Project rePort on

132/33 KV Grid Sub-Station, MaHaro &

220/132KV Grid Sub-Station, MadanPur,
duMKa

NAME:- RAVI KUMAR

UNIVERSITY REGISTATION NO. :- 18040455015
BRANCH:- ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE:- DUMKA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, DUMKA
NAME OF COMPANY:- JHARKHAND URJA SANCHARAN NIGAM
LIMITED
LOCATION OF THE TRAINING FACILITY:- (132/33KV GRID
SUBSTATION,
MAHARO, 220/132KV GRID SUBSTATION, MADANPUR, DUMKA,
JHARKHAND)
DATE OF TRAINING:- 01/04/2021 TO 30/04/2021

SIGNATURE

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*SUBSTATION : AN INTRODUCTION
Generally large generating stations are built far away from load centre. Long
transmission line are necessary to transmit bulk amount of power at high voltage
levels. In between the generating station and last consumer end , a number of
transformation and switching station have to be installed. These facilities are
termed as substations .
Purpose :

• The substation are very much essential

▪ Evacuate power from generating station
▪ Transmit to the load centres
▪ Distribute to the utilities & ultimate consumers
o They provide points where safety much essential devices may be
installed to disconnect equipment or circuit in the event of fault.
o Voltage on the outgoing distributed feeders can be regulated at a
substation.
Classification :
Substation may be classified as follows depending upon their purpose –

• Generation substation – These are step-up substations as it is economical to

generate power at low voltages and transmit power at higher value.
• Grid substation – These substations are located in the intermediate points
between the generating stations and the load centre to provide connection to
low voltages lines .
• Secondary substation – These substations located at the load points where the
voltage is further step down to sub transmission or primary distribution
voltage.
• Distribution substation – These substations are located where the sub
transmission or primary distribution voltages is stepped down to supply
voltages . These substations supply power to the consumers through
distributors and service lines .

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Voltage class and ratings:
The following voltage class Sub-Station prevail in India.
• 6.6KV, 11KV, 22KV Primary Distribution Voltage
• 33KV, 66KV,110/132KV High voltage
• 220/230KV, 400KV, 765KV Extra high voltage

Types of Sub-Station:
• Outdoor-conventional air insulated substations. (AIR)
• Indoor Substations.
• Compressed Air insulated substations.(CAI)
• Gas Insulated substations.(GIS)

COMPONENTS OF SUBSTATION
• Bus bar
• Power transformer (ICTs)
• Circuit breaker
• Shunt & Reactor
• Reactive compensation
• Instrument Transformer

- Current Transformer
- Potential transformer
• Isolators
• Lighting and surge arrestors
• Control Panel
• Protection and Relay panel
• PLCC equipment
• Control & Power Cables

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Sizes and Shapes of Bus Bar
The important factors for selection of the conductor sizes in a sub station are

1. Normal current carrying capability

2. Short circuit heating with stand capability
3. Surface gradient
4. Corona free performance

Bare rectangular × section bars are preferred over round solid bus bars – It is because rectangular section
bus bars of the same x-sectional area have a higher rate of heat dissipation due to there greater cooling
surface. Furthermore, the ac resistance of a round bus bars is greater because of the screen effect .
Because of this two facts rectangular section bus bars are able to carry large load current than round solid
bus bars (for the same cross-sectional area and the same temperature rise) .

Material Being Used

o Copper
o Aluminium – increasing being used because of numerous advantages over copper viz ;
• Higher conductivity on weight basis ;
• Lower cost for equal current carrying capacity;
• Excellent corrosion resistance and ease of formability ;

For proper reliable electrical connections aluminium buses are coated with silver .

o Steel – Lower cost but there is a considerable loss due to hysteresis and eddy currents
when carrying ac current . Hence , wide application is low – capacity installations
where the load current do not exceed 200-300 A.

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SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM AND SUBSTITUTION LAYOUT
Single line diagram
The single line diagram indicates the proposed bus bar arrangement and relative
position of various equipment. In everyday operations of electrical power
SubStation installation single line diagram,in form of operative diagram, play an
important role in the performance of nearly all circuit switching operations.

In single line diagram of Sub-Station the electrical components such as power

transformer, incoming and outgoing lines,Bus bar, switching and protective
equipment, are represented by their standard symbol and their interconnection
are shown by lines.

The components in series with the main circuit of power flow are Bus bar, power
transformers, circuit breakers, fuses, CTs, line trap units, series capacitor, series
diode and thyristor rectifier etc.

The components in shunt circuits connected phase and ground are shunt
capacitor, shunt Reactor, static harmonic filters, PTs, lighting and surge arrestor.

SUBSTATION LAYOUT
The single line diagram,Bus switching scheme,bay widths, sections and ground
clearance, to be translated into a layout so as to physically achieve the feeder
switching required for ease in erection and maintenance.

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POWER TRANSFORMER
Power transformers are used for steeping up the voltage for
transmission at generating stations and for stepping down voltages for
further distribution at main step down transformer substations.
Usually naturally cooled, oil immersed, know as ON type, two winding,
three-phase transformers, are used up to the rating of 10 MVA. The
transformers of rating higher than 10 MVA are usually air blast cooling
may be used.
For regulating the voltages the transformers used are provided with on
load tap changer. They are put in operation during load hours and
disconnected during light load hours i.e, they are usually operated at
approximately full load. This is possible because they arranged in banks
and can be thrown in parallel with other units or disconnected at will. So
power transformers are designed to have maximum efficiency at or near
full load (i.e., with iron loss to full load ratio 1 ).

ISOLATOR
Isolators are mechanical switches employed only for isolating circuit
when the current has already been interrupted. Isolators operate under
no load condition. They are not equipped with arc quenching devices.
Isolators are employed in addition to circuit breakers, and are provided
on each side of every circuit breaker to provide isolation.
Isolators employed in power systems are usually 3 pole isolators, each
having three identical poles. Each pole consists of two or three insulators
posts mounted on a fabricated support. The fixed and moving
conducting parts are of copper or aluminium rods.

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While opening a circuit,the circuit breaker is opened first,then isolater is
opened carefully, when carrying a heavy current,then resulting are could
easily cause a flash over to ground. While closing a circuit,the isolators
are closed first, then circuit breakers.
Isolators are necessary on tge supply side of the circuit breaker in order
to ensure isolation (disconnection) of circuit breaker from the live parts
for the purpose of maintenance. Isolators ( Earth isolators) in some cases
are used for breaking charging current or transmission line.

CIRCUIT BREAKER
Circuit breaker are mechanical devices designed to close or open contact
members,thus closing or opening of an electrical circuit under normal or
abnormal conditions.
These devices are designed to protect all elements of power station from
short circuit and overloads, and are also used for normal operations.
Circuit breakers posses an adjustable time element of operation
whereby they Operate practically instantaneously on short circuits but
with definite time lag on overloads.
CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
The lines in Sub-Station carry current in the order of thousands of
amperes. The measuring instruments are designed for low value of
currents. Current transformers are instrument transformer, connected
in lines to supply measuring instruments, metering instruments and
protective relays.
Construction:

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The Cts basically consist of a core iron on which are wound a primary and
a secondary winding. The primary winding of the CTs is connected in
series with the load and carries the actual power system current ( normal
or fault) while the secondary is connected to the measuring circuit or the
relay the primary winding is usually single turn winding and the number
of turns on the secondary winding depends upon the current to be
carried by the power circuit.The larger the current to be carried by the
power circuit, more the number of turns of the secondary. CTs
secondary winding are often tapped to provide multiple turns ratio.

The ratio of primary current to the secondary current is known as

transformation ratio of the CT. The current ratio of a CT is usually high.
The secondary current ratings are of the order 5A, 1A and 0.1 Primary
current vary from 10A to 3000A or more.

As the CT is operated over its normal current ranges, it’s deviation from
specific turns ratio are characterized by its ratio correction cure
sometimes provided by the manufacturer.At low current, the exciting
current of the iron core causes ration errors that are predominant untill
sufficient primary magnetic flux overcomes the effect of core
magnetizing. Thus, Watt or VAR measurements made at very low load
may be substantially in error both from ration error and phase
shifts.Exciting current errors are a function of individual CT construction.
They are generally higher for protection CTs then revenue metering CTs
by design.

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VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS
The potential transformers are employed for voltages above 380V to feed the
potential coils of indicating instruments, metering instrument as well as relays .
These transformers makes the ordinary low voltages instrument suitable for
measurement of high voltages and isolators them for high voltage.

Construction
The primary winding of the potential transformer is connected directly to the
power circuits either between two phases or between a phase and ground. VTs
operating at 69KV and above are almost always connected with primary windings
are connected either phase to ground or phase to phase.
To the secondary winding , various indicating and metering instruments and relays
are connected. The primary winding has a large number of turns and the secondary
winding has a much smaller number of turns. The primaries of PT are rated from
400V to several thousands volts and secondaries always for 110V . The ratio of
rated primary voltage to the rate secondary voltage is known as turn ratio or
transformation ratio.

Difference between power transformer and voltage transformer

The theory of operation of a potential transformer (PT) is essentially the same as
that of the power transformers . The main difference between a PT and a power
transformer is due to the fact that load current of the former is the order its
exciting current and secondary impedance of the PT is mostly sensitive being made
up of the potential circuit of the instrument.

• The PT is rated in terms of the maximum burden (volt-ampere output) it

delivers without exceeding specified limits of error where as the

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Power transformer is rated by the secondary output it delivers without
exceeding a specific temperature rise.

• The output of PTs is usually limited to a few hundred volt

amperes while the output of a power transformer may be of the
order of several MVA.
WOUND VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER (VTs)
Wound voltage transformers (VTs) provide the best performance with
ratio and angle errors suitable for revenue measurements. Even
protection-type voltage transformer can revenue metering performance
if the burden is carefully controlled.

CAPACOTOR VOLTAG TRANSFORMERS (CVTs)

CVTs use a series stack of capacitors, connected as voltage divider to
ground, along with a low voltage transformer to obtain a secondary
voltage replica. They have internal reactive components that are
adjusted to compensate for the phase angle and ratio errors CVTs are
less stable and less accurate than wound VTs. Secondary load and
ambient temperature can affect CVTs. CVTs must be individually
calibrated whenever in the load is changed.

LIGHTNING ARRESTER
In H.V. &EHV substation, protection from the lightning is done either by
shied wire or lightning mast (high lattice structure with a spike on top )
and sometime combination of both depending upon type of layout of
substation.

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Lightning arrester is a protective device which conducts the high voltage
surge on the power system to ground. The earthing screen and ground
wires fail to provide protection against travelling waves. The lightning
arrester provides protection against surges.

Working Principle

• Under normal operation, the lightning arrester is off the i.e.

it conducts no current to earth or the gap is non conducting.
• On the occurrence of over voltage, the air insulation across the gap
breaks down and arc is formed providing a low resistance path for
the surge to the ground. In this way, the excess charge on the line
due to the surge is harmlessly conducted through the arrester to the
ground instead of being sent back over the line.
• It’s worthwhile to mention the function of non-linear resistor in the
operation of arrestor. As the gap sparks over due to over voltage, the
arc would be a short circuit on the power system and may cause
power follow current in the arrester. Since the characteristics of the
resistor is to offer resistance to high voltage (or current), it gives the
effect of short circuit. After the surge is over the resistor offers high
resistance to make the gap non-conducting. Types of Lightning
Arrester
1. Rod Arrester
2. Horn Gap Arrester
3. Multi Gap Arrester
4. Expulsion type Lightning Arrester
5. Valve type Lightning Arrester

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PROTECTIVE RELAYS
A protective relay is a device designed to trip a circuit breaker when fault detected
Relays are used for disconnecting the circuits by manual or automatic operation

Relay consist of the coil which is excited or energized and such that making the contacts of relay
closed activates the relay to break or make the circuit connection .

Types of relays by construction

• Electromechanical further classified as

➔ Attracted armature
➔ Moving coil
➔ Induction
➔ Motor operated
➔ Mechanical
➔ Thermal
• Introduction disc over current relay – works by inducting current in a disc that is free to
operate the rotary motion of the disc operates
• static
• digital
• numerical

Important Relays
•over current relay
It is a type of protective relay which operates when the load current exceeds a pickup value
• Earth fault relay •Differential protection relay
It works on the basic theory of Kirchhoff’s current law , which states that the sun of the current
entering and exciting a node work equal zero.
Differential protection requires a set of current transformers at each end of the
power line , or each side of the transformer , the current protection relay then
compares the current and calculates the difference between the two Incase of
miss match the relay trips the associated circuit breaker .

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• Distance protection relay -> distance relays are actually double actuating
Quantity relays with one coil energized by voltage and other coil by current
. The current element produced a positive or pickup torque , while the
voltage element produced a reset or negative torque . The relay operates
only when v/I ratio falls below a predetermined value
During a fault on the transmission line the fault current increases and the voltage
at the fault point decreases . The V/I ratio is measured at the location of CTs and
PTs . The voltage at the PT location depends on the distance between the PT and
the fault. If the measured voltage is lesser that means the fault is nearer and vice
versa . Hence the protection called distance relay.

• Directional relay -> A Directional relay used an additional polarising source

of voltage or current to determine the direction of a fault The fault can
upstream or downstream of the relays location , allowing protective devices
to be operated inside or outside of some of protection .

• Synchronism check relay -> A synchronism checking relay provides a

contact closure when the frequency and phase of two sources are similar to
within some tolerance margin . A “sych check” relay is often applied where
two power systems are interconnected , such as at switchyard connecting two
power grids , or at a generator circuit breaker to ensure the generator is
synchronized to the system before connecting it.

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•

Thankyou…

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