Magnetic Effects of Electric Current Class 10 Notes Science Chapter 13 - Learn CBSE
Magnetic Effects of Electric Current Class 10 Notes Science Chapter 13 - Learn CBSE
Learn CBSE
Magnetic Effects of Electric Current Class 10
Notes Science Chapter 13
October 23, 2019 by Sastry CBSE
CBSE Class 10 Science Notes Chapter 13 Magnetic Effects of Electric Current Pdf free download is part of
Class 10 Science Notes for Quick Revision. Here we have given NCERT Class 10 Science Notes Chapter 13
Magnetic Effects of Electric Current. According to new CBSE Exam Pattern, MCQ Questions for Class 10
Science pdf Carries 20 Marks.
Magnet is an object that attracts objects made of iron, cobalt and nickle. Magnet comes to rest in North –
South direction, when suspended freely.
in refrigerators.
in radio and stereo speakers.
in audio and video cassette players.
in children’s toys and;
on hard discs and floppies of computers.
Properties of Magnet
A free suspended magnet always points towards the north and south direction.
The [MathJax]/extensions/MathMenu.js
Loading pole of a magnet which points toward north direction is called north pole or north-seeking.
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The pole of a magnet which points toward south direction is called south pole or south seeking.
NCERT
Like SOLUTIONS
poles of magnetsRD SHARMA
repel CLASSunlike
each other while 12 poles
CLASS 11
of magnets CLASS 10
attract CLASS 9
each other.
Magnetic field and field lines: The influence of force surrounding a magnet is called magnetic field. In the
magnetic field, the force exerted by a magnet can be detected using a compass or any other magnet.
The imaginary lines of magnetic field around a magnet are called field line or field line of magnet. When iron
fillings are allowed to settle around a bar magnet, they get arranged in a pattern which mimicks the
magnetic field lines. Field line of a magnet can also be detected using a compass. Magnetic field is a vector
quantity, i.e. it has both direction and magnitude.
Direction of field line: Outside the magnet, the direction of magnetic field line is taken from North pole to
South Pole. Inside the magnet, the direction of magnetic field line is taken from South pole to North pole.
Strength of magnetic field: The closeness of field lines shows the relative strength of magnetic field, i.e.
closer lines show stronger magnetic field and vice – versa. Crowded field lines near the poles of magnet
show more strength.
(ii) It is taken by convention that magnetic field lines emerge from North pole and merge at the South pole.
Inside the magnet, their direction is from South pole to North pole. Therefore magnetic field lines are closed
curves.
A current carrying straight conductor has magnetic field in the form of concentric circles, around it.
Magnetic field of current carrying straight conductor can be shown by magnetic field lines.
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direction of magnetic field through a current carrying conductor depends upon the direction of flow
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electric current.
Let a current carrying conductor be suspended vertically and the electric current is flowing from south to
north. In this case, the direction of magnetic field will be anticlockwise. If the current is flowing from north
to south, the direction of magnetic field will be clockwise.
current through a straight conductor can be depicted by using the Right Hand Thumb Rule. It is also known
as Maxwell’s Corkscrew Rule.
Right-Hand Thumb Rule: If a current carrying conductor is held by right hand, keeping the thumb straight
and if the direction of electric current is in the direction of thumb, then the direction of wrapping of other
fingers will show the direction of magnetic field.
Maxwell’s Corkscrew rule: As per Maxwell’s Corkscrew Rule, if the direction of forward movement of screw
shows the direction of the current, then the direction of rotation of screw shows the direction of magnetic
field.
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The magnitude of magnetic field increases with increase in electric current and decreases with
NCERT SOLUTIONS
decrease RD SHARMA
in electric current. CLASS 12 CLASS 11 CLASS 10 CLASS 9
The magnitude of magnetic field produced by electric current decreases with increase in distance and
vice
CBSE – versa.
SAMPLE The size of concentric
PAPERS TEXTBOOK circles of magnetic field lines increases with distance from the
SOLUTIONS
conductor, which shows that magnetic field decreases with distance.
Magnetic field lines are always parallel to each other.
No two field lines cross each other.
In case of a circular current carrying conductor, the magnetic field is produced in the same manner as it is
in case of a straight current carrying conductor.
In case of a circular current carrying conductor, the magnetic field lines would be in the form of iron
concentric circles around every part of the FllmSs periphery of the conductor. Since, magnetic field lines
tend to remain closer when near to the conductor, so the magnetic field would be stronger near the
periphery of the loop. On the other hand, the magnetic field lines would be distant from each other when we
move towards the centre of the current carrying loop. Finally, at the centre, the arcs of big circles would
appear as a straight line.
The direction of the magnetic field can be identified using Right Hand Thumb’s Rule. Let us assume that the
current is moving in anti-clockwise direction in the loop. In that case, the magnetic field would be in
clockwise direction, at the top of the loop. Moreover, it would be in an anti-clockwise direction at the bottom
of the loop.
Clock Face Rule: A current carrying loop works like a disc magnet. The polarity of this magnet can be easily
understood with the help of Clock Face Rule. If the current is flowing in anti – clockwise direction, then the
face of the loop shows north pole. On the other hand, if the current is flowing in clockwise direction, then
the face of the loop shows south pole.
Magnetic field and number of turns of coil: Magnitude of magnetic field gets summed up with increase in
the number of turns of coil. If there are ‘n’ turns of coil, magnitude of magnetic field will be ‘n’ times of
magnetic field in case of a single turn of coil.
The strength of the magnetic field at the centre of the loop(coil) depends on :
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Magnetic field due to a current in a Solenoid: Solenoid is the coil with many circular turns of insulated
copper wire wrapped closely in the shape of a cylinder. A current carrying solenoid produces similar pattern
of magnetic field as a bar magnet. One end of solenoid behaves as the north pole and another end behaves
as the south pole.
Magnetic field lines are parallel inside the solenoid, similar to a bar magnet, which shows that magnetic
field is same at all points inside the solenoid.
The strength of magnetic field is proportional to the number of turns and magnitude of current.
By producing a strong magnetic field inside the solenoid, magnetic materials can be magnetized. Magnet
formed by producing magnetic field inside a solenoid is called electromagnet.
Electromagnet, Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule, Electric motor, Electromagnetic induction, Fleming’s right hand
rule, Electric generator and domestic electic circuits.
Electromagnet: An electromagnet consists of a long coil of insulated copper wire wrapped on a soft iron.
Force on a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field: A current carrying conductor exerts a force when
a magnet is placed in its vicinity. Similarly, a magnet also exerts equal and opposite force on the current
carrying conductor. This was suggested by Marie Ampere, a French Physicist and considered as founder of
science of electromagnetism.
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The direction of force over the conductor gets reversed with the change in direction of flow of electric
current. It is observed that the magnitude of force is highest when the direction of current is at right angles
to the magnetic field.
Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule: If the direction of electric current is perpendicular to the magnetic field, the
direction of force is also perpendicular to both of them. The Fleming’s Left Hand Rule states that if the left
hand is stretched in a way that the index finger, the middle finger and the thumb are in mutually
perpendicular directions, then the index finger and middle finger of a stretched left hand show the direction
of magnetic field and direction of electric current respectively and the thumb shows the direction of motion
or force acting on the conductor. The directions of electric current, magnetic field and force are similar to
three mutually perpendicular axes, i.e. x, y, and z-axes.
Many devices, such as electric motor, electric generator, loudspeaker, etc. work on Fleming’s Left Hand Rule.
Electric motor: A device that converts electrical energy to mechanical energy. It is of two types : AC and DC
Motor.
Electrical energy is converted into mechanical energy by using and electric motor. Electric motor works on
the basis of rule suggested by Marie Ampere and Fleming’s Left Hand Rule.
Principle of Electric Motor: When a rectangular coil is placed in a magnetic field and a current is passed
through it, force acts on the coil, which rotates it continuously. With the rotation of the coil, the shaft
attached to it also rotates.
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Armature: It is a rectangular coil (ABCD) which is suspended between the two poles of a magnetic
field.
Working: When an electric current is supplied to the coil of the electric motor, it gets deflected because of
magnetic field. As it reaches the halfway, the split ring which acts as commutator reverses the direction of
flow of electric current. Reversal of direction of the current, reverses the direction of forces acting on the
coil. The change in direction of force pushes the coil, and it moves another half turn. Thus, the coil
completes one rotation around the axle. Continuation of this process keeps the motor in rotation.
In commercial motor, electromagnet instead of permanent magnet and armature is used. Armature is a soft
iron core with large number of conducting wire turns over it. Large number of turns of conducting wire
enhances the magnetic field produced by armature.
Uses of motors :
Electromagnetic Induction: Michael Faraday, an English Physicist is supposed to have studied the
generation of electric current using a magnetic field and a conductor.
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When a conductor is set to move inside a magnetic field or a magnetic field is set to be changing around a
conductor, electric current is induced in the conductor. This is just opposite to the exertion of force by a
current carrying conductor inside a magnetic field. In other words, when a conductor is brought in relative
motion vis – a – vis a magnetic field, a potential difference is induced in it. This is known as
electromagnetic induction.
Fleming’s Right-Hand Rule: Electromagnetic induction can be explained with the help of Fleming’s Right
Hand Rule. If the right hand is structured in a way that the index (fore ginger) finger, middle finger and
thumb are in mutually perpendicular directions, then the thumb shows direction of induced current in the
conductor, in conductor The directions of movement of conductor, magnetic field and induced current can
be compared to three mutually perpendicular axes, i.e. x, y and z axes.
The mutually perpendicular directions also point to an important fact that when the magnetic field and
movement of conductor are perpendicular, the magnitude of induced current would be maximum.
Electromagnetic induction is used in the conversion of kinetic energy into electrical energy.
Electric Generator: A device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy is called an electric
generator.
Electric generators are of two types: AC generator and a DC generator. Principle of electric generator:
Electric motor works on the basis of electromagnetic induction.
Construction and Working: The structure of an electric generator is similar to that of an electric motor. In
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case of an electric generator, a rectangular armature is placed within the magnetic field of a permanent
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magnet. The armature is attached to wire and is positioned in a way that it can move around an axle. When
theNCERT SOLUTIONS
armature RD SHARMA
moves within the magnetic field,CLASS 12 current
an electric CLASS 11
is induced.CLASS 10
The direction CLASS
of 9
induced
current changes, when the armature crosses the halfway mark of its rotation.
CBSE SAMPLE PAPERS TEXTBOOK SOLUTIONS
Thus, the direction of current changes once in every rotation. Due to this, the electric generator usually
produces alternate current, i.e. A.C. To convert an A.C generator into a D.C generator, a split ring
commutator is used. This helps in producing direct current.
A.C – Alternate Current: Current in which direction is changed periodically is called Alternate Current. In
India, most of the power stations generate alternate current. The direction of current changes after every
1/100 second in India, i.e. the frequency of A.C in India is 50 Hz. A.C is transmitted upto a long distance
without much loss of energy is advantage of A.C over D.C.
D.C – Direct Current: Current that flows in one direction only is called Direct current. Electrochemical cells
produce direct current.
Disadvantages of AC
AC cannot be used for the electrolysis process or showing electromagnetism as it reverses its
polarity.
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AC is more dangerous than DC.
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Domestic Electric Circuits: We receive electric supply through mains supported through the poles or cables.
NCERT
In our SOLUTIONS
houses, we receive ACRD SHARMA
electric power ofCLASS
220 V 12 CLASS 11 of 50 CLASS
with a frequency Hz. 10 CLASS 9
The 3 wires are as follows
CBSE SAMPLE PAPERS TEXTBOOK SOLUTIONS
Live wire – (Red insulated, Positive)
Neutral wire – (Black insulated, Negative)
Earth wire – (Green insulated) for safety measure to ensure that any leakage of current to a metallic
body does not give any serious shock to a user.
Short Circuit: Short-circuiting is caused by the touching of live wires and neutral wire and sudden a large
current flows.
It happens due to
Overloading of an Electric Circuit: The overheating of electrical wire in any circuit due to the flow of a large
current through it is called overloading of the electrical circuit.
A sudden large amount of current flows through the wire, which causes overheating of wire and may cause
fire also.
Electric Fuse: It is a protective device used for protecting the circuit from short-circuiting and overloading. It
is a piece of thin wire of material having a low melting point and high resistance.
Magnetic field: The area around a magnet in which other magnet feels force of attraction or repulsion is
called Magnetic field.
Magnetic field lines: The closed curved imaginary lines in the magnetic field which indicate the direction of
motion of north pole in the magnetic field if a magnet is free to do so.
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Oersted’s experiment: According to this experiment “A current carrying wire creates a magnetic field around
it. The direction of magnetic field depends on the direction of current in conductor.”
Magnetic field pattern due to straight current carrying conductor are concentric circles whose center
lie on the wire.
The direction of magnetic field due to straight current carrying conductor can be determined by Right
hand thumb rule.
Right hand thumb rule: According to this rule “if current carrying conductor is held in the right hand in such a
way that thumb indicate the direction of current, then the curled finger indicates the direction of magnetic
field lines around conductor.”
Magnetic field pattern due to current carrying loop: The Magnetic field lines are circular near the current-
carrying loop. As we move away from the loop, field lines form bigger and bigger circles. At the center of the
circular loop, the magnetic field lines are straight.
The solenoid is an insulated and tightly wound long circular wire having large number of turns whose radius
is small in comparison to its length. Magnetic field produced by a solenoid is similar to the magnetic field
produced by a bar magnet.
These lines originate from the north pole and end at the south pole.
The magnetic field lines of a magnet form a continuous closed loop.
Two magnetic lines of force do not intersect each other.
The tangent at any point on the magnetic line gives the direction of the magnetic field at the point.
Fleming’s left hand rule: According to this rule, “if the thumb, forefinger and middle finger of the left hand
are stretched perpendicular to each other and if the fore-finger gives the direction of magnetic field, middle
finger gives the direction of current, then the thumb will give the direction of motion or the force acting on
the current-carrying conductor.”
Principle of an electric motor: A motor works on the principle that when a rectangular coil is placed in a
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magnetic field and current passes through it, a force acts on the coil which rotates it continuously.
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When the coil rotates, the shaft attached to it also rotates. In this way the electrical energy supplied to the
NCERT
motor SOLUTIONS
is converted RD SHARMA energyCLASS
into the mechanical 12
of rotation. CLASS 11 CLASS 10 CLASS 9
Principle of an electric
CBSE SAMPLE PAPERS generator: It is based
TEXTBOOK on the principle of electromagnetic induction. It states that “an
SOLUTIONS
induced current is produced in a coil placed in a region where the magnetic field changes with time.” The
direction of induced current is given by Fleming’s right-hand rule. An electric generator converts mechanical
energy into electrical energy.
Maxwell’s right hand thumb rule: The direction of the current is given by Maxwell’s right-hand thumb rule, “If
the current carrying conductor is gripped with the right hand in such a way that the thumb gives the
direction of the current, then the direction of the fingers gives the direction of the magnetic field produced
around the conductor.
Fleming’s left-hand rule: The direction of motion of a conductor in a magnetic field is given by Fleming’s
left-hand rule. According to this rule, if the thumb, forefinger and middle finger of the left hand are stretched
perpendicular to each other and if fore-finger gives the direction of the magnetic field and the middle finger
gives the direction of current then, the thumb will give the direction of the motion of the conductor carrying
the current.
Fleming’s right-hand rule: The direction of the induced current is given by Fleming’s right-hand rule.
According to this rule if the thumb, forefinger and middle finger of the right hand are stretched
perpendicular to each other and if the fore-finger gives the direction of the magnetic field and the thumb
gives the direction of motion, then the middle finger will give the direction of the induced current in the
conductor.
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NCERT SOLUTIONS RD SHARMA CLASS 12 CLASS 11 CLASS 10 CLASS 9
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