Part-A:

Major Practical: (4 marks)

(Isolation of DNA)
Aim:
Isolate DNA from available plant material such as papaya, banana, etc.

Principle:
DNA is one of the nucleic acids found in living systems. DNA acts as the genetic material in most of the
organisms.

Requirements:
Plant material papaya/banana, Water, Pastel and mortal, Chilled Ethanol (Refrigerate it overnight), NaCl,
Liquid detergent, Muslin cloth for filtration, needle, Beaker, Test tube, Petri dish.

Procedure:
1. Take the available plant material and grind it in the mortar or grate/mesh it to make paste in a petri
dish/beaker.
2. Fill a clean beaker with 25 ml of water, slowly add two teaspoons of liquid detergent and half teaspoon of
NaCl. Gently mix tem without making bubbles till the salt dissolves.
3. Add this mixture to meshed plant material and let it undisturbed for 20 minutes to give detergent enough
time to react.
4. Place a fine/muslin cloth on a small beaker/boiling tube and carefully pour the mixture here and filter it.
Gently squeeze the mixture to get more liquid out. This liquid filtrate contains DNA.
5. Since the DNA is soluble in water so to isolate DNA from this filtrate pour chilled ethanol by side of the
test tube. (45 degree tilted)
6. After few minutes DNA will isolate as white precipitates/ fine threads from the watery filtrate at the
boundary layer between water and ethanol.
7. Separate DNA by spooling i.e. the winding of the fine threads of DNA on needle.

Observation:
DNA appears as white precipitate of very fine threads on the spool.

Precautions:
• All the glass wares must be thoroughly cleaned and dried.
• The chemicals used for the experiments must be of standard quality.
• NaCl and Liquid detergent should be to dissolve slowly by stirring without formation of foam or
bubbles.
• Add chilled ethanol to enable the precipitation of the DNA
• Use wire or blunt forceps for spooling of precipitated DNA.
Minor Practical: (3 marks)
(Preparation of Temporary mount to observe Pollen Germination)

Aim:
To study the pollen germination on slide.

Requirements:
Freshly plucked seasonal flowers Jasmine/lily/Hibiscus, beaker, boric acid, sucrose,
microscope and glass slide.

Procedure:
1. The first step involves the preparation of a sugar solution. This is done by
dissolving 10g of sucrose 90ml of water.
2. Pour a few drops of this solution onto the glass slide.
3. Then, use a brush or fingers to gently dust a few pollen grains from the stamen of
mature flowers.
4. Let the slide set for 5 minutes.
5. Then, use the microscope to view the slides in 30- minute intervals.

Observation:
The pollen grains will germinate when submerged in the sugar rich nutrient
medium. This is characterized by the enlargement of the vegetative/tube cell. It
emerges through one of the germ pores, eventually forming a pollen tube. The
generative cell nucleus grows into the pollen tube and makes two male gametes
(sperm nuclei). The male gamete is either spherical or lenticular in outline.

Precautions:
• Flowers should be freshly plucked.
• Use clean glass slide to observe the pollen grains.
• The slides should not be disturbed; otherwise position of pollen grains will get
changed.
• During observations pollen grains must be properly dipped in nutrient
solution.
Part-B

Spotting: (3 Marks)

1. Flowers adapted to pollination by different agencies (wind, insects, and birds).

• Flowers adapted to pollination by BIRDS

COMMENTS:
1. Pollination is the process of transferring pollen from the male anther of a flower
to the female stigma of the same or different flower.
2. Pollination of flowers by birds is called ornithophily.
3. The flowers pollinated by birds are strong and are adapted to allow the birds to
stay near the flowers without their wings getting entangled inthem.
4. The flowers are tubular and curved that facilitates nectar-sucking by birds.
5. The flowers are odourless and bright-coloured that attracts the birds. While
sucking the nectar, the pollen gets deposited on their beaks and neck and is
transferred to the plant they visit next.
6. Few examples of flowers pollinated by birds include: Hibiscus, Bignonia,
Verbenas,

• Flowers adapted to pollination by WIND

COMMENTS:
1. Pollination is the process of transferring pollen from the male anther of a flower
to the female stigma of the same or different flower.
2. Most of the conifers and angiosperms exhibit wind pollination. Pollination of
flowers by the wind is called as anemophily.
3. Such flowers do not produce nectar and fragrance.
4. In the flowers pollinated by the wind, the microsporangia hang out of the flower.
As the wind blows, the light-weight pollen blows with it. The pollen gets
accumulated on the feathery stigma of the flower.
5. Few examples of such flowers include: Rice, Barley, Papaya, Maize,Oats
 • Flowers adapted to pollination by INSECTS

COMMENTS:
1. Pollination is the process of transferring pollen from the male anther of a flower
to the female stigma of the same or different flower.
2. Pollination of flowers by insects is called entomophily.
3. The flowers pollinated by insects are bright-coloured and produce nectar. Nectar
guides are present on the petals.
4. The fragrance of the flowers attracts the insects.
5. The pollen are sticky, large, heavy and rough so that stick to the body of the
insects.
6. The stigmas are also sticky so that the pollens depositing are not dispersed.
7. Few examples of the flowers pollinated by insects are: Salvia, Datura, Gulmohar,
Calatropis etc
2. Identification of stages of gamete development, i.e., T.S. of testis and T.S. of ovary through
permanent slides (from grasshopper/mice).

T.S. OF TESTIS

CHARACTERSISTICS:
1. The testes comprise several seminiferous tubules embedded in the interstitial
tissues.
2. Thick fibrous tissues called tunica albuginea cover the testes.
3. It comprises different types of cells from the outside to the lunar in the
manner given below:
Spermatogonia → Spermatocytes → Spermatids → Spermatozoa (sperms)
4. Sertoli cells are located between the germinal cells.
5. The Leydig cells that produce testosterone are present in the interstitial
tissues.

T.S. OF OVARY

CHARACTERSISTICS:
6. An ovary is a germinal epithelium bounded by a solid structure covered by a
thick layer of fibrous tissue known as tunica albuginea.
7. It consists of an inner medulla and an outer cortex.
8. The medulla comprises several round or oval bodies known as ovarian
follicles.
9. Follicle development takes place in the following stages:
Primary follicle → Secondary follicle → tertiary follicle → Graffian follicle → Corpus luteum
10. Cortex comprises corpus luteum along with mature follicles.
3. T.S. of blastula through permanent slide (Mammalian).
CHARACTERSISTICS:

1. The zygote undergoes a few cycles of mitotic divisions to form a solid ball of cells called morula. The cells
continue to divide and at a later stage a cavity is formed within it. This stage is blastula.
2. Blastula appears as a sphere with a cavity known as blastocoel.
3. An outer layer of blastomeres known as trophoblasts is observed.
4. One end of the blastula shows a cellular mass adhered to the trophoblast. This is known as the inner cell
mass.

4. Prepared pedigree charts of any one of the genetic traits such as rolling of tongue,
blood groups, ear lobes, widow's peak and colour blindness.

Pedigree Analysis

Pedigree analysis is the analysis of traits in several generations of a

family. The inheritance of a particular trait is represented in the family
tree over generations. It is a strong tool to trace the inheritance of a
specific trait abnormality or disease. Some specific symbols are used to
show pedigree in a pedigree chart.
Significance of pedigree analysis
• It can be used to track and trace the inheritance of a character.
• It can be used to trace the pattern of inheritance of trait of
abnormality or disease.
• It has been used by genetic counsellors to inform the couples, if
their child will have any genetic defect or not.
WIDOW'S PEAK
COMMENTS:
1. Widow's peak is a hairline that forms distinct peak on forehead, it is an Autosome Linked Dominant
trait.
2. Transmission of traits occurs from parents of either sex. Males and females are equally affected.
3. The pedigree is vertical, i.e., the trait is marked to be present in each of the generations. Multiple
generations are characteristically affected.

(AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT)

ROLLING OF TONGUE & FUSED EAR LOBES:

COMMENTS:

1. Rolling of tongue (Ability to roll tongue in U shape) & fused ear lobes (Ear lobes attached to head) are
an Autosome Linked Recessive traits.
2. Occur in equal proportions in multiple male and female siblings, whose parents are normal but carriers;
3. The siblings are homozygous for the defective allele, but their parents, though some may appear
normal, are obviously heterozygous, i.e., are merely carriers of the trait.
4. Consanguinity (marriage between man and woman genetically related to each other, such as cousins)
occasionally results in the appearance of such traits.

(AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE)
COLOUR BLINDNESS:
COMMENTS:

1. Red-green colour blindness is an example of Sex (X- chromosome) linked recessive trait.
2. Females express the trait only when they are homozygous for the mutant allele, whereas the males do
so even when they are hemizygous for it.
3. About half of the sons of the carrier (heterozygous for the trait) females are affected. In case of
homozygous females showing the trait, fifty percent of her daughters and all of her sons are likely to be
affected. Therefore, the males are most affected in the population.
4. This trait shows cris-cross inheritance or skipping of generation.

(SEX-LINKED RECESSIVE)

BLOOD GROUP
COMMENTS:

1. Inheritance of Blood group is an example of Dominance, Multiple allelism and co-dominance.

2. Gene for ABO blood group having 3 alleles: IA, IB and Io in which IA and IB are dominant while Io is
recessive.
3. It is independent of sex of the organism.