BUILDING UTILITIES 2

Chapter 1: Electrical Systems

AR. PAULO CABATIT

CHAPTER OUTLINE

ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
• Power & Energy
• Energy Calculations
• Voltage Drop
• Electrical Conductors &
Insulators
• Wires & Cables

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POWER & ENERGY

Energy or Work = Power x Time

What is Power? In physical terms, power Power in
Rate at which energy is used is also the rate at which
or the rate at which work is fuel or energy is used
Electrical Circuit
done. and expressed as litters Watt=Power consumed
of fuel per hour, a cubic
meter of gas per minute, Electric Power = Watt
What is Energy? or tones of coal per day, 1 watt x 1000 = Kilowatt
Synonymous with Fuel. etc.
Mechanical Power
Units of Energy: • Horse Power (produces heat)
1 Horse Power= 745.7 Watts
• BTU (calories)
• Candle Power (produces heat & light)
• Foot-pound (joules)
• Kilowatt-hour
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POWER IN
ELECTRIC CIRCUIT

W = I² x R
Ohm’s Law
V= I x R
Power Formula
W= V x I

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 A mercury lamp having a hot resistance of
ENERGY 50 Ohms, is connected to a socket with
240 volts current supply.
CALCULATIONS:
PROBLEM #1 a) How much current flows through the lamp?
b) Calculate the power drawn.

Ohm’s Law Power Formula Power in Electric Circuit

Current(Amperes)= Voltage Where power factor (pf) in a purely W=I² x R
(Volts) / Resistance (Ohms) resistive circuit, such as those with W= (4.8 amps)² x 50 ohms
only electric heating elements,
I= 240 Volts / 50 Ohms impedance or resistance power W=1,152 watts
I= 4.8 amperes factor (pf) is equal to 1. 0
Thus:

W= V x I x pf
W= 240 volts x 4.7 amps x 1.0 pf
W= 1,152 watts
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 Determine the monthly energy consumption of
the following appliances:
ENERGY Appliances Load Daily Used
CALCULATIONS: Electric Iron 1,200 watts 2 hours
PROBLEM #2 Water Heater 1,000 watts 3 hours
Toaster 2,300 watts 30 minutes

Solution: Total kWh = 2.4 kWh + 3.0 If the average cost of energy (not
Electric Iron kWh +0.65 kWh power) is P 5.00 per kWh, for 30
1.2 kW x 2 hrs = 2.4 kWh days consumption, multiply:
Water Heater Total:= 6.05 kWh
1.0 kW x 3 hrs = 3.0 kWh 30 Days x 6.05 kWh =
Toaster 181.50 kWh/month
2.3 kW x 0.5 hrs = 0.65 kWh
181.50 KWh/month x P5.00/kWh =
P907.50 per month

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VOLTAGE DROP

In a SERIES CIRCUIT: In a PARALLEL

.
CIRCUIT:
The current is the same throughout The current is the voltage is the same
but the voltage differs. but the current differs.

Req = R1 + R2 + R3 + … 1 = 1 +1 + 1 + …
Req R1 R2 R3

Voltage drop in wire = Carried current x Resistance of wire

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 WIRE SIZE &
AMPERE CAPACIT Y
Wire Size Amperes
No. AWG
14 15
12 20
10 30
8 40
6 55
4 70
2 95
0 125
00 145
000 165

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ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS
AND INSULATORS

CONDUCTORS INSULATORS
Substances use to convert or allow Substances that resist the flow of
the flow of electricity. electric current.

Good Electric Conductors Good Electric Insulators

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 Wire is a flexible electrical conductor
whose size is 8mm² (AWG No. 8) or
WIRES & CABLES smaller.
Cable is also an electrical conductor
that is bigger than wire.

STRANDED WIRE SOLID WIRE

Group of wires twisted to form a Composed of a single piece of
metallic string. metal wire, also known as strand.

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 DEFINITION OF
TERMS FOR
WIRES & CABLES

Cord
Term given to an insulated stranded wire.
AWG
American Wire Gauge.
Mil
Used to measure a round wire diameter.
1/1000 of an inch.

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AMPACIT Y OF Ampacity is defined as the ability of
ELECTRICAL the wire or conductor to carry current
without overheating.
CONDUCTORS
Power Loss Conductor Ampacity
W(P)= I² x R Determined by the maximum
This power loss is converted into heat operating temperature that its
and must be dissipated. insulation can withstand continuously
without heating.
“Conductor size and rating shall have
sufficient ampacity to carry the load. Depends on current flow, wire
They shall have adequate mechanical resistance, and the environment
strength and shall not be less than the (enclosed or open condition)
rating the branch circuit and not less
than the maximum load to be served.”

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CHARACTERISTICS OF SELECTED INSULATED
CONDUCTORS FOR GENERAL WIRING

Trade Name Type Letter Operating Temp Application

Provision
Moisture and heat resistant KHW 75˚ C Dry and wet
rubber location
Thermoplastic T 60˚ C Dry location
Moisture resistant TW 60˚ C Dry and wet
thermoplastic location
Thermoplastic heat resistant THHN 90˚ C Dry location
Moisture and heat resistant THW/THWN 75˚ C Dry & wet location
thermoplastic
Moisture and heat resistant XHHW 90˚ C Dry location
cross-linked thermosetting
Polyethylene (PE) 75˚ C Wet location
Silicon asbestos SA 90˚ C Dry location
Asbestos & varnish cambric AVA 110˚ C Dry location

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CURRENT CARRYING CAPACITY DERATING FACTORS
Location Temp Minimum rating required
Conductor Insulation
Well ventilated normally 30˚ C 60˚ C up to No. 8 AWG
heated building copper wire and
75˚ C for bigger than No. 8
Building with such major
heat sources as power 40˚ C 75˚ C
stations or industrial
processes
Poorly ventilated spaces
such as attics 40˚ C
Furnaces and boiler room Min, 40˚ C 75˚ C
Max, 40˚ C 90˚ C
Outdoor in shade in air 40˚ C 75˚ C

In thermal insulation 45˚ C 75˚ C

Direct solar exposure 45˚ C 75˚ C

Place above 60˚ C 110˚ C

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ALLOWABLE AMPACITIES OF INSULATED COPPER
CONDUCTORS NOT MORE THAN 3 WIRES IN A RACEWAY

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CURRENT CARRYING CAPACITY DERATING FACTORS

Number of Conductors in a Derating Factor

Raceway
4 to 6 0.80
7 to 24 0.70

25 to 42 0.60

43 and above 0.50

Derating of Conductors Ampacity means that the full amount

of allowable ampacity is reduced to a certain percentage due
to the environmental condition it is exposed to and the
number of wires placed inside the conduit.

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