Scribd
Upload
62 views1 page

1000 Solved Problem in Modern Physics-120

This document discusses the quantum states of hydrogen and helium atoms, as well as the ground state electron configuration of carbon. It also compares the energy of a carbon atom to that of a carbon atom where the electrons are replaced with pi mesons. Key points: - The ground state of hydrogen is 1s with quantum numbers n=1, l=0, J=1/2, denoted 2S1/2 - Helium electrons pair up with opposite spins in the ground state (1s electrons, L=0, S=0) - Carbon's ground state is 1S2 2S2 2P2 - If carbon's electrons were replaced with pi mesons, all could occupy the

Uploaded by

Sano Manjiro
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
62 views1 page

1000 Solved Problem in Modern Physics-120

This document discusses the quantum states of hydrogen and helium atoms, as well as the ground state electron configuration of carbon. It also compares the energy of a carbon atom to that of a carbon atom where the electrons are replaced with pi mesons. Key points: - The ground state of hydrogen is 1s with quantum numbers n=1, l=0, J=1/2, denoted 2S1/2 - Helium electrons pair up with opposite spins in the ground state (1s electrons, L=0, S=0) - Carbon's ground state is 1S2 2S2 2P2 - If carbon's electrons were replaced with pi mesons, all could occupy the

Uploaded by

Sano Manjiro
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 1

2.

3 Solutions 103

 1/2
ω m 2 c4
νp = = c2 k 2 + 2 /k
k 
 −1/2
dω m 2 c4
νg = = kc c k + 2
2 2 2
dk 
∴ ν p νg = c2

2.3.2 Hydrogen Atom

2.7 Apart from the principle quantum number n, three other quantum numbers
are required to specify fully an atomic quantum state viz l, the orbital angular
quantum number, m l the magnetic orbital angular quantum number, and m s
the magnetic spin quantum number.
For n = 1, l = 0, if there is only one electron as in H-atom, then it will be
in 1s orbit. The total angular momentum J = l ± 1/2, so that J = 1/2. In
the spectroscopic notation, 2s+1 LJ , the ground state is therefore a 2 S1/2 state.
For n = 2, the possible states are 2 S and 2 P. if there are two electrons as in
helium atom, both the electrons can go into the K -shell (n = 1) only when
they have antiparallel spin direction (↑↓ ) on account of Pauli’s principle.
This is because if the spins were parallel, all the four quantum numbers would
be the same for both the electrons (n = 1, l = 0, m l = 0, m s = +1/2).
Therefore in the ground state S = 0, and since both electrons are 1s electrons,
L = 0. Thus the ground state is a S state (closed shell). A triplet state is not
given by this electron configuration. An excited state results when an electron
goes to a higher orbit. Then both electrons can have, in addition, the same
spin direction, that is we can have S = 1 as well as S = 0 Excited triplet
and singlet spin states are possible (orthohelium and parahelium). The lowest
triplet has the electron configuration 1s 2s, it is a 3 s1 , state. It is a metastable
state. The corresponding singlet state is 21 S0 , and lies somewhat higher.
Carbon has six electrons. The Pauli principle requires the ground state con-
figuration 1S2 2S2 2P2 . The superscripts indicate the number of electrons in a
given state.
2.8 A carbon atom has 6 electrons. If all these electrons are replaced by π −
mesons then two differences would arise (i) As π − mesons are bosons (spin
0) Pauli’s principle does not operate so that all of them can be in the K-shell
(n = 1) (ii) The total energy is enhanced because of the reduced mass μ.

mcmπ (12 × 1,840)(270)


μ= = = 266.7 m e
mc + mπ [(12 × 1,840) + (270)]

For each π − , E = −13.6 × 266.7 = 3,628 eV


For the 6 pions, E = 3,628 × 6 = 21,766 eV

You might also like