CLASS: SSS 1 WEEK: 1

SUBJECT: TECHNICAL DRAWING

SEX: MIX
DURATION: 40 MINUTES
TOPIC: REVISION ON GEOMETRIC CONSTRUCTION
SUB TOPIC:
OBJECTIVE: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to;

PROCEDURES:
I. Teacher revises previous lesson to the students
II. Teacher introduce the lesson by writing the topic on the board for the students to see.
III. Teacher develops the lesson by explaining the lesson to the understanding of the students
IV. Teacher summarizes the lesson by writing main points on the board.
V. Teacher evaluates the lesson by asking students questions on the lesson taught.

1 Draw a line AB 80 mm long and bisect it.

2 A spindle is shown in Figure I in which the lengths of the various diameters are expressed as
fractions of the total length. Copy the drawing obtaining the lengths by construction.
3 Draw a line AB 165 mm long and divide it in the proportion 3:4:2.
4 Three points, X, Y and Z are shown in Figure 2 positioned relative to two axes OA and OB.
Draw the Figure and draw an arc to pass through the three points.
5 Using the angles of the 45° and 60° set squares as a basis, construct the following angles by
bisection: (a) 22to (b) 15° (c) 52tO (d) 112to (e) 37tO (f) 1461°.
6 A triangle ABC stands on side AB as base and has the following dimensions: AB 89 mm, AC
76 mm, angle CAB 671°. Construct the triangle and draw the inscribed circle.
7 Construct a triangle ABC on AB as base with AB 70 mm, AC 57 mm, BC 76 mm and draw the
circumscribing circle.
8 Find graphically the circumference of a circle of diameter 70 mm, and check the result by
calculation.
9 Construct regular hexagons to the following dimensions: (a) 90 mm across flats (b) 95 mm
across corners.
10 Draw two regular octagons, one 76 mm across flats and the other 82 mm across corners.
11 Construct a regular pentagon with sides 32 mm long.
12 Draw a regular heptagon with sides 38 mm long.
13 A view of a drilling template is shown in Figure 3. Copy this view full size constructing the
centers for the 6 mm diameter and 8 mm diameter holes.
CLASS: SSS 1 SUBJECT: TECHNICAL DRAWING SEX: MIX
DURATION: 40 MINUTES TOPIC: PROJECTION
SUB TOPIC: PICTORIAL DRAWING, AXONOMETRIC, OBLIQUE, ETC
OBJECTIVE: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to;
 Explain pictorial drawing
 Know the two types of pictorial drawing
 Understand axonometric, isometric, diametric and trimetric drawing
PROCEDURES:
I. Teacher revises previous lesson to the students
II. Teacher introduce the lesson by writing the topic on the board for the students to see.
III. Teacher develops the lesson by explaining the lesson to the understanding of the
students
IV. Teacher summarizes the lesson by writing main points on the board.
V. Teacher evaluates the lesson by asking students questions on the lesson taught.
Introduction
The technique of representing an object in a drawn form is referred to as projection. Projection can be
divided into pictorial (3- dimensional) projection and orthographic (2- dimensional) projection.
 Pictorial drawing show three principal dimensions (width, height and depth) of an object in one view. It
depicts the object similar to the way people are used to view in everyday life.
Pictorial drawing is divided into three classifications
1. Axonometric projection
2. Oblique projection
3. Perspective projection

Axonometric projection: Axonometric projection is a very useful projection in technical drawing in

which the principal views can be seen in one projection.
According to the foreshortening situation of the edges, there are three types of axonometric projection
1. Isometric
2. Dimetric
3. Trimetric
I. Isometric projection: "isometric" is a combination of two words "iso" and "metric" which means
'equal measures'. It is the simplest and most popular type of axonometric projection, because the three
principal edges of a cube make equal angles with the projection plane, and hence will be foreshortened
equally on the isometric projection. These principal edges are usually referred to as isometric axis.

II. Dimetric Projection: It is a form of axonometric projection in which two scales of measurements are
used. The same scale is used along two axes but a different one is used along the third axis. Two of the
axes make equal angles with the plane of projection while the third axis makes a different angle with the
plane. As a result, the two axis making equal angles are equally foreshortened, while the third axis is
foreshortened in a different ratio. In practice dimetric projection has very little application due to the
difficulties in transferring measurements with various scales. Since two different scales are used, less
distortion is apparent than isometric drawing.
 Scale and axes commonly used in dimetric projection
III. Trimetric Projection: It is a form of axonometric projection in which different scales are used to lay
off measurement and all the three axes are differently foreshortened. The object is so placed that all the
three faces and axes make different angle with the plane of projection.
The advantage of trimetric drawing is that they have less distortion than diametric and isometric drawing.
Dimetric and trimetric projections have little practical applications as compared to isometric projections.
CLASSWORK AND ASSIGNMENTS

Draw the following block in isometric projection using instruments.

CLASS: SSS 1 SUBJECT: TECHNICAL DRAWING SEX: MIX
DURATION: 40 MINUTES TOPIC: OBLIQUE PROJECTION
SUB TOPIC:
OBJECTIVE: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to;
 Explain oblique drawing
 Know the two types of oblique drawing

PROCEDURES:
I. Teacher revises previous lesson to the students
II. Teacher introduce the lesson by writing the topic on the board for the students to see.
III. Teacher develops the lesson by explaining the lesson to the understanding of the
students
IV. Teacher summarizes the lesson by writing main points on the board.
V. Teacher evaluates the lesson by asking students questions on the lesson taught.
INTRODUCTION

Oblique projection is probably the simplest method of producing a pictorial drawing

because surfaces are directly in front of the viewer will look very similar to the front view in an
orthogonal drawing. It is a method of drawing objects in 3 dimensions and may be drawn at any
angle although 45⁰ is generally used. It is quite a simple technique compared to isometric or even
perspective drawing. However, to draw accurately in oblique projection traditional drawing
equipment is needed. Oblique projections illustrate the general 3 dimensional shape of the object.
However only faces of the object parallel to the plane of projection are shown at their true size
and shape. In fact, the oblique projection of these faces is the same as an orthographic front view.
1. Cavalier Oblique drawing: is a type of oblique drawing in which the same full scale is used
along all the three axes.
2. Cabinet Oblique drawing: is the second type of oblique drawing in which the scale along the
receding axis is reduced by one-half of that used on the front face to compensate for distortion and
to approximate more closely what the human eye would see.

CLASS: SSS 1
SUBJECT: TECHNICAL DRAWING
SEX: MIX
DURATION: 40 MINUTES
TOPIC: PERSPECTIVE DRAWING
SUB TOPIC: ONE POINT PERSPECTIVE, TWO POINT PERSPECTIVE, THREE POINT
PERSPECTIVE
OBJECTIVE: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to;
 Define and explain perspective drawing
 Understand the type of perspective drawing
PROCEDURES:
I. Teacher revises previous lesson to the students
II. Teacher introduce the lesson by writing the topic on the board for the students to see.
III. Teacher develops the lesson by explaining the lesson to the understanding of the
students
IV. Teacher summarizes the lesson by writing main points on the board.
V. Teacher evaluates the lesson by asking students questions on the lesson taught.
INTRODUCTION
Perspective drawing is a drawing method that shows how things appear to get smaller as they get farther
away, converging (coming together) towards a single vanishing point on a simple horizon line.
In this type of projection, the projectors are not parallel to each other and they occur at an angle to the
picture plane in such that they converge to a point as if an observer sees the view on the picture plane
from that point.
Basically, as lines head into the distance, the converge on a vanishing point. A classic example of this
is the image of a road that heads straight off to the horizon. The lines on the road converge to a straight
single point.
Perspective involves the following four main elements;
Observer eye: the position of the observer eye is called station plane
Object being viewed: an element whose perspective drawing is made on a picture plane.
Plane of projection: the plane on which the perspective view is projected and it is called picture plane
Projector: line from the observer's eye to all point on the object. It is sometimes called visually ray or line
of sight.

Types of Perspective Drawing

Depending on the position of the object relative to the picture plane & the number of vanishing points
required, perspective drawings are classified as:
(a) Parallel (One-point) perspective: as the name suggests, it has one vanishing point at the horizon
line. Therefore, all the receding lines coming from the object or any sketch seems to meet and vanish at
the VP. Single point perspective adds more depth to the image and gives it an illusionary effect, it is
usually used to illustrate railway tracks, hallways, highways, roads, corridors and the likes

(b) Angular (Two-point) perspective: A two point perspective is one of the most widely used
perspective drawings, as it gives a very realistic feel to the sketch. It consist of two VP on the horizon line
and this angle is generally terms as ¾ perspective or an angular perspective.

(c) Oblique (Three-point) perspective: It is usually an exaggerated form of illustration, and is usually
draw with the spectator either below the horizon (ant’s eye view) or above the horizon (bird’s eye view).
It has three VP, two on the horizon line and one either above or below the horizon

CLASS: SSS
SUBJECT: TECHNICAL DRAWING
SEX: MIX
DURATION: 40 MINUTES
TOPIC: ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
SUB TOPIC: FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION AND THIRD ANGLE PROJECTION
OBJECTIVE: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to;
 Define and explain orthographic projection
 Understand the terms used in orthographic projection
 Understand the first and third angle projection
 Convert from isometric projection to orthographic projection
PROCEDURES:
I. Teacher revises previous lesson to the students
II. Teacher introduce the lesson by writing the topic on the board for the students to see.
III. Teacher develops the lesson by explaining the lesson to the understanding of the
students
IV. Teacher summarizes the lesson by writing main points on the board.
V. Teacher evaluates the lesson by asking students questions on the lesson taught.
INTRODUCTION
'Orthographic' meaning 'to draw at right angles'. It is a type of drawing that shows all the views of an
object on a plane surface. It is a two dimension of a three dimensional drawing.
In practice, orthographic projection uses two main planes, called the principal planes of projection.
One is horizontal, the other vertical, and views on them are principal views. They intersect producing four
quadrants or angles as shown in Figure below. The object to be drawn is imagined to be placed in one of
these quadrants, and orthographic views of it are projected on to the planes. The object may have any
orientation to the planes, but normally it is positioned so that its main faces are parallel to them. This
ensures that views of the faces are true size and shape. In practice only the First and Third Angles are
used since views in the Second and Fourth Quadrants may overlap
First angle projection
When the object is situated in first quadrant that is in front of V.P and above H.P the projections obtained
on the plane is called first angle projection.
1. Front view shows the length (L) and height (H) of the object and top view shows the length (L)
and breadth (B) or width (W) or thickness (T) of it
2. 2in the front view, H.P coincides XY line and in top view V.P coincides with XY line
3. The front view is drawn above the XY line and the top view below XY line
Third angle projection
In this, the object is situated in third quadrant. The planes of projection lie between the object and the
observer. The front view comes below the XY line and the top view above it
CLASS: SSS
SUBJECT: TECHNICAL DRAWING
SEX: MIX
DURATION: 40 MINUTES
TOPIC: PRINCIPLE OF TANGENCY
SUB TOPIC:
OBJECTIVE: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to;
 Join arc with straight line
 Join two arcs externally
 Join two arcs internally
PROCEDURES:
VI. Teacher revises previous lesson to the students
VII. Teacher introduce the lesson by writing the topic on the board for the students to see.
VIII. Teacher develops the lesson by explaining the lesson to the understanding of the
students
IX. Teacher summarizes the lesson by writing main points on the board.
X. Teacher evaluates the lesson by asking students questions on the lesson taught.

PRINCIPLES OF TANGENCY
THE draughtsman often has to join arcs with straight lines and arcs with other arcs, and to do this
accurately requires a knowledge of the principles of tangency. There are three such principles.
1. Joining arc with straight line
2. Joining two arcs externally
3. Joining two arcs internally.
TANGENCY PROBLEMS
In the following problems, construction lines must not be erased and all center lines must be shown as in
the figures. For lettering and dimensioning practice some or all of the problems may be dimensioned.