Scribd
Upload
49 views27 pages

Introduction To PCS: By: Tamal Chakraborty

Personal Communications Services (PCS) provide mobile users with voice, data, and multimedia services anywhere and anytime. PCS uses wireless communication principles to broadcast and receive electromagnetic waves between antennas. Common PCS technologies include cellular telephony and cordless telephony. PCS networks include mobile devices, base stations, a mobile switching center, and a public switched telephone network to connect calls. Cellular networks divide coverage areas into cells served by low-power transmitters to reuse frequencies and avoid interference between adjacent cells.

Uploaded by

Priyanka Bose
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
49 views27 pages

Introduction To PCS: By: Tamal Chakraborty

Personal Communications Services (PCS) provide mobile users with voice, data, and multimedia services anywhere and anytime. PCS uses wireless communication principles to broadcast and receive electromagnetic waves between antennas. Common PCS technologies include cellular telephony and cordless telephony. PCS networks include mobile devices, base stations, a mobile switching center, and a public switched telephone network to connect calls. Cellular networks divide coverage areas into cells served by low-power transmitters to reuse frequencies and avoid interference between adjacent cells.

Uploaded by

Priyanka Bose
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 27

INTRODUCTION TO PCS

By: Tamal Chakraborty


Principle of Wireless Communication

 By attaching an antenna of appropriate size to an


electrical circuit, the electromagnetic waves can be
broadcast efficiently and received by a receiver
some distance away.
 All wireless communication is based on this
principle.
Personal Communications Services (PCS)

 PCS is a technology, designed to provide the


mobile user with voice, data and multimedia
services at any time, at any place an in any format.
 Business opportunities for such services are
tremendous, since every person (not just every
home) can be equipped, as long as the service is
fairly inexpensive.
 Two most common PCS technologies are:
 Cellulartelephony
 Cordless and low-tier PCS telephony
PCS architecture
Wire-line Transport Network  PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network
 MSC: Mobile Switching Centre
Mobility  BSC: Base Station Controller
Database
PSTN

MSC
BSC
Base Station

Base Station

Mobile Station

Radio Network
Cellular Network Organization
 Use multiple low-power transmitters (100 W or less)
 Areas divided into cells
 Each served by its own antenna
 Served by base station consisting of transmitter, receiver,
and control unit
 Band of frequencies allocated to each cell

 Adjacent cells are assigned different frequencies to avoid


interference and crosstalk
Cellular Geometries

Not suitable
Geometry of a hexagon

 Say, radius = R
 Length of perpendicular
from center to any side is
√3/2R
 Distance between centers
of two adjacent hexagons
= √3R
 Surface area = 3√3/2R2
Frequency Reuse
 Objective is to reuse frequency in nearby cells
 10 to 50 frequencies assigned to each cell
 Transmission power controlled to limit power at that
frequency escaping to adjacent cells
 The issue is to determine how many cells must intervene
between two cells using the same frequency
 Let us consider a pattern consisting of N cells, each
assigned the same number of frequencies
 Each cell can have K/N frequencies, where K is the total
number of frequencies
 For example say, K = 395, N = 7
Cluster
 Consider a cellular system which has a total of S
channels available and each cell is allocated a
group of k channels(k <S).
 S= k N
 The N cells which collectively use the complete set
of available frequencies is called a cluster.
Frequency re-use and cluster

7 cell re-use pattern


f7
f6
f2
f7
f1
f6
f5 f2
f3
f1
f4
f5
f3
f4
Cluster Radius
 Say radius of a cluster
is Rc
 If D is the distance
between the center of
the two clusters, i.e. D
the distance between
two cells having same
frequency, then by
hexagonal geometry
D = √3. Rc
Network Layout Using Shift
Parameters
 It is a common practice to
use shift parameters (i, j) to
layout a cellular system.
 Move i cells along any chain
of hexagons
 turn counter-clockwise 60
degree
 move j cells along the chain
that lies on this new heading
 Let N be the reuse factor, i.e.
the number of cells in a
repetitious pattern (i.e.
cluster).
Co-channel reuse ratio
 Let 2R‘ be the distance between the
centers of two cells
 Let R be the radius of a cell
 We have R‘ = √3/2R
Figure 1
 Let D be the distance between two
cells with same frequencies
 Then the co-channel reuse ratio Q
is given by Q = D/R
Figure 2
Q = √(3N)
 By the cosine law, we have
 D2 = (i.2R‘)2 + (j.2R‘)2 – 2 (i.2R‘) (j.2R‘)cos120
 Substituting R‘ = √3/2R
 D2 = i2.3R2 + j2.3R2 + ij.3R2
 D2 = 3R2(i2 + j2 + ij) … (i)
 Again from Cluster geometry, D2 = 3Rc2 … (ii)
 Using (i) and (ii), Rc2 = R2(i2 + j2 + ij) … (iii)
 Now surface area of a hexagon of radius R is: SR = 3√3/2R2
 Surface area of a cluster of N cells is N.SR
 Now, since the cluster itself is a hexagon of radius Rc, its area is 3√3/2Rc2
 Thus, 3√3/2Rc2 = N.SR = N 3√3/2R2
 i.e. N = Rc2 / R2 = (i2 + j2 + ij) from (iii)
 Again, D = √3√(i2 + j2 + ij).R from (ii)
 Thus co-channel reuse ratio
 Q = D/R = √(3N)
How to Cope with Increasing Capacity

 Adding new channels


 Frequency borrowing – frequencies are
taken from adjacent cells by congested
cells
 Cell splitting – cells in areas of high
usage can be split into smaller cells
 Cell sectoring – cells are divided into a
number of wedge-shaped sectors, each
with their own set of channels
 Microcells – antennas move to buildings,
hills, and lamp posts
Cellular System Overview

 Base Station (BS) – includes an antenna, a controller,


and a number of receivers
 Mobile telecommunications switching office (MTSO)
– connects calls between mobile units
 Two types of channels available between mobile unit
and BS
 Control channels – used to exchange information having to
do with setting up and maintaining calls
 Traffic channels – carry voice or data connection between
users
Call Establishment
Call Establishment
Call Establishment
Other Functions of Cellular System

 Call blocking
 If all the traffic channels to the nearest BS are busy, then
after a certain number of failed tries a busy message is
returned to the user.
 Call termination
 MTSO is informed and traffic channels are released.
 Call drop
 During a connection if the BS can’t maintain the required
signal strength for a certain amount of time, MTSO is
informed and the traffic channel to the user is dropped.
 Calls to/from fixed and remote mobile subscriber
 MTSO connects to the PSTN.
Mobile Radio Propagation Effects
 Signal strength
 Must be strong enough between base station and mobile
unit to maintain signal quality at the receiver
 Must not be so strong as to create too much co-channel
interference with channels in another cell using the same
frequency band
 Fading
 Signal propagation effects may disrupt the signal and cause
errors
Handoff Strategies Used to Determine
Instant of Handoff
 Relative Signal Strength
 Relative signal strength with threshold
 Relative signal strength with hysteresis
 Relative signal strength with hysteresis & threshold
 Prediction techniques
Power Control
 Design issues making it desirable to include dynamic
power control in a cellular system
 Received power must be sufficiently above the background
noise for effective communication
 Desirable to minimize power in the transmitted signal from
the mobile
 Reduce co-channel interference, alleviate health concerns, save
battery power
 In SS systems using CDMA, it’s desirable to equalize the
received power level from all mobile units at the BS
Difficulties in reverse link
 The reverse link presents the most difficulty in
cellular systems for the following reasons:
1. the base station has complete control over the power of
all the transmitted signals on the forward link. However,
because of different radio propagation paths between
each user and the base station, the transmitted power
from each subscriber unit must be dynamically
controlled to prevent any single user from driving up the
interference level for all other users.
2. Transmit power is limited by battery consumption at the
subscriber unit, therefore there are limits on the degree
to which power may be controlled on the reverse link.
Types of Power Control
 Open-loop power control
 Depends solely on mobile
unit
 No feedback from BS
 Not as accurate as closed-
loop, but can react quicker
to fluctuations in signal
strength
Types of Power Control
 Closed-loop power
control
 Adjusts signal strength in
reverse channel based on
metric of performance
 BS makes power
adjustment decision and
communicates to mobile
on control channel
Thank You!!

You might also like