real root has even
multiplicity, the graph of f(x) is tangent to the x-axis. When a real root has odd
multiplicity greater than 1, the graph bends as it crosses the x-axis.

Post - Assessment
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. Which of the following graphed function has the positive leading coefficient and an
even degree?
A. B. C. D.

2. If the end behavior of a graph of the polynomial function rises both to the left and to
the right, which of the following is true about the leading term?

A. the leading coefficient is positive, the degree is odd

B. the leading coefficient is positive, the degree is even
C. the leading coefficient is negative, the degree is odd
D. the leading coefficient is negative, the degree is even

3. What is the y- intercept of the function y = (x+2)(x-2)(x-4) ?

A. -16 B. 8 C. 16 D. 32

4. How will you sketch the graph of y = x (x-1)4 with respect to the x-axis?
A. sketch it tangent at both (1,0) and (0,0)
B. sketch it crossing (1,0) and tangent to (0,0)
C. sketch it tangent at (1,0) and crossing (0,0)
D. sketch it crossing both (1,0) and (0,0)

5. Give the leading coefficient of the polynomial function y = – 4x2+3x3+ 3x – 2 ?

A. -4 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

6. Which of the following is the graph of y = x3 – 5x2 + 6x – 5 ?

27
A. B. C. D.
7. Which function could describe the graph?
A. f(x) = 2x5 – x2 + 75
B. f(x) = -5x3 + x – 8
C. f(x) = x2 + 5x + 6
D. f(x) = -x4 + 3x3 – 4x + 2

8. How many turning points will a quartic function with four real zeros have?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

9. What is the multiplicity of the root 2 in the equation y = x 4-2x3-3x2+4x+4?

A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

10.Which polynomial function has zeros -2, ½, 2, 1?

A. y = 2x4 – 3x3 – 7x2 +12x – 4 C. y = 3x3 – 7x2 +12x – 4
B. y = 2x3 – 3x2 – 7x +12 D. y = 3x4 – 7x2 +12x – 4

Answer Key 28
30
LESSON 2

31
References 33
 Admin, Unknown. “Polynomial Functions- Definition, Formula, Types and Graph
With Examples.” BYJUS. BYJU'S, January 7, 2020.
https://byjus.com/maths/polynomial-functions/.
 Admin, Unknown. “Polynomial Functions- Definition, Formula, Types and Graph
With Examples.” BYJUS. BYJU'S, January 7, 2020.
https://byjus.com/maths/polynomial-functions/.
 Burger, Edward, Chard, David, et al.Algebra 2, United States Of America, 2007

 Callanta, Melvin, Canonigo, Allan, et al. Mathematics 10 Learner’s Module, Rex

Book Store Inc., Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines, 2015.

 DESMOS graphing calculator : https://www.desmos.com/calculator

 Dilao, Soledad, Orines, Fernando, et al. Advanced Algebra, Trigonometry and

Statistics(Revised Edition) , SD Publications, Inc., Quezon City, Philippines 2009.

 Gloag, Andrew, Melissa Kramer, and Anne Gloag. “Polynomials in Standard Form.”
CK. CK-12 Foundation, November 20, 2019.
https://www.ck12.org/c/algebra/polynomials-in-standard-form/lesson/Polynomials-in-
Standard-Form-BSC-ALG/.
 https://www.wtamu.edu/academic/anns/mps/math/mathlab/col_algebra/
col_alg_tut35_polyfun.htm

 Microsoft Mathematics Software

 Oronce, Orlando and Mendoza, Marilyn. 2007. E-Math IV(First Edition), Rex Book
Store Inc., Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines, 2007

 “Polynomial.” Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster. Accessed June 23, 2020.

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/polynomial.
 “Writing Polynomials in Standard Form.” Math. Accessed June 23, 2020.
https://www.softschools.com/math/algebra/topics/writing_polynomials_in_standard_f
orm/.
 SparkNotes. SparkNotes. Accessed June 23, 2020.
https://www.sparknotes.com/math/algebra2/factoring/section2/.
 SparkNotes. SparkNotes. Accessed June 23, 2020.
https://www.sparknotes.com/math/algebra2/factoring/section3/.

Lesson Tutorial Videos: 34

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CHEtGgTexHI

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ANqMj5cfY8

ACCESSED ONLINE SOURCES:

DESMOS GRAPHING CALCULATOR: September 7, 2020 and September 8, 2020 (upon revision)
35
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