Senior High School

Reading and Writing Skills

Quarter 3 - Module 1
Reading and Thinking Strategies Across
Text Types
Reading and Writing Skills
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 1: Reading and Thinking Strategies Across Text Types
First Edition, 2021

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Published by the Department of Education- Region III

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Thelma V. Villaflores
Content Editor: Maica Jill N. de Guzman
Language Editor: Fernando A. Dionisio, Jr.
Illustrator: Thelma V. Villaflores
Layout Artist: Thelma V. Villaflores
Content Evaluator: Esperanza S. Nunez
Language Evaluator: Domingo J. Langa, Jr.
Layout Evaluator: Rolando N. Javier, Jr.
Management Team: Gregorio C. Quinto
Rainelda M. Blanco
Agnes R. Bernardo
Jay Arr V. Sangoyo
Glenda S. Constantino
Joannarie C. Garcia

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 Senior High School

Reading and Writing Skills

Quarter 3 - Module 1
Reading and Thinking Strategies
Across Text Types
Introductory Message

This Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) is prepared so that you, dear learners, can
continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each ADM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-step
as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each ADM.
This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you need to
ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the
lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check
your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that
you will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teachers are also provided
to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can best
help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of
this ADM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercise and tests. Read
the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this ADM or any difficulty in answering the tasks
in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.

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 This module provides varied activities that will help you compare and
contrast patterns of written texts across disciplines and critique a chosen sample
of each pattern of development focusing on information selection, organization,
and development (EN11/12RWS-IIIbf-3).

This module is divided into two lessons, namely:

• Lesson 1 - Techniques in Selecting and Organizing Information

• Lesson 2 - Patterns of Development

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

• distinguish between and among techniques in selecting and

organizing information; and
• distinguish between and among patterns of development in writing
across disciplines.

What I Know

Directions: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which statement is NOT true about the definition of reading?

a. Reading is a passive process of sharing one’s insights through writing.
b. Reading is an ability to comprehend meaning from a given text.
c. Reading is an interactive process that helps you to find meaning from a given
text.
d. Reading is a method of decoding meanings out of letters or symbols.
2. Which strategy looks for important details without going into detailed reading?
a. previewing
b. scanning
c. skimming
d. visualizing
3. What do you look for when you are scanning a text?
a. general overview of the material
b. hidden meaning of the article
c. images or pictures
d. specific facts
4. “I haven’t seen Momala for two years, so I was really delighted to see her again and spend
time with her. I remember how Momala would shower me with cute little presents when
I was younger, and later on would give me advice about life. She would also tell me stories
of how she and my mom met in college.” Momala refers to…
a. a close friend of mom.
b. a distant relative.
c. a stepmom.
d. an aunt.

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5. What type of context clues is used in this sentence: “I cannot understand his obnoxious
behavior towards his little sister when he seemed so pleasant with his cousins?”
a. antonym
b. definition
c. explanation
d. synonym
6. “I usually call my best friend an ‘owl’ because she is a nocturnal person.” What is the
meaning of the word “nocturnal?”
a. an animal lover
b. an intelligent person
c. a person who is active at night
d. someone who has sleeping problems
7. What reading strategy needs you to recall your prior knowledge of the text?
a. previewing
b. scanning
c. skimming
d. summarizing
8. What is the first stage in the writing process?
a. drafting
b. prewriting
c. research
d. revising
9. What pre-writing strategy do you perform when you list down everything that comes into
your mind about the subject?
a. brainstorming
b. clustering
c. concept mapping
d. freewriting
10. Which among the statements below describes what an outline is?
a. It helps you better understand the material that you are reading.
b. It is a summary that provides the important elements of the text.
c. It is like a blueprint or skeleton when writing your essay.
d. All of the above.
11. Which characteristic of a good paragraph states that all the sentences in the
paragraph are related to the main idea?
a. clarity
b. coherence
c. development
d. unity
12. Which of the following refers to the smooth and logical flow of one sentence to another
or of an idea to another idea?
a. clarity
b. coherence
c. development
d. unity

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 13. What is the sequence in which the information in a composition is organized or
arranged?
a. consistency
b. development
c. order
d. transition
14. Which of the following connects ideas, words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to
achieve a logical flow of ideas and at the same time signal the relationship between
sentences and paragraphs?
a. correct grammar
b. diction
c. parallel structure
d. transitional devices
15. Which of the following conveys the use of similar pattern or grammatical form within
a sentence or paragraph to achieve paragraph coherence?
a. order
b. parallel structure
c. repetition
d. transitions

Lesson Techniques in Selecting and Organizing

1 Information

What’s In

Before you proceed with your lesson, let us recall what you have learned from 21st
Century Literature from the Philippines and the World.

Directions: Complete the concept map below by writing words/ideas related to literature.

Literature

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 What’s New

Directions: Read the given text, then answer the questions that follow. Write your answers
on the space provided for.

Read Me, Write Me

“Hi, Noel! Were you able to write down the things that our
teacher in English asked us to do? I cannot remember some
of the ideas that she discussed earlier.”
“Oh, hi, Thea! Wait, let me check what I have written
on my notebook. Ah, here they are.”
“Do you have any problems with the tasks Mr. Mayo gave us?
“Yes, Noel. Can you help me? I find it difficult because I don’t really like reading.
Every time I try to read something, my head aches and I can’t seem to recall everything
or comprehend what I have read.”
“Well, Thea, you can begin by taking down notes or writing an outline of the text
that you are reading so you can better understand the text. These are the things that
you can do on your own to help you figure out any material that you will read or anything
that you will have to write like an essay.”
Then, Noel explained to her the reading and writing process and he even gave
examples of strategies that Thea can use to improve her reading and writing skills.

1. Are you like Thea who encounters problems in reading a given text?
_____________________________________________________________________
2. How can you benefit from reading?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Will you be able to write well when your teacher asks you to write about a topic? If yes,
how? If no, why not?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

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 In this module, you will learn about different strategies that you can use to improve
your reading and writing skills.

What is It
Techniques in Selecting
and Organizing Information

Reading is a process of looking at a series of written symbols and getting meaning

from them. In reading, we use different techniques to help us understand the words,
phrases, sentences, or paragraphs which challenge our beliefs, inspires our imagination,
and expands our understanding of the world.

For us to understand the text, we need to improve our reading skills. There are
many ways that we can use to help us become better readers.

Effective Reading Strategies

1. Getting an Overview of the Text

Oftentimes, trying to get an overview of the text helps us to have a survey of what
the text is all about. This can be done through previewing, skimming, and scanning,

Previewing is a strategy that readers use to recall their prior knowledge

and set a purpose for reading. Here, the readers take a quick look
at the text before reading it, looking for various features and
information that can help them when they return to read it later
in full detail. On the other hand, skimming is reading quickly,
horizontally, through the text to get a general
understanding of the content and its usefulness by
looking for the main points in the text; while scanning
looks for specific details like names, dates, and facts.

2. Using Context Clues

The use of context clues helps the reader to understand a difficult word even
without looking at a dictionary. Context clues are hints found within a sentence,
paragraph, or passage that a reader can use to understand the meanings of new or
unfamiliar words.

There are some types of context clues.

• Synonym – As the reader, you can discover the meaning of an unknown or

unfamiliar word because it repeats an idea expressed in familiar words nearby.
Synonyms are words with the same meaning.

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 Examples:

Melinda’s pertinacity, or stubbornness, is the cause of

most of her problems.

The plight of our marginalized countrymen is really an

unfortunate situation.

• Antonym – Another way to get the meaning of an

unfamiliar term is by looking for words that contrast the meaning of an
unfamiliar word with the meaning of a familiar term.

Examples:

After the scandal, Rose Lily who used to be a vociferous mother doesn’t talk
much anymore.

Instead of holding clandestine meetings, the board decided to do everything

openly.

• Definition – At times, when you see an unknown word, the meaning of the term
is explained or given in the same sentence.

Examples:

Youthquake is Oxford Dictionary’s Word of the Year in 2017 which means a

significant cultural, political or social change that occurs because of the actions
or influence of young people.

The generation born after January 1st 2020 which succeeds the Gen Z is called
the Gen C after the viral Corona Virus.

• Example – Sometimes examples are used as clues that shed light to the
meaning of the unfamiliar word.

Megalophobia is the fear of large objects like airplanes, ships, and towering
buildings.

The dulcet tone of the cello, piano, and violin are very pleasing to the ears.

2. Using Connotation and Denotation

Another way to improve your understanding of a text is determining the various

meanings of a word through denotation and connotation. Denotation refers to the
literal or dictionary meaning of the word while connotation is more suggestive.

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 Connotation is the idea or feeling that the word invokes or suggests. Also, the word
can either have a positive or negative interpretation.

Words Denotation Connotation

The clear blue sky is a I’ve been feeling blue
wonderful sight to behold. since my best friend left
blue and returned to the
meaning: color that province.
resembles the sky or meaning: feeling sad
ocean
The glaring ray of the sun My teacher glared at Jess
causes his eyes to who was playing Mobile
glare twinkle. Legends in the
classroom.
meaning: dazzling meaning: looked angrily

Positive and Negative Connotation

My English teacher gives very challenging assignments. (positive – arouses

competitive interest or action)

My English teacher gives very taxing assignments. (negative – stressful and difficult)

Reading opens an avenue of opportunity to learn more about life

and things around us. Aside from what we have learned from reading a
text, it is also very important to choose the words that we use as we
communicate our ideas to other people. Always choose to use positive
language that promotes responsibility, equality and freedom.

What’s More

Independent Activity 1

Directions: Based on the given paragraph, write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE
if not. Write your answer on the space provided before each number.

Born from a poor family of six siblings, Alfredo, “the Juice King,” saw the value of
hustling at an early age. His parents would sell anything a sidewalk vendor could sell to
survive poverty. His father’s early demise forced him to do odd jobs at the age of 12 to help
feed their family. Through the help of his relatives, he was able to finish high school; but he
was unable to finish and finish his college degree even if he was working hard. This did not
stop him from pursuing his dreams. With his experience in the printing industry, he was able
to establish his own printing business and later on discovered the potential use of “doy” packs
or flexible foil packs as a promising technology to juice packaging. The local juice companies

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rejected his ideas which led him to venture and make his own juice manufacturing business
and launched it as Zest-O juice drink and as people would say, the rest was history.

_____ 1. Alfredo came from a hardworking family.

_____ 2. He started selling to earn a living when he was in college.
_____ 3. Later on he graduated from college when he could already send himself to
university.
_____ 4. Alfredo did not owe anything to anybody.
_____ 5. Alfredo’s story is a proof that failures and difficulties cannot stop us from achieving
our dreams in life.

Independent Assessment 1

Directions: Encircle the letters that represent your answers to the questions about the given
passages.

For questions 1 – 2.
"You should spend your vacation in Tagaytay. We went there for ours and the weather
was beautiful—I didn’t get sunburns during the walking tour!"

1. The speaker assumes that the listener…

A. wants to come back from a vacation without sunburns.
B. does not want to get sunburns.
C. has an expensive vacation.
D. spends a vacation where the weather is beautiful.
2. Which of the following does the speaker fail to take into account?
A. People may not bother getting sunburns while vacationing in Tagaytay.
B. Tagaytay has beautiful weather.
C. Tagaytay’s weather is excellent for walking tours.
D. Vacations should be spent in Tagaytay.

For questions 3 – 5.

In our barangay, my father’s carinderia was the most popular place for high school
students to meet. Unlike his sister, Aunt Gloria, an authoritative and intimidating teacher,
Father was always relaxed, kind, interested, always ready to add an extra serving of his
famous “lugaw.” He was tolerant of the noisy, energetic students who came to his carinderia
after school. Everyone I knew in our barangay, except my Aunt Gloria, loved Father.

3. The passage implies reasons for…

A. the existence of a meeting place for students.
B. the generosity of the father.
C. the high volume of noise.
D. the popularity of the carinderia.
4. In the passage, the writer…
A. contrasts the personality of the two siblings.
B. explains that the father was insincere.
C. explains why the siblings were different.
D. implies why people like “lugaw.”

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5. The writer’s observations are apparently not based on…
A. first-hand experience.
B. opinions of the customers.
C. scholarly research.
D. stories from classmates.

Independent Activity 2

Directions: Identify the meaning of the underlined word in each of the given sentences.
Encircle the letter of your answer.

1. In the quest for some entertainment during the long vacation, I looked for movies and shows
that I can watch on TV.
a. journey
b. pursuit
c. search
d. tour

2. I accidentally found a Korean drama and for some good reasons, I got hooked.
a. addicted
b. captivated
c. involved
d. obsessed

3. I binged 16 episodes for three days.

a. enjoyed
b. liked
c. reveled
d. watched

4. Watching Korean drama also stirred me to learn the language.

a. inspired
b. provoked
c. stimulated
d. triggered

5. Among the gems of the dramas are the importance of the family and respect for the elderly.
a. assets
b. benefits
c. lessons
d. nuggets

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Independent Assessment 2

Directions: Identify the type of context clues used in the following sentences. Write your
answer on the space provided after each statement.

1. Amelia is a very gregarious lady, contrary to her sister Amanda who is reserved and
timid. _________
2. Cryogenics is a science that deals with how very low temperatures are produced and
how they affect other things. _________
3. Herbivores or plant eaters are primary consumers in the food chain. _________
4. John Gokongwei, Jr.’s altruism benefited many Filipinos when he donated half of his
fortune to charity, something that selfish individuals may not be willing to do.
_________
5. Maria’s friends had to cajole, or urge, her go out with them once in a while. _________
6. Ms. Dela Cruz is a curator, a person who is responsible for looking after a museum’s
collection. _________
7. My father squandered all his earnings and wasted all his money on drinking and
gambling.
8. Priests, nuns, and monks are known for their ascetic practices like spiritual discipline
and self-denial. _________
9. Sedentary individuals, people who are not very active, often have diminished health.
_________
10. The tamaraw, tarsier, and Philippine eagle are just some of our endemic animals.
_________

Independent Activity 3

Directions: Complete the table by stating the meaning of the underlined words and whether
they suggest negative or positive connotations.

Meaning Connotation
Example: The baby wailed until she was fed. cried negative
1. Portia was livid when she found out that her friends
lied to her.
2. The conflict between the leftists and the uniformed
men escalated to an exchange of fire.
3. It is quite easy to juxtapose the beliefs of today's
teenage generation with their grandparents'
generation.
4. It is the President’s intention to inoculate every
Filipino against the deadly virus.
5. The mother beamed with pleasure when she held her
son’s trophy for acting.

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Independent Assessment 3

Directions: Read the article “Nephi Garcia makes dreams come true crafting magical
Disney-inspired costumes” from (https://www.goodnewspilipinas.com/nephi-garcia-
makes-dreams-come-true-crafting-magical-disney-inspired-costumes/). On the space
provided for, answer the questions below.

Before reading:
1. What do I know about Nephi Garcia?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. Do I know anything about Disney-inspired costumes?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

3. What have I read, heard, or experienced that is related to the topic?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4. Who is the author of the article?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
5. When was it written and published?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

While reading the article:

6. What is the main idea of the article?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
7. What difficulties did Nephi encounter in pursuing his dreams?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
8. How did he overcome the difficulties he faced in reaching for his dreams?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

After reading:
9. What lessons can you learn from the article?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
10. What are your realizations after reading the article?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

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 Lesson
Patterns of Development
2

In Lesson 1, you learned to find meanings from the text that you are reading. You
were given strategies that helped you get the most out of a reading material.

Directions: Underline the idea or concept that does not belong to the group of words below.

1. academician, pupil, scholar, student

2. coach, master, teacher, trainer,
3. business, company, establishment, government
4. diverse, homogenous, manifold, myriad
5. scoff, smile, smirk, sneer

Directions: Read the given text. Then, answer the questions that follow.

“What are you doing today, Lucille? Would

you like to watch a movie with me this afternoon?”
“I’m sorry, Dannie. I have so many
assignments to finish and I can’t decide what to do
first. Have you finished your assignment in our
Writing class?”
“Oh! It’s a good thing that you mentioned it. I have not even
started with it yet. I do not know what to do. I think writing paragraphs is
very difficult. I don’t know how to begin with what I have to write.”

1. Have you ever been in the same situation like Dannie and Lucille?
___________________________________________________________________

2. Do you know how you can write good paragraphs and essay?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

This lesson will tell you how to choose a topic, mode of development and steps on how
you can improve your writing skills.

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 What is It
Patterns of Development

Writing is a difficult task especially among students like you. Most of the times, even
the choice of a topic is challenging. People associate writing to authors, poets, musicians and
playwrights.
Writing is a skill that all of us must acquire. According to Nunan (2003) writing is the
combination of mentally inventing ideas, thinking how to express them, and organizing them
into sentences and paragraphs that will make sense to a reader. Writing is also a process
that involves steps and methods to create a piece of writing. Writing is an art because you
use your imagination and creativity to express the emotions that you would like to share with
your readers. While most people think that writing is a talent, writing can be learned and
mastered.

The Writing Process

Before you decide to begin writing, there are certain ways that you can consider which
will help you to write better paragraphs or essays. Look at the writing process below and learn
how to arrange your ideas with coherence and unity.

Prewriting is a planning stage. Here you explore possible ideas or topics, choose
your audience and determine your purpose for writing. Prewriting activities can help you
generate possible topics by taking an inventory of your interests, experiences, and ideas.
Here are some strategies that you can try in generating a topic for writing.

Listing/Brainstorming – jotting down all the ideas that pop into your head
about your topic. As you go through your list, you can try to look for connections
between the ideas whether they are big or small.
Freewriting – writing whatever comes into your mind about the topic for
at least10 to 15 minutes. Do not worry about punctuations, spelling, or
sentences. The idea is that by writing freely, later you can discover an
interesting topic.
Clustering or Concept-Mapping – is a technique that lets you narrow a
broad topic into more specific topics. You take a piece of paper, write at the
center and connect ideas that are related to the broad topic.
Journal Writing – is more of personal writing where you jot down your
experiences, your thoughts, important events that took place on a particular
day, or anything that creates an impression in your mind. You can use your
journal to look for possible topics when given a writing activity or assignment.
Outlining – is listing down ideas from broad to narrow or from general to
specific. It helps you organize your thoughts linearly and makes it easier for
you to connect ideas together.

Drafting is putting your ideas into sentences and paragraphs. You arrange your ideas
in such a way that allows the reader to understand your message. The next stage which is
revising is how you rearrange, add, or remove words, sentences or paragraphs from your

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draft. You review your thoughts, reconsider your arguments, strengthen your evidences or
redefine your purpose. Good writing will undergo multiple drafts and revisions then move on
to editing. In editing and proofreading, involves looking at your work carefully, making sure
that it is well designed has serves its purpose. Proofreading is making sure that your
paragraph or essay has correct grammar, spelling and punctuations. Writing is a recurring
process, if you are in the editing stage and you found out that there is a missing evidence,
you can always go back to drafting or even prewriting to check if you have included the ideas
which you collected from the prewriting stage. If you are already confident that you have
organized your thoughts in a meaningful way, then you are now ready to publish your work.
Publishing is submitting your work to your teacher or sharing it into a website so others can
see it.

Parts of a Paragraph

• Topic Sentence – shows the main idea

of the paragraphs.
• Supporting Details – pieces of
information that provide specific
details to the idea.
• Conclusion – a restatement or a
summary of the ideas discussed in
the paragraph.

Qualities of a Good Paragraph

• Unity – unity or “oneness” of idea discussed in the paragraph.

• Coherence – the logical flow of details between and among sentences and
paragraphs.
• Development – the strategy used in developing the idea.

Means to Achieve Paragraph Coherence

• Transitional Devices – are words and phrases that connect and relate ideas,
sentences, and paragraphs to have a logical flow of ideas as they signal the
relationship between sentences and paragraphs.

Examples:

There are ways you can make boring tasks more pleasant. For instance, listen to
music or sing along with the music while you work. (The transition word indicates an
example.)

Achieving your goals in life may seem difficult but with hard work, determination and
industry everything can be possible. (The transition word indicates contrast.)

Some people in the province built their houses very close to the shoreline.
Consequently, they usually experience nature’s wrath during heavy storms. (The
transition word indicates cause and effect)

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• Parallel Structure or Parallelism– is the use of similar pattern or grammatical form
within a sentence or paragraph to achieve paragraph coherence.

Examples:

During a pandemic, most people are afraid, anxious, and cautious. (adjectives)

Reading a book, listening to music, and watching movies are just some of the
things that people do to pass away the time. (gerund)

The parents picked up the modules, the students answered the activities, and the
teachers checked their outputs. (past tense)

• Pronoun Reference – Pronouns must always refer clearly to the noun they represent
(antecedent).

Examples:

Unclear: The teacher listened to Ella and she did not understand what she was trying
to say.
Better: Mr. Roxas listened to Ella and he did not understand what she was trying to
say. (antecedent of he – Mr. Roxas, antecedent of she – Ella)

Unclear: The students are shouting at one another when his teacher entered the room.
Better: The students are shouting at one another when their teacher entered the
room. (antecedent of their – students)

Unclear: Everyone has their own battles to fight.

Better: Everyone has his or her own battles to fight. (antecedent of his or her –
everyone; the indefinite pronoun everyone can either be male or a female)

• Repetition – is the intentional use of a word or phrase to emphasize a point.

Examples:

If you ever find yourself stuck in the middle of the sea

I'll sail the world to find you
If you ever find yourself lost in the dark and you can't see
I'll be the light to guide you.
(Count on Me by Bruno Mars)

“It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was
the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was
the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was
the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were
all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way…”
(Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities)
(the use of contrasting words following the repeated elements strengthens the
passage)

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 • Logical Order – refers to organization of details used to support the main idea of the
paragraph.

You can organize your details based on the chart below:

- arranged in time sequence (yesterday,

Chronological
last year, in 2020, morning…)
- arranged according to space
Spatial relationships (near-far, inside- outside,
left-right, top-bottom…)
- arranged based on significance (most
Importance important-least important, least familiar-
most familiar…)
- arranged according to a step-by-step
Sequential/Procedural
process (first, second, next, afterwards..)

Patterns of Development

Writing a paragraph or essay is organized based on your purpose or intention.

Supporting details are arranged logically to help the reader feel the emotion that you would
like them to feel, or to visualize what you are describing, or to follow the step-by-step process
from your instructions. There are many ways to organize and develop body paragraphs
through common patterns like narration, description, comparison and contrast and so forth.

Remember, your paragraph will benefit from a focused topic

sentence. In addition, any pattern should have adequate development,
unity and coherence.

Your paragraph should present one main point in your discussion which is expressed
in a topic sentence. Your topic sentence supports the thesis by clearly stating a main point
in the discussion; announces what the paragraph will be about; and controls the subject matter
of the paragraph. Your discussion must directly relate to and support the topic sentence.
Supporting details are evidences that provide information about the subject of your paragraph.

Your paragraphs are developed based on the purpose of your writing. Different
patterns can be used to organize your details. Here are some patterns of paragraph
development according to the writer’s intention:

1. Narration tells a story or recount and event. It can be an extended narrative or a long
episode that by itself illustrates or supports an essay’s thesis or brief narrative of a shorter
incident that is often used in a body paragraph. Telling a story can be an informative and
persuasive way of swaying your readers to your point of view.

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 How to write effective narration:

a. Determine your purpose. (What is your reason for telling the story)
b. Select an appropriate point of view. (Are you speaking from a first-person point of
view or by an omniscient-all knowing-narrator?)
c. Follow a logical time sequence. (When did the story happen?)
d. Use details to present the setting. (How can you describe the story? Use vivid
description.)
e. Make your characters believable. (Who are your characters? What do they feel?
How do they look)
f. Use dialogue realistically. (What important did the character say?)

Example:

I still remember the first and only time I traveled long distance on a train.
My best friend invited me to spend the summer vacation with her in Bicol despite
my father’s misgivings about the trip because he believed that it is a dangerous
place. After much assurance from my friend, he hesitantly permitted me to go to
Bicol. My friend and I took the night trip and settled on the economy. I was
looking forward to my first train ride but I was not ready for the surprise that
greeted me as soon as I took my seat. The moment I sat down, I felt that it was
going to be a bumpy ride and it really was. As there were too many people on
the economy, the noise became more intolerable aside from the train’s engine.
Then there were the vendors who went up and down from different stations
relentlessly selling various foods and “pasalubong”. In addition, some of the
travelers brought with them animals like dogs, chickens and roosters. Can you
imagine the noise and the smell? But despite of those inconveniences, I
remained awake throughout the entire trip. The stillness of the night, the clatter
of people, and the sound of the animals did not drown my excitement. It was
already mid-morning when the train finally stopped. My friends’ parents were
too amused when I told them that “Akala ko po nakasakay ako sa tumatakbong
palengke.” (I felt as if I had ridden a rolling market.)

2. Description draws or creates in words a picture of a person, place, object, feeling, or event.
The writer uses a careful selection of details to make an impression on the reader.

How to write effective description:

a. Identify your purpose. (Is it an objective description or a subjective one?)

b. Use specific details to describe clearly. (What sufficient details or information do you
need to draw the picture?)
c. Select only appropriate details. (What dominant impression do you want to give to your
readers?)

Example:

I have this Goldilock’s bear-like stuffed toy I love dearly. Her name is
Athena which my Uncle Mike gave me on my fourth birthday. During that time,
bears were so popular, so I always have her with me everywhere I go. She is a

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 pink-bulky bear that stands just like a two-year-old kid. She has this thick, funny
skin that makes her look a bit odd; but she has a white satin band ribboned on
her crest that I can change from one color to another depending on the occasion.
Moreover, she owns this funny big round eyes and cute little nose. Athena wears
a white satin princess-cut dress with pink lace lining I always dream of wearing
someday. What makes her different from the other stuffed toys I have is that she
has this little caviar-look-like stuff inside her body which made her the best
huggable bear on Earth. Many of my friends want to play with her but I don’t want
them to touch Athena because I don’t want her to get dirty in their hands. Once,
I thought I lost her, I cried so hard and almost lost my appetite as if I’ve lost one-
fourth of my life. Because of that, I always have her with me every night. Hugging
Athena while sleeping comforts me a lot. It may sound too much, but since then
my mom doesn’t even try to take her away from my bedroom nor laundry Athena.
Even though Athena looks too old and messy now, she still remains as my best
buddy, living the memory of my bear-fanatic days which I won’t ever think of
giving up till now.

3. Definition gives the meaning of a term or concept. Definition can be used to provide an
interpretation of a vague, controversial or misunderstood term; to explain an abstract
concept; to define a new or an unusual term; or to entertain by presenting the interesting
history, uses, effects, or examples of a common word or expression.

How to write effective definition:

a. Know your purpose. (Are you giving a clear and objective definition?)
b. Give your readers a reason to read. (What do you want to tell them that they don’t
know?)
c. Keep your audience in mind to anticipate and avoid problems of clarity. (Who is your
audience?)
d. Use as many strategies as necessary to clarify your definition. (Have you given
appropriate and relevant examples? Were you able to describe the parts clearly? Have
you compared or contrasted it to similar terms?)

A good definition should include: 1) the term or the word being defined; 2) the class
or group to which the term belongs; and 3) the differentiating features or what makes it
different with the others from the same class.

Example:

Overshare is an act of divulging excessive personal

information, as in a
term class differentiating
features
blog or broadcast interview, prompting reactions ranging from

alarmed discomfort to approval.

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 Example:
In computer science, Structured Query Language or
SQL is a database sublanguage used in querying, updating, and
managing relational databases. It is derived from an IBM research
project that created Structured English Query Language
(SEQUEL) in the 1970s, SQL is an accepted standard in database
products. Although it is not a programming language in the same
sense as C or Pascal, SQL can either be used in formatting
interactive queries or be embedded in an application as
instructions for handling data. The SQL standard also contains
components for defining, altering, controlling, and securing data.
SQL is designed for both technical and nontechnical users.

4. Exemplification/Example illustrates a concept in real-world terms and provides readers

with an image of a concept that they can relate to. Examples can make general statements
specific and more convincing because they explain and clarify unfamiliar, abstract, or
difficult concepts for the readers. Clear examples support, clarify, interest and persuade
your readers to agree with you. A good example can come from your personal experiences,
or other people’s experiences like your friends, relatives, and classmates.

How to write effective exemplification:

a. Provide readers with additional insight with examples. (Are all my examples relevant?)
b. Persuade your readers through your examples. (Are my examples well chosen?)
c. Explain your point with enough examples. (Are there enough examples to make each
point clear and persuasive?)

Example:

Are Filipino Customs Still “In”?

Filipinos are unique. They have their own traditions and customs that are
very different from other countries. But as time goes by, some Filipinos forget to
maintain these customs. They become open to other countries’ customs and adopt
these more. But for me, I would rather keep some of our Filipino customs and pass
them, somehow, to the next generation.
One good example of a Filipino custom is the use of “po” and “opo” in our
language. It is so unique because, as far as I know, other languages do not have
a specific word that refers to politeness when talking to other persons. It also
symbolizes respect for the elders. Some Filipinos today, especially the youth,
forget this, that is why their images become rebellious against adults or the elders.

Another example of these Filipino customs is the Filipino’s love for their
family. Filipino families are always described as closely-knit families. They believe
on the saying that “the more, the merrier.” Filipino families put great emphasis on
being together, doing things together and helping each other especially during
trying times. This is not so in other nations. Other countries train their children to
be independent by living away from the parents when they reach the age of

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 maturity. By this, parents do not bond so often with their children. But Filipino
families would have their children for as long as these children are not married or
not working in a far-away place. If they are no longer living together with their
parents once an opportunity arises, they would always be at their family’s side.

But the custom which I think we must all keep is the so-called “bayanihan”—
the manner of being helpful and concerned with our fellowmen. Nowadays, we all
know the crises that our country faces. We are all suffering but if one helps
another, I think, somehow, in that simple way, our country will improve. We can
always think of others as we think of ourselves.
These are just few of the many Filipino customs that I am proud of. If we keep
these and teach them to children, it will surely make an improved nation with good
values. (Bernadeth Pestañas)

5. Classification and Division – Classification groups a number of things into categories.

It sorts a group of similar subjects according to some quality or characteristic that they
share in common. Division deals with one subject only. It divides the subject into its
component parts, pieces, or sections for closer examination.

How to write effective classification and/or division:

a. Select one principle of classification or division and stick to it. (What is your basis for
grouping or dividing your subject?)
b. Make the purpose of your division and classification clear to your audience. (Why do
your audience need this information?)
c. Account for all the parts in your classification or division. (Have I narrowed down the
principle that to major classes or division?)

Example:

Types of E-Mail

As more and more people take advantage of e-mailing, three categories of

e-mail have emerged. One category of e-mail is junked mail. When most people
sign on to their computers, they are greeted with a flood of get-rich quick
schemes, invitations to pornographic websites, and ads for a variety of unwanted
products. E-mail users quickly become good at hitting the “delete” button to get
rid of this garbage. The second category that clogs most people’s electronic
mailbox is forwarded mail, most of which are also deleted without being read.
The third and best category of e-mail is genuine personal e-mail from genuine
personal friends. Getting such real, thoughtful e-mail can almost make-up for
the irritation of the other two categories. (English Skills, John Langan)

6. Comparison and Contrast - A comparison shows how two subjects are similar; a
contrast shows how two subjects are different. People compare and contrast in both
writing and life. Comparisons serve two purposes: to explain differences between subjects
or to persuade readers that one subject is superior than others.

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How to make effective comparison and contrast:

a. Identify similarities and differences. (How similar or different are your subjects?)
b. State your points. (Why are they similar or different from each other?)
c. Choose a pattern to organize your paragraph/essay. (Are you presenting your points
by block pattern or point-by point?)

How to organize your comparison/contrast paragraph:

Block Pattern Point-by-Point Pattern

Introduction Introduction

Body Body

Object A Point of contrast 1

1. Point of contrast 1 1. Object A
2. Point of Contrast 2 2. Object B
3. Point of Contrast 3 Point of contrast 1
Object B 1. Object A
1. Point of contrast 1 2. Object B
2. Point of Contrast 2 Point of contrast 1
3. Point of Contrast 3 1. Object A
2. Object B

Conclusion Conclusion

Example:

Point-by-point

Mosquitoes and houseflies differ in appearance and habits, but the two
insects share many similarities. First, both are typical of hot, humid climates.
Both insects suck their food. Houseflies suck their food from various sources
while mosquitoes suck blood from animals and people. Both insects can cling to
smooth surfaces and even walk upside down across ceilings. Finally, both can
spread serious diseases. Houseflies spread typhoid, tuberculosis, and cholera,
and mosquitoes carry malaria and yellow fever.

Block

Allopathy and homeopathy are quite different. Allopathy is the treatment of

disease of one kind by exciting a disease of another kind or in another part. It is
sometimes incorrectly used as a name for orthodox medicine or Western
medicine. Homeopathy, in contrast, is a system of medicine based on the
treatment of a given disease by administering small quantities of a drug which
produces the symptoms of that disease in a healthy person. The treatment of

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 illnesses, then, would be markedly dissimilar because the underlying beliefs are
strongly differentiated.

7. Cause and Effect is a method of development in which the writer analyzes the reason(s)
for an action, event, or decision; or analyzes resulting consequences to support a point.
Cause and effect essay focus on why things happen (causes) and what happens as a result
(effect). A cause is a reason for something that happens or an explanation to why some
effects occur. An effect is the result of certain events or causes. An effect may be the
result of one or more causes. Writers often combine cause and effect to explain why
something happens.

How to write effective cause and effect:

a. Limit your writing to a discussion of recent, major causes or effects. (Have I pointed out
relevant causes or effects?)
b. Organize your paragraph or essay clearly.
c. Convince your reader that a causal relationship exists vy showing how the relationship
works.

Organizing your cause and effect paragraph/essay:

Emphasis on Causes Emphasis on Effects

Cause Effect
1 1

Effect
Cause
Effect Cause 2
2

Effect
Cause 3
3

Causal Chain

causes causes

Cause 1st effect 2nd effect 3rd effect

(reviewed (remembered (answered (got good

very well) the lessons) exams) grades)

Example:

All of us change every day we learn new things and meet new people.
There’s an inevitable fact in life that we all grow old every day of our lives. But
what if we grow younger each day instead of growing old upon reaching the age
of 20? I think it would be a favor to some adults who miss their childhood days.

23
 No one will ever experience having wrinkles. No one will have a hard time at
work because everyone is full of energy and strength. But then, we will realize,
everyone will have a life span of forty years. Because everyone will grow
backwards when they reach the age of twenty. So I think it would be much
favorable if we all grow old because we will have a longer life and we would
cherish these times that we were young.

What’s More

Independent Activity 1

Directions: Complete the writing process flowchart. Provide short details for every step of the
writing process.
The Writing Process

Step 2 Step 4

Step 1 Step 3 Step 5

Independent Assessment 1

Directions: Use the Venn Diagram below to point out the similarities and differences between
the Filipino Family and the Korean Family. Be sure to include your basis for comparing and
contrasting the two subjects.

The Filipino Family and the Korean Family

24
Independent Activity 2

Directions: On the space provided before each statement, number the sentences from 1 – 7
to form a paragraph that shows coherence and unity

- Eager to taste this scent, you pick up a small piece of curled chicharon and dip it into
the vinegar, slowly, carefully, taking care not to soak the whole piece so as to keep
some of the salt in the chicharon.

- Eating chicharon with vinegar is a stimulating experience.

- The acid taste of vinegar mixes with the salt, giving you a flavor that leaves your
mouth watery and drooling for another taste of this salt and vinegar combination.

- The air bubbles on its surface crackle as it comes into contact with the vinegar.

- Then as you take a bite, you hear a high-pitch crunch and you feel as if you were
eating air.

- You can feel your mouth water as the moist, sour scent of vinegar hits your nostrils,
then flows down to your throat and diffuses in your lungs.

- You taste the salt dissolving and feel the bubble tingling and clinging to your tongue.

Independent Assessment 2

Directions: Complete the table below by rearranging and rewriting the sentences to make
two paragraphs. The first one is titled “The Company Chairman” and the other one, “The
Stork.”

• “But your Majesty, you didn’t clap last night.”

• “Very well,” the chairman said, “I withdraw it—half of you are not idiots.”
• He glowered at them, “Gentlemen, I have something I must say; half of you are idiots.”
• Next morning, the cook and the king went down to the river and saw the storks all
standing on one leg.
• One day a company chairman got very angry with his board of directors.
• One of the directors stood up and banged on the table. “I demand that you withdraw
that last observation, Mr. Chairman.”
• The cook replied, “Storks only ever have one leg—come to the river with me tomorrow
and I will show you your Majesty.”
• The cook stole a leg from a beautiful roast stork just before it was served to the king.
• The king asked him angrily why the bird had only one leg.
• The king clapped his hands and the birds flew off. “There,” he said, “You see, they all
have two legs the moment I clap.”

25
 The Company Chairman The Stork

Independent Activity 3

A. Fill in the blanks with the correct pronouns, then write the antecedent of each pronoun.
Write your answer on the space provided for.

Example: Everyone should do __________ best.

Answer: his/her — everyone
1. My favorite salon has changed __________ name.
Answer: ________________
2. Romeo sends text messages to __________ mother every day.
Answer: ________________
3. Would you like to submit __________ poem to the school paper?
Answer: ________________
4. We will spend __________ summer vacation in Tagaytay.
Answer: ________________
5. Leslie likes looking at __________ in the mirror.
Answer: ________________

B. Reword or rephrase the underlined words or phrases to achieve parallelism. Write your
answer on the space provided for.

Example: Mario spent his time studying Spanish, working at the convenience store, and he
jogged every afternoon.
Answer: jogging every afternoon

1. Conrado watched the latest episode of “Start Up”, studied for his Math test, and was
talking on the phone.
Answer: ________________
2. My mother likes to listen to music and reading the latest novels.
Answer: ________________

26
3. Sonia wanted to paint her room, to add some new curtains, and the carpet need
cleaning.
Answer: ________________
4. His apartment was filled with old newspapers, broken bottles, and the ashtrays were
overflowing.
Answer: ________________
5. Tricia supports the idea because, first, its simplicity; second, it is unique.
Answer: ________________

C. Identify what paragraph mode can be used best to develop the following topic sentences
into paragraphs. Write your answer on the space provided after each statement.

Example: I was saved from sin when I was thirteen. Answer: Narration

1. Divisoria was the noisiest place I have ever visited. ___________

2. Men and women appear to have different objectives when they converse.
___________
3. Nowadays, more and more people are enjoying the benefits of organically grown fruits
and vegetables. ___________
4. Richard and Raymond may look identical but they are different in many ways.
___________
5. Students can be classified according to their study habits, the academic, the industrious,
and the carefree. ___________

Independent Assessment 3

Directions: Write a paragraph about an event in your life that you think has made an impact
not only to yourself but to others as well. Think about how you are going to express your
thoughts and put them into writing. You can choose any type of paragraph development in
presenting your points to your reader.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

27
Use the rubric below to guide you on what to include in your paragraph.

Criteria 5 4 3 2 1
Expert Proficient Competent Advanced Novice
Beginner
1. Pattern of paragraph
development is appropriate
for the chosen topic.
2. Details are arranged in
logical order.
3. Paragraph is coherent and
has unity.
4. Paragraph is free from
grammatical errors such as
spelling, punctuations, and
capitalizations.
TOTAL /20

What I Have Learned

Directions: Answer the following questions by writing your answers on the lines provided
below.

1. Name and briefly discuss the three reading strategies that you can use to get a better
understanding of the text.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

2. What are the types of context clues that you can use to determine the meaning of an
unfamiliar term or phrase?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

3. What are the stages in the writing process?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

4. What are the different types of paragraph development?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

28
 What I Can Do

Directions: Choose a topic from the list below and write a five-sentence composition about it.

a. an achievement which you have recently unlocked

b. the most beautiful person for you
c. the meaning of your name
d. expectations versus reality

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Use the criteria below.

2
5 4 3 1
Criteria Advanced
Expert Proficient Competent Novice
Beginner
1. Content
2. Organization
3. Coherence and unity
4. Grammar and Mechanics
TOTAL /20

Assessment

Directions: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. It is a group of closely related sentences that together develop one main idea.
A. essay
B. novel
C. paragraph
D. poetry

29
2. It is a prewriting activity which shows a visual representation of ideas closely related.
A. brainstorming
B. clustering
C. freewriting
D. listing
3. It is the quality of oneness in an essay that results when all the words, sentences, and
paragraphs contribute to the thesis.
A. coherence
B. parallelism
C. transition
D. unity
4. It is an arrangement that presents all the details about one side of the argument first and
follows with all the details from the other side.
A. block
B. chronological
C. emphatic
D. point-by-point
5. It outlines, limits, or states the meaning of a word, term, phrase, or concept.
A. classification
B. definition
C. division
D. exposition
6. It refers to the meaning of the word that signifies its literal, explicit meaning—the object or
idea it stands for.
A. connotative
B. denotative
C. extended
D. stipulative
7. It is when a writer goes through other sources before actually beginning to write.
A. brainstorming
B. drafting
C. prewriting
D. proofreading
8. It is the order of details moving from top to bottom, side to side, or background to
foreground.
A. chronological
B. emphatic
C. sequential
D. spatial
9. It tells a story and often includes extensive description.
A. description
B. exposition
C. narration
D. summary
10. It separates a thing into parts, pieces, or sections for closer examination.
A. classification
B. definition
C. division
D. example

30
11. It gives illustrations of images or concepts in real-world terms and provides users with an
image of a concept that they can relate to.
A. classification
B. description
C. definition
D. example
12. These are classes or groups in an organized classification.
A. anecdote
B. categories
C. examples
D. divisions
13. If you would be writing about “Bicycling regularly can be a therapeutic activity,” what
details would you provide in your composition?
A. causes
B. effects
C. examples
D. stories
14. What mode of development is used in this paragraph? “Sandra is an attractive woman.
Her large, dark almond-shaped eyes are startling. Her mocha-cream complexion is
flawless, and she has lovely toothy smile. Her long, black hair is curly, thick, and shiny.
She is tall, large-boned, and slender, and her movements are so fluid that they seem like
slow motion. Standing nearly six feet tall, she really stands out on campus.”
A. comparison and contrast
B. definition
C. description
D. narration
15. How did the writer prove his points in this paragraph? “Students often think multiple
choice questions are easy so they don’t need to study. However, multiple choice
questions have a number of challenges associated with it. Firstly, the questions are often
wide ranging and sometimes not arranged in any particular sequence, perhaps covering
a whole year’s work. Secondly, the questions may reword the ideas you learned in class
in a different way. Thirdly, multiple choice questions often include statements of
distracters, or deliberately confusing choices. Furthermore, they are not necessarily a
test of the simple recognition of basic ideas as you often need to combine many ideas to
answer one question. For example, you may need to answer a problem solving question
which covers applying knowledge from a number of topics. Clearly it is not enough to be
familiar with the subject matter to do well in multiple choice questions; you may need to
really understand it.”
A. By classifying the types of questions
B. By describing the actions of students
C. By narrating events
D. By providing relevant examples

31
 Additional Activities
Directions: Watch a documentary on television and write a narrative paragraph about it.
Consider how an effective narrative is written and include dialogues to make your story
more interesting. Use the criteria on page 28 as you write your paragraph.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

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Answer Key

33
 References

A. Books

Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Steps to Writing Well. Orlando, Fl: Harcourt Brace &
Company. 1993.

Langan, John. College Writing Skills with Readings. London: McGrawHIll.2013.

Pearson Prentice Hall. Grammar and Composition. Philippines: Prentice Hall, Inc. 2004.

Peña, Andrew Rey S, Ali G. Anudin. Reading and Writing. Araneta Avenue, Quezon City:
Vibal Group Inc .2016.

Tiongson, Marella Therese A, Maxinne Rafaella C. Rodriguez. Reading and Writing Skills.
Manila, Metro Manila: Rex Bookstore. 2016.

B. Electronic Sources

eCompareMo. “From Broke To Billionaire: 10 Success Stories Of Self-Made Filipino

Entrepreneurs”. Accessed January 22, 2021. https://www.ecomparemo.com/info/broke-to-
billionaire-filipino-entrepreneurs

Excelsior Online Writing Lab (OWL). “Prewriting Strategies”. Accessed January 21, 2021.
https://owl.excelsior.edu/writing-process/prewriting-strategies/

MDC.Edu. “Context Clues”. Accessed January 14, 2021.

https://www.mdc.edu/kendall/collegeprep/documents2/context%20cluesrev8192.pdf

Meriam-Webster, Inc. “Meriam Webster Dictionary”. (website). Accessed January 18, 2021.
https://www.meriam-webster.com/

UrbanDictionary.com. “Momala”. Urban Dictionary. (website). Accessed January 20, 2021

from https://www.urbandictionary.com/

Think Literacy: Cross-Curricular Approaches. “Grades 7-12. Reading Strategies’. (website)

Accessed January 15, 2021.
http://www.edu.gov.on.ca/eng/studentsuccess/thinkliteracy/files/reading.pdf

University of New England. “Different Paragraph Types.” Academic Skills Office. Updated
January 21, 2021. Accessed February 1, 2021.
https://www.une.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/12959/paragraph-comp.pdf

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 For inquiries or feedback, please write:

Department of Education, Schools Division of Bulacan

Curriculum Implementation Division
Learning Resource Management and Development System (LRMDS)
Capitol Compound, Guinhawa St., City of Malolos, Bulacan
Email Address: [email protected]

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