RD Sharma Solutions for Class 12 Maths Chapter 2

Function

Exercise 2.1 Page No: 2.31

1. Give an example of a function

(i) Which is one-one but not onto.
(ii) Which is not one-one but onto.
(iii) Which is neither one-one nor onto.

Solution:
(i) Let f: Z → Z given by f(x) = 3x + 2
Let us check one-one condition on f(x) = 3x + 2
Injectivity:
Let x and y be any two elements in the domain (Z), such that f(x) = f(y).
f (x) = f(y)
⇒ 3x + 2 =3y + 2
⇒ 3x = 3y
⇒x=y
⇒ f(x) = f(y)
⇒x=y
So, f is one-one.
Surjectivity:
Let y be any element in the co-domain (Z), such that f(x) = y for some
element x in Z(domain).
Let f(x) = y
⇒ 3x + 2 = y
⇒ 3x = y - 2
⇒ x = (y - 2)/3. It may not be in the domain (Z)
Because if we take y = 3,
x = (y - 2)/3 = (3-2)/3 = 1/3 ∉ domain Z.
So, for every element in the co domain there need not be any element in the domain
such that f(x) = y.
Thus, f is not onto.

(ii) Example for the function which is not one-one but onto
Let f: Z → N ∪ {0} given by f(x) = |x|
Injectivity:
Let x and y be any two elements in the domain (Z),
 RD Sharma Solutions for Class 12 Maths Chapter 2
Function

Such that f(x) = f(y).

⇒ |x| = |y|
⇒x=±y
So, different elements of domain f may give the same image.
So, f is not one-one.
Surjectivity:
Let y be any element in the co domain (Z), such that f(x) = y for some element x in Z
(domain).
f(x) = y
⇒ |x| = y
⇒x=±y
Which is an element in Z (domain).
So, for every element in the co-domain, there exists a pre-image in the domain.
Thus, f is onto.

(iii) Example for the function which is neither one-one nor onto.
Let f: Z → Z given by f(x) = 2x2 + 1
Injectivity:
Let x and y be any two elements in the domain (Z), such that f(x) = f(y).
f(x) = f(y)
⇒ 2x2+1 = 2y2+1
⇒ 2x2 = 2y2
⇒ x2 = y2
⇒x=±y
So, different elements of domain f may give the same image.
Thus, f is not one-one.
Surjectivity:
Let y be any element in the co-domain (Z), such that f(x) = y for some element x in Z
(domain).
f (x) = y
⇒ 2x2+1=y
⇒ 2x2= y − 1
⇒ x2 = (y-1)/2
⇒ x = √ ((y-1)/2) ∉ Z always.
For example, if we take, y = 4,
x = ± √ ((y-1)/2)
= ± √ ((4-1)/2)
 RD Sharma Solutions for Class 12 Maths Chapter 2
Function

= ± √ (3/2) ∉ Z
So, x may not be in Z (domain).
Thus, f is not onto.

2. Which of the following functions from A to B are one-one and onto?

(i) f1 = {(1, 3), (2, 5), (3, 7)}; A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {3, 5, 7}
(ii) f2 = {(2, a), (3, b), (4, c)}; A = {2, 3, 4}, B = {a, b, c}
(iii) f3 = {(a, x), (b, x), (c, z), (d, z)}; A = {a, b, c, d,}, B = {x, y, z}.

Solution:
(i) Consider f1 = {(1, 3), (2, 5), (3, 7)}; A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {3, 5, 7}
Injectivity:
f1 (1) = 3
f1 (2) = 5
f1 (3) = 7
⇒ Every element of A has different images in B.
So, f1 is one-one.
Surjectivity:
Co-domain of f1 = {3, 5, 7}
Range of f1 =set of images = {3, 5, 7}
⇒ Co-domain = range
So, f1 is onto.

(ii) Consider f2 = {(2, a), (3, b), (4, c)}; A = {2, 3, 4}, B = {a, b, c}
Injectivity:
f2 (2) = a
f2 (3) = b
f2 (4) = c
⇒ Every element of A has different images in B.
So, f2 is one-one.
Surjectivity:
Co-domain of f2 = {a, b, c}
Range of f2 = set of images = {a, b, c}
⇒ Co-domain = range
So, f2 is onto.

(iii) Consider f3 = {(a, x), (b, x), (c, z), (d, z)} ; A = {a, b, c, d,}, B = {x, y, z}
 RD Sharma Solutions for Class 12 Maths Chapter 2
Function

Injectivity:
f3 (a) = x
f3 (b) = x
f3 (c) = z
f3 (d) = z
⇒ a and b have the same image x.
Also c and d have the same image z
So, f3 is not one-one.
Surjectivity:
Co-domain of f3 ={x, y, z}
Range of f3 =set of images = {x, z}
So, the co-domain is not same as the range.
So, f3 is not onto.

3. Prove that the function f: N → N, defined by f(x) = x2 + x + 1, is one-one but not onto

Solution:
Given f: N → N, defined by f(x) = x2 + x + 1
Now we have to prove that given function is one-one
Injectivity:
Let x and y be any two elements in the domain (N), such that f(x) = f(y).
⇒ x 2 + x + 1 = y2 + y + 1
⇒ (x2 – y2) + (x - y) = 0 `
⇒ (x + y) (x- y ) + (x - y ) = 0
⇒ (x - y) (x + y + 1) = 0
⇒ x - y = 0 [x + y + 1 cannot be zero because x and y are natural numbers
⇒x=y
So, f is one-one.
Surjectivity:
When x = 1
x2 + x + 1 = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3
⇒ x2 + x +1 ≥ 3, for every x in N.
⇒ f(x) will not assume the values 1 and 2.
So, f is not onto.

4. Let A = {−1, 0, 1} and f = {(x, x2) : x ∈ A}. Show that f : A → A is neither one-one nor
onto.
 RD Sharma Solutions for Class 12 Maths Chapter 2
Function

Solution:
Given A = {−1, 0, 1} and f = {(x, x2): x ∈ A}
Also given that, f(x) = x2
Now we have to prove that given function neither one-one or nor onto.
Injectivity:
Let x = 1
Therefore f(1) = 12=1 and
f(-1)=(-1)2=1
⇒ 1 and -1 have the same images.
So, f is not one-one.
Surjectivity:
Co-domain of f = {-1, 0, 1}
f(1) = 12 = 1,
f(-1) = (-1)2 = 1 and
f(0) = 0
⇒ Range of f = {0, 1}
So, both are not same.
Hence, f is not onto

5. Classify the following function as injection, surjection or bijection:

(i) f: N → N given by f(x) = x2
(ii) f: Z → Z given by f(x) = x2
(iii) f: N → N given by f(x) = x3
(iv) f: Z → Z given by f(x) = x3
(v) f: R → R, defined by f(x) = |x|
(vi) f: Z → Z, defined by f(x) = x2 + x
(vii) f: Z → Z, defined by f(x) = x − 5
(viii) f: R → R, defined by f(x) = sin x
(ix) f: R → R, defined by f(x) = x3 + 1
(x) f: R → R, defined by f(x) = x3 − x
(xi) f: R → R, defined by f(x) = sin2x + cos2x
(xii) f: Q − {3} → Q, defined by f (x) = (2x +3)/(x-3)
(xiii) f: Q → Q, defined by f(x) = x3 + 1
(xiv) f: R → R, defined by f(x) = 5x3 + 4
(xv) f: R → R, defined by f(x) = 5x3 + 4
(xvi) f: R → R, defined by f(x) = 1 + x2
 RD Sharma Solutions for Class 12 Maths Chapter 2
Function

(xvii) f: R → R, defined by f(x) = x/(x2 + 1)

Solution:
(i) Given f: N → N, given by f(x) = x2
Now we have to check for the given function is injection, surjection and bijection
condition.
Injection condition:
Let x and y be any two elements in the domain (N), such that f(x) = f(y).
f(x) = f(y)
x2 = y2
x = y (We do not get ± because x and y are in N that is natural numbers)
So, f is an injection.
Surjection condition:
Let y be any element in the co-domain (N), such that f(x) = y for some element x in N
(domain).
f(x) = y
x2= y
x = √y, which may not be in N.
For example, if y = 3,
x = √3 is not in N.
So, f is not a surjection.
Also f is not a bijection.

(ii) Given f: Z → Z, given by f(x) = x2

Now we have to check for the given function is injection, surjection and bijection
condition.
Injection condition:
Let x and y be any two elements in the domain (Z), such that f(x) = f(y).
f(x) = f(y)
x2 = y2
x = ±y
So, f is not an injection.
Surjection test:
Let y be any element in the co-domain (Z), such that f(x) = y for some element x in Z
(domain).
f(x) = y
x2 = y
 RD Sharma Solutions for Class 12 Maths Chapter 2
Function

x = ± √y which may not be in Z.

For example, if y = 3,
x = ± √ 3 is not in Z.
So, f is not a surjection.
Also f is not bijection.

(iii) Given f: N → N given by f(x) = x3

Now we have to check for the given function is injection, surjection and bijection
condition.
Injection condition:
Let x and y be any two elements in the domain (N), such that f(x) = f(y).
f(x) = f(y)
x3 = y3
x=y
So, f is an injection
Surjection condition:
Let y be any element in the co-domain (N), such that f(x) = y for some
element x in N (domain).
f(x) = y
x3= y
x = ∛y which may not be in N.
For example, if y = 3,
X = ∛3 is not in N.
So, f is not a surjection and f is not a bijection.

(iv) Given f: Z → Z given by f(x) = x3

Now we have to check for the given function is injection, surjection and bijection
condition.
Injection condition:
Let x and y be any two elements in the domain (Z), such that f(x) = f(y)
f(x) = f(y)
x3 = y3
x=y
So, f is an injection.
Surjection condition:
Let y be any element in the co-domain (Z), such that f(x) = y for some element x in Z
(domain).
 RD Sharma Solutions for Class 12 Maths Chapter 2
Function

f(x) = y
x3 = y
x = ∛y which may not be in Z.
For example, if y = 3,
x = ∛3 is not in Z.
So, f is not a surjection and f is not a bijection.

(v) Given f: R → R, defined by f(x) = |x|

Now we have to check for the given function is injection, surjection and bijection
condition.
Injection test:
Let x and y be any two elements in the domain (R), such that f(x) = f(y)
f(x) = f(y)
|x|=|y|
x = ±y
So, f is not an injection.
Surjection test:
Let y be any element in the co-domain (R), such that f(x) = y for some
element x in R (domain).
f(x) = y
|x|=y
x=±y∈Z
So, f is a surjection and f is not a bijection.

(vi) Given f: Z → Z, defined by f(x) = x2 + x

Now we have to check for the given function is injection, surjection and bijection
condition.
Injection test:
Let x and y be any two elements in the domain (Z), such that f(x) = f(y).
f(x) = f(y)
x2+ x = y2 + y
Here, we cannot say that x = y.
For example, x = 2 and y = - 3
Then,
x2 + x = 22 + 2 = 6
y2 + y = (−3)2 – 3 = 6
So, we have two numbers 2 and -3 in the domain Z whose image is same as 6.
 RD Sharma Solutions for Class 12 Maths Chapter 2
Function

So, f is not an injection.

Surjection test:
Let y be any element in the co-domain (Z),
such that f(x) = y for some element x in Z (domain).
f(x) = y
x2 + x = y
Here, we cannot say x ∈ Z.
For example, y = - 4.
x2 + x = − 4
x2 + x + 4 = 0
x = (-1 ± √-5)/2 = (-1 ± i √5)/2 which is not in Z.
So, f is not a surjection and f is not a bijection.

(vii) Given f: Z → Z, defined by f(x) = x – 5

Now we have to check for the given function is injection, surjection and bijection
condition.
Injection test:
Let x and y be any two elements in the domain (Z), such that f(x) = f(y).
f(x) = f(y)
x-5=y-5
x=y
So, f is an injection.
Surjection test:
Let y be any element in the co-domain (Z), such that f(x) = y for some
element x in Z (domain).
f(x) = y
x-5=y
x = y + 5, which is in Z.
So, f is a surjection and f is a bijection

(viii) Given f: R → R, defined by f(x) = sin x

Now we have to check for the given function is injection, surjection and bijection
condition.
Injection test:
Let x and y be any two elements in the domain (R), such that f(x) = f(y).
f(x) = f(y)
Sin x = sin y
 RD Sharma Solutions for Class 12 Maths Chapter 2
Function

Here, x may not be equal to y because sin 0 = sin π.

So, 0 and π have the same image 0.
So, f is not an injection.
Surjection test:
Range of f = [-1, 1]
Co-domain of f = R
Both are not same.
So, f is not a surjection and f is not a bijection.

(ix) Given f: R → R, defined by f(x) = x3 + 1

Now we have to check for the given function is injection, surjection and bijection
condition.
Injection test:
Let x and y be any two elements in the domain (R), such that f(x) = f(y).
f(x) = f(y)
x3+1 = y3+ 1
x3= y3
x=y
So, f is an injection.
Surjection test:
Let y be any element in the co-domain (R), such that f(x) = y for some
element x in R (domain).
f(x) = y
x3+1=y
x = ∛ (y - 1) ∈ R
So, f is a surjection.
So, f is a bijection.

(x) Given f: R → R, defined by f(x) = x3 − x

Now we have to check for the given function is injection, surjection and bijection
condition.
Injection test:
Let x and y be any two elements in the domain (R), such that f(x) = f(y).
f(x) = f(y)
x3 – x = y3 − y
Here, we cannot say x = y.
For example, x = 1 and y = -1
 RD Sharma Solutions for Class 12 Maths Chapter 2
Function

x3 − x = 1 − 1 = 0
y3 – y = (−1)3− (−1) – 1 + 1 = 0
So, 1 and -1 have the same image 0.
So, f is not an injection.
Surjection test:
Let y be any element in the co-domain (R), such that f(x) = y for some
element x in R (domain).
f(x) = y
x3 − x = y
By observation we can say that there exist some x in R, such that x3 - x = y.
So, f is a surjection and f is not a bijection.

(xi) Given f: R → R, defined by f(x) = sin2x + cos2x

Now we have to check for the given function is injection, surjection and bijection
condition.
Injection condition:
f(x) = sin2x + cos2x
We know that sin2x + cos2x = 1
So, f(x) = 1 for every x in R.
So, for all elements in the domain, the image is 1.
So, f is not an injection.
Surjection condition:
Range of f = {1}
Co-domain of f = R
Both are not same.
So, f is not a surjection and f is not a bijection.

(xii) Given f: Q − {3} → Q, defined by f (x) = (2x +3)/(x-3)

Now we have to check for the given function is injection, surjection and bijection
condition.
Injection test:
Let x and y be any two elements in the domain (Q − {3}), such that f(x) = f(y).
f(x) = f(y)
(2x + 3)/(x - 3) = (2y + 3)/(y - 3)
(2x + 3) (y − 3) = (2y + 3) (x − 3)
2xy − 6x + 3y − 9 = 2xy − 6y + 3x − 9
9x = 9y
 RD Sharma Solutions for Class 12 Maths Chapter 2
Function

x=y
So, f is an injection.
Surjection test:
Let y be any element in the co-domain (Q − {3}), such that f(x) = y for some
element x in Q (domain).
f(x) = y
(2x + 3)/(x - 3) = y
2x + 3 = x y − 3y
2x – x y = −3y − 3
x (2−y) = −3 (y + 1)
x = -3(y + 1)/(2 - y) which is not defined at y = 2.
So, f is not a surjection and f is not a bijection.

(xiii) Given f: Q → Q, defined by f(x) = x3 + 1

Now we have to check for the given function is injection, surjection and bijection
condition.
Injection test:
Let x and y be any two elements in the domain (Q), such that f(x) = f(y).
f(x) = f(y)
x3 + 1 = y3 + 1
x3 = y3
x=y
So, f is an injection.
Surjection test:
Let y be any element in the co-domain (Q), such that f(x) = y for some element x in Q
(domain).
f(x) = y
x3+ 1 = y
x = ∛(y-1), which may not be in Q.
For example, if y= 8,
x3+ 1 = 8
x3= 7
x = ∛7, which is not in Q.
So, f is not a surjection and f is not a bijection.

(xiv) Given f: R → R, defined by f(x) = 5x3 + 4

Now we have to check for the given function is injection, surjection and bijection
 RD Sharma Solutions for Class 12 Maths Chapter 2
Function

condition.
Injection test:
Let x and y be any two elements in the domain (R), such that f(x) = f(y).
f(x) = f(y)
5x3 + 4 = 5y3 + 4
5x3= 5y3
x3 = y3
x=y
So, f is an injection.
Surjection test:
Let y be any element in the co-domain (R), such that f(x) = y for some element x in R
(domain).
f(x) = y
5x3+ 4 = y
x3 = (y - 4)/5 ∈ R
So, f is a surjection and f is a bijection.

(xv) Given f: R → R, defined by f(x) = 5x3 + 4

Now we have to check for the given function is injection, surjection and bijection
condition.
Injection condition:
Let x and y be any two elements in the domain (R), such that f(x) = f(y).
f(x) = f(y)
5x3 + 4 = 5y3 + 4
5x3 = 5y3
x3 = y3
x=y
So, f is an injection.
Surjection test:
Let y be any element in the co-domain (R), such that f(x) = y for some element x in R
(domain).
f(x) = y
5x3 + 4 = y
x3 = (y - 4)/5 ∈ R
So, f is a surjection and f is a bijection.

(xvi) Given f: R → R, defined by f(x) = 1 + x2

 RD Sharma Solutions for Class 12 Maths Chapter 2
Function

Now we have to check for the given function is injection, surjection and bijection
condition.
Injection condition:
Let x and y be any two elements in the domain (R), such that f(x) = f(y).
f(x) = f(y)
1 + x2 = 1 + y2
x2 = y2
x=±y
So, f is not an injection.
Surjection test:
Let y be any element in the co-domain (R), such that f(x) = y for some element x in R
(domain).
f(x) = y
1 + x2 = y
x2 = y − 1
x = ± √-1 = ± i` is not in R.
So, f is not a surjection and f is not a bijection.

(xvii) Given f: R → R, defined by f(x) = x/(x2 + 1)

Now we have to check for the given function is injection, surjection and bijection
condition.
Injection condition:
Let x and y be any two elements in the domain (R), such that f(x) = f(y).
f(x) = f(y)
x /(x2 + 1) = y /(y2 + 1)
x y2+ x = x2y + y
xy2 − x2y + x − y = 0
−x y (−y + x) + 1 (x − y) = 0
(x − y) (1 – x y) = 0
x = y or x = 1/y
So, f is not an injection.
Surjection test:
Let y be any element in the co-domain (R), such that f(x) = y for some element x in R
(domain).
f(x) = y
x /(x2 + 1) = y
y x2 – x + y = 0
 RD Sharma Solutions for Class 12 Maths Chapter 2
Function

x = (-(-1) ± √ (1-4y2))/(2y) if y ≠ 0
= (1 ± √ (1-4y2))/ (2y), which may not be in R
For example, if y=1, then
(1 ± √ (1-4)) / (2y) = (1 ± i √3)/2, which is not in R
So, f is not surjection and f is not bijection.

6. If f: A → B is an injection, such that range of f = {a}, determine the number of

elements in A.

Solution:
Given f: A → B is an injection
And also given that range of f = {a}
So, the number of images of f = 1
Since, f is an injection, there will be exactly one image for each element of f .
So, number of elements in A = 1.

7. Show that the function f: R − {3} → R − {2} given by f(x) = (x-2)/(x-3) is a bijection.

Solution:
Given that f: R − {3} → R − {2} given by f (x) = (x-2)/(x-3)
Now we have to show that the given function is one-one and on-to
Injectivity:
Let x and y be any two elements in the domain (R − {3}), such that f(x) = f(y).
f(x) = f(y)
⇒ (x - 2) /(x - 3) = (y - 2) /(y - 3)
⇒ (x - 2) (y - 3) = (y - 2) (x - 3)
⇒ x y – 3 x – 2 y + 6 = x y - 3y - 2x + 6
⇒x=y
So, f is one-one.
Surjectivity:
Let y be any element in the co-domain (R − {2}), such that f(x) = y for some element x
in R − {3} (domain).
f(x) = y
⇒ (x - 2) /(x - 3) = y
⇒ x - 2 = x y - 3y
⇒ x y - x = 3y - 2
⇒ x ( y - 1 ) = 3y - 2
 RD Sharma Solutions for Class 12 Maths Chapter 2
Function

⇒ x = (3y - 2)/ (y - 1), which is in R - {3}

So, for every element in the co-domain, there exists some pre-image in the domain.
⇒ f is onto.
Since, f is both one-one and onto, it is a bijection.

8. Let A = [-1, 1]. Then, discuss whether the following function from A to itself is one-
one, onto or bijective:
(i) f (x) = x/2
(ii) g (x) = |x|
(iii) h (x) = x2

Solution:
(i) Given f: A → A, given by f (x) = x/2
Now we have to show that the given function is one-one and on-to
Injection test:
Let x and y be any two elements in the domain (A), such that f(x) = f(y).
f(x) = f(y)
x/2 = y/2
x=y
So, f is one-one.
Surjection test:
Let y be any element in the co-domain (A), such that f(x) = y for some element x in A
(domain)
f(x) = y
x/2 = y
x = 2y, which may not be in A.
For example, if y = 1, then
x = 2, which is not in A.
So, f is not onto.
So, f is not bijective.

(ii) Given g: A → A, given by g (x) = |x|

Now we have to show that the given function is one-one and on-to
Injection test:
Let x and y be any two elements in the domain (A), such that f(x) = f(y).
g(x) = g(y)
|x| = |y|
 RD Sharma Solutions for Class 12 Maths Chapter 2
Function

x=±y
So, f is not one-one.
Surjection test:
For y = -1, there is no value of x in A.
So, g is not onto.
So, g is not bijective.

(iii) Given h: A → A, given by h (x) = x2

Now we have to show that the given function is one-one and on-to
Injection test:
Let x and y be any two elements in the domain (A), such that h(x) = h(y).
h(x) = h(y)
x2 = y2
x = ±y
So, f is not one-one.
Surjection test:
For y = - 1, there is no value of x in A.
So, h is not onto.
So, h is not bijective.

9. Are the following set of ordered pair of a function? If so, examine whether the
mapping is injective or surjective:
(i) {(x, y): x is a person, y is the mother of x}
(ii) {(a, b): a is a person, b is an ancestor of a}

Solution:
Let f = {(x, y): x is a person, y is the mother of x}
As, for each element x in domain set, there is a unique related element y in co-domain
set.
So, f is the function.
Injection test:
As, y can be mother of two or more persons
So, f is not injective.
Surjection test:
For every mother y defined by (x, y), there exists a person x for whom y is mother.
So, f is surjective.
Therefore, f is surjective function.
 RD Sharma Solutions for Class 12 Maths Chapter 2
Function

(ii) Let g = {(a, b): a is a person, b is an ancestor of a}

Since, the ordered map (a, b) does not map 'a' - a person to a living person.
So, g is not a function.

10. Let A = {1, 2, 3}. Write all one-one from A to itself.

Solution:
Given A = {1, 2, 3}
Number of elements in A = 3
Number of one-one functions = number of ways of arranging 3 elements = 3! = 6
(i) {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)}
(ii) {(1, 1), (2, 3), (3, 2)}
(iii) {(1, 2 ), (2, 2), (3, 3 )}
(iv) {(1, 2), (2, 1), (3, 3)}
(v) {(1, 3), (2, 2), (3, 1)}
(vi) {(1, 3), (2, 1), (3,2 )}

11. If f: R → R be the function defined by f(x) = 4x3 + 7, show that f is a bijection.

Solution:
Given f: R → R is a function defined by f(x) = 4x3 + 7
Injectivity:
Let x and y be any two elements in the domain (R), such that f(x) = f(y)
⇒ 4x3 + 7 = 4y3 + 7
⇒ 4x3 = 4y3
⇒ x3 = y3
⇒x=y
So, f is one-one.
Surjectivity:
Let y be any element in the co-domain (R), such that f(x) = y for some element x in R
(domain)
f(x) = y
⇒ 4x3 + 7 = y
⇒ 4x3 = y − 7
⇒ x3 = (y - 7)/4
⇒ x = ∛(y-7)/4 in R
 RD Sharma Solutions for Class 12 Maths Chapter 2
Function

So, for every element in the co-domain, there exists some pre-image in the domain. f is
onto.
Since, f is both one-to-one and onto, it is a bijection.