Pronouns

I Yo Am Yo soy/estoy
You Tú, usted(es) Are Tu eres/estas
He El Is Él es/esta
She Ella Is Ella es/esta
It Eso,esa,ese Is Eso es/esta
We Nosotros(as) Are Nosotros
somos/estamos
They Ellos(as) Are Ellos son/están

1. He is in the park / Él está en el parque

2. Juan and Jorge are Friends / Juan y Jorge son amigos
3. Ana is in the house and they are in the bank / Ana está en la casa y ellos
están en el banco

Prepositions IN-ON-AT
In: Algo/alguien dentro de algo/alguien.
1. My mother is in the house
2. I am in the classroom
3. Jhon and Peter are in the restaurant

On: Algo/alguien sobre, encima de algo/alguien (contacto)

1. The book is on the table
2. The cats are on the roof
3. We are on the house

At: Algo/alguien en un lugar específico sin indicar que estén dentro o sobre
1. The car is at the house
2. Tom is at the bank
3. They are at the Gym

1. The dog is in the house / El perro está dentro de la casa

2. Pedro and Luis are at the table / Pedro y Luis están en la mesa
3. Sara is on the sofa / Sara esta sobre el sofá

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Simple Present Tense
Routines / Daily Activities / Do / Does

He-She-It affirmative sentences

Verb + s
1. He replaces the battery
2. She changes the wheels

Verb (o,x,z,s,ss,sh,ch) + es
1. Juan fixes the motorcycle
2. Dora washes the carburetor

Verb (preceded by a consonant y) + ies

1. Ana studies English
2. Peter dries the motorcycle

1. He repairs the cilinder

2. We start the motorcycle
3. Luisa buys the spark plugs
4. Pedro watches Tv in the house
5. They wash the carburetor
6. The plane flies high

DO DOES
I He
You She
We It
They

3 Basic rules for the Present Progressive Tense

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 Normally add ing to the Verb ending in e Monosilabic
verbs (except ee) Con + Voc + Con
(except w,x,y,z)
Speaking Write / Writing Stop / Stopping
Calling Dance / Dancing Shop / Shopping
Jumping Drive / Driving Jog / Jogging
Reading Make / Making Chop / Chopping

1. They are driving the car

2. Juan is at the living room, on the sofa, he is reading a book
3. I am cutting meat in the kitchen

There is – There are

There is: singular
There are: plural
1. There is one dog un the house
2. There are two cats on the roof
3. There is one chair in the kitchen
4. There are five books in my bedroom, on the table
5. At the house in the garden, there is one flower

Differents Between A / An
A: consonant sound An: vowel sound
A ball An egg
A tree An ice cream
A bus An umbrela
A table An elephant
A car An onion
A hour An apple
A window An island

Possesive Adjectives
Pronoun Possessive Adjectives
I My
You Your
He His
She Her

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 It Its
We Our
They Their

To be Past (Was/Were)
Was Were
I You
She We
He They
It

The Apostrophe
¿De quien (es)? ¿Qué?
La clase de Fredy Fredy’s class
La oficina de mi doctor My doctor’s office
El padre de Carlos Carlos’ father
Los padres de Paola y Paola and Lucero’s parents
Lucero
Los padres de Paola y Paola’s and Lucero’s
los padres de Lucero parents are at the beach
están en la playa

1. Juan’s dogs / Los perros de Juan

2. Andres’ Friends / Los amigos de Andres
3. Isabel and Luis’ house / La casa de Isabel y Luis
4. My father’s brother / El hermano de mi padre

Countable and Uncountable nouns

How much: singular, ¿Cuánto? ¿Cuánta?, Uncountable
How many: plural, ¿Cuántos? ¿Cuántas?, Countable
How much How many
Money Bills
Food Stars
Milk Cookies
Water Dogs
Sugar Men

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 1. How much salt is there in the bag?
2. How much poverty is there in the world?
3. How many oranges do you have?
4. How much water do we need to make the juice?
5. How many people are going to the concert?
6. How many old books are there on the table?
7. How many flowers are there in the garden?

Simple Past – Auxiliary Did

Regular Verbs Irregular Verbs
Present Past Present Past
Call Called Swim Swam
Try Tried Read Read
Live Lived Speak Spoke
Dance Danced Write Wrote
Listen Listened Win Won
Study Studied Know Knew

We spoke English yesterday / Nosotros hablamos ingles ayer

They didn’t dance salsa / Ellos no bailaron salsa
Did you study English today? / ¿Estudiaste ingles hoy?

Some and Any

Some: (+) algo de, unos (as), algunos (as), question for offers
Any: (-) nada de, algo de, ningún (a)

1. We need some appleas

2. There isn’t any juice
3. The coffee needs some sugar
4. I want some water
5. There aren’t any students in the class
6. The pot doesn’t have any salt

Do you want some apples? / ¿Quieres algunas manzanas?

Is there any water in the bottle? / ¿Hay algo de agua en la botellas?

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Do you want some milk? / ¿Te gustaría algo de leche?
Are there any animals in your house? / ¿Hay algunos animales en tu casa?

Future Going to
(+) To be present + going to + verb (base form) + complement
(-) To be present + not + going to + verb (base form) + complement
(¿) To be present + going to + verb (base form) + complement + ?

1. She is going to take a taxi / Ella va a tomar el taxi

She isn’t going to take a taxi / Ella no va a tomar el taxi
Is she going to take a taxi? / Va ella a tomar el taxi

2. We are going to study English today / Nosotros vamos a estudiar ingles hoy
3. Jorge isn’t going to play soccer tomorrow / Jorge no va a jugar futbol mañana
4. I am going to rest this weekend / Yo voy a descansar este fin de semana
5. Is Marta going to the supermarket later? / ¿Marta va ir al supermercado más
tarde?

Future Will
(+) Pronoun + Will + verb (base form) + complement
(-) Pronoun + Will + not + verb (base form) + complement
(¿) Will + pronoun + verb (base form) + complement

1. They will eat fish at the beach / Ellos comerán pescado en la playa
2. Juan won’t dance Salsa with Luisa / Juan no bailara salsa con Luisa
3. Will you go to the beach in December? / ¿Iras a la playa en diciembre?
4. We will study English every day / Nosotros estudiaremos ingles todos los días

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When use “to” before of the verb
To + verb = infinitivo (verbo sin conjugar, (ar) (er) (ir))
Modal verbs Common Verbs
Can Want
Could Like
May Need
Might Have
Must Try
Should Eat
1. I want to go to the beach (common verb - common
verb)
2. They can have a big house (modal verb – common verb)
3. Juan must go to school (modal verb – common verb)
4. We need to eat some vegetables (common verb – common
verb)
5. You have to try it again (common verb – common
verb)
6. Luisa likes to eat pizza (common verb – common
verb)
7. I should watch the video again (modal verb – common verb)

Prepositions of Place
Next to: al lado de
Across from: al otro lado de / al frente de
Between: en medio de / entre
Around the corner from: a la vuelta de

Verbo Modal Can

Habilidad – Falta de habilidad – Prohibición – Permiso
Pron + Can + verb +comp
(+) He can run 100 meters
(-) He can’t run 100 meters
(¿) Can he run 100 meters?

1. We can jump in the park / Nosotros podemos saltar en el parque

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 2. She can’t play the guitar / Ella no puede tocar guitarra
3. Can they speak English? /¿Pueden ellos hablar ingles?

Verbo Modal Should

Deberia
Pron + Should + verb + comp
(+) I should wash the car
(-) I shouldn’t wash the car
(¿) Should I wash the car?
1. She should exercise every day / Ella debería ejercitarse todos los dias
2. We shouldn’t smoke / Nosotros no deberíamos fumar
3. Should they study English? / ¿Deberian ellos estudiar ingles?

To or For
To: a, para, transferencia, movimiento
To + lugar
To + verbo infinitivo
To + alguien
For: por, para, razón/intención, beneficio
For + razón, intención, beneficio
For + verbo gerundio (ing)
For + alguien
TO FOR
I go to my office I go to the gym for my health
You are in the University to learn You are in the university for learning
He bought a present to you He bought a present for you
Juan goes to France This is for you
I came to see you I stopped the car for some coffee

1. I went to Canada to see my sister

2. This lesson was made for you
3. Susan traveled to London for a conference

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 4. This is important for me
5. Juan cooks dinner for his wife
6. Read a story to the children

Comparatives
Agregar ER Monosilábica Termina en Mas de 2 Comparativos
que termina “y” se silabas usar irregulares
en CVC reemplaza MORE
Duplico ult por i y
consonante agregamos
ER
Faster Fatter Happy- Expensive- Good: Better
Happier more
expensive
Taller Bigger Heavy- Beautiful- Bad: Worse
Heavier more
beautiful
Smaller Hotter Dry-Drier Interesting- Little:Less
more
interesting
Richer Intelligent- Far: Farther
more
intelligent

1. (Sad) Carlos is sadder than Juan

2. (Small) The rabbit is smaller than the Lion
3. (Ugly) Maria and Sofia are uglier than my friend Luisa
4. (Handsome) I was more handsome than you
5. (Rich) Peter is as rich as Linda
6. (Heavy) My motorcycle is as heavy as a cow
7. (Important) This file is more important than the picture
8. (Expensive) My camera was less expensive than my cellphone

Prepositions
From: de, desde for: para por
In: en, dentro to: a, para
About: sobre, acerca de of: de
With: con look for: buscar

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Look at: mirar

1. What are you afraid of? / ¿De que estas asustado?

2. What is this for? / ¿Para qué es esto?
3. Who do you go with? / ¿Con quién vas?
4. What semester are you in? / ¿En qué semestre estas tu?

Conjuctions
Later: después / mas tarde After that: después de
eso
Then: luego / entonces First: primero Finally: finalmente

Present Perfect
Have: I – You – We – They Has: He – She - It

(+) Pronoun + Have/Has + Verb (past participle) + complement

(-) Pronoun + Have/Has + not + Verb (past participle) + complement
(¿) Have/Has + pronoun + Verb (past participle) + complement

1. Peter has walked for 3 hours /Peter ha camindao por 3 horas

2. You haven’t studied for the exam /Tu no has estudiado para el examen
3. Have they bought a new house /¿Han ellos comprado una casa nueva?

Verb Would (ría)

(+) Pronoun + would + verb (base form) + complement
(-) Pronoun + would + not + verb + complement
(¿) Would + pronoun + verb + complement +?

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 1. Juan would be in the school / Juan estaría en la escuela
2. Luisa wouldn’t eat in her house / Luisa no comería en su casa
3. Would they run in the park? / ¿Correrian ellos en el parque?
4. I would study English on Saturdays / Yo estudiaría ingles los sabados
5. Would you come to my house with your wife? / ¿Vendrias tu a mi casa con tu
esposa?
6. We wouldn’t dance in the party / Nosotros no bailaríamos en la fiesta

Verb Must (deber)

(+) Pronoun + must + verb (base form) + complement
(-) Pronoun + must + not + verb (base form) + complement
(¿) Must + Pronoun + verb (base form) + complement

1. I must enjoy my life / Yo debo disfrutar mi vida

2. We must not fight / Nosotros no debemos pelear
3. Must Andres dance Salsa? / ¿Debe Andres bailar salsa?

Present Perfect Progressive (for, since)

(+) Pronoun + has / have + been + verb (ing) / lugar + complement
(-) Pronoun + has / have + not + been + verb (ing) / lugar + complement
(¿) Has / have + Pronoun + verb (ing) / lugar + complement

1. We have been watching tv for 4 hours / Nosotros hemos estado viendo TV por 4
horas
2. Luis has been in the park with his dog / Luis ha estado en el parque con su perro
3. Han estado ellos trabajando desde ayer / Have they been working since
yesterday?
4. Lorgia no ha estado comiendo vegetales /Lorgia hasn’t been eating vegetables

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Alone, Only, Just

Alone: Adjective (estado de animo) solo

Only: Adverb: solo, solamente, únicamente
Just: Adverb, solo, solamente, únicamente, recién, acabado, justo, justamente

1. I am alone / Yo estoy solo

2. I only / just want to be alone / Yo solo quiero estar solo
3. They just arrived / Ellos acabaron de llegar
4. This is just what I need / Esto es justo lo que necesito
5. They train alone in the gym / Ellos entrenan solos en el gimnasio
Jhon is alone in his house today. He just ate his lunch. He only ate for his
lunch rice and fries. That is what he likes toe at when he is alone.

Order of Adjectives
Opinion 1. This is a new black american school backpack
Size 2. My mother has an ugly big pink chinese swimming suit
Age
Shape
Color
Origen
Material
Purpose

Adjectives
Qualifying: tall – big – fat – thin – noisy
Demonstrative: this – that – those – these
Interrogatives: Wh-Questions
Numerical: one – two – first – second
Possessive: my – his – her – our

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Quantitative: some – few – any – much

1. They have a little cat / Ellos tienen un gato pequeño

2. My friend is very funny / Mi amigo es muy divertido
3. Jhon has noisy neighbors / Jhon tiene vecinos ruidosos
4. That is junk food / Esta es comida chatarra

Verb Modal Could (past can)

“ pudo – podría”
(+) Pronoun + could + verb (base form) + complement
(-) Pronoun + couldn’t + verb (base form) + complement
(¿) Could + pronoun + verb (base form) + complementv

1. They could study yesterday / Ellos pudieron estudiar ayer

2. Luis couldn’t go to the school / Luis no pudo ir a la escuela
3. Could you understand the lesson? / Pudiste entender la lección?

When to use ABOUT

Topic or something Next to happen Not knowing an
special (a punto de) exact value
(acerca de, sobre, de/del) (alrededor de,
aproximadamente)
Ethan is talking about She is about to go to The meeting will be
the class sleep about 10 min
The class is about The plane is about to The recipe takes about 1
ABOUT land off hour

1. Rafa is about to watch a movie / Rafa esta a punto de ver una pelicula
2. Jany and Ethan wake up about 7 am / Jany y Ethan se despiertan mas o menos a
las 7:00 am
3. The movie was about animals. They were about to rescue a boy / La película
trata acerca de animales. Ellos estaban a punto de rescatar un chico

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Object Pronouns
I Me
You You
He Him
She Her
It It
We Us
They Them

1. Jhon plays with us / Jhon juega con nosotros

2. My brother told me that / Mi hermano me dijo que
3. They saw him in the park / Ellos lo vieron en el parque
4. I sent them an e-mail / Yo les envié un corre electrónico
5. Your mother is with us / Tu madre está con nosotros
6. She likes apples. She likes them / A ella le gustan las manzanas. A ella le gustan.
7. Share any sentence with us / Comparte cualquier oración con nosotros

When to use MEAN

Verb Adjective Measure
(Querer decir, significar, (Malo, tacaño, malvado) (Medio, promedio)
pretender suponer)
These are the shoes, I Please, Don’t be mean The mean value is 5
mean, my shoes.
I didn’t mean bothering He is too mean. He didn’t
you invite me toe at ice
cream
If you get another job, it
will mean more money

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Zero Conditional
Hechos reales, científicos o probables
Present simple if: si Present simple
Condition when: cuando Result

If you study, you learn

1. If pay in advance, we give you a special discount
2. If she travels in September, the ticket cost less
3. They don’t rest if they don’t sleep
4. If Lissette doesn’t practice, she doesn’t learn

First Conditional
Probabilidades futuras
Present simple Future simple (Will) / can, should, must,
could
Condition Result

If you study, you will learn

1. If they leave now, they will arrive on time / Si ellos salen ahora, llegaran a tiempo
2. If I go to the beach, I should take my sunglasses / Si voy a la playa, debería
llevar mis lentes
3. Jhon will be tired if he doesn’t sleep well / Jhon esta cansando si no duerme bien

Second Conditional

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 Improbable – Hipotetico
Past simple would + verb (infinitive)
Condition Result

If I had money, I would buy an ice cream

1. If they didn’t train, they wouldn’t win the championship / Si ellos no entrenaran,
no ganarían el campeonato
2. I wouldn’t be watching this video if I wan’t learning Englishp / Yo no estaría
viendo este video si no estuviera aprendiendo ingles
3. We couldn’t help you if we were busy / Nosotros no podríamos ayudarte si
estuviéramos ocupados

Third Conditional
Imposibles – nunca ocurrieron
Past perfect Modal + Present
perfect
Condition Result
Pronoun + had + verb (past participle) Pronoun + modal + have + verb (past
participle)

1. If I had studied, I would have passed the test / Si yo hubiese estudiado, yo habría
pasado la prueba
2. They could have fixed the car if They had had the tools / Ellos podrían haber
arreglado el carro si ellos hubiesen tenido las herramientas
3. If They had paid more, I would have worked more hours / Si ellos hubiesen
pagado mas, yo habris trabajdo mas horas
4. You couldn’t have done the exercise if You hadn’t practice / Tu no podrías
haber hecho el ejercicio si no hubieses practicado

Practice why/because – who

1. Why is Bryan in the bank? / ¿Por qué esta Brayan en el banco?
2. Because he is with drawing money / Porque él está retirando dinero
3. Who is that woman? / ¿Quién es esa mujer?
4. She is his sister / Ella es su hermana

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Also vs Too
Also Too
En la oración Al final de la oración
 Después del to be
 Antes del verbo común
 Entre modal/auxiliar y verbo
I am also in class I am in class too
They also want to dance They want to dance too
We can also sing We can sing too

Demostrative adjective

Relative clauses
(Join two o more sentences)

Uso Significado
Who Personas Quien
Quienes
Lugares El / la cual
Which Animales Los / las cuales
Cosas
Whom Personas A quien
A quienes
Personas De quien
Whose Cuyo
Cuyos
Personas
That Animales Que
Cosas

The fish is an animal which lives in the water / El pez es un animal que vive en el agua

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The man who came yesterday is my husband / El hombre que vino ayer es mi esposo
My sister, who was reading the book, is very intelligent / Mi hermana, quien estaba leyendo el
libro, es muy inteligente

Jany is the girl who sings the song / Jany es la chica que canta la cancion
The boys, whom you saw yesterady, are my cousins / Los niños, a quien viste ayer, son mis
primos

Say vs Tell Reported Speech

Say (said): comunicar algo Tell (told): comunicar a
alguien

He said that she was working / El dijo que ella estaba trabajando

Kevin said that he wanted to be rich / Kevin dijo que quería ser rico

Tatys told him a story / Tatys le conto a el una historia

They told your friends that / Ellos le dijeron a tus amigos que
“I love you”, Yoly said / “Yo te amo”, Yoly dijo
I told you not to go / Yo te dije que no fueras

Past perfect
(actions that had occurred before something)

(+) Pron + had + verb past participle + complement

(-) Pron + had + not + verb past participle + complement
(¿) Had + pron + verb past participle + complement

We had eaten before you came

They hadn’t closed until the last client arrived
Had you ever gone to New York?

How much
How much sugar is there in the cup?

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How much milk is there in the jar?
How much cheese is there in the sandiwch?
How much soup is there in the plate?

Past progressive
(something was happening)

(+) Pron + was/were + verb en ing + complement

(-) Pron + was/were + not + verb en ing + complement
(¿) Was/were + pron + verb en ing + complement

The boys were jumping in the park / Los niños estaban saltando en el parque
My sister was preparing the luch / Mi hermana estaba preparando el almuerzo

She was not running, she was walking / Ella no estaba corriendo, ella estaba caminando
Were you slepping?, No, I was thinking

Frecuency Adverbs
Always: siempre I always work on Mondays
Usually: usualmente We usually go to the supermarket on
Tuesday
Frequently: frecuentemente On Wednesday, we frequently study English
Never: nunca She never goes to the gym
Sometimes: algunas veces He sometimes goes to the movies
Seldom: pocas veces On Saturday, we seldom watch TV
Hardky ever: casi nunca On Sunday, I hardly ever ride my bycocle

How often and auxiliaries do and does in questions

Do you always eat pizza on Saturdays? / ¿Tu comes siempre pizza los sábados?

How often do you eat pizza? / ¿Cada cuanto comes pizza?

Does she go to work on Weekends / ¿Va ella a trabajar los fines de semana?

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How often do they travel to Miami? / ¿Cada cuanto viajan ellos a Miami?

Future Progressive
(+) Pron + Will be + verb (ing) + complement
(-) Pron + Will not be + verb (ing) + complement
(¿) Will + pron + be + verb (ing) + complement

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