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Numerical Differentation & Numerical Integration

1) Numerical differentiation is calculating derivatives from a table of function values using formulas like Newton-Gregory forward and backward formulas. 2) Three examples are given of using these formulas to calculate angular velocity, angular acceleration, and initial particle acceleration from tables of angle, time, and velocity values. 3) A fourth example calculates population growth rates in 1941 and 1961 from a table of year and population data, obtaining rates of 1.83775 and 2.65525 people per year respectively.

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alan kharel
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63 views14 pages

Numerical Differentation & Numerical Integration

1) Numerical differentiation is calculating derivatives from a table of function values using formulas like Newton-Gregory forward and backward formulas. 2) Three examples are given of using these formulas to calculate angular velocity, angular acceleration, and initial particle acceleration from tables of angle, time, and velocity values. 3) A fourth example calculates population growth rates in 1941 and 1961 from a table of year and population data, obtaining rates of 1.83775 and 2.65525 people per year respectively.

Uploaded by

alan kharel
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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NUMERICAL DIFFERENTATION

&
NUMERICAL INTEGRATION
NUMERICAL DIFFERENTATION :

Numerical differentiation is the process


of calculating the derivatives of a given
function by means of a table of given
values of that function.
FORMULA FOR DERIVATIES :

01.Newton-Gregory forward formula for derivatives :


 2r  1 2 3r 2  6r  2 3 
 y0   y0   y0  
dy 1 2 6
  3 
dx h  2r  9r  11r  3 4
2

  y0  ... 
12
d2y 1  2 6 r 2
 18r  11 4 
2
 2   y0  (r  1) y0 
3
 y0  ...
dx h  12 

Here x  x0  rh
x0 is the intial value and h is the width of the interval.
At the point x  x0 , r  0 and the above formula reduces to:

dy 1  1 2 1 3 1 4 
  y0   y0   y0   y0  ...
dx h  2 3 4 

d2y 1  2 11 4 
  y   3
y   y  ...
dx 2 h 2  
0 0 0
12 
02. Newton-Gregory backward formula for derivatives :

 2r  1 2 3r 2  6r  2 3 
y   yn   yn  
dy 1  n 2 6
  3 
dx h  2r  9r  11r  3 4
2

  yn  ... 
12
d2y 1  2 6 r 2
 18r  11 4 
2
 2  yn  (r  1) yn 
3
 yn  ...
dx h  12 

Here x  xn  rh
At the point x  xn , r  0 and the above formula reduces to:

dy 1  1 2 1 3 1 4 
 yn   yn   yn   yn  ...
dx h  2 3 4 

d2y 1  2 11 4 
 2  yn   yn   yn  ...
3

dx 2
h  12 
Problem 01:

A rod is rotating in a plane. The following table gives the


angle  through which the rod has turned for various values
of time 't'. Find the angular velocity and the angular
acceleration at time t=0.6 sec.
Solution:
t  y 2 y 3 y 4 y
0 0
0.12
0.2 0.12 0.25
0.37 0.01
0.4 0.49 0.26 0
0.63 0.01
0.6 1.12 0.27 0
0.90 0.01
0.8 2.02 0.28
1.18
1.0 3.2
We know by backward formula that
 2r  1 2 3r 2  6r  2 3 
     
dy 1  n 
y y n y n
2 6
  3 
dx h  2r  9r  11r  3 4
2

  y n  ... 
12
x  xn 0.6  1
h  0.2 and r    2
h 0.2
dy 1  2(2)  1 3(2) 2  6( 2)  2 
 1.18  0.28  0.01
dx 0.2  2 6 
 3.8166 radians/sec is the angular velocity.
Again
d2y 1
2
 
2 
 2
y n  ( r  1) 3
yn 
dx h
 6.75 radians/sec 2 is the angular acceleration.
Problem 02:
The following data gives the velocity of a particle for
20 seconds at an interval of 5 seconds. Find the initial
acceleration of the entire data.
time 0 5 10 15 20
velocity 0 3 14 69 228
Solution :
t v y 2 y 3 y 4 y
0 0
3
5 3 8
11 36
10 14 44 24
55 60
15 69 104
159
20 228
Here h  5 and since we need the initial acceleration x  x0
dy 1  1 2 1 3 1 4 
  y0   y0   y0   y0  ...
dx h  2 3 4 
1 1 1 1 
 3  8  36  24 
5 2 3 4 
 1 m/sec 2
Problem 03 :
The population of a certain town is given below. find the rate
of growth of the population in 1941 , and 1961.
Year (x) : 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971
population (y) : 40.62 60.80 79.95 103.56 132.65
solution :
we form the difference table
x y y 2 y 3 y 4y
1931 40.62 20.18
1941 60.80 19.15 -1.03
1951 79.95 23.61 4.46 5.49 -4.47
1961 103.56 29.09 5.48 1.02
1971 132.65
To find the population in the year 1941 :

Here h 10 x0  1931 x 1941


1941 1931  r (10)
r 1
dy 1  1 1 1 
  y0   2 y0   3 y0   4 y0  ...
dx h  2 6 12 
1  (1.03) (5.49) (4.47) 
  20.18   
10  2 6 12 
1.83775
To find the population in the year 1961 :

Here h 10 xn  1971 x 1961


1971 1961  r (10)
r  1
dy 1  1 1 1 
 yn   2 yn  3 yn   4 yn  ...
dx h  2 6 12 
1  (5.48) (1.02) (4.47) 
  29.09   
10  2 6 12 
 2.65525

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