Philippine College Foundation

P-6, Hagkol, Valencia City, Bukidnon

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

11
Statistics and Probability
Quarter 3
Second Semester
School Year 2021-2022

______________________________________
Student’s Name:

Teacher: Cris Jefferson P. Alivio

Contact Number: 09631002683

“The School that trains for Service”

1
 Table of Contents

Module 1: Random Variables and

Probability Distributions ……………………………………… 3
Lesson 1 ……………………………………………………………… 5
Activity 1 …………………………………………..…………. 5
Activity 2 ……………………………………….…………… 20
Activity 3 ……………………………………………………. 20
Module 2: Mean and Variance of
Discrete Random Variable ……………………………………. 21
Lesson 1 ……………………………………………………………. 23
Activity 4 ……………………………………………….…….23
Lesson 2 ……………………………………………………………. 27
Activity 5 ……………………………………………….…… 32
Module 3: The Normal Distribution ……………………………. 34
Lesson 1 ……………………………………………………………. 36
Activity 6 ……………………………………………………. 36
Activity 7 ……………………………………………………. 40
Activity 8 ……………………………………………….…… 40
Lesson 2 ……………………………………………………….…… 41
Activity 9 ……………………………………………………. 41
Activity 10 ……………………………………………….…… 42
Activity 11 ……………………………………………………. 50

References …………………………,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,…….. 51

2
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Statistics and
Probability
Quarter 3–Module 1:
Random Variables and Probability
Distributions

3
 What I Need to Know

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Illustrate a random variable (discrete or continuous). M11/12SP-IIIa-
1
2. Distinguish between a discrete and continuous random variable.
M11/12SP-IIIa-2
3. Find possible values of a random variable. M11/12SP-IIIa-3
4. Illustrate a probability distribution for a discrete random variable and
its properties. M11/12SP-IIIa-4
5. Compute probabilities corresponding to a given random variable.
M11/12SP-IIIa-6

4
 Lesson Random Variables and
1 Probability Distribution

You have learned in your past lessons in junior high school

Mathematics that an experiment or trial is any procedure or activity that can
be done repeatedly under similar conditions. The set of all possible outcomes
in an experiment is called the sample space. The concept of probability
distribution is very important in analyzing statistical data especially in
hypothesis testing.
In this lesson, you will explore and understand the random variable.
Before we discuss probability distribution, it is necessary to study first
the concept of random variable. Try to do the next activity to prepare you for
this lesson. Stay focused.

What’s In
(Activity 1)

A. Identify the term being described in each of the following:

1. Any activity which can be done repeatedly under similar conditions
2. The set of all possible outcomes in an experiment
3. A subset of a sample space
4. The elements in a sample space
5. The ratio of the number of favorable outcomes to the number of possible
outcomes

B. Answer the following questions.

1. In how many ways can two coins fall?
2. If three coins are tossed, in how many ways can they fall?
3. In how many ways can a die fall?
4. In how many ways can two dice falls?
5. How many ways are there in tossing one coin and rolling a die?

5
Example 1
Suppose two coins are tossed and we are interested to determine the
number of tails that will come out. Let us use T to represent the number of
tails that will come out. Determine the values of the random variable T.
Solution:

Example 2
Two balls are drawn in succession without replacement from an urn
containing 5 orange balls and 6 violet balls. Let V be the random variable
representing the number of violet balls. Find the values of the random variable
V.

6
Solution:

Example 3
A basket contains 10 red balls and 4 white balls. If three balls are taken
from the basket one after the other, determine the possible values of the
random variable R representing the number of red balls.
Solution:

7
Example 4
Four coins are tossed. Let T be the random variable representing the
number of tails that occur. Find the values of the random variable T.
Solution:

Example 5
A pair of dice is rolled. Let X be the random variable representing the
sum of the number of dots on the top faces. Find the values of the random
variable X.

8
Solution:

9
Discrete and Continuous Random Variable
A random variable may be classified as discrete and continuous. A
discrete random variable has a countable number of possible values. A
continuous random variable can assume an infinite number of values in one
or more intervals.
Examples:

What is It

In the previous grade levels in studying Mathematics, we have learned

how to make a frequency distribution table given a set of raw data. In this
part, you will learn how to construct a probability distribution.
In the previous part of this module, you already learned how to
determine the values of discrete random variable. Constructing a probability
distribution is just a continuation of the previous part. We just need to
include an additional step to illustrate and compute the probabilities
corresponding to a given random variable.

Using Example 1 in the previous page,

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11
Using Example 2 in the previous page,

12
13
Using Example 4 in the previous page,

14
15
Using Example 5 in the previous page,

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17
18
19
 What’s More
(Activity 2)

Direction: Complete the table below by constructing and illustrating

the probability distribution of Example 3.

What I Can Do
(Activity 3)

Number of Defective COVID-19 Rapid Antibody Test Kit

Suppose three test kits are tested at random. Let D represent the
defective test kit and let N represent the non-defective test kit. If we let X be
the random variable for the number of defective test kits, construct the
probability distribution of the random variable X.

20
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Statistics and
Probability
Quarter 3–Module 2:
Mean and Variance of Discrete Random
Variable

21
 What I Need to Know

At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:

1. Illustrate the mean and variance of a discrete random variable;
(M11/12SP-IIIb- 2)
2. Calculate the mean and the variance of a discrete random variable;
(M11/12SP- IIIb-2)
3. Interpret the mean and the variance of a discrete random variable;
(M11/12SP-IIIb-3) and
4. Solve problems involving mean and variance of probability
distributions. (M11/12SP-IIIb-4)

22
 Lesson Mean of the Discrete
1 Random Variable

Covid-19 is continuously spreading around the world, that is why

reports regarding average infected people per country is being updated every
day. For this kind of report, experts used Statistics and Probability to show
reliable analysis in their data. In this lesson, you will learn how to compute
the average or mean of a discrete probability distribution as well as the
variance and standard deviation of a discrete random variable.

What’s In
(Activity 4)

Let’s find out if you are ready to learn this new lesson. Do the following,
write your answer in your answer sheet.

A. Given the values of the variables X and Y, evaluate the following

summations.

X1 = 5, Y1 = 3 X3 = 3, Y3 = 1

X2 = 4, Y2 = 2 X4 = 2, Y4 = 0

(1) 𝛴𝑋 (3) 𝛴(𝑋 + 𝑌) (5) 𝛴4𝑋𝑌

(2) 𝛴𝑋𝑌 (4) 𝛴𝑌

B. Construct a probability distribution of W representing the square of the

number when a die is rolled once. Copy the table in your answer sheet then
write your answer.

W
P(w)

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 What’s New

Consider the outcomes of a coin tossed as a random event. The probability of

1 1
getting tail is or 50%, and the probability of getting head is or 50% also,
2 2

but it is hard to predict the outcome that will occur. In this lesson, you will
learn how to determine the likeliness of the happening of an event.

Mean of a Discrete Random Variable

The Mean µof a discrete random variable is the central value or average
of its corresponding probability mass function. It is also called as the
Expected Value. It is computed using the formula:
µ = 𝜎𝑋𝑃(𝑥)
Where x is the outcome and p(x) is the probability of the outcome.

What is It

Examples:
1. Determine the mean or Expected Value of random variable below.

Solution:
𝜇 = 𝛴 ⟮𝑥𝑃(𝑥)⟯
1 1 1 1 1
= 𝛴 ⟮0( ) + 1( ) + 2( ) + 3( ) + 4( )⟯
5 5 5 5 5
1 2 3 4
= 𝛴 ⟮0 + + + + ⟯
5 5 5 5
10
= 𝑜𝑟 2 Therefore, mean is 2 for the above random variable.
5

24
2. Find the mean of the random variable Y representing the number of red
color chocolates per 160-gram pack of colored chocolate packages that has
the following probability distribution.

Solution
𝜇 = 𝛴 ⟮𝑋𝑃(𝑥)⟯
= 𝛴⟮4(0.10) + 5(0.37) + 6(0.33) + 7(0.20)⟯
= 𝛴 ⟮0.40 + 1.85 + 1.98 + 1.40⟯
= 5.63
So, the mean of the probability distribution is 5.63. This implies that the
average number of red chocolates per 160-gram is 5.63.

3. The probabilities that a customer will buy 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 items in a grocery

3 1 1 2 3
store are , , , , and , respectively. What is the average number of items
10 10 10 10 10

that a customer will buy?

To solve the above problem, we will follow 3 steps below.

STEPS IN FINDING THE MEAN

Step 1: Construct the probability distribution for the random variable X
representing the number of items that the customer will buy.
Step 2: Multiply the value of the random variable X by the corresponding
probability.
Step 3: Add the results obtained in Step 2. Results obtained is the mean of
the probability distribution.

25
Solution:

So, the mean of the probability distribution is 3.1. This implies that the
average number of items that the customer will buy is 3.1.
26
 Lesson Variance and Standard
Deviation of the Discrete
2 Random Variable
The variance and standard deviation describe the amount of spread,
dispersion, or variability of the items in a distribution. How can we describe
the spread or dispersion in a probability distribution? In this lesson, you will
learn how to compute the variance and standard deviation of a discrete
probability distribution.
Now, let us find out how can we find the variance and standard
deviation of a discrete probability distribution.

What’s New

Variance and Standard Deviation of a Random Variable

The variance and standard deviation are two values that describe how
scattered or spread out the scores are from the mean value of the
random variable. The variance, denoted as σ2, is determined using the
formula:
𝜎 2 = 𝛴(𝑥 − µ)2 𝑝(𝑥)
The standard deviation σ is the square root of the variance, thus,
𝜎 = √𝛴(𝑥 − 𝜇 )2 𝑝(𝑥)

𝜎 2 -variance σ – standard deviation

µ -mean p(x) –probability of the outcome

27
 What is It

Let’s have examples:

1. The number of cars sold per day at a local car dealership, along with its
corresponding probabilities, is shown in the succeeding table. Compute the
variance and the standard deviation of the probability distribution by
following the given steps. Write your answer in your answer sheets.

In solving the problem, let’s follow the steps below.

STEPS IN FINDING THE VARIANCE AND STANDARD DEVIATION

1. Find the mean of the probability distribution.
2. Subtract the mean from each value of the random variable X.
3. Square the result obtained in Step 2.
4. Multiply the results obtained in Step 3 by the corresponding probability.
5. Get the sum of the results obtained in Step 4. Results obtained is the
value of the variance of probability distribution.

28
Now let’s solve the problem.

29
To Solve for Standard Deviation:
Get the square root of the variance
𝜎 2 = 𝛴(𝑥 − 𝜇)2𝑝(𝑥)
= 1.56
𝜎 = √1.56
= 1.25
So, the variance of the number of cars sold per day is 1.56 and the
standard deviation is 1.25.

2. When three coins are tossed once, the probability distribution for the
random variable X representing the number of heads that occur is given
below. Compute the variance and standard deviation of the probability
distribution.
Solution:
Follow the steps in finding variance and standard deviation of the probability
distribution.

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31
To solve for Standard Deviation
𝜎 2 = 𝛴(𝑥 − 𝜇)2𝑝(𝑥)
= 0.74
𝜎 = √0.74
= 0.86
The mean in tossing 3 coins with probability of Head will show up is
0.86 and the variance is 0.74, then the standard deviation is 0.86.

What’s More
(Activity 5)

A. Determine the mean or expected value of each Random Variable. Write

your answer in your answer sheets.

1.

2.

3.

32
B. Determine the Variance and Standard Deviation of each random variable.
Write your answer in your answer sheets.

1.

2.

3.

C. Answer the following questions in your own understanding.

1. How to compute the mean of a discrete random variable? State the 3
steps. Write your answer in your answer sheets.
2. How to find the variance and standard deviation of a discrete random
variable? Write your answer in your answer sheets.

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 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Statistics and
Probability
Quarter 3–Module 3:
The Normal Distribution

34
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written to help you understand the
concept of the normal distribution. The scope of this module helps you to
appreciate and understand learning situations that can be used in a day-to-
day basis experience. The language used in this learning kit recognized the
diverse vocabulary level of students for a higher understanding of the lesson.
The lessons were arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course.
However, the manner in which you read them can be possibly changed to
correspond with the textbook that you might be using now. Thus, this module
is divided into two lessons, respectively as follows
• Lesson 1 – The Normal Distribution and Its Properties
• Lesson 2 – The Standard Normal Distribution

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. illustrate a normal random variable and its characteristics
(M11/12SP-IIIc-1);
2. identify regions under the normal curve that correspond to different
standard normal values (M11/12SP-IIc-3);
3. convert a normal random variable to a standard normal variable and
vice versa (M11/12SP-IIIc-4); and
4. compute probabilities and percentiles using the standard normal
distribution (M11/12SP-IIIc-d-1).

35
 Lesson The Normal Distribution
1 and Its Properties

The normal distribution is just one of the distributions to be discussed

in this course. It is also considered as the most important distribution in
Statistics because it fits many real-life situations. This lesson will bring us a
deeper understanding of the normal distribution and its characteristics.

What’s In
(Activity 6)

Directions: Anticipation-Reaction Guide. Complete the table by putting check as to AGREE or

DISGAREE on the corresponding columns for the following statements. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.

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 What’s New

Before proceeding to our discussion, let us consider this activity that

will give us ideas about our lesson.
Consider the random event of tossing four coins once, then follow these
steps:
1. List all the possible outcomes using the tree diagram.
2. Determine the sample space.
3. Determine the possible values of the random variables.
4. Assign probability values P(X) to each of the random variable.
5. Construct a probability histogram to describe the P(X).

Answer the following guide questions:

1. How many possible outcomes are there?
2. What composes the sample space?
3. How will you describe the histogram?

What is It

To give us a deeper understanding of the concept of the normal

distribution, let us learn more about its properties.
The following are the properties that can be observed from the graph
of a normal distribution, also known as Gaussian distribution.
1. The graph is a continuous curve and has a domain -∞ < X < ∞.
• This means that X may increase or decrease without bound.
2. The graph is asymptotic to the x-axis. The value of the variable gets closer
and closer but will never be equal to 0.
▪ As the x gets larger and larger in the positive direction, the tail
of the curve approaches but will never touch the horizontal axis. The
same thing when the x gets larger and larger in the negative direction.
3. The highest point on the curve occurs at x = μ (mean).
• The mean (μ) indicates the highest peak of the curve and is found at
the center.
• Take note that the mean is denoted by this symbol μ and the standard
deviation is denoted by this symbol 𝜎.

37
 • The median and mode of the distribution are also found at the center
of the graph. This indicates that in a
normal distribution, the mean, median
and mode are equal.
4. The curve is symmetrical about the mean.
• This means that the curve will
have balanced proportions when cut
in halves and the area under the curve
to the right of mean (50%) is equal to
the area under the curve to the left of
the mean (50%).
5. The total area in the normal distribution under the curve is equal to 1.
▪ Since the mean divides the curve into halves, 50% of the area is to the
right and 50% to its left having a total of 100% or 1.
6. In general, the graph of a normal distribution is a bell-shaped curve with
two inflection points, one on the left and another on the right. Inflection
points are the points that mark the change in the curve’s concavity.
• Inflection point is the point at
which a change in the direction of
curve at mean minus standard
deviation and mean plus standard
deviation.
• Note that each inflection point of
the normal curve is one standard deviation away from the mean.
7. Every normal curve corresponds to the “empirical rule” (also called the 68
- 95 - 99.7% rule):
• about 68.3% of the area under the
curve falls within 1 standard
deviation of the mean

• about 95.4% of the area under the

curve falls within 2 standard
deviations of the mean

• about 99.7% of the area under

the curve falls within 3 standard
deviations of the mean.

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Consider the following examples:
1. Suppose the mean is 60 and the standard deviation is 5, sketch a
normal curve for the distribution. This is how it would look like.

2. A continuous random variable X is normally distributed with a mean

of 45 and standard deviation of 6. Illustrate a normal curve and find the
probability of the following:

a. P (39 < X < 51) = 68.3% c. P (X > 45) = 50%

*Since the area covered is 1 standard * Since the area covered is half of the
deviation to the left and to the right. curve.

b. P (33 < X < 63) = 97.55% d. P (X < 39) = 15.85%

39
 What’s More
(Activity 7)

Directions: Read the following statements carefully. Write ND if the

statement describes a characteristic of a normal distribution, and NND if it
does not describe a characteristic of a normal distribution. Write your
answers on a separate sheet of paper.
1. The curve of the distribution is bell-shaped.
2. In a normal distribution, the mean, median and mode are of equal
values.
3. The normal curve gradually gets closer and closer to 0 on one side.
4. The curve is symmetrical about the mean.
5. The distance between the two inflection points of the normal curve is
equal to the value of the mean.
6. A normal distribution has a mean that is also equal to the standard
deviation.
7. The two parameters of the normal distribution are the mean and the
standard deviation.
8. The normal curve can be described as asymptotic.
9. Two standard deviations away from the left and right of the mean is
equal to 68.3%.
10. The area under the curve bounded by the x-axis is equal to 1.

What I Can Do
(Activity 8)

Directions: Make a sketch for each of the 3 areas under the normal
curve as stated in the empirical rule. Using a mosaic art, shade the area that
corresponds to the area under the normal curve. You may use eggshells, old
magazines, dried leaves or any materials available at home.

40
 Lesson The Standard Normal
2 Distribution

The standard normal distribution, which is denoted by Z, is also a

normal distribution having a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1. Since
the normal distribution can have different values for its mean and standard
deviation, it can be standardized by setting the 𝜇 = 0 and the 𝜎 = 1.

What’s In
(Activity 9)

Direction: On your answer sheets, write the area corresponding to the

shaded part of the normal curve.

1. 2.

3.

41
 What’s New
(Activity 10)

Directions: Observe the illustrations then answer the questions that

follow. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

Figure A Figure B
Guide Questions:
1. What is the mean?
Figure A: _______________ Figure B: _______________
2. What is the standard deviation?
Figure A: _______________ Figure B: _______________
3. What is the area of the shaded region?
Figure A: _______________ Figure B: _______________
4. What did you do to identify the area of the shaded region?
Figure A: _______________________ Figure B: ______________________
5. Did you use the same method? ________________________

What is It

As mentioned earlier, normal variable is standardized by setting the

mean to 0 and standard deviation to 1. This is for the purpose of simplifying
the process in approximating areas for normal curves. As shown below is the
formula used to manually compute the approximate area.

1 𝑧2
−2
𝑓 (z) = 𝑒
√2𝜋

42
 However, this formula is seldom used because a table was created to
summarize the approximate areas under the standard normal curve and to
further simplify the process. This table of probabilities is known as the z-
table.
The Z - Table
Let us get a closer look at the z-table. The outermost column and row
represent the z-values. The first two digits of the z-value are found in the
leftmost column and the last digit (hundredth place) is found on the first
row.
Suppose the z-score is equal to 1.85, locate the first two digits 1.8 in
the leftmost column and the last digit, .05, can be located at the first row.
Then find their intersection which gives the corresponding area. Therefore,
given z = 1.85, the area is equal to 0.9678.

Other examples are as follow:

1. Find the area that corresponds to z = 2.67 Answer: 0.9962

2. Find the area that corresponds to z = 1.29 Answer: 0.9015

3. Find the area that corresponds to z = 3 Answer: 0.9987
4. Find the area that corresponds to z = - 0.64 Answer: 0.2611

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5. Find the area that corresponds to z = - 2.33 Answer: 0.0099
Note: The z-table used is the Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) of the
Standard Normal Curve. Refer to the attachment on pages 19 and 20.

Now that you already know how to use the z-table to find the
corresponding area for the z-score, let us identify the regions under the
normal curve that corresponds to different standard normal values. In order
to find the regions, a probability notation is used.
The probability notation P(a < Z < b) indicates that the z-value is
between a and b, P(Z > a) means z-value is above a and P(Z < a) means z-
value is below a. It would not matter whether we are considering P(Z < a) or
P(Z ≤ a) or P(Z > a) or P(Z ≥ a). To illustrate, let us consider these examples:

1. Find the proportion of the area between z = -1.25 and 2.19, this can be
expressed as P(-1.25 < Z < 2.19), read as the
probability that Z is greater than -1.25 but
less than 2.19.
Solution:
STEP 1: Draw a normal curve and locate the
z - scores and shade. z - scores in the z-table.
STEP 2: Locate the corresponding area of the
z = -1.25 has a corresponding area of 0.1056
z = 2.19 has a corresponding area of 0.9857
STEP 3: If you are looking for the area between two z - scores, simply
subtract the corresponding areas to arrive at the answer. Therefore, 0.9857
- 0.1056 = 0.8801 and the P(-1.25 < Z < 2.19) = 0.8801 or 88.01%

2. Compute the probability using the standard normal curve.

a. P(Z < 1.67) = ______________
Solution:
STEP 1: Draw a normal curve and locate the
z - score and shade.
STEP 2: Locate the corresponding area of the z - score in the z-table.
z = 1.67 has a corresponding area of 0.9525
STEP 3: If you are looking for a less than area, the area in the table is the
answer, therefore the P(Z < 1.67) = 0.9525 or 95.25%.

44
b. P(Z > -0.65) = ______________
Solution:
STEP 1: Draw a normal curve and locate the
z - score and shade.
STEP 2: Locate the corresponding area of the z - score in the z-table.
z = -0.65 has a corresponding area of 0.2578
STEP 3: If you are looking for a greater than area, the area in the table is
subtracted from 1, therefore, 1.0000 – 0.2578 = 0.7422 , and the P(Z > -
0.65) = 0.7422 or 74.22%

The Z- Score
The z-score is an essential component in standard normal
distribution. This allows us to describe a given set of data by finding the z-
scores. This leads us to a question of how z-scores are identified?
Given a normal random variable X with mean (μ) and standrad
deviation (), each value of x of the variable can be transformed into z-scores
using the formula,
𝑥−𝜇
𝑧= 𝜎

where z = z- score or standard score

x = observed value
μ = mean
𝜎 = standard deviation
To illustrate how the value of x can be converted in z-score, here are
some examples.

1. A random variable X has a mean of 6 and a standard deviation of 2. Find

the corresponding z-score for x = 11.

𝑥−𝜇
Solution: z = Step 1: Write the formula.
𝜎
11−6
= Step 2: Substitute the given values.
2
5
=2 Step 3: Perform the operations.
z = 2.5 Step 4: Write the corresponding z-score.

45
2.
𝑥−𝜇
Solution: z = Step 1: Write the formula.
𝜎
20−12
= Step 2: Substitute the given values.
3
8
=3 Step 3: Perform the operations.
z = 2.67 Step 4: Write the corresponding z-score.

3.
𝑥−𝜇
Solution: z = Step 1: Write the formula.
𝜎
18−28
= Step 2: Substitute the given values.
5
−10
= Step 3: Perform the operations.
5

z = −2 Step 4: Write the corresponding z-score.

4. The scores in the summative test of 11- STEM B are normally distributed
with a mean of 65 and a standard deviation of 12. Find the probability that
some students got a score below 40.
Solution:
STEP 1: Convert the normal value in z-score.
Given: x = 40 μ = 65 𝜎 = 12
𝑥−𝜇
Solution: z = 𝜎
40−65
=
12
−25
=
12

z = −2.08
Therefore, the P(X < 40) = P(Z < -2.08)
STEP 2: Draw a normal curve and
locate the z - score and shade
STEP 3: Locate the corresponding area of the z - score in the z-table.
z = -2.08 has a corresponding area of 0.0188
STEP 4: If you are looking for a less than area, the area in the table is the
answer, therefore, the P(Z < -2.08) = 0.0188 or 1.88%..

46
5. The height (in meters) of grade 11 students in section A follows a normal
distribution with the mean 1.6 and a standard deviation of 0.3. Find the
pobability that students chosen at random has a height greater than 1.75.
Solution:
STEP 1: Convert the normal value in z - score.
Given: x = 1.75 μ = 1.6 𝜎 = .3
𝑥−𝜇
Solution: z = 𝜎
1.75−1.6
= 0.3
0.15
= 0.3

z = 0.5
Therefore, the P(X > 1.75) = P(Z > 0.5)
STEP 2: Draw a normal curve and locate
the z - score and shade.
STEP 3: Locate the corresponding area of the z - score in the z-table.
z = 0.5 has a corresponding area of 0.6915
STEP 4: If you are looking for a greater than area, the area in the table is
subtracted from 1, therefore, 1.0000 – 0.6915 = 0.3085 , and the P(Z > 0.5)
= 0.3085 or 30.85%
The Percentile
A percentile is a measure used in statistics indicating the value below
which a given percentage of observations in a group of observations fall.
Imagine you took a standardized test and you scored 91 at the 89th
percentile. This means that 89% of the examiners scored lower than 91 and
11% scored higher than 91. This explains that 89th percentile is located
where 89% of the total population lies below and 11% lies above that point.
To illustrate the 89th percentile of the normal curve here are the steps:
1. Express the given percentage as probability, remember 89% is the
same as 0.8900.
2. Using the z-table (Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) of the
Standard Normal Curve), locate the area of 0.8900.
3. There is no area corresponding exactly to 0.8900. It is between of
0.8888 with a corresponding z - score of 1.22 and 0.8907 with a
corresponding z - score of 1.23. The nearest value to 0.8900 is 0.8888
and therefore, the distribution lies below z = 1.22.
4. Construct a normal curve and shade the region to the left of 1.22.

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Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) of the Standard Normal Curve

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Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) of the Standard Normal Curve

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 What’s More
(Activity 11)

Directions: Read the instructions given and write your answers on a

separate sheet of paper.
A. Complete the table by converting the given values into z-scores.
Then find the corresponding area using the z-table.

B. Direction: Complete the given diagram below by filling up the

necessary details about the steps in finding the probability using the
standard normal curve and finding the z-scores.

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References
Commission on Higher Education. (2016). Teaching Guide for Senior High
School: Statistics and Probability Core Subject. Quezon City: CHED.
Canlapan, Raymond B. (2016). Statistics and Probability. Diwa Learning
Systems Inc. Makati City, Philippines.

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 Answer sheet
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 Answer sheet
Activty 11
Name: ___________________________________ Date:____________________

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