Information Systems & Database Management

MOIS320102

Presentation 1:

Introduction

Nahed Azab
Overview
 Characteristics of Databases
 Components of a database system
 Personal vs. enterprise-class database systems
 Database design
 History of database processing
What’s a Database?
A database is a self-describing collection of integrated records

A database is called self-describing because it stores a description of itself

The self-describing data is called metadata, which is data about data

The tables are called integrated because they store data about the relationships between the rows of
data
The Characteristics of Databases
The purpose of a database is to help people track things of interest to them

Data is stored in tables, which have rows and columns like a spreadsheet. A database may have multiple
tables, where each table stores data about a different thing

Each row in a table stores data about an occurrence or instance of the thing of interest

A database stores data and relationships

Databases Create Information
 Data
 Recorded facts and figures
 Information
 Derived from data
 Data presented in a meaningful context
 Data processed by summing, ordering, averaging, grouping, comparing, or other similar operations
 Databases record data, but they do so in such a way that we can produce information from the data
 The data on STUDENTs, CLASSes, and GRADEs could produce information about:
 A student GPA
 Average GPA for a class
 Average no. of students in a class
Main Components of a Database
1. Tables or files
2. Relationships among records (or rows)
3. Metadata
Main Components of a Database
1. Tables or Files
• Each table or file consists of:
• Records (rows
• Fields (column
Rows, also called "Records"
Columns, also called fields
Characters, also called bytes

Student Student Name HW HW2 MidTer

Number 1 m
1325 BAKER, 88 100 78
ANDREA
1644 LAU, SWEE 75 90 90
2881 NELSON, 100 U(5 98
STUART
3007 FISCHER, 95 100 74
MAYAN
3559 TAM, JEFFREY 100 88
4867 VERBERRA, 70 90 92
ADAM
5265 VALDEZ, 80 90 85
MARIE
8009 ROGERS, ^5 100 98
SHELLS
Main Components of a Database
2. Relationships among records
• Every table must have a primary key
• A primary key is a field (column) or group of fields that identifies a unique record (row) in a
table
• A foreign key is a field that could exist more than once in a table and relates to a primary key
in another table
Main Components of a Database
Email Table
EmailNu Date Message Student
m Number
1 2/1/200 For homework 1, do you want us to provide notes on our (J325)
4 references?
2 3/15/20 My group consists of Swee Lau and Stuart Nelson.
04
3 3/15/20 Could you please assign me to a group? 1644
04
Student Table
Student Student Name HW HW MidTerm
Number 1 2
<4325) baker, andrea 88 100 78
1644 lau, swee 75 90 90
2881 nelson, stuart 100 90 98
3007 fischer, mayan 95 100 74
3559 tam, jeffrey 100 88
(4867) verberra, adam 70 90 92
5265 ^alqez, marie 80 90 85
8009 rogersTshe^ly 95 100 98

Office Visit Table

Visit Date Notes Student
eD Number
2 2/13/200 Andrea had questions about using is for raising barriers to entry. 1325
4
3 2/17/200 Jeffrey is considering an is major. Wanted to talk about career ^3559
4 opportunities.
4 2/17/200 Will miss class Friday due to job conflict. '4867)
4
Main Components of a Database
3. Metadata
• Describe the data in each table in the database
• Metadata make databases easy to use because it provides a full description of the content of a
database
EMAIL : Table - @1*

Field Name 1 Data Type Description 1 a

EmadNum AutoNumber Primary key - values provided by Access
Date Date/Time " 1 Date the message is recorded into the database
Message Memo Text of the emal
Student Number Number Foreign key to row in the Student Table
y
Field Properties

Lookup
General
Format Input Mask Caption Default Value VaSdation Rule Valdation Text Required
Indexed IME Mode
IME Sentence Mode
Short Date 99/99/0000; 0
-Now()
Yes No
No Control None
The data type determines the kind of values that users can store In the field. Press Fi
for help on data types.
 Example: Student/Class/Grade
The STUDENT table
33 students Record: y
StudentNumber LastNam F EmailAddress »
1 H Cooke Sam
2 Lau Marcia [email protected]
3 Harris Lou [email protected]
4 Greene Grace
The CLASS table
3 CLASSES Records: X
ClassNum - ClassName • Term Section
1 12 CHEM 2012-Fall 1
2 20 CHEM 2012-Fall 2
3 30 CHEM 2013- 1
4 40 ACCT101 2012-Fall 1
5 50 ACCT 102 2013- 1
The GRADE table —but who do these grades belong to?
3 grades Record: X
Grade »
<E
3.5
3.7
3.1
3.0
3.5
0.0
The Key Characteristic of Databases: Related Tables
The STUDENT table H 3 STUDENT
The GRADE table with foreign keys—now each grade is linked back to the STUDENT and
CLASS tables
StudentNumber - LastName * 1 Cooke
EmailAddress [email protected]
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
The CLASS table

ClassName Term Section

CHEM101 2012-Fall 1
20 CHEM 101 2012-Fa II 2
30 CHEM 101 2013- 1
Spring
40 ACCT101 2012-Fall 1
50 ACCT 102 2013- 1
Spring
GRADES
StudentNumber ClassNumper Grade
1 10 3.7
2 40 3.5
3 20 3.7
4 30 3.1
5 40 3.0
6 50 3.5
Database Examples
Application Example Users Number Typical Size Remarks
of
Sales contact Salesperson 1 Users 2,000 rows Products such as GoldMine and
manager Act! are database centric.

Patient appointment Medical office 15 to 50 100,000 rows Vertical market software vendors
(doctor, dentist) incorporate databases into their
software products.

Customer Sales, marketing, 500 10 million Major vendors such as Siebel

Relationship or customer rows and PeopleSoft build
Management (CRM) service applications around the
departments database.

Enterprise An entire 5,000 10 million+ SAP uses a database as a

Resource Planning organization rows central repository for ERP data.
(ERP)

E-commerce site Internet users Possibly 1 billion+ Drugstore.com has a database

millions rows that grows at the rate of 20
million rows per day!

Digital dashboard Senior managers 500 100,000 rows Extractions, summaries, and
consolidations of operational
databases.

Data mining Business 25 100,000 to Data are extracted, reformatted,

analysts millions+ cleaned, and filtered for use by
statistical data mining tools.
Components of a Database System

Users Database Application

• Create
• Process
• Administer
Applications, the DBMS, and SQL
• Applications are the computer programs that users work with.
• The Database Management System (DBMS) creates, processes, and administers
databases.
• Structured Query Language (SQL) is an
internationally recognized standard database language that is used by all commercial DBMSs.
Database Applications
• Create and process forms
• Process user queries
• Create and process reports
• Execute application logic
• Control application
Database Applications—Forms
CLASSES
CLASS
Class Number Class Name Term Section
CLASS ENROLLMENT DATA
ACCT101
2012-Fall
Student Number
Last Name 1 Cooke
4 Greene (New)
First Name Sam
Grace
Email Address [email protected]
[email protected]
 Database Applications—Queries
SELECT LastName, FirstName, EmailAddress
FROM STUDENT
WHERE StudentNumber > 2;
SQL-Query-01 Record: M 1 of 2
LastName FirstName EmailAddress

Harris Lou [email protected]

Lou
Greene Grace [email protected]
Database: Class Grade Report
Class Number Class Name
10 CHEM101
20 CHEM 101
30 CHEM 101
40 ACCT101
50 ACCT 102
Term Section
2012-Fall 1
2012-Fall 2
2013-Spring 1
2012-Fall 1
2013-Spring 1

Reports
Last Name First Name Grade
Cooke Sam 3.7
Lau Marcia 3.7
Harris Lou 3.1
Cooke Sam 3.5
Greene Grace 3.0
Greene Grace 3.5
The DBMS
• Create database
• Create tables
• Create supporting structures (e.g., indexes)
• Read database data
• Modify (insert, update, or delete) database data
• Maintain database structures
• Enforce rules
• Control concurrency
• Provide security
• Perform backup and recovery
The Database
• A database is a self-describing collection of integrated tables.
• The tables are called integrated because they store data about the relationships between the
rows of data.
• A database is called self-describing because it stores a description of itself.
• The self-describing data is called metadata, which is data about data.
Typical Metadata Tables
USE FL TABLES Table
TableN NumberColu PrimaryKey
ame mns
STUDE 4 StudentNumber
NT
CLASS 4 ClassNumber
GRADE 3 (StudentNumber,
ClassNumber)
USED COLUMNS Table
ColumnNa TableName DataType Length
me (bytes)
StudentNu STUDENT Integer 4
mber
Last STUDENT Text 25
Name
FirstName STUDENT Text 25
EmailAddr STUDENT Text 100
ess
ClassNum CLASS Integer 4
ber
Name CLASS Text 25
Term CLASS Text 12
Section CLASS Integer 4
StudentNu GRADE Integer 4
mber
ClassNum GRADE Integer 4
ber
Grade GRADE Decimal (2,1)
Database Contents
* Tables of user data
* Metadata
* Indexes
* Stored procedures
* Triggers
* Security data
* Backup/recovery data
Stored Procedures: can receive input parameters and return results.
Triggers: maintain DB accuracy & consistency, provide default values, and enforce data
constraints.
Security data: define users, groups, and allowed permissions.
Backup/recovery data: save DB data to backup devices & recover data when needed.
Personal DBMS: Microsoft Access
Microsoft Access
Microsoft Access
Microsoft Access is a low-end product intended for individual users and small workgroups.
Microsoft Access tries to hide much of the underlying database technology from the user.
A good strategy for beginners, but not for database professionals.
What Is Microsoft Access?
Microsoft Access is a DBMS + an application generator:
• The DBMS creates, processes, and administers Microsoft Access databases.
• The application generator includes query, form, and report components.
The Microsoft Access DBMS engine is called the Access Data Engine (ADE).
Microsoft Access 2000 thru 2010 can be used as an application generator for the Microsoft
SQL Server DBMS.
Enterprise-Class Database Systems
Prominent DBMS Products
 Microsoft Access 2013
 Microsoft SQL Server 2014
 Oracle Corporation Oracle Database 11 a Release 2
 MySQL 5.6
 IBM DB2
DBMS Power vs. Ease of Use
 Microsoft Oracle Corp. Microsoft IBM Oracle Corp.
 Access (ADE)
 MySQL
 SQL Server
 DB2
 Oracle Database

Increasing power and features

Increasing difficulty of use
Three Types of Database Design
• From existing data
• Analyze spreadsheets and other data tables
• Extract data from other databases
• Design using normalization principles
• New systems development
• Create data model from application requirements
• Transform data model into database design
• Database redesign
• Migrate databases to newer databases
• Integrate 2 or more databases
• Reverse engineer and design new databases using normalization principles and data model
transformation
Database Design from Existing Data
re ad sheet
OR
Operational Database (ERP, CRM)
Database extraction
Data Import: One or Two Tables?
EmpNurn EmpName DeptNum DeptName

100 Jones 10 Accounting

150 Lau 20 Marketing

200 McCauley 10 Accounting

300 Griffin 10 Accounting

(a) One-Table Design

Database professionals use a set of principles collectively called normalization, to guide and
assess database design.
DeptNum DeptName

10 Accounting

20 Marketing

(b) Two-Table Design

EmpNum EmpName DeptNum

100 Jones 10

150 Lau 20

200 McCauley 10

300 Griffin 10
Database Design from New Systems Development
 Forms
 Reports
 Use Cases and Other Systems Development Documents
 User Requirement Statements
 Data Model
 Data Model Transformation
 Systems Requirements
Database Design from Database
Redesign
Database Migration
OR
Database!
Database2
Database Integration
What You Need To Learn
 Web Server with PHP or Java Applications
 Client Applications in C# orVB.NET
 Web Portal with Reporting Applications
 Knowledge Worker and Programmer
 SQ L
 Access Database Engine {ADE)
 SQL Server
 MySQL
 Oracle Database
 Database Administrator
Knowledge Priorities
Topic Chapter Importance to Knowledge Importan
Worker and Adm
Programmer
Basic SQL Chapter 2 1 1

Design via normalization Chapter 3 2 1

Data modeling Chapter 4 1 1

Data model transformation Chapter 5 2 1

DDL SQL Chapter 6 2 1

Constraint enforcement Chapter 7 3 1

Database redesign Chapter 8 3 2, but 1 f

Database administration Chapter 9 2 1

SQL Sen/er, Oracle, MySQL specifics Chapters 10,10A, 10B, IOC 3 1

Database application technology Chapters 11,12 1 3

1 = Very important; £ = Important; 3 = Less important Warning: Opinions vary, ask your
instructor for his or hers.
A Brief History of Database Processing I
Era Years Important Products Remarks

Predatabase Before File managers All data were stored in

1070 separate files. Data
integration was very
difficult. File storage space
was expensive and
limited.
Early database 1970-1930 ADABAS. First products to provide
System2QQ0, Total. related tables. CODASYL
IDMS, IMS DBTG and hierarchical
data models \DL/D were
prevalent.
Emergence of 1978-1905 DB2. Oracle Early relational DBMS
relational products had substantial
model inertia to overcome. In
time, the advantages
weighed out.
Microconnpirte 1962- dBase-ll, Fl:base< Amazing! A database on a
r DBMS 1902+ Paradox, Access micro. All micro DBMS
products products were eliminated
by Microsoft Access in the
early 1000s.
Object-oriented 1925-2000 Oracle ODBMS and Never caught on.
DBMS others Required relational
database to be converted.
Too much work for
perceived benefit.
A Brief History of Database Processing II
Wob 1995- IIS, Apache, PHP, Stateless characteristic
databases presen ASP.NET, and of HTTP was a
t Java problem at first.
Early applications
were simple one-
stage transactions.
Open source 1995- MySQL. Open source DBMS
DBMS present PostgreSQL. and products provide much
products other products of the functionality and
features of commercial
DBMS products at
reduced cost.
XML and Web 1998- XML. SOAP, WSDL, XML provides
services present UDDI, and other tremendous benefits to
standards Web-based database
applications. Very
important today. May
replace relational
databases during your
Big Data and 2009- Hadoop. Cassandra. Web applications such
the No SQL present Hbase, CouchDB, as Facebook and Twitter
movement MongoDB, and use Big Data
other products technologies, often
using Hadoop and
related products. The
NoSQL movement is
really a NoRelationalDB
movement that replaces
relational databases
with non-relational data
The Relational Database Model
• The dominant database model is the relational database model - all current major DBMS
products are based on it.
• It was created by IBM engineer E. F. Codd in 1970.
• It was based on mathematics called relational algebra.