Web Based Application

development with PHP

G. K. YADAV
Lect, Computer Engineering
Government Polytechnic Yavatmal
 COMPETENCY
Develop simple web-based application
using PHP language
 Unit-II
Arrays, Functions and Graphics
 CO
b) Perform operations based on arrays and
graphics.
 UO
2 a) Manipulate the given type of arrays to get the desired result
2 b) Apply implode, explode functions on the given array
Functions
• A function is a named block of code that performs a specific
task, possibly acting upon a set of values given to it, or
parameters, and possibly returning a single value.
• Functions save on compile time—no matter how many
times you call them, functions are compiled only once for
the page.
• They also improve reliability by allowing you to fix any bugs
in one place, rather than everywhere you perform a task,
and they improve readability by isolating code that
performs specific tasks.
• Functions in a PHP program can be built-in or user-defined.
Functions
• To define a function, use the following syntax:
function [&] function_name([parameter[, ...]])
{
statement list
}
• The function name can be any string that starts with a
letter or underscore followed by zero or more letters,
underscores, and digits. Function names are case-
insensitive.
• By convention, built-in PHP functions are called with
all lowercase.
Functions Example:
function strcat($left, $right)
{
$combinedString = $left . $right;
return $combinedString;
}

function doubler($value)
{
return $value << 1;
}
Functions
• You can nest function declarations, but with
limited effect.
• The inner function cannot be called until the outer
function has been called.
Functions
$a = 3;
function sum()
{
$a += 2;
}
sum();
echo $a;
Variable Scope
• The variables defined in a function, including its
parameters, are not accessible outside the
function, and, by default, variables defined
outside a function are not accessible inside the
function.
• Global Variables: If you want a variable in the
global scope to be accessible from within a
function, you can use the global keyword. Its
syntax is: global var1, var2, ...
Static Variables
• A static variable retains its value between all calls to the function and is
initialized during a script’s execution only the first time the function is
called.
• Use the static keyword at the variable’s first use to declare a function
variable static.
function counter()
{
static $count = 0;
return $count++;
}
for ($i = 1; $i <= 5; $i++) {
print counter();
}
Function Parameters
• There are two different ways to pass parameters to a
function.
• Passing Parameters by Value: In most cases, you pass
parameters by value. The argument is any valid
expression. That expression is evaluated, and the
resulting value is assigned to the appropriate variable
in the function.
• Passing Parameters by Reference: Passing by reference
allows you to override the normal scoping rules and
give a function direct access to a variable.
Passing Parameters by Reference
<?php
function doubler(&$value)
{
$value = $value << 1;
}
$a = 3;
doubler($a);
echo $a;
Variable Functions:
• If a variable name has parentheses appended to it,
PHP will look for a function with the same name as
whatever the variable evaluates to, and will
attempt to execute it.
• Such a function is called variable function.
• Variable functions can not be built with language
constructs such as include, require, echo etc.
Variable Functions:
<?php
function hello(){
echo "Hello World";
}
$var="Hello";
$var();
?>
Anonymous function
• Anonymous function is a function without any
user defined name. Such a function is also called
closure or lambda function.
• Sometimes, you may want a function for one time
use. Closure is an anonymous function which
closes over the environment in which it is defined.
• Syntax
• $var=function ($arg1, $arg2) { return $val; };
Anonymous function
• There is no function name between the function keyword
and the opening parenthesis.
• There is a semicolon after the function definition because
anonymous function definitions are expressions
• Function is assigned to a variable, and called later using the
variable’s name.
• When passed to another function that can then call it later,
it is known as a callback.
• Return it from within an outer function so that it can access
the outer function’s variables. This is known as a closure.
Anonymous function
<?php
$var = function ($x) {return pow($x,3);};
echo "cube of 3 = " . $var(3);
?>
Anonymous function as callback
<?php
$arr = [10,3,70,21,54];
usort ($arr, function ($x , $y) {
return $x > $y;
});
foreach ($arr as $x){
echo $x . "\n";
}
?>
Anonymous function as closure
Closure is also an anonymous function that can
access variables outside its scope with the help of
use keyword
<?php
$maxmarks=300;
$percent=function ($marks) use ($maxmarks)
{return $marks*100/$maxmarks;};
echo "marks=285 percentage=". $percent(285);
?>