PHYSICS
PROJECT
NAME:MEEMANSA SHARMA
CLASS:12
ROLL NUMBER
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I ANKIT PRATAP SINGH WOULD FIRST OF ALL LIKE TO THANK
THE HONARARY BOARD AND MY PRINCIPAL
FOR GIVING ME THIS OPPORTUNITY TO MAKE
THIS PROJECT ON PHYSICS.
I WOULD LIKE TO THANK MY TEACHER FOR
HIS CONSTANT GUIDANCE AND SUPPORT ALL ALONG THE
COMPLETION OF THIS PROJECT.
LASTLY I WOULD LIKE TO THANK THE ALMIGHTY FOR
HIS BLESSINGS ALL THROUGH THE PROJECT.
THANK YOU ALL.
INDEX
• KIRCHOFF’S LAW
• WHAETSTONE BRIDGE
• METER BRIDGE
• POTENTIOMETER
Kirchhoff's
Circuit Laws
Outline :-
• Concepts /Description
• Example Problems
Kirchhoff’s Laws
• What are Kirchhoff’s Laws?
Kirchhoff’s laws govern the conservation of charge
and energy in electrical circuits.
In 1845, a German physicist, Gustav Kirchhoff developed a pair
of laws that deal with the conservation of current and energy
within electrical circuits. These two laws are commonly known
as Kirchhoff’s Voltage and Current Law. These laws help in
calculating the electrical resistance of a complex network or
impedance in case of AC and the current flow in different
streams of the network. In the next section, let us look at what
these laws state.
• Kirchhoff’s Laws
1. The junction rule
2. The closed loop rule
• Kirchhoff’s Current Law goes by several names
as Kirchhoff’s First Law and Kirchhoff’s Junction
Rule. According to the Junction rule, in a circuit,
the total of the currents in a junction is equal to
the sum of currents outside the junction.
• Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law goes by several names as
Kirchhoff’s Second Law and Kirchhoff’s Loop Rule.
According to the loop rule, the sum of the voltages
around the closed loop is equal to null.
Junction Rule
•“At any node (junction) in an electrical circuit, the
sum of currents flowing into that node is equal to the
sum of currents flowing out of that node, or: The
algebraic sum of currents in a network of conductors
meeting at a point is zero”.
• The sum of currents entering the junction are thus
equal to the sum of currents leaving. This implies that
the current is conserved (no loss of current).
∑𝐼𝑖𝑛= ∑𝐼𝑜𝑢t
Close Loop Rule
• The principles of conservation of energy
imply that the directed sum of the electrical
potential differences (voltage) around any
closed circuit is zero.
∑∆𝑉𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝=0
Kirchhoff’s Law Solved Example
Example :
If R1 = 2Ω, R2 = 4Ω, R3 = 6Ω, determine the electric current that
flows in the circuit below.
Solution:
1.
Following are the things that you should keep in mind
while approaching the problem:
1.
• You need to choose the direction of the current.
In this problem, let us choose the clockwise
direction.
• When the current flows across the resistor,
there is a potential decrease. Hence, V = IR is
signed negative.
• If the current moves from low to high then the
source of emf (E) signed positive because of
the charging of energy at the emf source.
Likewise, if the current moves from high to low
voltage (+ to -) then the source of emf (E)
signed negative because of the emptying of
energy at the emf source.
In this solution, the direction of the current is the
same as the direction of clockwise rotation.
– IR1 + E1 – IR2 – IR3 – E2 = 0
Substituting the values in the equation, we get
–2I + 10 – 4I – 6I – 5 = 0
-12I + 5 = 0
I = -5/-12
I = 0.416 AThe electric current that flows in the
circuit is 0.416 A. The electric current is signed
positive which means that the direction of the
electric current is the same as the direction of
clockwise rotation. If the electric current is
negative then the direction of the current would
be in anti-clockwise direction.
Example :
Find current i3 at the node shown
Solution
Currents i1 and i2 are flowing into the node and currents i3 and i4 are
flowing out of the node. Apply Kirchhoff's law of current at the given node.
i1+i2 = i3+i4
Substitute the known quantities
2+9=i3+4
Solve for i3
i3=7 A
Example :
Find currents i3 and i4 at the nodes N1 and N2 shown below.
Solution
We are not given any information whether i3 and i4 flow into or out of the
nodes. We assume i3 flowing out of node N1 and i4 flowing out of
node N2 as shown below (in red) and use Kirchhoff's current law.
At node N1, i1 flows into N1 and i2 and i3 flow out of N1, hence
i1 = i2 + i3
Substitute by known quantities
5 = 9 + i3
Solve for i3
i3=−4
Because i3 is negative, i3 flows into node N1
At node N2, i3 and i5 flows into N2 and i4 flows out of N2, hence
i3+i5 = i4
Substitute by known quantities
−4+10 = i4
Solve for i4
i4=6
Because i4 is positive it therefore flows out of node
Example
Use Kirchhoff's Law of Voltage and all possible closed loops to write
equations involving voltages in the circuit below and explain the signs of
the voltages.
Solution
Step 1: Set negative and positive polarities for all voltages (sources and
across passive components). See diagram above
Step 2: Set arrows from the negative to the positive polarity of each
voltage. See diagram above.
Step 3: Use Kirchhoff's Law of Voltage to write the equation following the
rule:
As we go around the loop, if the arrow of the voltage is in the same
direction as the loop it is "counted" as a positive voltage and if it is against it
is "counted" as a negative voltage.
Loop L1L1: The arrow of the voltage source ee is in the same direction as
the loop hence positive. The arrows of voltages VR1VR1 and VR2VR2,
across the resistors, are against the direction of the loop hence negative.
Kirchhoff's Law for loop L1L1 gives:
e−VR1−VR2=0e−VR1−VR2=0
Loop L2L2: The arrows of the voltage VR2VR2 is in the same direction of
the loop hence positive. The arrows of voltages VR2VR2, is against the
direction of the loop hence negative.
Kirchhoff's Law for loop L2L2 gives:
VR2−VR3=0VR2−VR3=0
Loop L3L3: The arrows of the voltage source ee is in the same direction as
the loop hence positive. The arrows of voltages VR1VR1 and VR3VR3, are
against the direction of the loop hence negative.
Kirchhoff's Law for loop L3L3 gives:
e−VR1−VR3=0e−VR1−VR3=0
Example
In the circuit below e1=20e1=20 Volts, VR2=5VR2=5 Volts
and e2=10e2=10 Volts. Find the voltages VR2VR2 and VR3VR3.
Solution
Apply Kirchhoff's law of voltage to loop L1L1 and write the equation
e1−Vr1−VR2=0e1−Vr1−VR2=0
Substitute the known quantities
20−5−VR2=020−5−VR2=0
Solve for VR2VR2
VR2=15VR2=15 A
Apply Kirchhoff's law of voltage to loop L2L2 and write the equation
Vr2+e2−VR3=0Vr2+e2−VR3=0
Substitute the known quantities
15+10−VR3=015+10−VR3=0
Solve for VR3VR3 VR3=25
