CLOUD COMPUTING

INTRODUCTION

Cloud Computing provides us a means by which we can

access the applications as utilities, over the Internet. It
allows us to create, configure, and customize
applications online.
With Cloud Computing users can access database
resources via the internet from anywhere for as long as
they need without worrying about any maintenance or
mana gem of actual resources.
The Greek myths tell of creatures plucked from the
surface of the Earth and enshrined as constellations in
the night sky. Something similar is happening today in
the world of computing. Data and programs are being
swept up from desktop PCs and corporate server rooms
and installed in "the compute cloud". In general, there is
a shift in the geography of computation.
What is cloud computing exactly? As a beginning here is
a definition
"An emerging computer paradigm where data and
services reside in massively scalable data centers in the
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cloud and can be accessed from any connected devices

over the internet"

Like other definitions of topics like these, an

understanding of the term cloud computing requires an
understanding of various other terms which are closely
related to this. While there is a lack of precise scientific
definitions for many of these terms, general definitions
can be given.
Cloud computing is an emerging paradigm in the
computer industry where the computing is moved to a
cloud of computers. It has become one of the buzz words
of the industry. The core concept of cloud computing is,
quite simply, that the vast computing resources that we
need will reside somewhere out there in the cloud of
computers and we'll connect to them and use them as
and when needed.
Computing can be described as any activity of using
and/or developing computer hardware and software. It
includes everything that sits in the bottom layer, i.e.
everything from raw compute power to storage
capabilities. Cloud computing ties together all these
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entities and delivers them as a single integrated entity

under its own sophisticated management.
Cloud is a term used as a metaphor for the wide area
networks (like internet) or any such large networked
environment. It came partly from the cloud-like symbol
used to represent the complexities of the networks in the
schematic diagrams. Itrepresents all the complexities of
the network which may include everything from cables,
routers, servers, data centers and all such other devices.

The personal computer was a rebellion against the

tyranny of centralized computing operations. There was
a kind of freedom in the use of personal computers. But
this was later replaced by server architectures with
enterprise servers and others showing up in the industry.
This made sure that the computing was done and it did
not eat up any of the resources that one had with him.
All the computing was performed at servers. Internet
grew in the lap of these servers. With cloud computing
we have come a full circle. We come back to the
centralized computing infrastructure. But this time it is

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something which can easily be accessed via the internet

and something over which we have all the control.
The Concept of Cloud computing

Cloud computing is Internet ("cloud") based

development and use of computer technology
("computing"). It is a style of computing in which
dynamically scalable and often virtualized resources are
provided as a service over the Internet. Users need not
have knowledge of, expertise in, or control over the
technology infrastructure "in the cloud" that supports
them
The concept incorporates infrastructure was a service
(IaaS), platform as a service (PaaS) and software as a
service (SaaS) as well as Web 2.0 and other recent
technology trends which have the common theme of
reliance on the Internet for satisfying the computing
needs of the users. Examples of SaaS vendors include
Salesforce.com and Google Apps which provide common
business applications online that are accessed from a
web browser, while the software and data are stored on
the servers.
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The term cloud is used as a metaphor for the Internet,

based on how the Internet is depicted in computer
network diagrams, and is an abstraction for the complex
infrastructure it conceals.

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Microsoft
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Comparison:
Cloud computing is often confused with grid computing
("a form of distributed computing whereby a 'super and
virtual computer' is composed of a cluster of networked,
loosely-coupled computers, acting in concert to perform
very large tasks"), utility computing (the "packaging of
computing resources, such as computation and storage,
as a metered service similar to a traditional public utility
such as electricity") and autonomic computing
("computer systems capable of self-management").

Indeed many cloud computing deployments as of 2009

depend on grids, have autonomic characteristics and bill
like utilities but cloud computing can be seen as a natural
next step from the grid-utility model. Some successful
cloud architectures have little or no centralized
infrastructure or billing systems whatsoever, including
peer-to-peer networks like Bit Torrent and Skype and
volunteer computing like

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CLOUD COMPUTING TECHNOLOGY

As customers generally do not own the infrastructure,

they merely access or rent, they can avoid capital
expenditure and consume resources as a service, paying
instead for what they use. Many cloud-computing
offerings have adopted the utility computing model,
which is analogous to how traditional utilities like
electricity are consumed, while others are billed on a
subscription basis. Sharing "perishable and intangible"
computing power among multiple tenants can improve
utilization rates, as servers are not left idle, which can
reduce costs significantly while increasing the speed of
application development. A side effect of this approach is
that "computer capacity rises dramatically" as customers
do not have to engineer for peak loads. Adoption has
been enabled by "increased high-speed bandwidth"
which makes it possible to receive the same response
times from centralized infrastructure at other sites.

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What is Cloud?
The term Cloud refers to a Network or Internet. In other
words, we can say that Cloud is something, which is
present at remote location. Cloud can provide services
over network, i.e., on public networks or on private
networks, i.e., WAN, LAN or VPN.
Applications such as e-mail, web conferencing, customer
relationship management (CRM), all run in cloud.

What is Cloud Computing?

Cloud Computing refers to manipulating, configuring, and
accessing the applications online. It offers online data
storage, infrastructure and application.

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Cloud Computing is both a combination of software and

hardware based computing resources delivered as a
network service.

Cloud Computing Architecture.

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Basic Concepts
There are certain services and models working behind
the scene making the cloud computing feasible and
accessible to end users. Following are the working
models for cloud computing:
1. Deployment Models
2. Service Models

Deployment Models
Deployment models define the type of access to the
cloud, i.e., how the cloud is located? Cloud can have any
of the four types of access: Public, Private, Hybrid and
Community.

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Public Cloud Model :-

ThePublic Cloud allows systems and services to be easily
accessible to general public, e.g., Google, Amazon,
Microsoft offers cloud services via Internet.

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Benefits
There are many benefits of deploying cloud as public
cloud model. The following diagram shows some of those
benefits:

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COST EFFECTIVE
Since public cloud share same resources with large
number of consumer, it has low cost.
RELIABILITY
Since public cloud employs large number of resources
from different locations, if any of the resource fail, public
cloud can employ another one.
FLEXIBILITY

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It is also very easy to integrate public cloud with private

cloud, hence gives consumers a flexible approach.
LOCATION INDEPENDENCE
Since, public cloud services are delivered through
Internet, therefore ensures location independence.
UTILITY STYLE COSTING
Public cloud is also based on pay-per-use model and
resources are accessible whenever consumer needs it.
HIGH SCALABILITY
Cloud resources are made available on demand from a
pool of resources, i.e., they can be scaled up or down
according the requirement

Disadvantages
Here are the disadvantages of public cloud model
LOW SECURITY
In public cloud model, data is hosted off-site and
resources are shared publicly, therefore does not ensure
higher level of security.

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LESS CUSTOMIZABLE
It is comparatively less customizable than private cloud.

Private Cloud Model :-

ThePrivate Cloud allows systems and services to be
accessible with in an organization. The Private Cloud is
operated only within a single organization. However, It
may be managed internally or by third-party.

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Benefits
There are many benefits of deploying cloud as private
cloud model. The following diagram shows some of those
benefits:

HIGHER SECURITY AND PRIVACY

Private cloud operations are not available to general
public and resources are shared from distinct pool of
resources, therefore, ensures high security and privacy.
MORE CONTROL

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Private clouds have more control on its resources and

hardware than public cloud because it is accessed only
within an organization.
COST AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Private cloud resources are not as cost effective as public
clouds but they offer more efficiency than public cloud.
Disadvantages Here are the disadvantages of using
private cloud model:
RESTRICTED AREA
Private cloud is only accessible locally and is very difficult
to deploy globally.
INFLEXIBLE PRICING
In order to fulfill demand, purchasing new hardware is
very costly.
LIMITED SCALABILITY
Private cloud can be scaled only within capacity of
internal hosted resources.
ADDITIONAL SKILLS
In order to maintain cloud deployment, organization
requires more skilled and expertise.
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Hybrid Cloud Model :-

TheHybrid Cloud is a mixture of public and private cloud.
Non-critical activities are performed using public cloud
while the critical activities are performed using private
cloud.

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Benefits
There are many benefits of deploying cloud as hybrid
cloud model. The following diagram shows some of those
benefits:

SCALABILITY
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It offers both features of public cloud scalability and

private cloud scalability.
FLEXIBILITY
It offers both secure resources and scalable public
resources.
COST EFFICIENCIES
Public cloud are more cost effective than private,
therefore hybrid cloud can have this saving.

SECURITY
Private cloud in hybrid cloud ensures higher degree of
security.

Disadvantages :-

NETWORKING ISSUES
Networking becomes complex due to presence of private
and public cloud.
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SECURITY COMPLIANCE
It is necessary to ensure that cloud services are
compliant with organization's security policies
INFRASTRUCTURAL DEPENDENCY
The hybrid cloud model is dependent on internal IT
infrastructure, therefore it is necessary to ensure
redundancy across data centers.

Community Cloud Model

TheCommunity Cloud allows system and services to be
accessible by group of organizations. It shares the
infrastructure between several organizations from a
specific community. It may be managed internally or by
the third-party

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Benefits
There are many benefits of deploying cloud as
community cloud model. The following diagram shows
some of those benefits:
COST EFFECTIVE
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Community cloud offers same advantage as that of

private cloud at low cost. Sharing Between Organizations
Community cloud provides an infrastructure to share
cloud resources and capabilities among several
organizations.
SECURITY
Community cloud is comparatively more secure than the
public cloud.
ISSUES
 Since all data is housed at one location, one must be
careful in storing data in community cloud because it
might be accessible by others.
 It is also challenging to allocate responsibilities of
governance, security and cost

Service Models
Service Models are the reference models on which the
Cloud Computing is based. These can be categorized into
three basic service models as listed below

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Types of Service Model

1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
2. Platform as a Service (PaaS)
3. Software as a Service (SaaS)

1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

IaaSprovides access to fundamental resources such as
physical machines, virtual machines, virtual storage, etc.,
Apart from these resources, the IaaS also offers:
 Virtual machine disk storage
 Virtual local area network (VLANs)
 Load balancers
 IP addresses
 Software bundles All of the above resources are made
available to end user via server virtualization. Moreover,
these resources are accessed by the customers as if they
own them.

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Benefits
IaaS allows the cloud provider to freely locate the
infrastructure over the Internet in a cost-effective
manner. Some of the key benefits of IaaS are listed
below:
 Full Control of the computing resources through
Administrative Access to VMs.
 Flexible and Efficient renting of Computer Hardware.
 Portability, Interoperability with Legacy Applications.
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FULL CONTROL OVER COMPUTING RESOURCES

THROUGH ADMINISTRATIVE ACCESS TO VMS
IaaS allows the consumer to access computing resources
through administrative access to virtual machines in the
following manner:
 Consumer issues administrative command to cloud
provider to run the virtual machine or to save data on
cloud's server.
 Consumer issues administrative command to virtual
machines they owned to start web server or installing
new applications.
FLEXIBLE AND EFFICIENT RENTING OF COMPUTER
HARDWARE
IaaS resources such as virtual machines, storages,
bandwidth, IP addresses, monitoring services, firewalls,
etc., all are made available to the consumers on rent. The
consumer has to pay based the length of time a
consumer retains a resource. Also with administrative
access to virtual machines, the consumer can also run
any software, even a custom operating system.

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PORTABILITY, INTEROPERABILITY WITH LEGACY

APPLICATIONS
It is possible to maintain legacy between applications
and workloads between IaaS clouds. For example,
network applications such as web server, e-mail server
that normally runs on consumer-owned server hardware
can also be run from VMs in IaaS cloud.

Issues
IaaS shares issues with PaaS and SaaS, such as Network
dependence and browser based risks. It also have some
specific issues associated with it. These issues are
mentioned in the following diagram:

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COMPATIBILITY WITH LEGACY SECURITY

VULNERABILITIES
Because IaaS offers the consumer to run legacy software
in provider's infrastructure, therefore it exposes
consumers to all of the security vulnerabilities of such
legacy software
VIRTUAL MACHINE SPRAWL
The VM can become out of date with respect to security
updates because IaaS allows the consumer to operate
the virtual machines in running, suspended and off state.
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ROBUSTNESS OF VM-LEVEL ISOLATION

IaaS offers an isolated environment to individual
consumers through hypervisor. Hypervisor is a software
layer that includes hardware support for virtualization to
split a physical computer into multiple virtual machines.
DATA ERASE PRACTICES
The consumer uses virtual machines that in turn uses the
common disk resources provided by the cloud provider.
When the consumer releases the resource, the cloud
provider must ensure that next consumer to rent the
resource does not observe data residue from previous
consumer. Characteristics Here are the characteristics of
IaaS service model:
 Virtual machines with pre-installed software.
 Virtual machines with pre-installed Operating
Systems such as Windows, Linux, and Solaris.
 On-demand availability of resources.
 Allows to store copies of particular data in different
locations.
 The computing resources can be easily scaled up and
down.

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Iaas Example

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Platform-as-a-Service

PaaSoffers the runtime environment for applications. It

also offers development & deployment tools, required to
develop applications. PaaS has a feature of point-and-
click tools that enables non-developers to create web
applications. Google's App Engine, Force.com are
examples of PaaS offering vendors.

Developer may log on to these websites and use the

built-in API to create web-based applications. But the
disadvantage of using PaaS is that the developer lock-in
with a particular vendor. For example, an application
written in Python against Google's API using Google's
App Engine is likely to work only in that environment.
Therefore, the vendor lock-in is the biggest problem in
PaaS.

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The following diagram shows how PaaS offers an API and

development tools to the developers and how it helps
the end user to access business applications.

Benefits:-

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LOWER ADMINISTRATIVE OVERHEAD

Consumer need not to bother much about the
administration because it's the responsibility of cloud
provider.
LOWER TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP
Consumer need not purchase expensive hardware,
servers, power and data storage.
SCALABLE SOLUTIONS
It is very easy to scale up or down automatically based on
application resource demands.
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MORE CURRENT SYSTEM SOFTWARE

It is the responsibility of the cloud provider to maintain
software versions and patch installations.
Issues
Like SaaS, PaaS also place significant burdens on
consumer's browsers to maintain reliable and secure
connections to the provider systems. Therefore, PaaS
shares many of the issues of SaaS. However, there are
some specific issues associated with PaaS as shown in the
following diagram:

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LACK OF PORTABILITY BETWEEN PAAS CLOUDS

Although standard languages are used yet the
implementations of platforms services may vary. For
example, file, queue, or hash table interfaces of one
platform may differ from another, making it difficult to
transfer workloads from one platform to another.
EVENT BASED PROCESSOR SCHEDULING

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The PaaS applications are event oriented which poses

resource constraints on applications, i.e., they have to
answer a request in a given interval of time.
SECURITY ENGINEERING OF PAAS APPLICATIONS
Since the PaaS applications are dependent on network,
PaaS applications must explicitly use cryptography and
manage security exposures.
Characteristics
Here are the characteristics of PaaS service model:
 PaaS offers browser based development
environment. It allows the developer to create
database and edit the application code either via
Application Programming Interface or point-and-
click tools
 PaaS provides built-in security, scalability, and web
service interfaces.
 PaaS provides built-in tools for defining workflow
and approval processes and defining business rules.
 It is easy to integrate with other applications on the
same platform.

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 PaaS also provides web services interfaces that allow

us to connect the applications outside the platform
PaaS Types :-

STAND-ALONE DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENTS

The Stand-alone PaaS works as an independent entity for
a specific function. It does not include licensing, technical
dependencies on specific SaaS applications.
APPLICATION DELIVERY-ONLY ENVIRONMENTS
The Application Delivery PaaS includes on-demand
scaling and application security.
OPEN PLATFORM AS A SERVICE
Open PaaS offers an open source software that helps a
PaaS provider to run applications.
ADD-ON DEVELOPMENT FACILITIES

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The Add-on PaaS allows to customize the existing SaaS

platform.

PaaS Example :-

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Softwareas a Service(SaaS)

Softwareas a Service(SaaS )model allows to provide

software application as a service to the end users. It
refers to a software that is deployed on a hosted service
and is accessible via Internet. There are several
SaaSapplications, some of them are listed below:
 Billing and Invoicing System
 Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
applications
 Help Desk Applications
 Human Resource (HR) Solutions
Some of the SaaS applications are not customizable such
as an Office Suite. But SaaS provides us Application
Programming Interface (API), which allows the developer
to develop a customized application.
Characteristics
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Here are the characteristics of SaaS service model:

 SaaS makes the software available over the Internet.
 The Software are maintained by the vendor rather
than where they are running.
 The license to the software may be subscription
based or usage based. And it is billed on recurring
basis.
 SaaS applications are cost effective since they do not
require any maintenance at end user side.
 They are available on demand.
 They can be scaled up or down on demand.
 They are automatically upgraded and updated.
 SaaS offers share data model. Therefore, multiple
users can share single instance of infrastructure. It is
not required to hard code the functionality for
individual users.
 All users are running same version of the software.
Benefits
Using SaaS has proved to be beneficial in terms of
scalability, efficiency, performance and much more.
Some of the benefits are listed below:
 Modest Software Tools
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 Efficient use of Software Licenses

 Centralized Management & Data
 Platform responsibilities managed by provider
 Multitenant solutions
MODEST SOFTWARE TOOLS
The SaaS application deployment requires a little or no
client side software installation which results in the
following benefits:
 No requirement for complex software packages at
client side
 Little or no risk of configuration at client side
 Low distribution cost
EFFICIENT USE OF SOFTWARE LICENSES
The client can have single license for multiple computers
running at different locations which reduces the licensing
cost. Also, there is no requirement for license servers
because the software runs in the provider's
infrastructure.
CENTRALIZED MANAGEMENT & DATA
The data stored by the cloud provider is centralized.
However, the cloud providers may store data in a
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decentralized manner for sake of redundancy and

reliability.
PLATFORM RESPONSIBILITIES MANAGED BY PROVIDERS
All platform responsibilities such as backups, system
maintenance, security, hardware refresh, power
management, etc., are performed by the cloud provider.
The consumer need not to bother about them.
MULTITENANT SOLUTIONS
Multitenancy allows multiple users to share single
instance of resources in virtual isolation. Consumers can
customize their application without affecting the core
functionality

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Issues
There are several issues associated with SaaS, some of
them are listed below:
 Browser based risks
 Network dependence

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 Lack of portability between SaaS clouds

BROWSER BASED RISKS
If the consumer visits malicious website and browser
becomes infected, and the subsequent access to SaaS
application might compromise the consumer's data.
To avoid such risks, the consumer can use multiple
browsers and dedicate a specific browser to access SaaS
applications or can use virtual desktop while accessing
the SaaS applications.
NETWORK DEPENDENCE
The SaaS application can be delivered only when network
is continuously available. Also network should be reliable
but the network reliability cannot be guaranteed either
by cloud provider or the consumer.

LACK OF PORTABILITY BETWEEN SAAS CLOUDS

Transferring workloads from one SaaS cloud to another is
not so easy because work flow, business logics, user
interfaces, support scripts can be provider specific.

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OPEN SAAS AND SOA Open SaaS uses SaaS applications

that are developed using open source programming
language.
These SaaS applications can run on any open source
operating system and database.
Open SaaS has several benefits, some of these are listed
below:
 No License Required
 Low Deployment Cost
 Less Vendor Lock-in
 More portable applications
 More Robust Solution

SaaS Example :-

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Do you Use the Cloud ?

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Best Cloud Storage.

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Advantages
 Lower computer costs Improved performance:
 Reduced software costs Instant software updates
 Improved document format compatibility Unlimited
storage capacity
 Increased data reliability
 Universal document access
 Latest version availability
 Easier group collaboration
 Device independence

Disadvantages
 Requires a constant Internet connection
 Does not work well with low-speed connections
 Features might be limited
 Stored data might not be secure
 Can be slow
 Stored data can be lost

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Cloud Storage
 Create an Account User name and password.
 Content lives with the account in the cloud.
 Log onto any computer with Wi-Fi to find your
content

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Download For Storage

 Download a cloud based app to on your
computer
 The app lives on your Computer
 Save files to the app
 When connected to the Internet it will sync with
the cloud
 The Cloud can be accessed from any Internet
connection

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