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General Chemistry 2 – Grade 12

(STEM) Learning Activity Sheets
Quarter 3 – Week 2B: Expressing Concentration of Solution Quantitatively

First Edition, 2021

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Writer Alfonz Lexie John C. Basul

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Author: Alfonz Lexie John C. Basul

School/Station: Nasipit National High School - Annex
1
Division: Agusan del Norte
email address: [email protected]
 WEEKLY LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET
General Chemistry 2, Quarter 3, Week 2B

Name: ___________________________________________ Section: ____________________

Expressing Concentration of Solution Quantitatively

Most Essential Learning Competency (MELC)

Use different ways of expressing concentration of solutions: mole fraction, molarity, molality,
percent by volume, percent by mass, ppm (STEM_GC11PPIIId-f-111).

Learning Objectives:

After learning the topic, you are expected to:

1. identify the different ways in expressing concentration of solutions;
2. determine the percentage composition (by mass and volume) of a solution; and
3. calculate concentration of solutions in molality, molarity and mole fraction.

Time Allotment: 2 hours

Key Concepts
A supply of clean drinking water is important for all communities. What constitutes clean water?
The government has set standards limiting the amount of contaminants allowed in drinking
water. These contaminants include metals, pesticides, bacteria, and even the byproducts of
water treatment. Water must be tested continuously to ensure that the concentrations of these
contaminants do not exceed established limits. Concentration is the measure of how much of a
given substance is mixed with another substance. Solutions are said to be either dilute or
concentrated.

Figure 1A Figure 1B
Illustrated by Alfonz Lexie John Basul
Figure 1A shows greater concentration than Figure 1B because there is a greater ratio of solute
(triangle) to solvent (black balls).

How is the concentration of a solute in a solvent calculated? These are the different ways to
express the amount of solute present in a solution:

 Percent by mass
Is the amount of solute in a given mass of solvent expressed as grams solute per 100 grams of
solution. Mass percentage is calculated as the mass of a component divided by the total mass of
the mixture, multiplied by 100%.
General Formula:
% by mass = mass of solute X 100
mass of solvent + mass solute

Derived formula:
mass of solute = (% by mass) (mass of solution)
100

Author: Alfonz Lexie John C. Basul

School/Station: Nasipit National High School - Annex
2
Division: Agusan del Norte
email address: [email protected]
Sample problem: A solution is prepared by dissolving 25.0 g of C6H12O6 (Sugar) into 100.0 g of
water. Determine the percentage by mass of the solute in the solution.

Given: mass of solute = 25.0 g sugar mass of solvent = 100.0 g water

Required: Mass of solution = ? (grams) % by mass of sugar = ?

Solution: The mass of the solution

mass of solution = mass of solute + mass of solvent
= 25.0 g C6H12O6 + 100.0 g H2O
= 125.0 g solution

Hence, the percent by mass of the solute is computed as,

mass of solute (g) x 100
% by mass =
mass of solution (g)
25.0 g sugar x 100
=
125.0 g solution
= 0.2 x 100
= 20% sugar

 Percent by volume
Is the amount of solute in a given volume of solution expressed as milliliter of solute per 100
milliliter of solution. Wine has a typical alcohol content (v/v percent) of 12 percent. This means
that there is 12 mL of C2H5OH(Ethanol) in every 100 mL of wine.
General Formula:
% by volume = volume of solute x 100
volume of solution
Derived formula:
(% volume) (volume of solution)
volume of solute =
100
Example: A solution is prepared by dissolving 90 mL of H2O2 (Hydrogen Peroxide) in enough
water to make 3000 mL of solution. Determine the concentration of Hydrogen Peroxide solution.

Given: Volume of solute= 90 mL of H2O2

Volume of solution = 3000 mL of solution
Required: % by volume of H2O2= ?

Solution:

% by volume = volume of solute(mL) x 100

volume of solution (mL)
= 90.0 mL H2O2 x 100
3000 mL solution
= 0.03 x 100
= 3% H2O2
 Parts per Million (ppm)
This is a way of expressing very dilute concentrations of substances. The key point of ppm tells
how many units of substance you have for every million units of the whole solution. In contrast,
a percentage tells how much of something you have “per hundred,” and so it’s a very similar
measure to ppm.
General Formula:
ppm = amount of solute x 1,000,000
amount of solution

Author: Alfonz Lexie John C. Basul

School/Station: Nasipit National High School - Annex
3
Division: Agusan del Norte
email address: [email protected]
Derived Formula:
Amount of solute= (ppm) (amount of solution)
1,000,000
Sample problem: The solubility of NaCl (Table Salt) is 284 g/100 grams of water. What is the
concentration in ppm?

Given: mass of solute = 284 g of NaCl

mass of solvent = 100 g of water
Required: mass of solution= ? (grams) ppm= ?
Solution:
mass of solution = mass of solute + mass of solvent
= 284 g NaCl + 100 g H2O
= 384 g of solution

ppm = amount of solute

x 1,000,000
amount of solution
= 284 g of NaCl x 1,000,000
384 g of Solution
= 739,583 ppm of NaCl solution

 Molarity (M)
Is one way to express the concentration of a solution in moles of solute present in one (1) liter, L,
of solution. It can be used to convert between moles of solutes and volumes of their solutions.
General Formula:
moles of solute mol solute
Molarity= or M=
liters of solution L solution
Derived Formula:
mole solute = molarity x liters of solution

In problems involving molarity, additional formulas are sometimes used to get the final answer.
One very useful formula are that for molar mass and number of moles:

molar mass = total molar mass of the components where; molar mass = g/mol
moles of solute = mass of solute
molar mass

Sample problem: A solution is made by dissolving 2.355 g of H2SO4(Sulfuric acid) in water. The
total volume of the solution is 0.05 L. What is the molarity?

Given: mass of solute = 2.355 g H2SO4

Volume of solution = 0.05 L

Required: A. Molar mass = ? (grams) B. Molarity = ? (mol/L)

A..
molar mass H2SO4 = total molar mass of the components
= 2(1.008 g/mol H) + 1 (32.06 g/mol S) + 4 (16.00 g/mol O)
= 98.08 g/mol H2SO4

Convert the mass of solute into moles of solute

mole of solute = 2.355 g H2SO4 1 mol of H2SO4 = 2.355 mol H2SO4 = 0.02401 mol H2SO4
98.08 g H2SO4 98.08

Author: Alfonz Lexie John C. Basul

School/Station: Nasipit National High School - Annex
Division: Agusan del Norte
4
email address: [email protected]
B.
mol solute
M=
L solution
= 0.02401 mol H2SO4
0.05 L
= 0.48 M

 Molality (m)
Is the ratio of the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent. It is not the same as
molarity, even if their names are very similar.
General Formula:
moles of solute
Molality = or m = mol
kg of solvent kg
Derived formula:
mol solute = Molality x kg of solvent

In problems involving molality, additional formulas are sometimes used to get the final answer.
One very useful formula is that for density:
ρ = m/v where; ρ = density
m= mass
v= volume
Sample problem: What is the molality of a solution containing 0.75 moles of NaOH (Sodium
hydroxide) in 500 milliliters of water at 25 oC? The density of water at 25 oC is 1.0 gram per
milliliter.

Given:
ρ H2O = 1.0 g/mL
V H2O = 500 mL
Molar mass of H2O = 18 g/mol
Mole of solute = 0.75 mol NaOH
Required: Molality of NaOH = ? (mol/kg)
Solution:
Compute the mass of water in kilograms.

ρ= m
v
m H2O= ρ x v 500 g 1 kg = 0.50 kg
m H2O= 1 g/mL x 500 mL 1000 g
m H2O= 500 g

Hence, m is,
moles of solute
m= = 0.75 mol NaOH = 1.5 m or 1.5 mol/kg
kg of solvent 0.5 kg of solvent
 Mole Fraction
Is a way of describing solution composition. It is the ratio of the number of moles of one
component of a mixture to the total number of moles of all components.
General Formula:
mole component
Mole fraction of component =
moles of all component
Derived Formula:
mole component = mole fraction component x moles of all component

Sample Problem: What is the mole fraction of the solute in a 40% by mass ethanol (C2H5OH)
solution in water?
Author: Alfonz Lexie John C. Basul
School/Station: Nasipit National High School - Annex 5
Division: Agusan del Norte
email address: [email protected]
Given: % mass of ethanol = 40%

Required: mole fraction of solute= ?

Solution:
Solve for the molar mass of ethanol and water
molar mass H2O = total molar mass of components = 2 (1.008 g/mol H) + 1 (16.00 g/mol O)
= 18 g/mol H2O
molar mass C2H5OH = total molar mass of components = 2(12 g/mol)+6(1.008 g/mol)+1(16 g/mol)
= 46 g/mol C2H6O
Change the masses of the components ethanol and water to number of moles. Assume there is
exactly 100 grams of solution. The solution is 40% ethanol (C2H5OH), it contains 40 grams of
ethanol and 60 grams of water.
Mole ethanol= 40 g = 0.87 mol C2H5OH
46 g/mol

Mole
60 g = 3.33 mol H O
water= 2
18 g/mol
Compute for the mole fraction each component

mol 0.87 mol ethanol

mole fraction of C2H5OH = ethanol = = 0.21
mol ethanol + mol water 0.87 mol ethanol + 3.33 mol water

mol water 3.33 mol water

mole fraction of H2O= = = 0.79
mol ethanol + mol water 0.87 mol ethanol + 3.33 mol water
1.00

The mole fraction of all components in a solution is always equal to 1.

Activity 1. Know me well

Learning objective: Identify the different ways in expressing concentration of solutions.

What You Need: Pen and Paper

What you do: Identify the different ways in expressing concentration of solutions. Write your
answers on a separate sheet of paper.

_______________1. It is the ratio of the number of moles of one component of a mixture to the
total number of moles of all components.
_______________2. It is calculated as the mass of a component divided by the total mass of the
mixture, multiplied by 100%.
mol solute
_______________3. It is computed using the formula M= .
L solution
_______________4. This is a way of expressing very dilute concentrations of substances.
_______________5. It is computed using the formula m= mol.
kg
Activity 2. Mass & Volume to Percentage!

Learning objective: Determine the percentage concentration (by mass and volume) of a
solution.
What You Need: Pen, Paper and calculator
What you do: Given the result of Percentage Concentration experiment below, analyze and
answer the following questions. Show your solution.
Table 1. Shows the results of the percentage by mass experiment.
Substance Mass
Sugar 2.0 g
Salt 3.0 g
Author: Alfonz Lexie John C. Basul Water 20 g
School/Station: Nasipit National High School - Annex
6
Division: Agusan del Norte
email address: [email protected]
 Guide Questions:
1. What is the total mass of the solution? _______________
2. What is the percentage by mass of sugar solute in the solution? ______________
3. What is the percentage by mass of salt solute in the solution? ________________
4. What is the ppm of salt solute in the solution? ___________________

Table 2. Shows the results of the percentage by volume experiment.

Substance Volume Volume of the solution

Isopropyl alcohol 70 mL 100 mL
Ethyl alcohol 40 mL 100 mL

Guide Questions:
1. What is the percent volume of ispropyl alcohol? _____________________
2. What is the percent volume of ethyl alcohol? ________________________

Activity 3. Solve it!

Learning objective: Calculate concentration of solutions in molality, molarity and mole fraction.
Show your solution.
What You Need: Pen, paper, periodic table of elements & calculator

What you do: Calculate the concentration of solutions in molality, molarity and mole fraction of
the problem below. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. Show your solution.

Problem 1: How many grams of K2CO3 (Potassium Carbonate) are needed to make 200 mL of a
2.5 M solution?

Problem 2: What mass of CH3OH (Methanol) is required to be dissolved in 8.00 kg of H2O

(Water) to produce a 2.00 m solution?

Reflection

Direction: Answer the question. Explain in 3 sentence/s.

Figure 2. 70% Ethyl Alcohol Figure 3. 40% Isopropyl Alcohol

Source: google.com/search?q=ethyl+alcohol Source: google.com/search?q=Isopropyl+alcohol
Which of the two is more effective in disinfecting our hands especially this time of pandemic?
Why?_________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________

Rubrics:
3 – Explanation is scientifically consistent with the concepts and has no misconception.
2 - Explanation is scientifically consistent with the concepts but with minimal misconception.
1 – Explanation is consistent with the concepts but with misconceptions.
0 - No discussion.
Author: Alfonz Lexie John C. Basul
School/Station: Nasipit National High School - Annex
Division: Agusan del Norte
7
email address: [email protected]
References for learners:

Books:
Patalinghug, Wyona C., Camacho, Vic Marie I., Sevilla, Fortunato B. III, Singson, Maria Cristina
D. General Chemistry 1 Specialized Subject | Academic Stem: Teaching Guide for Senior
High School C.P. Garcia Ave., Diliman, Quezon City: Commission on Higher Education,
2016. https://studylib.net/doc/25269748/general-chemistry-1

Wilbraham et al. - Prentice Hall – 2000, Chemistry

Online References:
https://www.varsitytutors.com/college_chemistry-help/molarity-molality-normality

https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Los_Angeles_Trade_Technical_College/Chem_51/15%3A_S
olutions/15.03%3A_Solution_Concentration_-_Molality_Mass_Percent_ppm_and_ppb

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-chemistry/states-of-matter-and-intermolecular-
forces-ap/mixtures-and-solutions-ap/a/molarity

Answer Key
Activity 1. Know me well Activity 2. Mass & Volume to Percentage!
5. Molality
= 40%
4. Parts per million (ppm)
3. Molarity = 0.4 x 100
2. Percentage by Mass 100mL solution
1. Mole Fraction = 40mL ethyl x 100
Activity 1. Who AM I? volume of solution
2. % vol ethyl = volume of solute x 100
= 70%
Activity 2. Mass & Volume to Percentage! = 0.7 x 100
= 120,000 ppm 100mL solution
= 0.12 x 106 = 70mL isopropyl x 100
25g solution volume of solution
= 3.0g salt x 106 1. % vol isopropyl = volume of solute x 100
Table 2.
amount of solution
4. ppm salt = amount of solute x 106
= 12%
= 0.12 x 100
25g solution
= 3.0g salt x 100
mass of solution
3. % mass salt = mass of solute x 100
= 8%
= 0.08 x 100
25g solution
= 2.0g sugar x 100
mass of solution
2. % mass sugar = mass of solute x 100
= 25g
= 20g + 2.0g + 3.0g
1. Mass solution = mass solvent + mass solute
Table 1.

Author: Alfonz Lexie John C. Basul

School/Station: Nasipit National High School - Annex
Division: Agusan del Norte 8
email address: [email protected]
 email address: [email protected]
Division: Agusan del Norte
9
School/Station: Nasipit National High School - Annex
Author: Alfonz Lexie John C. Basul
1. Answer may vary
Reflection:
Given: M = 2.5 M
L = 200 mL
Required: mol solute = ?
Mass of K2CO3 = ?
Solution: Reflection:
Given: m = 2.0 m
mass = 8.00 kg L sol= 200 mL x (1 L/1000 mL) = 0.2 L
Required: mass of CH3OH = ? (g)
Solution: M= mol solute / L sol
m= mol/kg mol solute = M x L sol
mol= m x kg = 2.5 M x 0.2L
= 2.00 m x 8.00 kg = 0.5 mol K 2CO3
= 16 mol CH3OH Molar mass = total mass of the components
= (39)2+12+(16)3
molar mass = total mass of the components
z#WZSXAa = 138 g/mol K 2CO3
= 12+(1.008)3+16+1.008
= 32.0 g/mol Mass K 2CO3= 138g/mol (0.5mol)
= 69 g K 2CO3
mass CH3OH = 16 mol x 32.0 g/mol
= 512 g CH3OH
Problem 2 Problem 1
Activity 3. Solve it!