Angle Modulation

Angle Modulation is the process in which the frequency or the phase of the carrier signal varies according to the
message signal.

Equation of the angle modulated wave is

s ( t ) =A c cos ⁡θi (t)

Ac - amplitude of the modulated wave, which is the same as the amplitude of the carrier signal

θi (t ) - angle of the modulated wave

Angle modulation is further divided into frequency modulation and phase modulation.

Frequency Modulation is the process of varying the frequency of the carrier signal linearly with the message
signal.

Phase Modulation is the process of varying the phase of the carrier signal linearly with the message signal.

Frequency Modulation

In AM, the amplitude of the carrier signal varies.

Frequency Modulation (FM), the frequency of the carrier signal varies in accordance with the instantaneous
amplitude of the modulating signal.

In frequency modulation, the amplitude and the phase of the carrier signal remains constant.
The frequency of the modulated wave increases, when the amplitude of the modulating or message signal
increases.

The frequency of the modulated wave decreases, when the amplitude of the modulating signal decreases.

The frequency of the modulated wave remains constant and it is equal to the frequency of the carrier signal,
when the amplitude of the modulating signal is zero.

The equation for instantaneous frequency  f i in FM modulation is

f i=f c + k f m(t)

f c- carrier frequency

k f - frequency sensitivity

m(t) – message signal

The relationship between angular frequency w i and θi (t ) as

dθi (t)
w i=
dt

2π f dθ i (t )
i=¿ ¿
dt

θi (t )=2 π ∫ f i dt

Substitute, f i value in the above equation.

θi (t )=2 π ∫ (f ¿ ¿ c +k f m(t ))dt ¿

θi (t )=2 π f c t +2 π k f ∫ m(t )dt

Substitute, θi (t ) value in the standard equation of angle modulated wave.

s ( t ) =A c cos(2 π f c t +2 π k f ∫ m ( t ) dt)
This is the equation of FM wave.

If the modulating signal is m(t) = Am cos (2 π f m t )  then the equation of FM wave will be

s ( t ) =A c cos(2 π f c t + β sin(2 π f m t))

Where,

∆ f Amk f
β = modulation index = =
fm fm

The difference between FM modulated frequency (instantaneous frequency) and normal carrier frequency is
termed as Frequency Deviation.

It is denoted by Δf, which is equal to the product of k f and Am

FM can be divided into Narrowband FM and Wideband FM based on the values of modulation index β .

Narrowband FM

This frequency modulation has a small BW when compared to wideband FM.

The modulation index β is small, i.e., less than 1.

Its spectrum consists of the carrier, the upper sideband and the lower sideband.

This is used in mobile communications such as police wireless, ambulances, taxicabs, etc.

Wideband FM

This frequency modulation has infinite BW.

The modulation index β is large, i.e., higher than 1.

Its spectrum consists of a carrier and infinite number of sidebands, which are located around it.

This is used in entertainment, broadcasting applications such as FM radio, TV, etc.

In frequency modulation, the frequency of the carrier varies. 

in Phase Modulation (PM), the phase of the carrier signal varies in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude
of the modulating signal.

In PM, the amplitude and the frequency of the carrier signal remains constant.
The phase of the modulated wave has got infinite points, where the phase shift in a wave can take place.

The instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal changes the phase of the carrier signal.

When the amplitude is positive, the phase changes in one direction and if the amplitude is negative, the phase
changes in the opposite direction.

The equation for instantaneous phase ∅ i in phase modulation is

∅ i=k p m( t)

Where,

k p – phase sensitivity

m(t) – message signal

The standard equation of angle modulated wave is

s ( t ) =A c cos(2 π f c t + ∅i )
Substitute ∅ i value in the above equation.

s ( t ) =A c cos(2 π f c t +k p m ( t ) )

This is the equation of PM wave.

If the modulating signal, m ( t )= A c cos (2 π f m t), then the equation of PM wave will be

s ( t ) =A c cos(2 π f c t + βcos ( 2 π f m t ))

β = modulation index = ∆ ∅=k p A m

∆ ∅ - phase modulation

Phase modulation is used in mobile communication systems, while frequency modulation is used mainly for FM
broadcasting.

题目：
A sinusoidal modulating waveform of amplitude 5 V and a frequency of 2 KHz is applied to FM generator,
which has a frequency sensitivity of 40 Hz/volt. Calculate the frequency deviation, modulation index, and
bandwidth.

Given, the amplitude of modulating signal,  Am =5 V

Frequency of modulating signal,  f m=2 KHz

Frequency sensitivity, k f =40 Hz/ volt

The formula for Frequency deviation as

∆ f =k f Am

∆ f =40 x 5=200 Hz

Frequency deviation, Δf is 200Hz

∆f 200
β= = =0.1
f m 2 x 1000

The value of modulation index, β is 0.1, which is less than one.

It is a Narrow Band FM.

The formula for Bandwidth of Narrow Band FM is the same as that of AM wave.

BW=2 f m=2 x 2K=4KHz

The BW of Narrow Band FM wave is 4KHz

An FM wave is given by s ( t ) =20 cos ⁡( 8 π x 10 6 t +9 sin ( 2 π x 10 3 t ) ). Calculate the frequency deviation, BW, and
power of FM wave.

Given, the equation of an FM wave as

s ( t ) =20 cos ⁡( 8 π x 10 6 t +9 sin ( 2 π x 10 3 t ) )

The standard equation of an FM wave as

s ( t ) =A c cos(2 π f c t + βcos ( 2 π f m t ))

Ac =20V

6
f c =4 x 10 Hz=4 KHz -carrier signal

3
f m=1 x 10 Hz=1 KHz

Modulation index, β=9

The value of modulation index is greater than one. Hence, it is Wide Band FM.

The formula for modulation index as

∆f
β=
fm

∆=β f m =9 x 1 K=9 KHz – frequency deviation

The formula for BW of Wide Band FM wave is

BW =2 ( β+1 ) f m=2 ( 9+1 ) 1 K =20 KHz

The BW of Wide Band FM wave is 20KHz

Formula for power of FM wave is

A c2
Pc =
2R

Assume, R=1Ω and substitute Ac value in the above equation.

The power of FM wave is 200 watts.