KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

BACHELORS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

NAME: NSUBUGA EMMANUEL

REG NO: 17/U/15803/BET/PE

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR

THE REQUIREMENT OF THE AWARD OF BACHELORS OF
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING OF KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY.

JANUARY 2021

DECLARATION
I NSUBUGA EMMANUEL Declare that this report is an original work done by
me, and has been compiled by me to the best of my knowledge and has never been
submitted to any higher institute of learning for the award of Bachelors of
Electrical Engineering

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Signature………………………………… …

REG NO: 17/U/15803/BET/PE

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DEDICATION
I dedicate this repot first to the ALMIGHTY GOD for his enabling strength he
bestowed on me in completing this work.

To my dear mum, Mrs. NABAKKA ANGELLA for her endless support she has
always offered to me morally, financially and in form of guidance and counseling.

Sincere gratitude goes to my sister NAGAWA PENINAH, my Husband KYEMBE

FAHADI together with our families for their continued support and encouragement
they have always given to me whenever there is need and financial support.

My field supervisor Mr. BULUNGU ALEX who has always been there for me
whenever I needed help especially going about tough and complicated challenges
at the site.

The Managing Director Munig Engineering Solutions Limited Mr. MUSEETA

GERALD DYSON for the opportunity he gave me to gain practical skills and the
guidance he always provided during the writing of this report and financial
support.

May the Almighty God bless you.

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ACKNOLEDGEMENT
I would like to extend my appreciation to individual groups for individual
information that contributed to my report compilation.

My sincere regards goes to the company supervisor Mr. BULUNGU ALEX for the
directions he gave me during training and working period

My field trainers and workers at the company did a very grate role in giving me
useful directions during execution of field activities.

Mr. ISABIRYE FRED my university supervisor for here guidance and parental
care she showed me during the training and guidance in report writing.

Managing director Munig Engineering Solutions Ltd Mr. MUSEETA GERALD

DYSON for the opportunity he gave me to gain construction experience from the
company

My fellow trainees who were always in touch with me during the training period
and any directions they gave me whenever I needed it

The list is endless, but my regards goes to everyone who gave me any kind of help
in this period

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APPROVAL
This report has been handed in with the approval of the following:

Mr. BULUNGU ALEX

Signature..............................

Company supervisor

Mrs. ISABIRYE FRED

Signature……………………………

University supervisor

Mr. MUSEETA GERALD DYSON

Signature……………………………

Munig Engineering Solutions Ltd

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PREFACE
Industrial training is a requirement for students who have undergone training to
enable them present ideas and skills acquired during training period.

This report indicates various stages that were passed through during the execution
of the project stage by stage in a systematic order.

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Contents
DECLARATION......................................................................................................ii
DEDICATION.........................................................................................................iii
ACKNOLEDGEMENT...........................................................................................iii
APPROVAL.............................................................................................................iv
PREFACE..................................................................................................................v
1.0. INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................1
1.0.1. Objectives of Industrial Training.................................................................1
1.1. COMPANY PROFILE.......................................................................................3
1.1. Munig Engineering Solutions Ltd...................................................................3
1.2. Vision..............................................................................................................3
1.3. Mission............................................................................................................3
1.4. Keys to success...............................................................................................3
1.5. General Information........................................................................................3
1.6. Products and services offered.........................................................................4
1.7. MUNIG ORGANOGRAM.............................................................................5

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2.0. LIGHTS INSTALLATION AND REPLACEMENT........................................6

2.1. Installation of lights........................................................................................6
2.1.1. Replacement and maintenance procedures...............................................7
2.1.2. Personal equipment’s used.......................................................................7
2.2. Socket installation Labelling and maintenance...............................................7
2.2.1. Steps taken during installation..................................................................7
2.2.2. Personal equipment’s and tools used........................................................8
2.2.3. Steps taken in socket labelling..................................................................8
2.2.4. Personal equipment’s and tools used........................................................9
3.0. GENERATOR SUPPLY, SERVICING AND MAINTAINENCE.................10
3.1. Supply and Installation of the generator.......................................................10
3.1.1. Materials Used during Installation.........................................................10
3.1.2. Steps taken during Genset installation....................................................10
3.1.3. Skills gained during generator installation.............................................11
3.1.4. Tools used in supply and installation of a generator..............................11
3.2. Servicing and maintenance of the generator.................................................12
3.2.1. Steps taken in servicing the generator;......................................................12
3.2.2. Generator maintenance...........................................................................13
3.2.3. Skills gained in generator servicing and maintenance............................14
3.3. Personal equipment’s & Tools used..............................................................14
4.0. AUTOMATIC TRANSFER SWITCH (ATS) INSTALLATION...................15
4.1. Major components in an ATS.......................................................................16
4.2. Installation procedures..................................................................................17
4.3. ATS functions...............................................................................................18
4.4. Personal equipment’s used............................................................................18
5.0. INVERTER & BATTERY INSTALLATIONS & MAINTANENCE............18
5.1. Installation of Inverter and batteries.............................................................19
5.1.1. Material used during inverter and battery installation............................21
5.1.2. Tools & materials used in installation....................................................21

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5.2. Battery connection........................................................................................21

5.3. Cautions taken while installing a battery......................................................22
5.4. Inverter & Battery maintenance....................................................................22
5.4.1. Personal equipment’s and tools used......................................................23
6.0. CCTV CAMERA INSTALLATION AND MAINTANENCE......................23
6.1. Installation procedures of camera system.....................................................23
6.2. Servicing and maintenance of camera system..............................................25
6.3. The following findings will show if the camera system needs repairs and
service..................................................................................................................26
6.4. Personal equipment’s used............................................................................27
7.0. OTHER TASKS DONE...................................................................................27
7.1. Cable laying..................................................................................................28
7.1.1. Procedures taken in cable laying for security lights...............................28
7.1.2. Personal equipment’s used.....................................................................30
CONCLUSION.......................................................................................................32
RECOMMENDATION...........................................................................................32

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1.0. INTRODUCTION
Industrial training is an activity that is always done by students during their course
of study.it is meant to help them transform theoretical part of work that is normally
given to them in lectures so that the dreams come out true.

In electrical engineering department, industrial training is meant to impart all

technical skills into trainees so that they are able to interpret both simple and
complicated electrical circuits, diagrams and works and put them into reality.

The industrial training was done by Munig Engineering Solutions ltd at various
sites which was organized every day and projects that were handled are:

1. Lights & sockets installation and maintenance.

2. Generator Supply, servicing and maintenance.
3. Automatic transfer switch installation.
4. Inverter & Battery installation and maintenance practices.
5. Air conditioner installation and maintenance.
6. Data and LAN works

1.0.1. Objectives of Industrial Training

The fundamental objective of Industrial Training is to prepare students for future
employment in their chosen engineering discipline. Industrial Training enhances
the academic material studied at University by allowing students to practice what
they have learned and to develop key professional attributes. Industrial training
should provide an opportunity for students to:

1. Experience the discipline of working in a professional engineering

organization.
2. Develop understanding of the functioning and organization of a business.
3. Interact with other professional and non-professional groups.
4. Apply engineering methods such as design and problem solving.
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5. Develop technical, interpersonal and communication skills, both oral and

written.
6. Give employers an opportunity to assess future employees.
7. Demonstrate commitment and ability to take responsibility, make sound
decisions, and apply technical skills that are highly regarded.
8. Give students an opportunity to evaluate future employers as well as
enabling informed decisions about the discipline and career paths to follow.

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1.1. COMPANY PROFILE

1.1. Munig Engineering Solutions Ltd
Munig Engineering Solutions Ltd is a locally registered limited liability
company dealing in a wide range of IT and Engineering Products and
Services.

1.2. Vision
To be the best engineering service provider of choice in the country.

1.3. Mission
To constant exceed customer expectations by providing high quality services and
client focused solutions.

1.4. Keys to success:

 Excellent customer relationship beyond the contract.
 Highly qualified and experienced technical personnel.
 Effective project planning and management.
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 Dynamic cost conscious and result oriented leadership

1.5. General Information

COMPANY NAME: Munig Engineering Solutions Ltd
ADDRESS: P. O. Box 35485, Kampala – Uganda.
PHYSICAL ADDRESS: Plot 2101 Kirabo Complex Bukoto-Kisaasi Road,
Kampala.
Contact: +256 394 844 912/ 0776 611225
Email: [email protected] , [email protected] ,
[email protected]
1.6. Products and services offered
Power

 Electrical installations and routine/ corrective/ preventive

maintenance.
 Generator supply, installation, commissioning and maintenance.
 Generator service parts supply and Installation
 Inverter power back-up systems installations and maintenance.
 Solar PV systems Installation and Equipment.
 Quality power audits (QPA).
 Supply of all Electrical Accessories and equipment / Gadgets.

Air conditioning

 Supply of brands like LG, Gree and Carrier

 Installation, routine/corrective & preventive maintenance.

ICT

 LAN setup (Installation and Maintenance).

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 Supply of data communication cables i.e. Fiber and Copper

 Installation, routine, corrective & preventive maintenance.
 Supply and installation of 1-Phase & 3-Phase UPS systems for data centers
& offices.

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1.7. MUNIG ORGANOGRAM

DIRECTORS

ADMIN & FINANCE MARKETING & SALES TECHNICAL

DIRECTOR

PROJECTS MANAGER TECHNICAL

MANAGER

PROJECTS SUPERVISOR TECHNICAL

SUPERVISOR

DEDICATED PROJECT TEAM DEDICATED

PROJECT TEAM

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2.0. LIGHTS INSTALLATION AND REPLACEMENT

There are two types of lights, Incandescent light which use filament to produce
light and candescent lights which use vaporization of gases and diodes to produce
light. Candescent lights are the most used lights today due to their longer lifetime,
lower power consumption and good production of light and less heat production
they include, metal halides, florescent tubes, compact florescent bulbs (energy
savers) and LED LIGHTS.

During lights installation and maintenance at Finca Head office and Equity bank
Arua park branch etc.
2.1. Installation of lights
 Turn off the circuit that’s going to be installed (unplug or turn of circuit
breaker).
 Locate termination position, stripe wires from one end that is close to where
power will be entering from.
 Drill holes where the lights fixture is to be mounted.
 Connect all terminals in the lights fixtures, using wire nuts to cover exposed
end of any wires.
 Mount the fixture up on the ceiling and connect the wires of the power
supply.
 Then switch and test if the circuit is okay.

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2.1.1. Replacement and maintenance procedures

 Study the situation the lights are in.
 Trouble shoot the parts and turn off the circuit breakers.
 Disassemble the circuit and remove the faulty components.
 Diagnose and test the new components to be sure if they are also okay.
 Clean the components and then assemble them in the circuit.
 Then test and check whether the circuit and components are conducting.

2.1.2. Personal equipment’s used

 Overall, helmet, safety boots, safety harness.

Tools used

 Scaffolds
 Screw driver
 Phase tester
 Pliers

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2.2. Socket installation Labelling and maintenance

2.2.1. Steps taken during installation
 Make a work plan and identify materials to be used.
 Identify the nearest power source that can supply the socket.
 Run a cable trunking on which sockets are going to sit and cables are going
to run in. this involves drilling and use of wall plugs and screws to hold the
trunking firm.
 Cable cables through the trunking from the power source to their destination.
 Terminate sockets and the screw them on the mould boxes that are screwed
firm onto the trunking.
 Test the socket to check if they have received power and if there is no
exchange of cables with different polarities that might cause a short circuit
or damage of the equipment that might be plugged in.

2.2.2. Personal equipment’s and tools used

 Overall, helmet, safety boots, wall plugs and screws, screw driver, driller,
phase tester.

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2.2.3. Steps taken in socket labelling

Labeling of sockets is the most useful thing one must do after their installation in
the distribution board.it enables easy identification of the socket and isolator
incases of short circuits and power issues.1

 Identifying which sockets are which for which isolator

 After that is known, they are given different labels according to the label one
has given the isolators.
 Now one can easily identify the sockets isolators in the distribution board.

During Socket labeling at E&P total.

2.2.4. Personal equipment’s and tools used

 Overall, helmet, safety boots, gloves, label printer, phase tester

3.0. GENERATOR SUPPLY, SERVICING AND MAINTAINENCE

An electric generator is a device that converts mechanical energy obtained from an
external source into electrical energy as an output. This backup system is a an
electrical system that operates within seconds of utility power outage.it is
connected to an automatic transfer switch (ATS) that senses the power loss,
commands the generator to start and then transfers the electrical load to the
generator. After utility power returns, the ATS transfers the electrical load back to
the utility and signals the generator to shutdown.it then returns to standby mode
and waits for the next power loss.

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3.1. Supply and Installation of the generator

During the supply and installation of a 30KVA genset at Equity bank Mbale and
Kawempe branch we travelled with all the necessary materials, Tools and
equipment needed during generator installation as stated below;

3.1.1. Materials Used during Installation

 Connecting Cables
 Insulators
 Cable glands
 Cable lags
 Insulating tape
 Earthing equipments
 Sleeves
 30kva Genset
3.1.2. Steps taken during Genset installation
 Choosing the location of the generator that is accessible during genset
maintenance, out of ways of utilities, and clear on all sides.
 Construction of the generator plinth/base on which the generator will be
sitted.
 Make a work plan of how cables are going to run from the generator to the
requirement destination.
 Identify the equipment that needs power and the tools and length of cable to
be used.

 Positioning of the generator on the constructed plinth.

 Laying down of the connecting cables (16mm 4core XLPE load cable and
2.5mm 3core XLPE signal cable) as planned.
 Isolating the changeover switch for terminations to be made.

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 Connecting of the load cables and signal cables at the generator end and at
the changeover switch end.
 Programming of the generator to fit the required power demand from the
load.
 Test run the generator to check its performance.
3.1.3. Skills gained during generator installation
 Learnt how to trace for ways for cables in a safe place.
 Learnt how to do cable terminations on the generator and changeover switch
side.
 Learnt different parts of the generator.
 Understood how the generator operates as an alternative power source i.e
how power is switched from mains (UMEME) to generator power.
 Learnt how the generator operates to produce power.
 Learnt how to size the generator according to the load demand.
3.1.4. Tools used in supply and installation of a generator
 Cable Cutter
 Clamp Meter
 Multimeter
 Pliers
 Phase tester
 Lagging tool
 Heat gun
 Set of spanners
 Mega Machine for earthing
 Laptop and programming kit

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3.2. Servicing and maintenance of the generator

This involves the checking of the faulty parts and replacing them with new ones.it
deals with replacing the old service parts i.e. oil filter, fuel filter, and air filter, and
changing of old oil plus topping up the levels of water and coolant in the radiator.
The reason why we service the generator is to prevent the dangers a generator may
face just in case it has a fault and to ensure its working properly as recommended
by the manufacture. During the servicing and maintenance of generators at the
following branches, UBA Kikuubo, Finca Head office, Equity oasis mall, etc the
following were done,

3.2.1. Steps taken in servicing the generator;

 Generator inspection.one has to first know in which condition is the
generator to be serviced.
 The generator is then tested to check its performance and the faults it has
and warm up the oil for easy drainage.
 Then, the old oil is drained and put in a container. Oil has to be changed to
prevent discharges and the dark smoke from the exhaust pipe that may cause
blockage.
 Old Service parts i.e. oil filter, fuel filter, air filter are changed and replaced
with new ones to prevent blockages that might lead to failure of start of the
generator.
 The oil tank outlet is then closed and new oil is filled into the engine, ensure
that the correct oil level is reached; this is observed using a dip stick.
 Check and top up the levels of the coolant in the radiator.
 Pump fuel into the new fuel filter before you start the generator.
 The generator is then cleaned by washing the engine washable parts to
remove dust and wiping the alternator side by a dry cloth plus washing the
housing to keep it clean.
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 The generator is then test run to check if it now in a good working condition
and no faults.
 It is then loaded to check if it can supply well.
 After everything is done and the generator is running well, then servicing is
done and complete.

Removed
old service
parts New
service

3.2.2. Generator maintenance

 For proper response, the generator has to run weekly self-tests.
 The fuel tank has to be checked and refilled before starting the engine
because this may lead spoiling of the engine when fuel is done.
 Measuring the battery voltage and battery chargers voltage.
 The cooling system and raw pumps must be flashed every after 500hrs and
the heat charger must be cleaned too.3
 Coolant topping is necessary to keep the cooling system safe.
2
3

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 Changing the oil filter, air filter and oil filter plus changing oil must be done
to keep the engine safe.

3.2.3. Skills gained in generator servicing and maintenance

 How to start, operate and read generator panels.
 Measuring fuel levels and oil levels using fuel gauge and dip stick
respectively.
 Reading the generator run hours and determining next service hours.
 Opening different types of oil tanks and removing oil.
 Removing and replacing all types of filters.
 Washing and cleaning all parts of the generator.
 Checking and filling coolant level in a radiator.
 Understanding why the engine cranks but fails to start.
 Pumping of fuel in a generator using both electronic pump and manual
pump.
 Knowledge and exposure to different types of filters and fuel pumps.
 Automation of the generator.

3.3. Personal equipment’s & Tools used

Over all, helmet, safety boots, gloves

4
.

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Tools and materials used in servicing and maintenance

 Filter cramp
 Water
 Detergent
 Cotton cloth
 Pressure washer
 Set of spanners
 Clamp meter
 Tester

4.0. AUTOMATIC TRANSFER SWITCH (ATS) INSTALLATION

An automatic transfer switch (ATS) is an electrical switch that switches a load
between two sources. It is often installed where a backup generator is located so
that the generator may provide temporary electrical power if utility power source
fails.

4.1. Major components in an ATS

During the construction of an ATS the following components are used;5
Contactors, Relay, Timer switch, Phase monitor, Interlock, Connectors, Circuit
breaker, Phase indicators, Panel Mounting, Selector switch, Emergency stop,
Signal cables, and Load cables.

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Perforated trunking Relay

Circuit breakers
Timers

Connectors
Phase monitor

Interlock
Contactors
Panel mounting

Phase indicators

Selector switch

Emergency stop
button

4.2. Installation procedures

 Building an automatic transfer switch.

This is done by constructing the ATS assembling the components and connecting
them to form a complete circuit to perform its functions.it involves drilling,
riveting and screwing.

 Decommissioning the old ATS.

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Here the old ATS is disconnected and all power supply cables are removed then
it’s demounted and removed from where it was to create space for the new ATS.

 Markings, drilling and mounting

Marks are made for the new ATS according to its length and width. Then holes are
drilled, Expansion bolts are put in the holes and the ATS is mounted .this is done
carefully since it requires time and concentration in order not to spoil the ATS or
mount it in a diagonal form.

 Connections from the main supply and generator are done

Cables from the generator and those from the UMEME meter of the main supply
source are run to the ATS and connected accordingly to the generator contactor
and mains contactor whereas the signal cable from the generator side is connected
to the connectors where ATS signal cables pick and are connected to the signal
components e.g. phase monitor, relay etc.7

4.3. ATS functions

The ATS is used to sense the interruption in utility power, sends the start signals to
the generator, transfers the load to the generator, senses return of utility power,
retransfers the load to utility power, and then sends a stop signal to the generator.it
is capable of automatic operation without the operator intervention and perform the
basic function of transferring the load to the available power source.

Note the following:

1. Neutrals are not connected to the circuit breakers instead they are all taken to
the connectors to create a meeting point for them and connected to the phase
indicators cause bulbs need neutrals.

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2. We take one phase from generator to the circuit breaker because its voltage
is already stabilized.

4.4. Personal equipment’s used

 Overall, Safety boots, Helmet, Nose masks, Ear maps, Gloves

Tools used

 Screw driver
 Phase tester
 Plier
 Rivet hammer
 Wall plugs and screws
 Driller

5.0. INVERTER & BATTERY INSTALLATIONS & MAINTANENCE

An inverter is a power electronic device that changes direct current (DC) to
alternating current (AC). The input voltage, output voltage, frequency and overall
power handling depend on the design of the specific device. The inverter does not
produce any power, the power is provided by the DC source then converted to AC.

Batteries are backup system consisting of one or more cells in which chemical
energy is converted to electricity. Batteries require great attention in the way they
are arranged and located according to the output needed.

During the installation of inverter system at Equity Entebbe branch and IOM
Naguru branch, the following were done,
5.1. Installation of Inverter and batteries
Location

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 During inverter installation one must select a place that is not exposed to
moisture or water, away from direct sunlight, should not be placed near
flammable materials. An inverter need to be installed in a place that is free
and has good aeration system to keep it cool.
 A battery system should be installed in a clean, cool, and dry environment.
The location of the batteries varies for different purposes. They are installed
in clean rooms to provide uninterrupted power supply.8

Handling

 Batteries are normally supplied when fully charged and must be unpacked
carefully to avoid short circuit between the terminals of different
polarities.one must exercise caution when handling batteries to prevent
damage of the plastic containers and covers. Battery containers and covers
are delicate and scratches can lead to weakening of the cases.
 Inverters too need careful handling since its heavy. Therefore one should
avoid dropping it and knocking it onto hard surfaces as this might lead to
damage & loose connections of the small components inside the inverter.

Battery installation

 Batteries are installed according to the Voltage and current demands, ie

series connections which aims at higher voltages or parallel connection
which aims at higher currents. Batteries are placed in battery racks which are
made of wood and galvanized metal to provide a moisture free environment.
Then battery cables (50mm DC cables) are stripped, lagged and well
terminated onto the battery terminals according to the load demand and then

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the final output is connected to the DC breaker and awaits the DC cables
from the inverter system.

Mounting of the inverter

 The next step is mounting of the inverter where by these can be mounted
horizontally or vertically or placed on a horizontal surface that is free from
vibrations and not in a commonly used place. Marks are made close to the
assembled battery bank and drilled and the inverter is mounted using row
bolts (8mm) and one has to confirm that it is firm and not making
movements. Inverter input DC cables are then run to the DC breaker9 which
is in the off position. The inverter is then well programmed according to the
battery connections and load demand such that the battery system is well
used and not affected by the end user poor handling. Then AC cables are
then run from the output terminals of the inverter and taken to a clean power

Testing and End user training.

 Lastly the installed system is tested by running each and every thing that has
been installed to check if they match the customer requirements. This is the
moment where adjustments are made where necessary until the system is
good to be used. Then an end user training is done and the customer is
trained on dos and don’ts in order to avoid system failures or personal harm
because one is trying to adjust something he/she doesn’t understand.

5.1.1. Material used during inverter and battery installation

 Batteries
 Inverter
 Sleeves

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 Row bolts
 50mm DC cables
 Load cables
 Cable lags
 DC circuit breakers
 Battery rack etc.
5.1.2. Tools & materials used in installation
 Use tools with insulated handles. Some of the tools include driller for
making mounting holes for the rack that carries the battery and inverter,
gloves, spanner, Laptop and programming kit, tester, pliers, lagging tool,
cable cutter, clamp meter, gas burner, cable cutter and charge setting testers.

5.2. Battery connection

There are different ways of battery connection according to consumers demand.
The commonly used are series and parallel connections.

1. Series connection. Here batteries are connected with the positive terminal of
one battery connected to the negative terminal of the other battery. This
connection increase voltage according to the number of the batteries but
keeps the current rating constant.
2. Parallel connection. Here batteries are connected with the positive terminal
of one battery connected to the positive of the other battery and the negative
terminal connected to the negative terminal. This connection increase
current ratings but keeps voltage constant according to the number of the
batteries.

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5.3. Cautions taken while installing a battery

 Never cross the remaining open positive and open negative terminals get in
contact with each other as this will short circuit the batteries and cause
damage.10
 Batteries can be connected as many as possible according to the consumer’s
consumption, but when you start to construct and do a mess of batteries and
cables that may be very confusing, so one needs to always first draw a plan
for the system.
 Avoid mixing batteries of different size and capability
 Avoid mixing new and old batteries cause this may lead to shortening years
off the life of the new battery.11

5.4. Inverter & Battery maintenance

This is the attention given to the inverter & batteries performance to ensure that the
system is able to function, charge and discharge well.

 First isolate the inverter and battery system.

 Blow dust from the inverter and clean it using a cotton cloth and cleaning
foam like pledge.
 Check for all loose terminations and if there is any tighten it.
 Blow dust from the batteries
 Clean the batteries very well using a clean cotton cloth and clean all the
crowded powder formations on the battery terminals then tightened the
terminals.
 Measure the batteries output voltages to check for it efficiency and it’s not
okay recommend for new batteries, this comes after the batteries have
worked for a long time and if they have only worked for a short period of
10
11

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time, trouble shoot and find the real cause of the short performance before
replacing new ones that might be affected by the same issue.
 Reconnect the system if okay and test run such that it gives out the required
power to the loads.

Jumper wires
Batteries

Rack and spill containment

Batteries connected in
parallel

5.4.1. Personal equipment’s and tools used.

 Over all, helmet, safety boots, adjustable spanner, clamp meter,
programming kit, pledge foam, nose mask, spanner kit,

CCTV CAMERA SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION

CCTV (Closed Circuit TV) uses one or more video cameras to transmit video and
sometimes audio images to a monitor, set of monitors, or video recorder. The
difference between CCTV and standard TV is that standard TV openly broadcasts
signals to the public while CCTV is not openly transmitted to the public. CCTV
uses either wireless or wired transmission to send the broadcast from the video
cameras to the monitor(s) or recording device.

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Most of the CCTV systems are used for surveillance, which can include security
monitoring, spying, or safety monitoring.

A typical CCTV Camera looks as below herein,

Types of CCTV Cameras

There are many types of CCTV cameras.

They can be categorized by the types of
images they are able to capture, the amount
of frames they can take per minute, the type
of connection to the monitor or video recording device, whether they are able to
move position, and special functions they can provide.

Types of Images: CCTV cameras generally take both black and white or color
video images. In addition, many CCTV cameras even have night vision capabilities
that allow a CCTV camera to view and record low light images using special
technology

Frames per Second: Frames per second is the amount of full frames that a video
camera captures and sends to a recording device or monitor per second. While
most CCTV camera systems easily capture 30 or more frames per second (30 fps is
considered real time), the amount of video tape or digital storage would be
enormous to record every moment of everyday. For most stores, speeds of 1 to 6
frames per second are more than enough to catch and record a perpetrator
committing a crime.

Pan Tilt Zoom (PTZ) Cameras: These types of CCTV cameras allow a person
controlling the surveillance of an area to move the camera remotely, usually with
an RF or wired controller. Most movable cameras allow the person monitoring it to
move the camera from right to left (pan), up and down (tilt), and from a tight angle
to a wide angle (close up zoom).

Cameras with Special Accessories: Certain CCTV cameras have special functions
that are made for specialty uses. For instance, there are extremely small

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surveillance cameras that are used for spying (Nanny Cams), night viewing, are
vandal resistant, and that are specifically made for indoor or outdoor uses.

Types of CCTV Camera system installations done with Ultimate Security Ltd

1. Wired CCTV Systems

Wired CCTV systems connect the camera to the recording device and monitor with
the help of standard coaxial cables or Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cables or
fiber optic cables.

The key advantages of wired CCTV systems are:

 Provides the best picture quality with zero interference

 The camera can be located hundreds of meters away from the recording or
monitoring equipment.
 All sensors can be run from a single power supply

The key disadvantages are:

 Cabling and installing can be a tedious task, requiring help from experts
 Observation is fixed to a specific area and the camera cannot be easily moved to
another location.
 Overall, wireless cameras are relatively more expensive than traditional wired
cameras.

2. Wireless CCTV systems

Wireless CCTV systems are increasingly becoming a popular choice among
CCTV buyers on account of the ease of installing such a system, lack of cabling
requirements and assured mobility.

Wireless Surveillance Camera System Features

 Wireless Network Transmission

 Connect up to 4 cameras on one wireless bridge
 Transmit multiple CCTV cameras using network video servers
 150+ Mbps Data Signal
 Rugged, weatherproof IP66 enclosure
 CAT-6 / RJ-45 Ethernet Interface
 4 Port power over Ethernet switch included
 Weatherproof Power Supply Box Included

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The key advantages are:

 A wireless camera can be moved to other locations requiring observation while

it is difficult to move a wired camera.
 Best suited for locations requiring temporary observation or in a temporary
location.
 Wireless camera can be hidden to detect theft or pilferage
 Wireless recording and monitoring device need not be in the same line of sight
allowing observation of any place from another remote location.
 Wireless systems are cost effective, re-deployable and portable.

The key disadvantages of wireless CCTV systems are listed below.

 Wireless systems require a dedicated frequency to transmit signals from the

camera to the receiving and recording station.
 Frequencies may be subject to various interruptions by use of electric motored
products, air conditioning, fluorescent lighting or cordless telephones which
affect the picture quality.
 Wireless camera may not provide the best picture quality as such systems are
susceptible to picture distortion while wired cameras provide relatively better
picture quality.
 Wireless CCTV cameras may need electric power which implies a wire runs
through the camera though the video connection is wireless.
 Wireless systems require wireless technology-specific expertise to diagnose and
fix break downs in the system

Application of CCTV System

 Financial Institutions; i.e. Places where cash is handled, teller windows,

safes,
ATM areas, customer checkout line and back doors
 Office Building; A great number of surveillance camera systems have been
installed in public facilities and large buildings in order to maintain safety by
quickly detecting crime and taking appropriate actions. The range of area to be
monitored: Building entrances, emergency exits, public spaces and Rest room
entrances.
 Hospitals and Other Medical Facilities; Places to monitor include the lobby,
waiting room and entrance. Taking into consideration the fact that some visitors
dislike overt cameras, perform unobtrusive monitoring by using dome type
cameras.

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 Department Stores and Supermarkets; The surveillance camera system is

installed as a means to prevent and detect shoplifting as well as fraudulent
insurance claims from staged accidents.
 Hotels; Installing the system at the entrance, hall, elevator or parking lot can
help prevent
Troubles with guests
 Factories; Specially designed industrial-use camera systems are used for
product inspection, but normal camera systems are used to monitor work
progress. The aims of these systems are to analyze work processes for higher
productivity or to monitor dangerous locations to document accidents.
 Transportation; At train stations, surveillance systems are installed to monitor
arriving and departing trains in order to prevent accidents on the platform

Factors to be considered when purchasing a camera

 Lighting conditions; image capture during day and night, this is such that the
level of light has a direct impact on the quality of images
 Position of camera; indoor and outdoor cameras may require protective
enclosure to resist weather and criminals apart from aluminum housing and
sealed cable entry
 Field and view; wide angle or narrow angle, the distance within which objects
are in focused
 Sensitivity and resolution; sensitivity means a camera’s response to lighting
levels while resolution implies the picture quality and details in image produced
by the camera
 Focal length; that is, the distance between the camera and the object to be
focused
 Price; this can basically be compared to the features benefits and after sales
service

FACTROS TO BE CONSIDERED IN DESIGN OF A CCTV CAMERA

SYSTEM INSTALLATION

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 Required quality of representation of field of interest

 Environment in which the equipment will be used
 Size of the field of interest to be viewed
 Available light — and need for supplemental lighting
 Power source. CCTV cameras are available in both monochrome (black and
white) and color.

COMPONENTS THAT MAKE UP A CCTV CAMERA SYSTEM

In a CCTV system, components refer to different parts that make up a complete

closed circuit television system and mainly these are three components
 A Camera
 A Recorder
 A Monitor

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Camera

Cameras are used to capture videos or still images which are recorded with a
digital video recorder. These recorded videos or images can then be viewed with
the help of a monitor. Depending on the usage and area which needs to be covered,
a CCTV system may employ one or more cameras.

In CCTV systems, the number of cameras installed will be more as they need to be
placed at specific places for best coverage. You can choose to install either a wired
CCTV system or wireless CCTV system. They both have their advantages and
disadvantages. Cameras are of numerous kinds and each of them are built and
designed for various purposes. There are a few criteria which determine the type of
CCTV camera needed for a particular application. Placement of the camera is one
such criterion.

A camera which has to be placed outside will need to have a robust casing to
withstand the outdoor conditions. Depending upon the range of area to be covered,
you may need to install cameras of different resolutions. A high resolution camera
will be necessary to cover big spaces whereas a low resolution camera might be
enough for a small room. There are cameras which can be hidden from normal
view if you do not want people to know that they are being watched. You can also
install PTZ cameras which can be remotely controlled. A PTZ camera has
functions for panning, tilting and even zooming to focus. A CCTV system for
strata may employ a lot of these different types of cameras. It all depends on the
requirement of the strata. Cameras can be even connected to a computer network.
There are two modes by which a camera may operate: wired and wireless. In a
wired mode the camera transmits videos through a cable to the recording device
whereas a wireless transmission occurs in wireless cameras. Wireless cameras
reduce the installation cost and provide more flexibility but it is subjected to
transmission failures.

Recorder

There are mainly of two types;

Standalone DVRs and NVRs. DVR stands for Digital Video Recorder and NVR
stands for Network Video Recorder.

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Standalone DVRs record and store the images or videos sent by the CCTV
cameras. A standalone DVR is not connected to any network but just a single
computer system. NVRs perform the same function as standalone DVRs but are
connected not to just a single computer but a whole network. The images or videos
stored by NVRs can be viewed by anyone in the network. With NVRs it is easier to
authorize who can view the videos or images over internet.

Monitor

Refers to the screens which display the recorded images or videos to be seen by the
security personnel

There are various kinds of monitors available: LCD monitors, LED monitors and
TFT monitors. To view the feedback from more than one camera you may need to
setup more than one monitor.

To deter thieves, some shops even position the monitors where they can be viewed
by customers. By doing this, people entering the shops know that they are being
watched and any undesirable incident may be avoided. As we can see that the basic
components of CCTV system are typically cameras, a recording device and a
monitor. The difference lies in the types of components used. Choosing from
various types of cameras to installing the monitors and choosing which recorder to
use is what constitutes different types of CCTV systems. It might be imperative to
choose not one but many different types of cameras and installations in CCTV
systems for strata. Choosing the right component and suitable installation is
important as it will enable the security personnel to monitor the area better.

Wiring a video Security System

Wiring and cable might not be the flashiest part of a security system but it is a
critical part of the overall solution. There are plenty of things to consider when
selecting and installing wire and cable to ensure your security system works
optimally. At a minimum, wire will be used to provide power to your camera
installation and most of the time; wire is also used to transmit the video camera
signal back to the DVR.

To determine the appropriate cable for your security camera installation you must
first know whether your system is analog or digital. Next, you need to know if your
camera is going to be powered locally (connecting to its power source within a few
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feet) or remotely. If you are connecting the camera to a remote power source, you
should consider running your video and power cables together. Video security
cables are available with the power and video cables run side-by-side (known as
Siamese Cables) or all under one jacket. These will make installation much easier
than trying to pull two separate wires. 

Before installing your cameras, it is recommended that you test the security camera
cable by connecting a camera to the power supply and to the DVR. Test each pre-
made cable at the DVR location, or make a short test cable when using bulk wire.
This extra step can help prevent headaches by ensuring that your pre-made security
camera cables are fully functional before installing.

Cable Transmission

All cables, no matter what their length or quality, cause attenuation when used for
the transmission of video signals, the main problem being related to the wide
bandwidth requirements of a video signal. All cables produce a loss of signal that
is dependent primarily on the frequency, the higher the frequency, the higher the
loss. This means that as a video signal travels along a cable it loses its high
frequency components faster than its low frequency components. The result of this
is a loss of the fine detail (definition) in the picture.

The human eye is very tolerant of errors of this type; a significant loss of detail is
not usually objectionable unless the loss is very large. This is fortunate, as the
losses of the high frequency components are very high on the types of cables
usually used in CCTV systems. For instance, using the common coaxial cables
URM70 or RG59, 50% of the signal at 5MHz is lost in 200 meters of cable. To
compensate for these losses, special amplifiers may be used. These provide the
ability to amplify selectively the high frequency components of the video signal to
overcome the cable losses.

Cable Types

There are two main types of cable used for transmitting video signals, which are:
Unbalanced (coaxial) and balanced (twisted pair). The construction of each is
shown in diagrams 15.2 and 15.3. An unbalanced signal is one in which the signal
level is a voltage referenced to ground. For instance, a video signal from the
camera is between 0.3 and 1.0 volts above zero (ground level). The shield is the
ground level.

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A balanced signal is a video signal that has been converted for transmission along
a medium other than coaxial cable. Here the signal voltage is the difference
between the voltage in each conductor.

External interference is picked up by all types of cable. Rejection of this

interference is effected in different ways. Coaxial cable relies on the centre
conductor being well screened by the outer copper braid. There are many types of
coaxial cable and care should be taken to select one with a 95% braid. In the case
of a twisted pair cable, interference is picked up by both conductors in the same
direction equally. The video signal is travelling in opposite directions in the two
conductors. The interference can then be balanced out by using the correct type of
amplifier. This only responds to the signal difference in the two conductors and is
known as a differential amplifier.

Unbalanced (Coaxial) Cables

This type of cable is made in many different types of impedance. In this case
impedance is measured between the inner conductor and the outer sheath. 75-Ohm
impedance cable is the standard used in CCTV systems. Most video equipment is
designed to operate at this impedance. Coaxial cables with an impedance of 75
Ohms are available in many different mechanical formats; including single wire
armored and irradiated PVC sheathed cable for direct burial. The cables available
range in performance from relatively poor to excellent. Performance is normally
measured in high frequency loss per 100 meters. The lower this loss figure, the less
the distortion to the video signal. Therefore, higher quality cables should be used
when transmitting the signal over long distances.

Another factor that should be considered carefully when selecting coaxial cables is
the quality of the cable screen. This, as its name suggests, provides protection from
interference for the centre core, as once interference enters the cable it is almost
impossible to remove.

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Diagram of unbalanced cable

Balanced (Twisted Pair) Cables

In a twisted pair each pair of cables is twisted with a slow twist of about one to two
twists per meter. These cables are made in many different impedances, 100 to 150
Ohms being the most common. Balanced cables have been used for many years in
the largest cable networks in the world. Where the circumstances demand, these
have advantages over coaxial cables of similar size. Twisted pair cables are
frequently used where there would be an unacceptable loss due to a long run of
coaxial cable.

Diagram of balanced Cable

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The main advantages balanced cable are;:

 The ability to reject unwanted interference.

 Lower losses at high frequencies per unit length.
 Smaller size.
 Availability of multi-pair cables.
 Lower cost.

Wiring Guide for Pre-Made Cables

 Both ends of the video cable are male connectors, but the power connections
differ on either side; Identify which end of the cable is for the DVR, and which
is for the camera. The camera has a male power connector on it, so you must
identify the end of the cable that has the female connector.
 Connect both video and power to the camera pigtail.
 On the other end of the BNC cable, plug the video connector into the DVR on
the desired video input.
 Plug the power cable directly into the power Supply. Depending upon which
cameras came with your kit, you may have either a single power supply with a
multi-camera splitter, or several individual camera power supplies.
 Setup Complete

Video Cable & Maximum Distance

All professional grade systems use video coaxial cable to transmit the video from
the security camera to the recorder. The maximum distance the security cameras
can be from the recorder is a function of the camera cable rather than the camera
itself. Using RG59 coax cable you can extend the camera out to 600 feet. Using
RG6 coax cable you can run up to 1,000 feet. Camera cable is available in 500'
boxes or pre-made cables in 100', 65', and 35’ lengths.

Wiring Guide for Bulk Cable and Custom Cable Lengths

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 Cut the desired length of cable from the box of cable supplied.
 Follow the steps outlined below on making BNC fittings for both ends of your
custom length BNC cable. Once you have completed those steps, plug one end
of the newly finished BNC cable into your camera and the other end into your
DVR.
 At the camera side of the cable, strip away the outer shielding from the power
cable so that the red and black wires inside are exposed. Strip off 1/4 inch of
the jacket of each wire.
 Insert the wires into the terminal block on the end of your female power wire
pigtail. The black wire needs to be inserted on the same side as the black wire
on the pigtail; the red should be inserted on the same side as the red wire on the
pigtail. Once the wires are inserted, use a small screwdriver (Phillips
recommended) to tighten down the screws on the terminal block. Lastly, plug
the camera into the fitting on the end of the pigtail.
 On the DVR side of the cable, strip away the outer shielding from the power
cable so that the red and black wires inside are exposed. Strip off 1/4 inch of
the jacket of each wire.
 If you are connecting the camera to a multi-camera power supply, you can
attach the wires directly to the positive (V+) and negative (V-) leads of the
power box; the red wire is always Positive and the black is always Negative.
 If you are connecting the camera to a single camera power supply, attach a
male power wire pigtail using step 7, then connect the camera power supply to
the end of the pigtail, then setup Complete

How to Make a BNC Cable Fitting.

The following are steps in making a BNC fitting.

 Strip away all of the cable and shielding so you have 1/2" of the center
conductor exposed.
 Then strip away the black covering so you have 1/4" of the shielding exposed.
Do not allow any of the copper shielding to touch the center conductor.
 Insert the cable into the fitting and gently find the hole for the center conductor
before you press the fitting on the wire.
 Now just twist the fitting on the wire while firmly pressing down until the
fitting has been firmly twisted onto the BNC cable

Connecting Coaxial Cables

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Whether you’re using pre-made cables that came with your system or wiring your
own via the previous step, BNC fittings are used to connect the BNC cable to both
the camera and the recorder, multiplexer or monitor. You simply push the fitting
on the video port on the back of the DVR or camera and turn it, it couldn't be
easier. Just watch our instructional video at the top of the page if you need
additional help.

Camera Power

Security cameras can be powered two ways. You can power each security camera
with its own plug in power supply, or you can wire multi-security wires back to a
multi-camera power source. Both options plug into a regular 110V electrical outlet
and then step the power down to 12V DC or 24V AC to feed to the camera. Make
sure you match the cameras voltage to the camera power supply. In other words,
power a 12V DC camera with a 12V DC power supply and power a 24V AC
camera with a 24V AC power supply. Failure to do so can result in damaged
equipment.

We recommend using 12V DC equipment. 12-volt replacement parts are readily

available and they filter power spikes from getting to the camera. Plug in power
supplies are usually located within 6-10 feet of the security camera. The multi-
camera power supplies are installed in a closet or somewhere out of the way and
then a two conductor power wire is pulled to each camera. When designing a
surveillance system, you may want to use a combination of plug in and multi-
camera power supplies. This will depend on where your power outlets are located
and how easily you can pull a security camera wire from a multi-camera power
supply to each camera. Multi-camera power supplies have one fused, dedicated
power output for each camera. This design provides excellent protection from
power spikes and surges.

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Security Camera Power Cable

While almost any power wire will work to power a camera the quality of the power
wire will dictate the maximum distance you can transmit power. We recommend
using an 18 Gauge, 2 conductor, and non-shielded, twisted cable. This security
camera cable will allow you to extend the distance from the power supply to the
security camera up to 300', and allow you to power two or three cameras with one
security camera wire run. This cable is very common and is used in burglar alarm
and fire alarm systems as well.

Advantages of the 18 Gauge, 2 conductor cable.

 18 Gauge: Offers very low resistance to the flow of power and is less likely to
break.
 2 Conductor: One lead for (+) power, the other for (-) ground.
 Non-Shielded: Shielded power wire costs more and does not offer any benefit
for transmitting power.
 Twisted (UTP): The twisting of the power wire greatly reduces resistance to
the flow of power and extends the maximum distance up to 300 feet.

7.0. OTHER TASKS DONE

7.1. Cable laying
Cables are one easiest way of power transmission. They run from the main supply
source to transport and supply power to different electronic devices. When running
cables, one must be mindful of where the cables are going to pass. Cables are not
supposed to be run within a human working environment because this may be

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dangerous to human life.12One is advised when laying cables to use pipes,

trunkings and wall plugs to keep it firm or laying it in the ground for safety issues.

7.1.1. Procedures taken in cable laying for security lights

 Make a work plan of how cables are going to run from the power source to
the requirement destination.
 Identify the equipment that needs power and the tools and length of cable to
be used.
 Removing of pavers, concrete to make traces of were the cable is going to
pass.
 Dig a reasonable pit line such that pipes that are going to hold the wires can
fit in.
 Pass the cables through the pipes.
 Connect the cable at the main supply source and the security poles to test run
and see if there is no misconnection.
 Burry the pipe and cable with soil and put caution tape on top and build back
the pavers and concrete.13
 Use scaffolds to put security lights.

12
13
The use of caution tape is to easily identify the cable traces in case someone else wants to dig a hole
or when cables are to be removed in time to come.

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After removing the pavers,digging the passage,cables are passed through the sleeve
pipes, laid in the passage, covered with soil, and caution tape is laid on top of the
soil.it is stil covered with sand for easy laying back of the pavers.

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After testing and checking that the cables conduct,pavers are built back plus
concrete,in order to leave the site clean and as it was found.the cables are terminated
and the lights are switched on.then the scope is done.

7.1.2. Personal equipment’s used

 Overall, helmet, gloves, safety boots, safety harness

Tools used

 Phase tester
 Screw driver
 Hoe
 Hammer
 Pipes
 Scaffolds
 Spade

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CONCLUSION
The working period spent at Munig is a unique experience for me.it is an eye
opener to how real world tasks are dealt with and exposure to field work is a
welcoming practice. Being in different fields has made me learn different site
handling and management skills, hard and soft skills that can’t be learnt in lecture
rooms.

In practical training, have gained exposure to systematic work coordination in a

conducive environment coupled with friendly staff that are always there to help.

RECOMMENDATION
Proper generator installation and synchronization lessons have to be taught to team
leaders to be passed on to their subordinates during field works.one method that
can be done to solve this is to send them to classes specifically for this purpose in
order to reduce costs of paying other people to do synchronization.

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