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Ch-9 Data Preparation and Preliminary Analysis

Business research

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89 views15 pages

Ch-9 Data Preparation and Preliminary Analysis

Business research

Uploaded by

raghvendra2309
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPS, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data Preparation and

Preliminary Analysis
Research Methodology
Dr.S.L.Gupta and Hitesh Gupta
Learning Objectives
To discuss about :
 Editing

 Coding

 Tabulation

 Process and Analysis


 Simple Cop-relation Analysis
 Measures of Central Tendency
 Measures of Dispersion
 SPSS Procedure for Descriptive Statistics

© S.L.Gupta and Hitesh Gupta


Introduction
 This phase is very expensive and most liable to errors.
 A number of problems come up in surveys as follows
 Respondents may not be at home. They may have to
be contaced again and again.
 Respondents may refuse to cooperate.
 May give biased and dishonest answers
 Interviews themselves may be biased and dishonest
 Ambiguity both in questions and answers
 Inconsistencies in answers to various questions

© S.L.Gupta and Hitesh Gupta


Data Preparation
 Editing
 Process of examining errors and omissions in the collected
data and making necessary corrections in the same.
 Coding
 Procedure of classifying the answers to a question into
meaningful categories.
 Tabulation
 Hand Tabulation
 Machine Tabulation
 One Way Tabulation
 Cross Tabulation

© S.L.Gupta and Hitesh Gupta


Simple Correlation Analysis
 Measures the degree to which there is an association
between variables or a relationship between 2
variables.
 Positive correlation means: high value of one variable
to H.V. of another variable
 Negative correlation means: H.V. of one variable to
L.V. of another variable.
 A liner best fit in equation is established i.e. y = a + bx
where b is slope and a is the intercept on the y axis.

© S.L.Gupta and Hitesh Gupta


Measures of Central Tendency
 Mean
 Also known as arithmetic average, is the most
common measure of central tendency and may be
defined as the value which we get by dividing the
total of the values of various given items in a
service by the total number of items.
 = ∑ X1 + X2 + ….+Xn

© S.L.Gupta and Hitesh Gupta


Measures of Central Tendency
 Median
 Value of the middle item of series when it is
arranged in ascending or descending order of
magnitude.
 It divides the series into two halve; in one half all
items are less than median, whereas in the other
half all items have value higher than median.
 Median is value of [(n+1)/2 ]th item

© S.L.Gupta and Hitesh Gupta


Measures of Central Tendency
 Mode
 Most commonly or frequently occurring value in a
series.
 Mode in a distribution is that item around which
there is maximum frequency, but at times such an
item may not be mode on account of the effect of
the frequencies of the neighboring items.

© S.L.Gupta and Hitesh Gupta


Measures of Central Tendency
 Geometric Mean
 The nth root of the product out the values of n
items in a given series.
 = (X X + ….+X )1/n
1 2 n

 Harmonic Mean
 Reciprocal of the average of the values of items of
a series.
 .

© S.L.Gupta and Hitesh Gupta


Measures of Dispersion
 Range
 Simplest possible measure of dispersion and is
defined as the difference between the values of the
extreme items of a series.
 Range= {Highest value of an item in a series} – {Lowest value of an item in a series}

 Mean Deviation
 Average of difference of the values of item from
average of the series.

© S.L.Gupta and Hitesh Gupta


Measures of Dispersion
 Standard Deviation
 Most widely used measure of dispersion of a series
and is commonly denoted by the symbol
(pronounced as sigma).
 Standard deviation is defined as the square root of
the average of square of deviation; when such
deviation for the values of individual items in a
series are obtained from the arithmetic average.

© S.L.Gupta and Hitesh Gupta


Formal Research
 Strategic Planning
 Situation Analysis
 Problem Definition
 Formal Research Design
 Formal Investigation
 Conclusion

© S.L.Gupta and Hitesh Gupta


SPSS Procedure for Descriptive
Statistics
Frequencies :
 Click Analyze Descriptive StatisticsFrequencies…. This will open
Frequencies dialogue box.
 Select the variables, you wish to compute. In this working example, we
have selected all the four variables. In order to select a variable, click on
that variable in left side boxclick the right arrow button between the
two boxes the variable will shift to the right side in Variable(s) list box.
Similarly, do this for all other variables.
 Click Statistics… button; a sub dialogue box will appear on the screen.
Click the check boxes, as desired. After selecting click Continue. The sub
dialogue box will be closed and previous dialogue box will reappear.
 Click Charts… button to open its sub dialogue box. Click the radio
buttons, as desired. In case, you want to have histogram with normal curve
instead of bar chart, you may select histograms and click with normal
curve.
 After selecting click Continue. The sub dialogue box will be closed and
previous dialogue box will reappear. In this dialogue box click OK to open
the Output viewer.
© S.L.Gupta and Hitesh Gupta
SPSS Procedure for Descriptive
Statistics
For Further Analysis in Descriptives :

 In order to start further analysis through descriptives, click Analyze


menu Descriptive StatisticsDescriptives….This will open
Descriptives dialogue box.
 Select the variables, you wish to compute. In order to select a variable,
click on that variable in left side boxclick the right arrow button
between the two boxes the variable will shift to the right side in
Variable(s) list. Similarly, do this for all other variables. Now, click “Save
standardized values as variables” check box to save the standardized z-
scores for further computation (like interaction terms in multiple
regression) or in comparing samples from different populations.
 Click Options button to open its sub dialogue box. Click the check boxes,
as desired. After selecting click continue. The sub dialogue box will be
closed and previous dialogue box will reappear.
 In current dialogue box click OK to open the Output viewer.

© S.L.Gupta and Hitesh Gupta


 Questions???

© S.L.Gupta and Hitesh Gupta

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