LABORATORY MANUAL

POWER SYSTEM
 Electrical Engineering Department
CONTENTS

Page
S. No. Title of Experiment
No.

I.D.M.T. OVER CURRENT RELAY

1 1-09

EARTH FAULT RELAY

2 11-21

OVER VOLTAGE RELAY

3 22-27

A,B,C,D,/HYBRID/IMAGE PARAMETERS
4 28-34
OF TRANSMISSION LINE
TO STUDY OF SYMMETRICAL AND
UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS ON DC
5 35-43
NETWORK ANALYZER

INSTANTANEOUS OVER CURRENT

6 RELAY 44-47

L-G, L-L, L-L-G, L-L-L FAULT

7 48-52
 EXPERIMENT NO. 1

I.D.M.T. OVER CURRENT RELAY

OBJECT

1. Study the construction of the relay.

2. Study the operating current & de-operating current of disc.
3. Study the time current characteristics at various multiples of plug setting current.
4. Study to find out the plug setting and TMS (Time Multiplier Setting).
5. Study of front plate numerical values.

INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED

1. Voltmeter (0-300 V) Digital

2. Ammeter (0-10 A) Digital
3. Loading C.T.
4. Auto Transformer 0-270V
5. Indicating Light
6. I.D.M.T. Relay Type CDG
7. Timer with Start & Stop facility
8. Push Button for Timer START & STOP
9. Rotary Switch
10. DP Switch
11. Insulating terminals

THEORY

There are several over current protection such as fuse, thermal relay & IDMT Relay. IDMT
(Inverse Definite Minimum Time) Relay is a high accuracy over current relay. If we does not
want to flow the current in lines more than 1 Amp, we will set the tripping current in our relay 1
Amp. As the current will become 1.10 or 1.20, the relay disc will start forward and trip the
breaker after certain time. It is widely used to prevent over current on transmission lines, power
transformers etc, because the error & tripping time of the relay is tolerable by the lines and
transformer.
As the requirement of system is that the faulted line should be open instantaneously. If the
faulted line breaker fails to open the faulted line, the next supply breaker have to be open to for
making dead the faulty line. The next breaker may be at higher voltage line or the same voltage.
The next breaker should open only after the first breaker failure. So we will allow approx 0.4 sec
time to operate first breaker. If first breaker dose not become open within 0.4 sec than it will be
assume failure and the next breaker will become functional. These time and current distinguish is
made by IDMT relay.
The time multiplier setting for an inverse time relay is defined as :-


 


Where T = the required time of operation.

Tm = The time obtained from the relay characteristics curve at TMS = 1.0 and using PSM
equivalent to max fault current.

Current setting is adjusted by means of a tapped plug bridge hence known as PSM.

 


The operating time of an over current relay tends to become asymptotic to a definite minimum
value with increase in the value of current. This is inherent in electromagnetic relays due to
saturation of magnetic circuit. So, by varying the saturation, different characteristics are
obtained. If the core is made to saturate at large stage, it is called IDMT relay. The time
characteristics in inverse over the same range and then after saturation occurs and definite min.
time is reached. At low value of operating current the shape of current is determined by effect of
restraining force of control spring while at higher values the effect of saturation predominates.
Different time multiplier setting (TMS) are obtained by varying the travel of disc or cup required
to close the contracts. Higher is the TMS, greater is the spring restraining force. In order to make
the relay operate at constant value of minimum trip current for any TMS greater holes are cut in
the disc.

TYPE CDG RELAY

Type CDG Relay consists of an induction disc unit with an operation indicator and in some
cases, an instantaneous high set unit all assembled on a standard frames. The disc shaft carried a
silver rod moving contact which completes the aux-unit circuit through the fixed contact.
Permanent magnet is used to control the disc speed. The setting is adjusted by the movement of
the back stop which is controlled by rotating a knurled moulded disc at the base of the graduated
time multiplier.
The self powered relay has an auxiliary unit which is powered by a secondary winding on the
electro-magnet through a bridge rectifier. When the current through the relay exceeds its setting,
the disc unit operated and closes its contacts to complete the path for secondary winding. The
auxiliary unit connected across the rectifier now picks up and one of its own N/O contacts
reinforces the disc contact. The other contacts of this auxiliary unit are available for tripping and
alarm purposes.
Relay modes fitted with instantaneous element are also available.
The instantaneous high set unit, type CAG13/CAG17 attracted armature relay, if powered, is
fitted at the top left hand corner of the relay, with an operation indicator reset by a separate push
rod protruding through the relay case. The pick up current of CAG 13 unit is adjusted by means
of means of knurled knob which rotates a calibrated scale. The pick up current of CAG 17 unit is
adjusted by rotating calibrated white dial fitted above the CAG 17 unit. A separate publication
covers the operation and commissioning instruction for these relays.
For exact connections, references should be made to the panel schematics and relay wiring diagram.
The self powered auxiliary lelement is fitted with indicator. The single disc contacts is rated to make
and carry for 0.5 Sec. 2500 VA with maximum of 10 Amps and 660 Volts AC or DC. The two pairs
of electrically separate, self or and rest contacts provoded in the auxiliary unit are rated to make and
carry of 0.5 Sec. 7500 VA with maximum of 30 amps and 660 volts AC or DC.

SELECTION OF TIME SETTING

For selective operation when there are a no of relays connected in series, the relay farthest from
the source should be set to operate in the min possible time. For succeeding relays towards
source a time delay step is given. For over current relays (inverse time) the time setting should be
done at the max fault current. If the relay has proper selectivity at max. fault current it will
automatically have a higher selectivity at the min fault current as the curve is more inverse on
lower current region.

SELECTION OF CURRENT SETTING

It is necessary to calculate the max fault current which can occur at each relay position. On a
radial system the lowest setting must be at the farthest end, the setting being in creased for the
subsequent relay towards the source. As per Indian standards the operating value should not
exceed 130% of the setting.


 

EXPERIMENTS
1. Study the construction of the relay.
(i) Latch at left side marked RED is to lock the relay in house mechanically and also operate a
switch to prevent the unwanted tripping at attach – detach time.
(ii) At bottom 6 terminals are given, 1 and 2 – No.
3 and 4 – No (Latch switch in series).
5, 6, 7 & 8 – Blank
9 and 10 – Tripping Current

(iii) A bakelite socket having seven holes and eight terminals are for current setting. A plug is
given to insert in a hole. Inserting of plug in any holes has different meaning of operating
current of relay and that rating is given at different holes on front plate.

(iv) Shaded pole core & coil is to develop rotation torque in disc. It has several windings to
operate the disc at different current value. These windings are connected with plug setting
terminals. The torque of over current relays is proportional to , 2 Sin , where , and 2
are produced by the shaded
 between them. When both fluxes are produced by the same quantity, as in the current
operated relays, then below saturation the torque is proportional to I2, the coil current or T =
K I2.
(v) A disc is given to rotate and make the tripping contact. This disc is made of aluminum. The
disc has a slot at its outer most edge is meant to stop the disc when the slot comes under the
shaded pole to prevent continuous rotation.
(vi) A magnet assembly at its left side is given to break the disc and a screw at magnet assembly
is to adjust the potency of break.
(vii) On upper side a hairspring is given to balance the developed torque by the shaded pole core
& coil.
(viii) TMS adjustment assembly is given to increase/decrease the rotation time of disc. By this
we can achieve the different tripping times.
(ix) A flag relay is given to give command to breaker for tripping and at its operation a lever will
fall down and appear a red mark. That red mark shows that the relay is operated, the lever is
manual reset.
(x) To operate the flag relay the supply comes through the coils on shaded pole and the disc
makes contact. This power is rectified by the diodes (these are given on back side on the
plate).

2. Study the operating current & de-operating current of disc.

(i) Keep the current source at minimum.
(ii) The amp adj / relay test rotary switch is kept at AMP ADJ.
(iii) Switch ON the test set.
(iv) Increase the current source slowly and pay attention at disc of relay.
(v) At certain current, it just moves in forward direction, this current is operating current and
note the current.
(vi) Now decrease the current through current source and pay hard attention at disc.
(vii) The disc will stop at certain current and moves in reverse direction just after reducing the
current. This current is de-operating current and note its value.
 S NO. PLUG SETTING OPERATING DE-OPERATING CURRENT
CURRENT
1 1A 1.06 A 0.90 A
2
3
4
5
6

3. Study the time current characteristics at various multiples of plug setting current

(i) We have to study the graph between PSM and time at TMS-1 etc.
(ii) Keep the current source at minimum.
(iii) The amp adj / relay test rotary switch is kept at AMP ADJ.
(iv) Switch ON the MCB/Isolator.
(v) Increase the fault current upto required PSM (refer table). it is quit possible that while
adjusting the fault current the FLAG of the Relay might trip for that you have to RESET the
FLAG by moving the marked shaft UPWARD denoted by (RELAY FLAG RESET) for
resetting the FLAG the Toggle switch must be brought in OFF position and the marked shaft
move UPWARD.
(vi) Now the desire Fault Current is SET and relay FLAG RESET – Only when the disk has
move fully anti clockwise. Now move the Toggle Switch in Relay Test and press the green
push button and timer counting will START and counting will STOP once the relay is
operated. Note down the time in seconds.
(vii) Now for various T.M.S. (Time Multiplier Setting) and P.S.M. (Plug Setting Multiplier), the
time taken by the relay to operate at various fault current may be noted down.
(viii) Now plot the graph between time take for the relay to operate Vs Plug Setting Multiplier at
various T.M.S.
S NO. PLUG SETTING PSM FAULT CURRENT= PS x TRIPPING
(PS) PSM TIME
 1 1A 1.5 1.5
2 2.0 2.0
3 2.5 2.5
4 3.0 3.0
5 3.5 3.5

4. Study to find out the plug setting and TMS (Time Multiplier Setting).

(i) When we want to use this relay, we know only the fault current and the delay time, the system
can withstand the fault.
(ii) The fault current is given 1000 amp, the delay time is 0.9 secs, and the CT used 100/1. Normal
running current less than 100 amps and our system can tolerate upto 100 amps.
(iii) Plug setting = Tolerable current / Primary current of CT.
= 100 / 100 = 1 Amp
(iv) PSM = Fault Current in secondary of CT / PS
= 10 Amp / 1 = 10 Amp
(v) From the already discussed graph at PSM 10, TMS at 1, the delay time is shown 3.5 sec
approximate.

(vi) TMS = T / Tm
= 0.9 / 3.5 = 0.25
(vii) Verify the practically delay time by setting the TMS and PS as calculated.

(viii) Practically delay time = 0.8686

5. Study of front plate numerical values.

(i) At front plate plug setting (PS) is given to set the relay tripping current.
(ii) Some numerical values given between plug setting multiplier (PSM) and time.
(iii) We will calculate the PSM from the formula as discussed.
(iv) The seconds shows the delay in tripping at given PSM.
(v) Auxiliary volt is used in some relays to operating the flag relay.
(vi) The amp shows approx tolerance of relay i.e. 1 amp relay should not in use more than 1 amp.

MERITS OF THE RELAY

1. The relay is electromechanical type can tolerate rough-tough use.

2. High accuracy in respect of thermal relays.
3. Normally no false tripping .

DE-MERITS OF THE RELAY

1. The relay is electromechanical type so it should be used in dust free environment.
2. The frequency variations can change the parameters.

PRECAUTIONS
1. The relay should be used very carefully and fast, beyond its rating.
2. Suppose the 1 amp relay can withstand upto 1 amp continuously and if more than 1 amp the
relay should trip the system within few seconds.

TIMER DETAILS
1. Press PRG Key continuously for 3 secs.
2. Display will appear.
First Digit Second Digit Third Digit
0 – Auto ranging 0 – Auto reset 1 – Contact Input Mode
1 – Non-Auto ranging 1 – Non-Auto reset 2 – Stopwatch (auto reset is not
valid)
3 – Pickup timer
4 – Drop of timer
5 – Pick/drop off

3. Change the blinking numerical value by pressing

4. Shift the blinking by push button PRG.

5. Required setting for the IDMT Set 003.

 EXPERIMENT NO. 2

EARTH FAULT RELAY

OBJECT :
1. Study the construction of the relay.
2. Find operational characteristics of the relay for time and current setting.

INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED
(i) Voltmeter (0-300 V)
(ii) Ammeter (0-10 A)
(iii) Loading C.T.
(iv) Auto Transformer 0-270V
(v) Neon lamp 230 V
(vi) Earth Fault Relay Electromechanical type CDG
(vii) Timer with Start & Stop facility
(viii) Push Button for Timer START & STOP
(ix) DP Switch

FEATURES OF RELAY : CDG - 11

 Identical time/current characteristics on all taps.
 Self-powered, no necessity for separate auxiliary supply.
 High torque, ensuring consistent timing even under adverse conditions.
 Very low overshoot.
 Simple construction, easily accessible.
 Comprehensive range of high set unit ratings.
 Dustproof draw out case and tropicalised finish.
THEORY
This manual covers the commissioning and maintenance instruction for non-directional inverse
time over current relays belonging to the CDG 11 family, which are self powered. There is no
need for any separate auxiliary DC or AC supply for these type of relays. These relays are
available in the standard current setting ranges of 50-200% for present case, 20-90% and 10-40%
of 1 A or 5 A. Triple Pole version designate as CDG 31 consists of identical 3 units.
Type CDG 11 is an inverse time over current relay with a definite minimum time. It is used for
protection against phase and earth faults. The 50 Hz version has a time current characteristics
which confirms to IS 3231 (1965).

TYPE CDG RELAY

A non-directional heavily damped induction disc relay which has an adjustable inverse
time/current characteristics with a definite minimum time. The relay has a high torque movement
combined with low burden and low overshoot. The relay disc is so shaped that as it rotates the
driving torque increases and offsets the changing restarting torque of the control spring. This
feature combined with the high torques of the relay ensures good contact pressure even at
currents near pick-up. Damping of the disk movement is by a removable high retentivity
permanent magnet.
The unique method of winding the operating coils ensure that the time/current characteristics are
identical on each of the seven current taps. Selection of the required current setting is by means
of a plug setting bridge which has a single insulated plug. The maximum current tap is
automatically connected when the plug is withdrawn from the bridge, allowing the setting to be
changed under load without risk of open circuiting the current transformers.
The self powered relay has an auxiliary unit which is powered by a secondary winding on the
electro-magnet through a bridge rectifier. When the current through the relay exceeds its setting,
the disc unit operated and closes its contacts to complete the path for secondary winding. The
auxiliary unit connected across the rectifier now picks up and one of its own N/O contacts
reinforces the disc contact. The other contacts of this auxiliary unit are available for tripping and
alarm purposes. Relay modes fitted with instantaneous element are also available.
The instantaneous high set unit, type CAG13/CAG17 attracted armature relay, if powered, is
fitted at the top left hand corner of the relay, with an operation indicator reset by a separate push
rod protruding through the relay case. The pick up current of CAG 13 unit is adjusted by means
of means of knurled knob which rotates a calibrated scale. The pick up current of CAG 17 unit is
adjusted by rotating calibrated white dial fitted above the CAG 17 unit. A separate publication
covers the operation and commissioning instruction for these relays.
For exact connections, references should be made to the panel schematics and relay wiring
diagram. The self powered auxiliary element is fitted with indicator. The single disc contacts is
rated to make and carry for 0.5 Sec. 2500 VA with maximum of 10 Amps and 660 Volts AC or
DC.
The two pairs of electrically separate, self or and rest contacts provoded in the auxiliary unit are
rated to make and carry of 0.5 Sec. 7500 VA with maximum of 30 amps and 660 volts AC or
DC.

APPLICATION OF EARTH FAULT/OVER CURRENT RELAY (TYPE I.D.M.T.)

Selective phase and earth fault protection in time graded systems for AC machines, transformers,
feeders etc. The minimum permissible time grading between the over current relay at each
section circuit breaker is approx 0.5 sec. With the increase in the system fault current, it is
desirable to shorten the clearance time of fault nearest to the power source in order to minimize
damage. It is thus necessary to reduce the time error which are disproportionately large, when
compared to the clearance time of a C.B. It is possible to discriminate more closely by shortening
the margin between both the current and time setting of relays of adjacent C.B.
The operating time of an over current relay tends to become asymptotic to a definite minimum
value with increase in the value of current. This is inherent in electromagnetic relays due to
saturation of magnetic circuit. So, by varying the saturation, different characteristics are
obtained. If the core is made to saturate at large stage, it is called IDMT relay. The time
characteristics in inverse over the same range and then after saturation occurs and definite min.
time is reached. At low value of operating current the shape of current is determined by effect of
restraining force of control spring while at higher values the effect of saturation predominates.
Different time multiplier settings (TMS) are obtained by varying the travel of disc or cup
required to close the contracts. Higher is the TMS, greater is the spring restraining force. In order
to make the relay operate at constant value of minimum trip current for any TMS greater holes
are cut in the disc.

CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION

The IDMT relay has an auxiliary unit, which is powered by a secondary winding on the
electromagnet through a rectifier and as such a separate auxiliary supply is not required. The disc
unit operates and closes its contacts the auxiliary element connected across the secondary
winding on the electromagnet operate, one normally open contact of the auxiliary element
reinforces the disc contact. Two other contacts of the auxiliary element are brought out to the
terminals of the relay.
The torque of over current relays is proportional to ,2, sin where  and 2 are produced by
the shaded pole type of construction, cutting the disc and  is the angle between them. When
both fluxes are produced by the same quantity, as in the current operated relays, then below
saturation the torque is proportional to I2, the coil current or T = K I2 if the core is made to
saturate at a later stage the characteristics assume the shape shown in figure. The time current
characteristics is inverse over same range and then after saturation assumes the definite time
form. At low values of operating current, the shape of curve is determined by the effect of high
values the effect of saturation predominates. Different time multiplier settings (TMS) are
obtained by contract. The higher the time multiplier setting, the greater will be the spring
restraining force. In order to make the relay operate at a constant value of minimum trip current
for any TMS graded holes are cut in the disc or a disc with spiral cut edge is used. Thus, as the
disc mover in the tripping direction winding up the spring, more and more conducting metal of
the disc comes into play in the active air gap of the electromagnet to increase the electric torque,
Thus compensating the increasing spring torque.
The time multiplier setting for an inverse time relay is defined as :-

 

Where T = the required time of operation.
Tm = The time obtained from the relay characteristics curve at TMS = 1.0 and using PSM
equivalent to max fault current.
Current setting is adjusted by means of a tapped plug bridge hence known as PSM.
 
 
  or  

    





SELECTION OF TIME SETTING

For selective operation when there are a no of relays connected in series, the relay farthest from
the source should be set to operate in the min possible time. For succeeding relays towards
source a time delay step is given. For over current relays (inverse time) the time setting should be
done at the max fault current. If the relay has proper selectivity at max. fault current it will
automatically have a higher selectivity at the min fault current as the curve is more inverse on
lower current region.

SELECTION OF CURRENT SETTING

It is necessary to calculate the max fault current, which can occur at each relay position. On a
radial system the lowest setting must be at the farthest end, the setting being in creased for the
subsequent relay towards the source. As per Indian standards the operating value should not
exceed 130% of the setting.


 


OPERATION OF PANEL
1. Switch ON the MCB, the Voltmeter will show the line voltage.
2. Initially Rotary Switch should be in Amp Adjust Position.
3. Now to set the desired fault current we will be using current source. For that switch ON the
Rotary switch and move the current source till the desired fault current is indicated on the
Ammeter, it is quit possible that while adjusting the fault current the FLAG of the Relay
 might trip for that you have to RESET the FLAG by moving the marked shaft UPWARD
denoted by (RELAY FLAG RESET) for resetting the FLAG the Toggle switch must be
brought in OFF position and the marked shaft move UPWARD.
4. Now the desire Fault Current is SET and relay FLAG RESET – Only when the disk has move
fully anti clockwise. Now move the Rotary Switch in Relay Test and press the green push
button and timer counting will START and counting will STOP once the relay is operated.
Note down the time in seconds.
5. Now for various T.M.S. (Time Multiplier Setting) and P.S.M. (Plug Setting Multiplier), the
time taken by the relay to operate at various fault current may be noted down.
6. Now plot the graph between time take for the relay to operate Vs Plug Setting Multiplier at
various T.M.S.

OBSERVATION
(i) TMS = 1.00, PS = 1.0 Amp
Current (A) Time (meas.) (Sec.) Time (Std.) (Sec.) PSM

(ii) TMS = 0.5, PS = 1.0 Amp

Current (A) Time (meas.) (Sec.) Time (Std.) (Sec.) PSM

(iii) TMS = 0.9, PS = 1.0 Amp

 Current (A) Time (meas.) (Sec.) Time (Std.) (Sec.) PSM

(iv) TMS = 0.7, PS = 0.5 Amp

Current (A) Time (meas.) (Sec.) Time (Std.) (Sec.) PSM

TIMER
Specifications
Display : 4 digits. 0.5” highBright LED
Range :
(a) Auto ranging from .0001 to 9999s
(b) Fixed range ranging .9999 sec, 9.999 sec, 99.99 sec, 999.9 sec, 9999 sec.

Accuracy : + 0.05% + 1 counts

Inputs :
Two inputs from
(a) Voltage pulse : 3 to 30 V DC from proximity switch or solid state device.
(b) Potential free contact from limit switch, relay or microswitch.
Sensor supply : 12 VDC, 30 mA (+10%) – short circuit protected

Reset :
(a) On front panel
(b) Via rear terminals (reset time 20 msec)
(c) Auto reset (programmable)

Memory retention : 10 years

Supply : 230 VCA (or 110 VAC factory set) @ 50/60 Hz
Mounting : Panel Mounting
Housing : ABS
Weight : approx. .3375 grams
Operating temperature : 0-50OC
Humidity : 95% RH

Terminal
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
RST NC/C1 NO/C2 +12 V
COM

N L
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 N L

Description
5= Reset
6= NC/C1
7 = NO/C2
8 =+12V
9 =Com
EXPERIMENT NO.3
 EXPERIMENT NO. 3

OVER VOLTAGE RELAY

OBJECT
1. Study the construction of the relay.
2. Study the operating current & de-operating voltage of disc.
3. Study the characteristics between voltage and time.
4. Study of front plate numerical values.

INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED
1. Voltmeter (0-300 V) 96 x 96 mm
2. Auto Transformer 0-270V
3. Indicating Light
4. Over Voltage Relay (Electromechanical Type)
5. Timer with Start & Stop facility
6. Push Button for Timer START & STOP
7. Rotary Switch
8. MCB/Isolator
9. Insulating terminals

INTRODUCTION
There are several instruments in power system which may burn at over voltage like motor,
transformer, capacitors etc. To protect these instruments from over voltage, the over voltage
relay is necessary. The several type of over voltage relays are available. One of the type from
these relays is studying here. It is electromechanical type. It is very much rough & tough in use,
its failure almost negligible. As the accuracy required to the electric instrument, the sufficient
accuracy is available in this type of relay.
THEORY
Here the relay have an operating coil which core developed a rotating flux in disk due to this the
disk rotates at certain voltage. Before the certain voltage a helical spring makes force in opposite
direction so the disk is not in the condition to rotate.
A socket is given to different setting of tripping voltage. Time setting multiplier is given to
setting the tripping time. A flag relay is given to extending DC voltage to the circuit breaker. The
resistances and diode is providing to operating of flag relay.
We apply the tripping voltage to pin No 9 and 10 to this relay as given in Fig –‘1’. The pin No. 9
will extend to a transformer, disk operating coil and through moving this contact to a bridge. Pin
No 10 will extend to the common pole of plug setting socket. On the plug setting socket all the
primary tappings are connected and secondary will fed to operating disk coil and bridge rectifier.
The output of bridge is filtered by capacitor C1 and resistance R1. The filtered DC voltage is fed
to flag relay through resistance R2. Resistance R2 and R3 is meant for increasing the operating
voltage capacity of flag relay. Resistance R4 and R5 is meant for increasing the operating
voltage capacity of disk operating coil.
PSM = Applied Voltage / Plug Setting

EXPERIMENTS
1. Study the construction of the relay.
(i) Latch at left side marked RED is to lock the relay in house mechanically and also operate a
switch to prevent the unwanted tripping at attach – detach time.
(ii) At bottom 7 terminals are given,
1, 2 and 5 – Change over NO and NC as given in fig – ‘1’.
3 and 4 – No (Latch switch in series).
6, 7 & 8 – Blank 9 and 10 – Sensing Voltage
(iii) A bakelite socket having seven holes and eight terminals are for voltage setting. A plug is
given to insert in a hole. Inserting of plug in any holes has different meaning of operating
voltage of relay and that rating is given at different holes on front plate.
(iv) A disc is given to rotate and make the tripping contact. This disc is made of aluminum. The
disc has a slot at its outer most edge is meant to stop the disc when the slot comes under the
shaded pole to prevent continuous rotation.
(v) A magnet assembly at its left side is given to break the disc and a screw at magnet assembly
is to adjust the potency of break.
(vi) On upper side a hairspring is given to balance the developed torque by the shaded pole core
& coil.
(vii) TMS adjustment assembly is given to increase/decrease the rotation time of disc. By this we
can achieve the different tripping times.
(viii) A flag relay is given to give command to breaker for tripping and at its operation a lever
will fall down and appear a red mark. That red mark shows that the relay is operated, the
lever is manual reset.
(ix) To operate the flag relay the sensing voltage is used. This power is rectified by the diodes
(these are given on back side on the plate).

2. Study the operating current & de-operating current of disc.

(i) Keep the voltage source at minimum.
(ii) The amp adj / relay test rotary switch is kept at VOLT ADJ.
(iii) Switch ON the test set.
(iv) Push the ON button.
(v) Increase the voltage slowly and pay attention at disc of relay.
(vi) At certain voltage, it just moves in forward direction, this voltage is operating voltage and
note it.
(vii) Now decrease the voltage through voltage source and pay hard attention at disc.
(viii) The disc will stop at certain voltage and moves in reverse direction just after reducing the
voltage. This current is de-operating voltage and note its value.
S NO. PLUG SETTING (PS) PSM APPLIED VOLTAGE = PS TRIPPING
x PSM TIME
1 1
2 1.1
3 1.2
 4 1.3
5 1.4

4. Study of front plate numerical values

(i) At front plate plug setting (PS) is given to set the relay tripping voltage.
(ii) Some numerical values are given between plug setting multiplier (PSM) and time in seconds.
(iii) The seconds shows the delay in tripping at given PSM.
(iv) The voltage shows approx tolerance of relay i.e. 110 Volt, relay should not in use more than
110 Volts.

MERITS OF THE RELAY

1. The relay is electromechanical type can tolerate rough-tough use.
2. High accuracy in respect of thermal relays.
3. Normally no false tripping.

DE-MERITS OF THE RELAY

1. The relay is electromechanical type so it should be used in dust free environment.
2. The frequency variations can change the parameters.

PRECAUTIONS
1. The relay should be used very carefully and fast, beyond its rating.
2. Suppose the 1 amp relay can withstand upto 1 amp continuously and if more than 1 amp the
relay should trip the system within few seconds.
 EXPERIMENT NO. 4

A,B,C,D,/HYBRID/IMAGE PARAMETERS OF TRANSMISSION LINE

AIM
To find out A,B,C,D, parameters, Hybrid Parameter and image parameters of a given
transmission line.

APPARATUS
Transmission line model is consisting of four sections of transmission on line operatable at 220V
with current rating at 2A connected in pie network. A continous variable power supply with two
Digital voltmeter and two digital ammeter mounted on front panel fitted in m.s. sheet box
complete with patch chords for interconnection.

THEORY
Transmission line model consists of four sections and each section represents 50 km long 400
KV transmission line. Parameters of 50 km long 400 KV Transmission line are taken as :-
Series Inductance = 80 mH
Series Resistance = 2 ohm.
(In addition to resistance of inductance coil)
Shunt Capacitance = 0.47 micro F
Leakage resistance or Shunt Conductance = 470 k ohm

For actual 400 KV transmission lines range of parameter is :-

l = Series Inductance = 1.0 to 2.0 mH/Km
r = Series Resistance = 0.5 to 1.5 ohm/Km
c = Shunt Capacitance = 0.008 to 0.010 micro F/Km
g = Leakage resistance (Shunt Conductance) = 3 x 10–8 to 5 x 10–8 mho/Km
ABCD parameters are widely used in analysis of power transmission engineering where they
will be turned as “Generalised Circuit Parameters” ABCD parameters are also called as
“Transmission Parameter”. It is conventional to designate the input port as sending end and the
output port as receiving end while representing ABCD parameters.

ABCD parameters equations are given as :-

   
=
   

Assuming the receiving end open circuited, i.e. I 2 = 0,

This gives:-

 Reverse voltage ratio and is unit less.


 Transfer admittance, unit is mho.


  Transfer impedance and expressed in Ohm.


 Reverse current ratio and is unit less.


In hybrid parameter representation both short circuit and open circuit terminal conditions are
utilized hence this parameter representation is known as hybrid parameter representation.
  =   
   
   

If receiving end is short circuited, i.e. VR = 0


  
Input impedance and unit is ohms.

  Forward current gain and is a unit less quantity.


In a similar way for the sending end open circuited i.e. Is = 0


     Reverse voltage gain and has no unit.



  Output admitance and is expressed in mho.


In a transmission line, if the impedance at the sending end with Zi2 at receiving end be Zi1 and
simultaneously the impedance looking back from receiving end with Zi 1 at input port is Zi2 then
Zi1 and Zi2 are termed as the IMAGE IMPEDANCE OF THE NETWORK
We can conveniently express the image impedance in terms of ABCD constant as :-

  


  


However image impedance do not completely define a network. We need another parameter
which we shall get from the voltage and current ratio known as image transfer constant and nac
be calculated as :-
   
   =  
    
CALCULATION & OBSERVATIONS
(i) ABCD Parameters

S NO. VS IS VR A= V1 / V2 C= I1 / V2
1
2
3

S NO. VS IS IR B= VS / IR D= IS / IR
1
2
3
(ii) Hybrid Parameters

S NO. VS IS IR h11= V S / IR h21= IR/ IS

1
2
3

S NO. VR IR VS h12= V S / VR h22= IR/ VR

1
2
3
(iii) Image Parameters


  

  


 =   


PROCEDURE
STEP – 1 :-
(i) To find out A and C parameters connected voltage supply of 220V to sending end (1-1’) and
open circuit (5-5’) receiving end.
(ii) Observe the voltage of Vs, Is and VR with the help of voltmeters and ammeters in the
experimental kit.

STEP – 2 :-
(i) To find out B and D receiving end (5-5’) is short circuited and supply of 220 V is given to
sending end (1-1’).
(ii) Observe the voltage of Vs, Is and IR.

STEP – 3 :-
(i) To find out the value of the h11 and h21 take the reading of Vs, Is and IR from step No 2.

STEP – 4 :-
(i) To find out the value of h12 and h22 supply the 220 V at receiving end terminal (5-5’) and
open circuit the sending end terminal (1-1’).
(ii) Not down the value of Vs, VR and LR.
(iii) To find out the image parameters take the value of A,B,C and D from step No 1 & 2.
 EXPERIMENT NO. 5

TO STUDY OF SYMMETRICAL AND UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS ON DC

NETWORK ANALYZER

OBJECT
To perform symmetrical and unsymmetrical fault in DC Network Analyzer.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
DC Network Analyzer, Connecting wires, DC Supply

THEORY

SYMMETRICAL FAULT
Fault involving all the three phase (balance fault) is called symmetrical fault. Three phase short
circuit is a symmetrical fault. When the insulation of the system fails at one or more point of a
conduction object comes in contact with live point a fault occurs. The system must be protected
again heavy flow of short circuit currents by means of protection equipments.
For the proper choice of the circuit breakers and protective equipment, we must estimate the
magnitude of the current that would flow under short circuit condition.
For finding out the short circuit current, DC and AC Network analyzer are used. The circuit of
the system to be analyzed is made on the network analyzer. The problem to be solved is
simulated on the analyzer. The fault is created and fault current is measured. This fault current
when multiplied with base current gives the actual fault current under fault conditions in the
actual system.
SAMPLE PROBLEM

Base MVA = 50, Base KV = 11, Fault pt = F

In case the generators and lines have different MVA values then for making calculation, the
reactances are converted to some base MVA, normally the highest value is taken as base MVA.

  
       
 


Base Current   


In our problem :-

 
    


= 2.62 mA

Reactance diagram of the system is as under

Replacing the generators with p.u. voltage sources and further these voltage sources are in
parallel so can be represented by a single voltage source of 1 V DC. In case of DC network
analyzer, the reactances of the generators and transmission lines are replaced with the resistance
values.
Multiplying the resistance values with multiplying factor of 100, we get the circuit as under :-

Short circuit is created at F

OBSERVATIONS
V I1 I2 I3 I4
1V 0.93 A 0.068 A 0.017 A 0.279 A

Actual fault current = I4 x Multiplying factor x Base Current

= 0.279 x 100 x 2.62
= 73.098 KA

Contribution of each generator

For generator G1, fault current = I1 x MF x IB
= 0.093 x 100 x 2.62
= 24.366 KA
For generator G2, fault current = I2 x MF x IB
= 0.068 x 100 x 2.62
= 17.816 KA
For generator G3, fault current = I3 x MF x IB
= 0.117 x 100 x 2.62
= 30.654 KA
Aim: To perform the experiment for Unsymmetrical fault analysis on DC Network analyzer.
Apparatus: DC Network Analyzer, Connecting Wires, DC Supply.
Theory: The fault involving only one or two phases is called unsymmetrical (Unbalanced
fault). Single line to ground fault, Line-Line fault, Double Line to Ground fault are
unsymmetrical faults. The majority of system faults are symmetrical faults. The
system must be protected against these fault currents by mean of circuit breakers &
relays. For the choice of protective equipment we must estimate the magnitude of
current that would flow under fault condition. Unsymmetrical fault analyses require
special tools like symmetrical components. Network analyzer can be used for analysis
of any type of unsymmetrical fault. First of all Positive, Negative and zero Sequence
networks are drawn of the system to be analyzed. Depending upon the unsymmetrical
fault, these networks are interconnected on the network analyzer.
For LG Fault Positive, Negative and Zero Sequence networks are connected in series.
For L-L Fault Positive and Negative are connected in parallel.
For LL-G Fault Positive Sequence N/w is in series with the parallel combination of
Negative Sequence N/w & Zero Sequence N/w.
Here in the sample problem analysis of Line to Line to Ground Fault is done.
The network to be analyzed is shown in figure:

Equipment MVA KV X1 X2 X0
G1 100 11 0.25 0.25 0.05
G2 100 11 0.2 0.2 0.05
T1 100 11/220 0.6 0.6 0.06
T2 100 11/220 0.07 0.7 0.07
 Line 1 100 220 0.1 0.1 0.3
Line 2 100 220 0.1 0.1 0.3

Reducing the sequence Networks with series parallel combination and interconnecting we ge
Procedure:
(1) Take multiplication factor of 100.
(2) Make the connections as shown in figure 3.
(3) Connect the DC Voltage source.
(4) Note down the Ammeter readings.
(5) It gives the fault current.

Calculation of theoretical fault current:

Z1=0.157
Z2=0.157
Z0=0.051
I F = Ea /Z1+(Z2Z 0/Z2+ Z0)
= 1/0.157 +(0.157x 0.051/0.051+0.157)
= 6.06 A
Actual Fault Current = IF x Base MVA/base KV
= 6.06x 100/(
x 220)
= 1.577 kA

Calculation of observed fault current:

Take multiplication factor 100
V (volts) = 1
I 1 (A) = 0.054
I 2 (A) = 0.013
I 3 (A) = 0.040

Observed fault current = 0.054 x 100 x 1000 x 100/ x 220

= 1.41 A.
Formula used:
IF = Ea /[Z1 +(Z2+Z0 )/Z2 Z 0]

Conclusion:
Theoretical fault current = 1.58 kA
Practical fault current = 1.41 kA
% error = (1.58 – 1.41)/1.58 x 100
= 10.75 %
The percentage error is due to the variation in the values of resistances on DC Analyzer.
They have percentage variation of 5 %.
DC NETWORK ANALYZER
 EXPERIMENT NO. 6

INSTANTANEOUS OVER CURRENT RELAY

OBJECT
(i) Study the construction of the Relay.
(ii) Study the pick-up current of the Relay.
(iii) Study the Current Vs Time Characteristics.

INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED
1. Voltmeter (0-300 V) Digital
2. Ammeter (0-10 A) Digital
3. Loading C.T.
4. Auto Transformer 0-270V
5. Indicating Light
6. Instantaneous Relay (Electro-mechanical type)
7. Timer with Start & Stop facility
8. Push Button for Relay test along with Timer.
9. Rotary Switch
10. DP Switch
11. Insulating terminals

THEORY
There are several over current protection as fuse, Thermal Relay, Instantaneous Relay & IDMT
Relay etc. As define its own name that the tripping will held approx within no time. The time of
pickup become highest instantaneous as the current is high from the normal value. If we dose not
want to flow the current in lines more than 1 Amp, we will set the tripping current in our relay 1
Amp. As the current will become 1.10 or 1.20, the relay will pickup and trip the breaker. It is
widely used in tail end of transmission line to prevent over current.
It is a AC current operated relay and several tappings are coming out from the relay coil for
different current settings.
It is available mostly in 1 amp and 5 amp range. 1 amp range is widely used 132 KV and above
transmission lines. 5 amp range is used 33 KV or less than.

EXPERIMENTS

1. Study the construction of the Relay.

(i) The relay has two connections for current and other connections of N/O and N/C for control
circuit.
(ii) One of the current connection attached with the current setting selection socket and other
directly with the coil.
(iii) The coil have several tappings for different pickup current.
(iv) These tappings of coil directly attached with current setting socket.
(v) The plug setting of current makes the current circuit with proper tapping.

2. Study the Pick-up current of the Relay.

(i) Keep the current source at minimum.
(ii) The amp adj / relay test rotary switch keep at amp adj.
(iii) Switch ON the test set.
(iv) Increase the current source slowly and pay attention hard at armature of relay.
(v) At certain current, the relay pickups, this current is pickup current and notes it.
(vi) Calculate the percentage pickup.
%age pickup = (Pickup Current / Amp Setted) x 100.

S NO. AMPERE SETTING PICK UP CURRENT

SAMPLE 1 A
1
2 1.5 A
3 2.0 A

3. Study the Current Vs Time Characteristics.

(i) We have to study the graph between Pickup current and time.
(ii) Keep the current source at minimum.
(iii) The timer IN/OUT rotary switch keep at timer in.
(iv) Switch ON the MCB/Isolator.
(v) Push the given push button at relay test set.
(vi) Set the required current.
(vii) Release the push button.
(viii) Re-press the push button.
(ix) Now the figure at timer is pick up time.

S NO. AMPERE SETTING AT FAULT CURRENT PICKUP TIME

1 1A 0.95
2 0.96
3 0.97
4 0.98
5 0.99

TIMER DETAILS
1. Press PRG Key continuously for 3 secs.
2. Display will appear.

First Digit Second Digit Third Digit

0 – Auto ranging 0 – Auto reset 1 – Contact Input Mode
1 – Non-Auto ranging 1 – Non-Auto reset 2 – Stopwatch (auto reset is not valid)
3 – Pickup timer
4 – Drop of timer
5 – Pick/drop off

3. Change the blinking numerical value by pressing

4. Shift the blinking by push button PRG.
5. Required setting for the IDMT Set 003.
 EXPERIMENT NO. 7

L-G, L-L, L-L-G, L-L-L FAULT

OBJECT
To find out fault current of alternator at very low excitation for following faults at the terminal of
unloaded alternator :-
(i) Line to Ground Fault (L-G)
(ii) Line to Line Fault (L-L)
(iii) Line to Line to Ground Fault (L-L-G)
(iv) Three Phase Fault or Line to Line to Line Fault (L- L- L)

ACCESSORIES

 Experimental setup consists of 3 KW DC Motor coupled with 2 KVA Alternator alongwith

panel consisting of arrangement for starting of DC Motor for providing variable excitation to
the alternator.
 Clamp on Ammeter
 Voltmeter (AC and DC)
 Ammeter (DC)

THEORY
Various type of faults at the terminals of the alternator
Fault Calculations
Broadly speaking the faults can be classified as :-
1. Shunt faults (short circuits)
2. Series faults (open conductor)
Shunt type of faults involve power conductor or conductors-to-ground or short circuit between
conductors. When circuits are controlled by fuses or any device which does not open all three
phases, one or two phases of the circuit may be opened while the other phases or phase is
closed. These are called series type of faults. These faults may also occur with one or two
broken conductors. Shunt faults are characterized by increase in current and fall in voltage and
 frequency whereas series faults are characterized by increase in voltage and frequency and fan
in current in the faulted phases.
Shunt type of faults are classified as (i) Line-to-ground fault; (ii) Line to-line fault; (iii)
Double line-to-ground fault; and (iv) 3-phase fault. Of these, the first three are the
unsymmetrical faults as the symmetry is disturbed in one or two phases. The method of
symmetrical components will be utilized to analyse the unbalancing in the system. The 3-
phase fault is a balanced fault which could also be analysed using symmetrical components.
The series faults are classified as: (i) one open conductor, and (ii) two open conductors. These
faults also disturb the symmetry in one or two phases and are, therefore, unbalanced faults. The
method of symmetrical components can be used for analysing such situations ID the system.
Here we will discuss only the shunt type of faults.

1. Single Line to ground Fault

Boundary conditions :-
Va = 0
Ib = 0
Ic = 0
Ia = If

Fig ‘1’ : A solidly grounded, unloaded alternator : L-G fault on phase a

2. Line to Line Fault:

Boundary conditions :-
Ia = 0
Ib + Ic = 0
Vb = Vc
If = Ib = –Ic
|If| = |Ib| = |Ic|

Fig ‘2’ : L-L Fault on an unloaded and neutral grounded alternator

3. Double Line to ground Fault

Boundary conditions :-

Ia = 0
Vb = 0
Vc = 0
If = Ib + Ic
 Fig ‘3’ : A solidly grounded, unloaded alternator, L-L-G Fault.

4. Three Phase Fault

Boundary conditions :-
Ia + Ib + Ic = 0
Va = Vb = Vc
|If|= |Ia|=|Ib|=|Ic|

Fig ‘4’ : A 3-Phase neutral grounded and unloaded alternator 3-phase shorted
PROCEDURE
1. Connect the alternator in star configuration and ground the neutral.
2. Start the DC Motor and bring it to rated speed of 1500 rpm by keeping field supply to the
alternator switched off and terminals of alternator open circuited.
3. Switch on the field supply to alternator and slowly increase the field current so that open
circuit voltage at the terminals of alternator is 25V (Line to Neutral).
4. Switch off field supply of alternator without disturbing the setting of field current and create
line to ground fault at the terminal of alternator as indicated in Fig ‘1’.
5. Switch on the field supply to alternator and measure the fault current with clamp on meter.
6. Repeat the steps 3, 4 and 5 for open circuit voltage of 50V and 75V.
Note :- Open circuit voltage of alternator should not be increased beyond 100V for study of
fault to avoid damage to alternator winding.
7. Repeat steps 3, 4, 5 and 6 for Line to Line Fault, Line to Line to Ground Fault and Three
Phase Fault.