UNIT 2 – COMPUTER NETWORKS

(10 MARKS)
Q1. What is computer network?
A computer network is a collection of interconnected computers and other devices to share data
and other resources (hardware and software).
Two computers are said to be interconnected if they are capable of exchanging information.
Q2. Mention some advantages of networking.
OR
What is the need to have computer network?
Advantages / need of computer network are as follows:
(1) Resource sharing:
The primary use of a network is to share programs, applications, data and peripheral
devices connected to the network among its users.
Hardware resource – printer, scanner, hard disk, DVD drives etc.
Software resource – databases, audio and video files, antivirus software,
application software etc.
(2) Improved communication:
A computer network enables fast, reliable and secure communication between
users. It saves time and offers easy communication method.
(3) Reduced communication cost:
Sharing resources also reduces communication cost.
(4) Reliability of data:
It means backing up of data, ie, data can be copied and stored in multiple
computers. If due to some reason data becomes unavailable on one computer, a
copy of same data can be accessed from another computer.
(5) Central storage of data:
Files can be stored on a central node (server) that can be shared by every user.
Q3. Mention some disadvantages of networking.
Disadvantages of computer network are as follows:
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 (1) Systems are likely to be complex.
(2) If softwares and files are held centrally, it may be impossible to carry out any work if
the server fails.
(3) File security is more important eg. Protection from viruses.
(4) If networks are badly managed, services can become unusable and productivity
reduces.
Q4. Explain various components of a computer network.
(1) Host / Node / workstation:
It refers to the computers that are attached to a network and are seeking to share
resources on the network.
(2) Client:
A client computer is a host computer that requests for some services from the
server.
(3) Server:
A computer that facilitates sharing of data, software and hardware resources on
the network. A server computer serves the request of a client computer.
(4) Network hardware:
A network requires specialized hardware to carry out various roles such as
establishing connections, controlling network traffic etc. Some examples of
network hardware are:
• NIC (Network Interface Card / Network Interface Unit) – It is an interpreter that helps
in establishing communication between the server and the client.
• Hub, switch, router – These are connectivity devices.
• Transmission media / Communication channel / Communication media
Hosts in a network interact with other hosts and servers through a
transmission media / communication channel / communication media.
Q. Explain types of servers.
There are two types of servers available.
(1) Dedicated server
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 (2) Non dedicated server
(1) Dedicated server:
On bigger networks there is a computer reserved for the server’s job. It does not work as
workstation. Network using such a server is known as master slave network.
(2) Non dedicated server:
On small networks, any workstation can act as a server. It is known as non dedicated server.
Network using such a server is known as peer – to – peer (P2P) network.
Q. Differentiate between peer – to – peer (P2P) and master slave network.
Peer – to – peer (P2P) network Master slave network
1. Each computer can store its own data. 1. Data is stored in server.
2. It is easy to implement and less 2. Usually more expensive and not easy to
expensive. implement.
3. It is usually implemented for a small 3. It is implemented with large number of
number of computers located in a computers spreading across large
small area. geographical area.

Q. Explain evolution of networking.

(1) ARPANET - Advanced Research Project Agency Network
• Networking started way back in 1969 with the development of the first network called
the ARPANET.
• The U.S. department of defence sponsored a project named ARPANET whose goal was
to connect computers at different universities and U.S. defence.
• It started with handful of computers but expanded rapidly.
(2) NSFnet – National Science Foundation Network
• In mid 80s, the National Science Foundation created a new high capacity network called
NSFnet.
• It allowed only academic and engineering research work on its network.
(3) Internet – Interconnected Network
• It came in 1990.
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 • The internetworking of ARPANET, NSFnet and other private networks resulted into
internet.
• It is a worldwide network of networks.

Q. What do you mean by interspace?

It is a client/server software program that allows multiple users to communicate online with real
time audio, video and text chat in dynamic 3D environments.
Q. What do mean by switching technique?
Switching techniques are used to efficiently transmit data across the network. Three types of
switching techniques are employed nowadays to provide communication between two
computers on a network. They are:
(1) Circuit Switching
(2) Message switching
(3) Packet Switching
Q. Explain circuit switching.
• Circuit switching is a technique in which a dedicated and complete physical connection
is established between two nodes and through this dedicated communication channel, the
nodes communicate.
• The circuit guarantees the full bandwidth of the channel and remains connected for the
duration of the communication session. Even if no communication is taking place in a
dedicated circuit, that channel still remains unavailable to other users.

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 • Example of a circuit-switched network is the early analogue telephone network. When a
call is made from one telephone to another, switches within the telephone exchange
create a continuous wire circuit between the two telephones, for as long as the call lasts.

Q. Explain message switching.

• It works on the technique store and forward.
• The source computer sends data or message to the switching office first, which stores the
data in its buffer.
• It then looks for a free link to another switching office and then sends the data to this
office.
• This process is continued until the data are delivered to the destination computer.

Q. Explain packet switching.

• This technique breaks the data to be sent into packets and places a strict upper limit on
packet size.
• These packets are forwarded to the destination via various switching offices.
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 • Each switching office stores the packet in its main memory (which makes the process
faster) and then forwards it further until it reaches its destination.
• The main advantage of packet-switching is that the packets from many different sources
can share a line, allowing very efficient use of the communication medium.
• This method of data transmission has become the fundamental networking technology
behind the internet.

Q. Differentiate between message switching and packet switching.

Message switching Packet switching
1. No upper limit on the packet size. 1. Strict upper lint on packet size.
2. It stores the data packets in hard disk 2. It stores the data packets in main memory
which makes the process slower. which makes the process faster and improves
performance.

Q. Define the following data communication terminologies:

(1) Channel:
A communication channel is a medium that is used to transfer data / information from one point
to another. For example telephone line, optical fibre, coaxial cable or twisted pair cable etc.
(2) Bandwidth:
It refers to the difference between the highest and lowest frequencies of a transmission channel.
It is measured in hertz (Hz).
KHz – Kilo Hertz
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MHz – Mega Hertz
Channels with high frequency are known as broadband channels and channels with low
frequencies are known as narrowband channel.
(3) Data transfer rate:
The data transfer rate (DTR) is the amount of data in digital form that is moved from one place
to another in a given time on a network. The greater the bandwidth of a given medium, the
higher is the data transfer rate. Data transfer rate is often measured in bits per second (bps) /
bytes per second (Bps).
Kbps – Kilo bits per second KBps – Kilo bytes per second
Mbps – Mega bits per second MBps – Mega bytes per second
Gbps – Giga bits per second GBps – Giga bytes per second
Tbps – Tera bits per second TBps – Tera bytes per second
(4) Baud:
It is a unit of measurement for the information carrying capacity of a communication channel. It
is same as bps (bits per second) / Bps (bytes persecond)
Q. What is Ethernet network?
Ethernet is the fastest wired network protocol used in connecting computers in local area
network or LAN. It provides a speed of 10 mbps to 100 mbps or higher.
Q. Name various types of transmission medias available.
Transmission media is of two types:
1. Guided media – It transfer information using cables. Ex: twisted pair cable, coaxial cable,
optical fiber.
2. Unguided media – It transfer information through air, water or vacuum. Ex: radiowave,
microwave, satellite, infrared.
Wired / Guided Transmission Media
Q. Explain twisted pair cable.
• It consists of two insulated copper wires twisted around each other.
• It is generally used for short and medium range telephone communications in offices and
also in modern Ethernet networks.
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 • The twisting of wires reduces crosstalk which is the bleeding of a signal from one wire to
another. This crosstalk can corrupt the signal and hence cause network errors.

Q. Mention 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of twisted pair cable.

Advantages:
(1) It is simple, low weight, easy to install and maintain.
(2) It is least expensive medium best suitable for low speed (up to 10 mbps) applications.
Disadvantages:
(1) It is suitable only for short distances.
(2) It provides low bandwidth, hence not suitable for broadband connection.
Q. Explain types of twisted pair cable.
Twisted pair cable is of two types.
(1) Unshielded twisted pair cable (UTP) – It is used for variety of electronic communications.
It can have maximum segment length of 100 meters.
(2) Shielded twisted pair cable (STP) – The STP cable comes with shielding of the individual
pairs of wires, which further protects it from external interference and crosstalk. But STP is
heavier and costlier than UTP.

Q. Explain coaxial cable.

• It consists of solid wire cores surrounded by one or more foil or wire shields, each
separated by some kind of plastic insulator.
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 • The inner core carries the signal and the shield provides the ground.
• It is widely used for television signals and also by large corporations in building security
systems.

Q. Mention 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of coaxial cable.

Advantages:
(1) It offers high bandwidth (up to 400 mbps).
(2) It can be used for broadband communication
Disadvantages:
(1) It is less flexible and more expensive as compared to twisted pair cable.
(2) It is not compatible with twisted pair cable.
Q. Explain types of coaxial cable.
Coaxial cable is of two types.
(1) Thicknet - It is thicker and its cable segments can be up to 500 metres long.
(2) Thinnet - It is thinner and it can have a maximum segment length of 185 metres.
Q. Explain optical fiber cable.

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 • Optical fiber consists of thin strands of glass or glass like material to carry light from a
source at one end of the fiber to a detector at the other end.
• The light sources used are either light emitting diodes (LEDs) or laser diodes (LDs).
• The data to be transmitted is modulated onto a light beam using frequency modulation
techniques. At the receiver's end, the signals are demodulated.
• Optical fibers offer a very high bandwidth and this makes it capable of multichannel
communication.
• The Optical fiber consists of three layers:

(i) Core - glass or plastic through which the light travels

(ii) Cladding - covering of the core that reflects the light back to the core

(iii) Protective (Buffer) coating - protects the fiber cable from hostile environments.
Q. Mention 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of optical fiber.
Advantages:
(1) It offers secure and very high speed transmission. It can also be used for broadband
transmission.
(2) It is immune to electrical and magnetic interference.
Disadvantages:
(1) It is difficult to install and maintain since they are quite fragile.
(2) It is most expensive of all cables.
Wireless / Unguided Transmission Media
Q. Explain infrared.
• Infrared allows devices to communicate within a short range.
• This type of transmission uses infrared light to send data.
• Infrared communication requires a transceiver (a combination of transmitter and
receiver) in both devices that communicate.
• It is used in TV remotes, cordless phones, toys, wireless speakers etc.
Q. Mention 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of infrared.
Advantages:
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 (1) It is quite inexpensive transmission medium.
(2) Since it is having short range of communication hence it is considered to be a secure
mode of transmission.
Disadvantages:
(1) It can only be used for short range communication.
(2) It cannot pass through obstructions like walls, buildings etc.
Q. Explain radiowave.
• The transmission making use of radio frequencies is termed as radiowave transmission.
• In case of radiowave transmission, certain radio frequencies are allocated to
private/government organizations for direct voice communications.
• Each radio signal uses a different frequency and this differentiates it from others.
• The transmitter takes some message, encodes it and then transmits it with radio wave.
The receiver on the other hand receives the radio waves and decodes it.
• Both the transmitter and the receiver use antennas to radiate and capture the radio signal.
Radio transmission is widely used by delivery services, policemen, security personals
etc.
Q. Mention 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of radiowave transmission.
Advantages:
(1) Radio waves can travel through long distances in all directions (Omni directional).
They can easily pass through obstacles like a walls / buildings.
(2) It offers ease of communication over difficult terrain.
Disadvantages:
(1) It is an insecure mode of communication.
(2) It gets affected by weather conditions easily. (Rain, thunderstorm etc.)
Q. Explain microwave.
• This type of transmission uses high frequency radio signals.
• Microwaves offer a line of sight method of communication. A transmitter and receiver of
a microwave system are mounted on very high towers and both should be visible to each
other (line of sight).
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 • In case of microwave transmission, curvature of the earth, mountains and other
structures often block the line of sight. Hence several repeater stations are required for
long distance transmission thereby increasing the cost considerably.
• It is generally used in mobile / cell phones, TV networks etc.
Q. Mention 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of microwave transmission.
Advantages:
(1) It can carry 25000 voice channels at the same time.
(2) It offers ease of communication over difficult terrain.
Disadvantages:
(1) It is unidirectional and insecure mode of communication.
(2) It gets affected by weather conditions easily. (Rain, thunderstorm etc.)
NOTE: When the frequency of radiowave is higher than 3GHz, then it is named as microwave.
Q. Explain satellite link.
• Satellite communication is a special use of microwave transmission system.
• The satellites accepts data / signals transmitted from an earth station, amplify them and
transmits them to another earth station.
• A satellite is placed precisely at 36000 km above the equator where its orbit speed
exactly matches the earth's rotation speed.
• The ground station consists of a satellite dish that functions as an antenna and
communication equipment to transmit (called Uplink) and receive (called
Downlink) data from satellites.
• Heavy usage of intercontinental traffic makes satellite commercially attractive.

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Q. Mention 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of satellite transmission.
Advantages:
(1) It covers a large geographical area.
(2) It offers uninterrupted and high quality transmission.
Disadvantages:
• Placing the satellite into its orbit involves very high cost. Installation is also extremely
complex.
• It gets affected by weather conditions easily. (Rain, thunderstorm etc.)
NETWORK DEVICES
Q. Mention names of some important network devices.
(1) Modem (Modulator – Demodulator)
(2) RJ45 (Registered Jack 45) Connector
(3) Ethernet Card / NIC / NIU / LAN Card / Network adapter Card
(4) Router (5) Hub (6) Switch (7) Repeater
(8) Gateway (9) WiFi Card (Wireless Fidelity) (10) Wi-Fi Card
Q. Explain the working of a modem.
• A modem (Modulator - Demodulator) is a peripheral device that enables a computer to
transmit data over, telephone or cable lines.
• It converts or "modulates" an analog signal from a telephone or cable wire to digital data
(1s and 0s) that a computer can recognize.
• Similarly, it converts digital data from a computer or other device into an analog signal
(Demodulation) that can be sent over standard telephone lines.

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There are two types of modems available:
• Internal Modem – These modems are fixed within the computer.
• External Modem – These modems are externally connected to the computer as other
peripheral devices.
Q. What is RJ45 connector?

• RJ45 is an eight wired connector that is used to connect computers on a local area
network (LAN) specially Ethernets.

Q. Explain Ethernet card / NIC / NIU / LAN Card / Network adapter Card.

• It helps in establishing communication between various computers / devices in a

network.
• An Ethernet Card contains connections for either coaxial or twisted pair cables or even
for fiber optic cable.
• Modern Ethernet adapters can support the speed of upto100 Mbps.

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Q. Explain MAC (Media Access Control) Address.

• The NIC manufacturer assigns a unique physical address to each NIC card. This physical
address is known as Media Access Control (MAC) address.
• A Mac address is a 6 - byte address with each byte separated by a colon. It is made up of
six 2 - digit hexadecimal numbers. Total 12 hexadecimal digits separated by colon (:).
• The first 3 – bytes of MAC address are the manufacturer ID (assigned to the
manufacturer by an international organization IEEE).
• The last 3 – bytes are the card number (assigned by manufacturer).
• Each Mac address is unique for each network card.
• Ex:
10 : B5 : 03 : 63 : 2E : FC
Manufacturer ID Card number

Q. What is a router?

• A Router is a network device establishes connection between two networks.

• It forwards data packets from one network to another and can handle networks with
different protocols.
• For example a router can link an Ethernet network to internet.
• Routers uses routing tables that stores calculated paths. Routers make sure that the data
packets are travelling through the best possible paths to reach their destinations.
• Routers can be wireless or wired.

Q. What is a hub?

• A hub is a networking device having multiple ports that are used to connect multiple
computers or segments of a LAN together.
• It redirects the received information to all the connected nodes in broadcast mode.
• It provides shared bandwidth to all nodes connected to it.
• There are 2 types of hubs available:
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 o Active hub – It electrically amplifies the signal as it moves from one connected
device to another. They are used to extend the length of a network.
o Passive hub – It allows the signal to pass from one computer to another without
any change.

Q. What is a switch? Explain.

• Switch is an intelligent network device that connects multiple computers together to form
a network.
• It filters and redirects the received information to the intended nodes.
• It provides dedicated bandwidth to all nodes connected to it.

Q. Differentiate between hub and switch.

Hub Switch
1. Hub sends the data / signal to all nodes 1. Switch sends the data / signal to the
connected to the network. intended node only.
2. It provides shared bandwidth and is 2. It provides dedicated bandwidth and is
relatively slower. faster and more efficient due to good
traffic management capabilities.
3. Less costly. 3. It is more costly.

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Q. What is a repeater?

• A repeater is a device that amplifies received signal and retransmits it to its destination.
• Since signal becomes weak after a certain distance (70 – 80 meters) so amplification
(regeneration) of signal is required to maintain the quality of the signal.

Q. What is a gateway?

• A gateway is a network device that connects dissimilar networks.

• It establishes an intelligent connection between a local network and external networks
with completely different structures.

Q. What is a WiFi card? Explain.

• Wi-Fi cards are small and portable cards that allow your desktop or laptop computer to
connect to the internet through a wireless network.
• Wi-Fi transmission is through the use of radio waves. Wi-Fi cards have built – in
wireless radio and antenna.
• The antenna transmits the radio signals and these signals are picked up by Wi-Fi
receivers such as computers and cell phones equipped with Wi-Fi cards.
• The Wi-Fi card then reads the signals and produces a wireless internet connection.
• Wi-Fi cards can be external or internal.

NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
Q. What is network topology?

• Topology is the pattern of interconnection of nodes in a network.

• While choosing a topology we should focus on the following points:
(i) Installation cost should be minimum.
(ii) Addition and deletion of nodes should be easy.
(iii) Fault detection should be simple.

Q. Name various network topologies available.

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There 3 network topologies available namely:

(i) Bus topology

(ii) Star topology
(iii) Tree topology

Q. Explain bus topology.

• Bus topology is also known as linear topology.

• In this topology each node is directly connected to a common transmission channel
which is known as the backbone of the network.
• A device wanting to communicate with another device on the network sends a broadcast
message in both directions that all other devices can seek but only the intended recipient
actually access and process the message.
• When the signal reaches the end of the transmission media it is absorbed by the
terminator.

Q. Explain 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of bus topology.

Advantage:

(1) Additional nodes can be easily connected.

(2) It uses very short cable length which reduces the installation cost.

Disadvantage:

(1) Fault detection and isolation is difficult.

(2) If the transmission channel fails then the entire network goes down.

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Q. Explain star topology.

• A star topology features a central connection point called hub / switch / server to which
all other nodes are connected by single path.
• Each node has a dedicated set of wires connecting it to the central node.
• This type of topology is used in most existing information networks involving data
communication or voice communication.

Hub / switch / server

Q. Explain 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of star topology.

Advantage:

(1) Fault detection is easier.

(2) Failure of a single node does not affect the entire network.

Disadvantage:

(1) Since every node is directly connected to the central node, so large amount of cable is
needed which increases the installation cost of the network.
(2) The entire network is dependent on the central node. If the central node fails the entire
network goes down.

Q. Explain tree topology.

• It is a combination of bus and star topology.

• It combines multiple star topologies into a bus topology

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 • Tree topology is best applicable for hierarchical flow of data.

Q. Explain 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of tree topology.

Advantage:

(1) Easy to expand.

(2) Provides hierarchical flow of data.

Disadvantage:

(1) Long cable length is required.

(2) Root dependency.

TYPE OF NETWORKS
Q. Explain various types of networks available.
On the basis of area covered by a network, there are 4 different types of network.
(1) PAN (Personal Area Network):
• It is a small network covering a range of 10 meters using wired / USB connectivity or
wireless systems like bluetooth or infrared.
• PANs are used to connect computers, laptops, mobiles and other IT enabled devices to
transfer files including email, photo, audio, video etc.

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 • A network that belongs to a single person or user is known as PAN.
(2) LAN (Local Area Network):
• LAN is a computer network covering small geographical area like school, home, office
or a building. It covers an area upto 10 Kms.
• A LAN can be set up using wired media (Twisted pair cable, Coaxial cable etc.) or
wireless media (infrared, radiowave etc.)
• If a LAN is set up using unguided media / wireless media, it is known as WLAN
(Wireless LAN).
• The key purpose of LAN is resource sharing.
(3) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network):
• It can cover an area upto 100 Km.
• It also shares computing resources among users.
• A MAN is typically owned and operated by a single entity such as a government body or
a large corporation.
• A good example of MAN is cable TV network.
(4) WAN (Wide Area Network):
• WAN spreads over a large geographical area across countries and continents.
• It is used to interconnect several other types of networks such as LANs, MANs etc.
• They facilitate fast and efficient exchange of information at a high speed and low cost.
• A network of ATMs, banks, government offices, international organizations are
examples of WAN.
• Internet is the largest WAN spanning the entire planet.
Q. Mention 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of LAN.
Advantages:
(1) Resource sharing.
(2) Easy and cheap communication
Disadvantages:
(1) High set up cost.

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 (2) Data security threat.
Q. Mention 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of WAN.
Advantages:
(1) Messages can be sent quickly to a wide range of nodes.
(2) Resource sharing.
Disadvantages:
(1) Set up cost is very high and maintenance is also very difficult.
(2) Security is a major issue.
NETWORKS PROTOCOLS
Q. What do you mean by protocol?
A protocol is the special set of rules that two or more machines on a network must
follow to communicate with each other. Some of the important protocols being used are as
follows:
1. Transmission Control Protocol / Internet protocol (TCP/IP)
2. File Transfer protocol (FTP)
3. Point - to - Point Protocol (PPP)
4. Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
5. Simple Mail transfer protocol (SMTP)
6. Post Office Protocol Version 3 (POP3)
7. Remote login - Telnet
8. Chat Protocol – Internet Relay Chat (IRC)
9. Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP)

Q. Explain TCP / IP?

TCP / IP is a collection of protocols that includes TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and IP
(Internet Protocol).
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol):
• It breaks the data into packets.

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 • It verifies all the packets when they arrive at the destination computer and then
reassembles them in proper order.
• Data can be lost while transmission. So TCP also detects errors or lost data and to trigger
retransmission until the data is correctly and completely received.
IP (Internet Protocol):
• It handles the address part of each packet so that it reaches to the right destination.
• It is also responsible providing unique address to each computer connected in a network.
Q. What is an IP address?
• An IP address is a unique numerical label separated by dots used to identify a device on
a network / internet.
• Each IP address is a series containing four numbers in the range 0 – 255 separated by
dots.
• Ex:
192. 168. 1. 1 10. 217. 0. 1 etc.
• Invalid IP:
369. 201. 0. 3 (as 369 is out of range)
Q. What is FTP?
• It is a standard protocol used to transfer files between a client and a server over a
computer network.
• It is used for uploading and downloading files.
Advantage / Objective:
• Easy sharing of files.
• To transfer files reliably and efficiently.
Q. Explain Point - to - Point Protocol (PPP)?
• Point - to - Point Protocol (PPP) is a communication protocol that is used to transmit data
between two directly connected (point-to-point) computers.
• Simply, when you establish a connection to your ISP (Internet Service Provider) through
a modem. The connection between the ISP and you make up two points on the network.

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 Therefore, the protocol that is used for establishing this connectivity between the two of
you is the Point-to-Point Protocol or the PPP.
• PPP is the best solution for dial – up internet connection.
Q. Explain HTTP?
• HTTP is the protocol that is used for transferring hypertext (i.e. text, graphic, image,
sound, video etc.) between two computers and is particularly used on the World Wide
Web.
• It is a TCP/IP based communication protocol and provides a standard for Web browsers
and servers to communicate.
• Clients (web browsers) send requests to web servers for web pages, images etc.
• Web servers responds accordingly.
• After the request response cycle, the connection between client and server across the
internet is disconnected.
Q. What do you mean by Email protocols?
The Email client and server can exchange information with each other using a various Email
protocols. The protocols used for handling emails are:
• Simple Mail transfer protocol (SMTP)
• Post Office Protocol Version 3 (POP3)
• Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP)
Q. What is SMTP?
It is used for sending emails across the internet.
Q. What is POP3?
• It is a standard mail protocol used to receive Emails.
• POP3 is designed to delete Emails on the server as soon as the user has downloaded it.

Q. What is IMAP?

It is used to receive email messages on the internet.

Q. What is remote login?

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 • It is a network application that permits a user sitting at a different location to work on a
specific program on another (remote) computer.
• Ex: Telnet
Q. What is telnet?
• It provides remote login facilities.
• Telnet is the main internet protocol used for creating a connection with a remote machine
/ computer over a network / internet.

Q. What is IRC (Internet Relay Chat)?

• IRC is a simple, text based chatting protocol involving a number of users spread across a
number of interconnected servers.
• It provides chatting between a group or between two individuals.
Q. What is video conferencing?
• A two way video phone conversation among multiple participants is called video
conferencing.
• Protocols used for video conferencing are H.323 and SIP (Session Initiation Protocol)
Q. What is VoIP?
• It enables the transfer of voice data and multimedia data using packet switched network
using high speed broadband connection.
• VoIP services convert our voice into digital signal that travels over the internet.
• Protocols used by VoIP are H.323, SIP and RTP (Real Time Transport Protocol – For
transporting real time audio / video)
• Various services provided by VoIP are calling phone to phone, phone to PC, PC to phone
etc.
Q. What are advantages and disadvantages of VoIP?
Advantage:
(1) Less cost.
(2) Good voice quality.
(3) Extra features with flexibility.
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Disadvantage:
Reliable high speed internet connection is required.

INTRODUCTION TO WEB SERVICES

Q. Define the following terms:
(1) WWW:
• It is a set of protocols that allows us to access any information on the internet.
• It uses HTTP to transfer the information.
(2) HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language):
• HTML is language the helps in creating and designing web content. It is a markup
language.
• It has a variety of predefined tags and attributes for defining the layout and structure of
the web document.
• A HTML document has the extension .htm or .html.
• Hypertext is a text which is linked to another document.
(3) XML (Extensible Markup Language):
• It is a markup language for documents containing structured information.
• It is designed to carry or store data.
• It has user defined tags.
Similarities of HTML and XML:
• Both are markup languages.
• Tags are basic building blocks of both HTML and XML.
Differences between HTML and XML:
• HTML has predefined tags whereas XML has user defined tags.
• HTML has limited number of tags whereas XML tags are extensible.
• HTML is not case sensitive but XML is case sensitive.
(4) Domain name:
• An internet address which is character based is called a domain name.

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 • It is a unique name that identifies a web page.
• Ex: cbse.nic.in, yahoo.com etc.
(5) URL:
• It specifies the distinct address for each resource on the internet.
• URL has 3 parts:
(1) Network protocol (http or ftp)
(2) Domain name
(3) Resource location or path
Ex of URL: http://www.cbse.nic.in/academics.html

Domain Name

http://www.cbse.nic.in/academics.html

Network Resource location or

Protocol path of the html document

(6) Website:
• A location on a web server is called a web site.
• It is basically a collection of web pages.
(7) Web browser:
• It is a WWW client that navigates through the World Wide Web and displays web pages.
• Ex: Google chrome, Internet Explorer etc.
(8) Web server:
It is a WWW server that responds to the request made by the web browser.
(9) Web hosting:
• It is a way of hosting web server applications on a computer system through which
electronic contents on the internet is readily available to any web browser client.

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 • In case an individual or a company wants to make its website available on the internet, it
should be hosted on a web server.
WIRELESS/ MOBILE COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS
Q. Differentiate between wireless and mobile communication.
• Wireless communication is simply data communication without the use of landlines.
• Mobile communication mean that the concerned device is not continuously connected to
the base or central network.
Q. Explain various wireless / mobile communication protocols available.
(1) GSM (Global System for Mobile communication)
• It is one of the leading digital cellular system.
• It uses encryption to make phone calls more secure.
• GSM technology is a combination of FDMA and TDMA.
(2) SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)
• It is a small, removable chip that gives each cellular device a unique phone number.
• It has a processor, memory and the ability to interact with the user.
(3) CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)

• It is a digital cellular technology that uses spread spectrum technique.

• In this, each user is allocated a unique code sequence.
• On the sender's end, the data signal is encoded using the given unique code.
• The receiver decodes the signal according the unique code and recovers the original data.
(4) TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
• Here each user is allowed to transmit only within specified time intervals.
• Different users transmit in different time slots.
• When users transmit, they occupy the whole frequency bandwidth.
(5) FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)
• In this, each user utilizes a portion of the frequency bandwidth available.
• Each user has its own frequency domain.
(6) WLL (Wireless Local Loop)
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 • It is a system that connects subscribers to the Public Switched Telephone Network
(PSTN).
• The subscribers connect to their local exchange instead of the central exchange
wirelessly using radio signals.
• It reduces cost and set up time.
• As data is transferred over short range, it is considered to be secure.
(7) GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)
• It is a technology for radio transmission of small packets of data between mobile device
and internet.
(8) 1G (First Generation):
• It was based on analog cellular technology.
• It only had voice facility available, no data service.
(9) 2G (Second Generation)
• The 2G system was based on GSM technology.
• They used digital signals for transmission of voice.
• It offered data speed upto 250 kbps.
• It supports voice, text and data services.
(10) 3G (Third Generation)
• The 3G technology adds multimedia facilities to 2G phones by allowing video, audio,
and graphics applications.
• It provides high bandwidth with data rate upto 2 mbps.
• It supports both packet and circuit switch data transmission.
• It provides high speed web browsing, video conferencing, fast and easy transfer of audio
and video files, 3D gaming etc.
(11) 4G (Fourth Generation)
• It is a packet switched protocol.
• It offers significantly faster Speeds of 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps and reduced network
congestion.

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 • It provides better quality mobile web access, high definition mobile TV, Cloud
computing, IP telephony etc.
(12) 5G (Fifth Generation)
• It is a new global wireless protocol after 4G.
• 5G enables a new kind of network that is designed to connect everyone and everything
together virtually including machines, objects, and devices.
• It is meant to deliver multi Gbps data speed, more reliability, massive network capacity,
increased availability, higher performance and improved efficiency.
(13) SMS (Short Message Service)
It is the transmission of short text messages to and from a mobile phone, fax machine etc.
(14) WiFi (Wireless Fidelity, range in meters)
• It allows us to connect to the internet without a direct line from your PC to the ISP
(Internet Service Provider).
• It is the most popular communication protocols for wireless local area network (WLAN).
• Wi-Fi provides Internet access to devices that are within the range of about 20 – 40
meters from the source.
• For WiFi to work we need broadband internet connection, a wireless router and a
computing device (Laptop / Desktop) with a WiFi card.
(15) WiMax (World Wide Interoperability for Microwave Access, range in Kms)
• It is based on Wireless MAN technology.
• WiMax is developed to provide wireless broadband access to buildings upto a range of
50 Kms for fixed stations and 5 – 15 Kms for mobile stations.
(16) WiFi Hotspot
A hotspot is a venue that offers WiFi access. Ex: airport, hotel room, library etc.
Q. Explain mobile processor.
• Mobile processor is responsible for speed, battery life, efficiency of our smartphone.
• Various parts of mobile processor work together to achieve the same. These are as
follows:

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 (1) CPU (Central Processing Unit)
(2) GPU (Graphics Processing Unit)
(3) Camera ISP (Image Signal Processor)
(4) Audio and video
(5) Radio (RF transceiver) and 4G / 5G Modem
• Ex. of mobile processors are – Qualcomm Snapdragon, Apple Mobile Processors,
Samsung Exynos, Nvidia Tegra etc.

NETWORK SECURITY CONCEPTS

Q. Name some methods to ensure network security.
(1) Authorization:
It is performed by asking the user for a valid login id.
(2) Authentication:
It is also termed as password protection as the authorized user is asked to provide a valid
password.
(3) Encrypted smart card:
It is a hand held smart card that can generate a token that a computer system can recognize.
(4) Biometric system:
It involves some unique aspect of a person’s body such as finger prints, retinal pattern etc. to
establish his/ her identity.
(5) Firewall:
• A system designed to prevent unauthorized access to and from a private network
(Intranet) is called firewall.
• All messages entering or leaving the intranet pass through the firewall. The firewall
examines each message and blocks those that do not meet the specified security criteria.
• Firewalls can be implemented in both hardware and software or a combination of both.
Q. What is a computer virus?
A computer virus is a malicious program that requires a host and is designed to make a system
sick. It is of the following types:
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(1) Trojan horse:
• It is a code hidden in a program such as a game or spreadsheet that looks safe to run but
has hidden side effects.
• It generally spreads through email and exchange of disks and information between
computers.
(2) Worm:
• It is a program designed to replicate (to make multiple copies).
• It does not require a host.
(3) Spam:
• It refers to electronic junk mails.
• You can avoid spams by creating a filter that finds emails that are suspected to be spams.
Q. Mention some damages caused by computer virus?
(1) It can decrease the space on hard disk by duplicating files.
(2) It can destroy File Allocation Table (FAT).
(3) It can slow down the speed of the system.
(4) It can destroy executable files and alter data stored in various files.
Q. Mention some ways to prevent from viruses.
(1) Install and use antivirus software.
(2) Keep your antivirus software up – to – date.
(3) Use licensed software.
(4) Password protect your PC to prevent unattended modification.
Q. What are cookies? Explain.
• Cookies are messages (small text files) that a web server sends to a web browser to keep
track of the users’ activity on a specific website.
• Some cookies last only until the browser is closed. They are not stored on your hard
drive.
• Some cookies are stored on your hard drive until you delete them or they reach their
expiry date.

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 • Generally a cookie contains the name of the website from which it has come from and a
unique ID tag.
• Ex: Cookies can be used to remember your preferences when you use the website.
Q. What is https?
• It stands for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure.
• It provides encrypted communications.
• Https encrypts your data and establishes a secure channel to ensure protected data
transfer.
• Ex: Https connections are more useful for online payment transactions, online banking,
online shopping etc.
Q. What is Cyber Law?
• It refers to the legal and regulatory aspects of Internet and World Wide Web.
• In India Cyber Law is enforced through Information Technology Act 2000 (IT Act
2000).
Q. What do you mean by Cyber Crimes?
• Cyber Crime is defined as a crime in which a computer and internet is used in an
illegitimate way to harm the user.
• Cyber criminals may use computer technology to access personal information, business
trade secrets, or use the internet for exploitive or malicious purposes.
• Cybercrimes can be against persons or against property or against the government.
Q. Give some examples of Cyber Crimes.
• Harassment by computer (Cyber Stalking, defamation).
• Illegal downloads, plagiarism.
• Software piracy, copyright violation of software.
• Fraud (credit card fraud, fraudulent use of ATM accounts, stock market transfers,
telecommunications fraud), theft of (electronic) money.
• Tampering with official document without authorization.
Q. What do you mean by Intellectual property rights (IPR)?

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 • Intellectual property rights are the rights given to an individual over the invention of their
own.
• It usually gives the creator an exclusive right over the use of his/her creation for a certain
period of time.
Q. Explain various ways of protecting Intellectual Property.
There are only three ways to protect intellectual property:
(1) Patent:
• A Patent is a term used for a specific product designed by an individual.
• The designer is given exclusive rights over the patent for a limited period of time.
• With help of the patent right, the owner can stop others from making, using or selling
the product design.
• Ex: Ornamental design
(2) Trademark:
• Trademark can be defined as a name or a different sign identifying a product or a service.
• A Trademark is also known as brand name.
• It should be officially registered and legally restricted to the use of the
specific person or the company.
• Ex: APPLE, GOOGLE, INFOSYS, TATA, IBM, logo of any company etc.

(3) Copyright:
• Copyright is the term used for a written document.
• Ex: literary works, musical works, sound recordings, computer programs and websites,
motion pictures and other audio visual works etc. are considered for copyrights.
Q. Explain the term hacking.
• A computer enthusiast, who uses his computer programming skills to intentionally access
a computer without authorization is known as hacking.
• The computer enthusiast involved in this activity is known as a hacker.

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 • A hacker accesses the computer without the intention of destroying data or
maliciously harming the computer.
Q. Explain the term cracking.
• Cracking can be defined as a method by which a person who gains unauthorized access
to a computer with the intention of causing damage.
• The person involved in cracking is known as cracker.

RULES TO SOLVE CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS

(1) Where server should be placed – Server should be placed in the building where the
number of computers is maximum.
(2) Suggest a suitable cable layout of connection – A suitable cable layout can be suggested
in the following two ways:
• On the basis of server – Find out the location of the server first. Connect all other
buildings directly with the server. Calculate the total length of wire required according
to the distance between the buildings. (On the basis of server the topology formed will
be star topology)

• On the basis of short distance between the buildings – Consider the short distances
and try to connect all buildings with one opening. It should not be a closed loop.
Calculate the total length of wire required according to the distance. (On the basis of
short distances the topology formed will be bus topology)
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Now you can choose the best cable layout depending on the total length of wire required
in both the cases.
(3) Where hub / switch should be placed – In each building as they are required to connect all
computers present in a building.

(4) Where Modem should be placed – In the same building as server.

(5) Where repeater should be placed – It is used if the distances between the buildings are
higher than 70 meters.

(6) Where Router should be placed – When one LAN needs to be connected to another LAN.
(7) Best guided media / cable –
• When distance is in meters – Twisted pair cable, co axial cable or Ethernet cable.
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 • For large distance – Optical Fiber (When the company does not have any financial
limitation). Otherwise dial up broadband connections (economic way)
(8) Best unguided media –
• In hilly regions – Radio waves should be used.
• City – to – city / state – to – state - Satellite

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 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
Choose the correct answer from the given below:

1. A Computer Network:
A. Is a collection of hardware components and computers?
B. Is interconnected by communication channels
C. Allows sharing of resources and information
D. All of the above
2. What is a Firewall in computer network?
A. The physical boundary of network
B. An operating system of computer network
C. A system designed to prevent unauthorized access
D. A web browsing software
3. What is the use of Bridge in the Network?
A. To connect LANs
B. To separate LANs
C. To control network speed
D. All of the above
4. Each IP packet must contain:
A. Only Source address
B. Only Destination address
C. Source and Destination address
D. Source or Destination address

5. Which of these is not a communication channel?

A. Satellite
B. Microwave
C. Radio wave
D. Wi-Fi

6. MAN Stands for _____.

A. Metropolitan Area Network
B. Main Area Network
C. Metropolitan Access Network
D. Metro Access Network
7. Which of the following is the smallest network?
A. WAN
B. MAN
C. PAN
D. LAN
8. Which transmission media is capable of having a much higher bandwidth (data capacity)?
A. Coaxial
B. Twisted pair cable
C. Untwisted cable
D. Fiber optic
9. Which type of transmission media is the least expensive to manufacture?
A. Coaxial
B. Twisted pair cable
C. CAT cable
D. Fiber optic
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 10. A device that forwards data packet from one network to another is called a
A. Bridge
B. Router
C. Hub
D. Gateway

11. What is a standalone computer?

A. A computer that is not connected to a network
B. A computer that is being used as a server
C. A computer that does not have any peripherals attached to it
D. A computer that is used by only one person

12. Which of the following is the fastest media of data transfer?

A. Co-axial Cable
B. Untwisted Wire
C. Telephone Lines
D. Fiber Optic

13. Hub is a
A. Broadcast device
B. Unicast device
C. Multicast device
D. None of the above
14. Switch is a
A. Broadcast device
B. Unicast device
C. Multicast device
D. None of the above

15. The device that can operate in place of a hub is a:

A. Switch
B. Bridge
C. Router
D. Gateway

16. In computer, converting a digital signal in to an analog signal is called

A. modulation
B. demodulation
C. conversion
D. transformation

17. What is the address size of IPv6?

A. 32 bit
B. 64 bit
C. 128 bit
D. 256 bit

18. Which of these is not an example of unguided media?

A. Optical Fibre Cable
B. Radio wave
C. Bluetooth
D. Satellite
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 19. Two devices are in network if
A. A process in one device is able to exchange information with a process in another device
B. A process is running on both devices
C. The processes running of different devices are of same type
D. None of the above.

20. Which of the following is not the Networking Devices?

A. Gateways
B. Linux
C. Routers
D. Firewalls

21. The location of a resource on the internet is given by its?

A. Protocol
B. URL
C. E-mail address
D. ICQ

22. The term HTTP stands for?

A. Hyper terminal tracing program
B. Hypertext tracing protocol
C. Hypertext transfer protocol
D. Hypertext transfer program

23. Which software prevents the external access to a system?

A. Firewall
B. Gateway
C. Router
D.Virus checker

24. Which one of the following is the most common internet protocol?
A.HTML
B.NetBEUI
C.TCP/IP
D.IPX/SPX

25. The term FTP stands for?

A.File transfer program
B.File transmission protocol
C.File transfer protocol
D.File transfer protection

26. Which one of the following is not a network topology?

A.Star
B.Ring
C.Bus
D.Peer to Peer

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 27. Which of the following is not an unit for data transfer rate?
A.MBPS
B.KBPS
C.SBPS
D.GBPS

28. This was the first network.

A.CSNET
B.NSFNET
C.ANSNET
D.ARPANET
29. A_______is a data communication system within a building, plant, orcampus, or between near by
buildings.
A.MAN
B.LAN
C.WAN
D. None of the above

30. _________________ is a collection of many separate networks

A. A MAN
B. An internet
C. A LAN
D. None of the above

31. A________is a set of rules that governs data communication.

A. forum
B. protocol
C. standard
D. None of the above

32. Which of the following is required to communication between two computers?

A. Communication hardware
B. Communications software
C. Protocol
D. All of above including access to transmission medium

33. Bluetooth is an example of

A. Wide area network
B. Virtual private network
C. Local area network
D. Personal area network

34. A device which can be connected to a network without using cable is called
A. Distributed device
B. Centralized device
C. Open-source device
D. Wireless device

35. The vast network of computers that connects millions of people all over the world is called
A. Internet
B. Hypertext
C. LAN
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 D. Web

36. MAC address is of ___________

A. 24 bits
B. 36 bits
C. 42 bits
D. 48 bits

37. Which of the following appears harmless but actually performs malicious functions such as
deleting or damaging files.
A.WORM
B.Virus
C.Trojan Horse
D. Malware

38. Name the protocol that is used to send emails

A.FTP
B.SMTP
C.HTTP
D.TCP

39. Name the protocol that is used to receive emails

A.POP
B.VOIP
C.DHCP
D.FTP

40. Rajesh has purchased a new Smart TV and wants to cast a video from his mobile to his new
Smart TV. Identify the type of network he is using:
A.LAN
B.MAN
C.WAN
D.PAN

41. The topology in which all nodes are individually connected to a central connection point:
A.Ring
B.Bus
C.Star
D.Tree

42. Which of the following best describes uploading information?

A.Sorting data on a disk drive
B.Sending information to a host computer
C.Receiving information from a host computer
D.Sorting data on a hard drive

43. The term IPv4 stands for?

A.Internet Protocol Version 4
B.Internet Programming Version 4
C.International Programming Version 4
D.None of these

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 4. In specific, if the systems use separate protocols, which one of the following devices is used
to link two systems?
A.Repeater
B.Gateway
C.Bridge
D.Hub

45. DNS is the abbreviation of

A. Dynamic Name System
B. Dynamic Network System
C. Domain Name System
D. Domain Network Service

46. What is the meaning of Bandwidth in Network?

A. Transmission capacity of a communication channels
B. Connected Computers in the Network
C. Class of IP used in Network
D. None of Above

47. What does protocol defines?

A. Protocol defines what data is communicated.
B. Protocol defines how data is communicated.
C. Protocol defines when data is communicated.
D. All of above

48. Which of the following can be Software?

A. Routers
B. Firewalls
C. Gateway
D. Modems

49. The loss in signal power as light travels down the fiber is called.............
A. Attenuation
B.Propagation
C. Scattering
D.Interruption

50. Which of the following TCP/IP protocols is used for transferring files form one machine to
another.
A. FTP
B. SNMP
C. SMTP
D. RPC

51. Which of the following protocol is used for remote terminal connection service?
A. RARP
B. UDP
C. FTP
D. TELNET

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 52. Which of the following is considered as the unsolicited commercial email?M
A.Virus
B.Malware
C.Spam
D.All of the above

53. It can be a software program or a hardware device that filters all data packets coming
through the internet, a network, etc. it is known as the_______:
A.Antivirus
B.Firewall
C.Cookies
D.Malware

54. The term "TCP/IP" stands for_____

A.Transmission Contribution protocol/ internet protocol
B.Transmission Control Protocol/ internet protocol
C.Transaction Control protocol/ internet protocol
D.Transmission Control Protocol/ internet protocol

55. Which of the following is a type of independent malicious program that never required any
host program?
A. Trojan Horse
B. Worm
C.Trap Door
D.Virus

56. In order to ensure the security of the data/ information, we need to ____________ the data:
A.Encrypt
B.Decrypt
C.Delete
D.None of the above

57. Firewall is the type of ………..

A. Virus
B. Security threats
C. Worm
D. None of the above.

58. It allow a visited website to store its own information about a user on the user’s computer:
A.Spam
B.cookies
C.Malware
D.Adware

59. In which of the following switching methods, the message is divided into small packets?
A. Message switching
B. Packet switching
C. Circuit switching
D. None of these

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 60. Which of the following switch methods creates a point-to-point physical connection
between two or more computers?
A. Message switching
B. Packet switching
C. Circuit switching
D. None of these
61. MAC address is also called ______.
A.Physical address
B.Logical address
C.Source address
D.Destination address

62. ARPANET stands for _______.

A.Advanced Recheck Projects Agency Internet
B.Advanced Recheck Projects Agency Network
C.Advanced Research Projects Agency Network
D.Advanced Research Projects Agency Internet
63. Which of the following devices is not a networking device?
A.Hub
B.Switch
C.Bridge
D.None of these

64. How many pins does RJ-45 contain?

A.Two
B.Four
C.Eight
D.Ten

65. NIC Stands for –

A.Network identity card
B.Network interface code.
C.National interface card
D.Network interface card

66. Which of the following is not a type of guided or wired communication channel?
A.Twisted Pair
B.Coaxial
C.Fibre Optic
D.WiMax

67. Which of the following is not a type of unguided or wireless communications channel?
A. Microwave
B. Radiowave
C. Ethernet
D. Sattelite

68. Which of the following wireless medium consists of a parabolic antena mounted on towers?
A.Sattelite
B.Radiowave
C.Microwave
D.Infrared
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 69. Which of the following cable consist of a solid wire core surrounded by one or more foil or
wire shields?
A.Ethernet Cables
B.Coaxial Cables
C.Fibre Optic Cables
D.Power Cable

70. A collection of hyperlinked documents on the internet forms the ?

A.World Wide Web (WWW)
B.E-mail system
C.Mailing list
D.Hypertext

71. Protocols are set of rules to govern _________

A. Communication
B. Standard
C. Metropolitan communication
D. Bandwidth

72. An internet is a __________

A. Collection of WANS
B. Network of networks
C. Collection of LANS
D. Collection of identical LANS and WANS

73. Which protocol is commonly used to retrieve email from a mail server?
A. FTP
B. IMAP
C. HTML
D. TELNET

74. Which of the following allows user to view a webpage?

A. Operating System
B. Website
C. Interpreter
D. Internet Browser

75. A network router joins two _________ together?

A. Computers
B. Switches
C. Networks
D. Gateway

76. A network point that provides entrance into another network is called as ___________
A. Node
B. Gateway
C. Switch
D. Router

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 77. TELNET used _________ protocol for data connection
A. TCP
B. UDP
C. IP
D. DHCP

78. Google Chrome is example of :

A.Programming Language
B.Web Server
C.Protocol
D. Web Browser

79. Name the transmission media best suitable for connecting to hilly areas.
A.Co-axial Cable
B.Twisted pair
C. Microwave
D.Optical fiber.

80. Rahul wants to establish computer network in his cyber café, which of the following device will
be suggested by you to connect each computer in the cafe?
A.Switch
B.Modem
C.Gateway
D.Repeater

Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 mark)

Q1. Give one example of each – Guided media and unguided media.
Ans: Guided – Twisted pair, Coaxial Cable, Optical Fiber (any one) Unguided – Radio
waves, Satellite, Micro Waves (any one)
Q2. Name the protocol that is used to transfer file from one computer to another.
Ans:FTP
Q3. Name the transmission media best suitable for connecting to desert areas.
Ans: Microwave
Q4. Rearrange the following terms in increasing order of speedy medium of data transfer:
Telephone line, Fiber Optics, Coaxial Cable, Twisted Paired Cable.
Ans: Telephone line, Twisted Pair Cable, Coaxial Cable, Fiber Optics.
Q5.Which of the following appears harmless but actually performs malicious functions such
as deleting or damaging files.
(a) WORM (b)Virus (c) Trojan Horse (d)Malware
Ans: (c) Trojan Horse
Q6. Name the transmission media suitable to establish PAN.
Ans: Bluetooth, infra-red
Q7. Name the protocol that is used to upload and download files on internet.

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 Ans: FTP or HTTP
Q8.Name the protocol that is used to send emails.
Ans:-SMTP
Q9. Name the protocol that is used to receive emails.
Ans:-POP
Q10. Name the transmission media best suitable for connecting to hilly areas.
Ans: Microwave / Radio wave.
Q11. Name the fastest available transmission media.
Ans: OFC (Optical Fiber Cable)

Q12. Sunil has purchased a new Smart TV and wants to cast a video from his mobile to his new
Smart TV. Identify the type of network he is using and explain it.
Ans: Sunil is using PAN-Personal Area Network. It is a private network which is setup by an
individual to transfer data among his personal devices of home.

Short Answer Type Questions (2 mark)

Q1. Expand the following terms:

IPR – Intellectual Property Rights SIM – Subscriber‟s Identity Module
IMAP – Internet Message Access Protocol HTTP – Hypertext transfer Protocol
URL - Uniform Resource Locator POP3-Post office protocol ver. III SMTP- Simple Mail
Transfer Protocol VOIP- Voice over internet Protocol TCP- Transmission control protocol Wi-
Fi - Wireless Fidelity
GPRS – General Packet Radio Service IRC – Internet Relay Chat
CDMA- Code Division Multiple Access TDMA- Time Division Multiple Access VPN- Virtual
Private Network
FLOSS- Free Libre Open Source Software XML-Extensible Markup Language SMS–Short
Messaging Service
GSM-Global system for mobile communication PHP- Hypertext Preprocessor
FTP- File Transfer Protocol
DHCP-Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

Q2. What is difference between star topology and bus topology of network?
Аnswer:
In star topology, nodes are connected to server individually whereas in bus topology all nodes
are connected to server along a single length of cable.

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 Q3.Write two advantages of using an optical fibre cable over an ethernet cable to connect two service
stations, which are 190 m away from each other.
Аnswer:
Low power Because signals in optical fibres degrade less, lower power transmitters can be used.
Higher datarate Due to higher bandwidth, data rate of optical fibre is more than the data rate of
ethernet cable (upto 1 Gbps).

Q4.Differentiate between packet switching and message switching technique in network

communication.
Аnswer:
Message Switching In message switching data is stored in buffer form. The message is, sent to the
nearest directly connected switching node. This process continues until data is delivered to the
destination computer.
Packet Switching In this form of switching data is transferring into packet form. A fixed size of
packet that can be transmitted across the network is specified. All the packets are stored in the main
memory instead of disk.

Q5. Which type of network (out of LAN, PAN and MAN) is formed, when you connect two mobiles
using bluetooth to transfer a picture file?
Аnswer:
When two mobiles are connected using bluetooth to transfer a picture file, a PAN(Personal Area
Network) is created.

Q6.What is the difference between HTTP and FTP?

Аnswer:
FTP is a protocol used to upload files from a workstation to a FTP server or download files from a
FTP server to a workstation.
HTTP is a protocol used to transfer files from a web server onto a browser in order to view a web
page that is on the Internet.

Q7. What is the advantage of using SWITCH over HUB?

Аnswer:
Switch provides a dedicated line at full bandwidth between two devices but hub doesn’t provide a
dedicated line. Hub share the bandwidth.

Q8.What is difference between star topology and bus topology of network?

Аnswer:
In star topology, nodes are connected to server individually whereas in bus topology all nodes are
connected to server along a single length of cable.

Q9.Define the term firewall.

Answer:
Firewall is a feature used for Network Security. In a Network there is always danger of
information leaking out or leaking in. Firewall is a feature which forces all information entering
or leaving the network to pass through a check to make sure that there is no unauthorized
usage of the network.

119 | P a g e
 Q10.What is the importance of URL in networking?

Answer:
URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator. Each page that is created for Web browsing is
assigned a URL that effectively serves as the page’s worldwide name or address. URL’s have
three parts: the protocol, the DNS name of the machine on which the page is located and a
local name uniquely indicating the specific page(generally the filename).

Long Answer Type Questions (5/4 marks)

Q1.PVS Computers decided to open a new office at Ernakulum, the office consist of Five
Buildings and each contains number of computers. The details are shown below.

Building-2
Building-1

Distance between the buildings

Building-3
Building-5

Building-4
Building 20
1 and 2 Meters
Building 50
2 and 3 Meters
Building 120
3 and 4 Meters
Building 70
Building No of
3 and 5 Meters
computers
Building 65
1 40
1 and 5 Meters
Building 50 2 45
2 and 5 Meters 3 11
4 70
5 60

Computers in each building are networked but buildings are not networked so far. The
Company has now decided to connect building also.

(i) Suggest a cable layout for connecting the buildings

(ii) Do you think anywhere Repeaters required in the campus? Why
(iii) The company wants to link this office to their head office at Delhi
(a) Which type of transmission medium is appropriate for such a link?
(b) What type of network would this connection result into?
(iv) Where server is to be installed? Why?
(v) Suggest the wired Transmission Media used to connect all buildings efficiently.
120 | P a g e
 Ans:-
(i) Any efficient layout with shortest Wire length
(ii) Between 3 and 4 due to larger distance
(iii) (a) Wireless
(a) WAN
(iv) Building-3 due to maximum no of Computers
(v) Co- axial cable or fiber optics

Q2. Riana Medicos Centre has set up its new centre in Dubai. It has four buildings as shown in the
diagram given below:
(4)

Research lab
Accounts

Packaging
unit Store

Distance between various buildings is as follows:

Accounts to Research
Lab 55 m
Accounts to Store 150 m
Store to Packaging Unit 160 m
Packaging Unit to
Research Lab 60 m
Accounts to Packaging
Unit 125 m
Store to Research Lab 180 m
Number of computers:

Accounts 25
Research Lab 100
Store 15
Packaging Unit 60
As a network expert, provide the best possible answer to the following queries:
(i) Suggest the type of network established between the buildings.
(ii) Suggest the most suitable place (i.e., building) to house the server of this organization.
(iii) Suggest the placement of the following devices with justification: Repeater, Switch
(iv) Suggest a system (hardware/software) to prevent unauthorized access to or from the network.

121 | P a g e
 Ans. (i) LAN (Local Area Network)
(ii) Research Lab as it has the maximum number of computers.

(iii) (a) Repeater: It should be placed between Accounts and Packaging Unit, Accounts to Research
Lab, Store to Research Lab and Accounts to Packaging Unit.
(b) Switch should be placed in each of the buildings for better traffic management.
(iv) Firewall.

Q3. “Bhartiya Connectivity Association” is planning to spread their offices in four major cities in India
to provide regional IT infrastructure support in the field of Education & Culture. The company has
planned to setup their head office in New Delhi in three locations and have named their New Delhi
offices as “Front Office”, “Back Office” and “Work Office”. The company has three more regional
offices as “South Office”, “East Office” and “West Office” located in other three major cities of India.
A rough layout of the same is as follows:

Approximate distance between these offices as per network survey team is as follows:

Place From Place To Distance

BackOffice Front Office 10KM
Back Office Work Office 70 Meter
Back Office East Office 1291 KM
BackOffice West Office 790 KM
Back Office South Office 1952 KM

In continuation of the above, the company experts have planned to install the following number
of computers in each of their offices:
Back Office 100
Front Office 20
Work Office 50
East Office 50
West Office 50
South Office 50
122 | P a g e
 (i) Suggest network type (out of LAN, MAN, WAN) for connecting each of the following set of
their offices:
• Back Office and Work Office
• Back Office and South Office

(ii) Which device you will suggest to be procured by the company for connecting all the
computers with in each of their offices out of the following devices?
• Switch/Hub
• Modem
• Telephone

(iii) Which of the following communication medium, you will suggest to be procured by the
company for connecting their local offices in New Delhi for very effective and fast
communication?
• Telephone Cable
• Optical Fiber
• Ethernet Cable

(iv) Suggest a cable/wiring layout for connecting the company’s local offices located in New
Delhi. Also, suggest an effective method/technology for connecting the company’s regional
offices-”East Office”, “West Office” and “South Office” with offices located in New Delhi.
Answer:
(i) Network type: Head Office and Tech: LAN
Head Office and Coimbatore Office: WAN

(ii) Switch/Hub
(iii) Optical fiber
(iv) (a) Optical Fiber/Star Topology
(b) Wireless

123 | P a g e
 Q4. Knowledge Supplement Organization has set up its new center at Mangalore for its office and web
based activities. It has 4 blocks of buildings as shown in the diagram below:

Block A
Block C

Block B Block D

Center to center distances between various blocks

Black A to Block B 50 m
Block B to Block C 150 m
Block C to Block D 25 m
Block A to Block D 170 m
Block B to Block D 125 m
Block A to Block C 90 m

Number of Computers
Black A 25
Block B 50
Block C 125
Block D 10

a) Suggest a cable layout of connections between the blocks.

b) Suggest the most suitable block to house the server of this organisation with a suitable reason
n
c) Suggest the placement of the following devices with justification
(i) Repeater
(ii) Hub/Switch
d) The organization is planning to link its front office situated in the city in a hilly region where
cable connection is not feasible, suggest an economic way to connect it with reasonably high speed?

124 | P a g e
Answer:
(a) Any of the following option
Layout Option 1:

Block A Block C

Block B Block D

Layout Option 2: Since the distance between Block A and Block B is quite short

Block A Block C

(b)
Block B Block D
(c)

(b) The most suitable place / block to house the server of this organization would be Block C, as this block
contains the maximum number of computers, thus decreasing the cabling cost for most of the computers
as well as increasing the efficiency of the maximum computers in the network.
(c) For Layout 1, since the cabling distance between Blocks A and C, and that between B and C are quite
large, so a repeater each, would ideally be needed along their path to avoid loss of signals during the
course of data flow in these routes
For layout 2, since the distance between Blocks A and C is large so a repeater would ideally be placed
in between this path
(d) The most economical way to connect it with a reasonable high speed would be to use radio wave
transmission, as they are easy to install, can travel long distances, and penetrate buildings easily, so
they are widely used for communication, both indoors and outdoors.

125 | P a g e
 Q5. Ravya Industries has set up its new center at Kaka Nagar for its office and web based activities.
The company compound has 4 buildings as shown in the diagram below:

Fazz
Raj
Building
Building

Jazz
Building
Harsh
Building

Center to center distances between various buildings is as follows:

Harsh Building to Raj Building 50 m

Raz Building to Fazz Building 60 m
Fazz Building to Jazz Building 25 m
Jazz Building to Harsh Building 170 m
Harsh Building to Fazz Building 125 m
Raj Building to Jazz Building 90 m

Number of Computers in each of the buildings is follows:

Harsh Building 15
Raj Building 150
Fazz Building 15
Jazz Bulding 25

a) Suggest a cable layout of connections between the buildings.

b) Suggest the most suitable place (i.e. building) to house the server of this organization with a
suitable reason.

c) Suggest the placement of the following devices with justification:

(i) Internet Connecting Device/Modem
(ii) Switch

d) The organization is planning to link its sale counter situated in various parts of the same city,
which type of network out of LAN, MAN or WAN will be formed? Justify your answer.

126 | P a g e
 Answer:
a)
Layout 1:

Fazz
Raj
Building
Building

Jazz
Harsh Building
Building

Layout 2: Since the distance between Fazz Building and Jazz Building is quite short

Fazz
Raj
Building
Building

Jazz
Harsh Building
Building

b) the most suitable place (i.e. building) to house the server is Raj Building, as this block contains the
maximum number of computers, thus decreasing the cabling cost for most of the computers as well as
increasing the efficiency of the maximum computers in the network.
c) (i) Raj Building
(ii)In both the layouts, a hub/switch each would be needed in all the buildings, to interconnect the group
of cables from the different computers in each block
d) The type of network that shall be formed to link the sale counters situated in various parts of the
same city would be a MAN, because MAN (Metropolitan Area Networks) are the networks that link
computer facilities within a city.

127 | P a g e
 ANSWER KEY (MCQs):

QU 1
S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
AN
S D C A C D A C D B B
QU 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
AN
S A D A B A A C A A B
QU 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3
S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
AN
S B C A C C D C D B B
QU 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4
S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
AN
S B D D D A D C B A D
QU 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5
S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
AN
S C B A B C A D B A A
QU 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6
S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
AN
S D C B B B A D B B C
QU 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7
S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
AN
S A C D C C D C C B A
QU 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8
S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
AN
S A B B D C B A D C A

128 | P a g e
Computer Networking 1

SOLVED EXAMPLES
1. Ravya Industries has set up its new centre at Kaka Nagar for its office and web based activities. The
company compound has 4 buildings as shown in the diagram below:

Raj Fazz
Building Building

Harsh Jazz
Building Building

Centre to centre distance between various buildings is as follows:

Harsh Building to Raj Building 50 m

o
Raj Building to Fazz Building 60 m
Fazz Building to Jazz Building
Jazz Building to Harsh Building
25 m
170 m
ho
Sa
Harsh Building to Fazz Building 125 m
Raj Building to Jazz Building 90 m
ta

Number of Computers in each of the building is as follows:

ee

Harsh Building 15
Raj Building 150
R

Fazz Building 15
Jazz Building 25

(a) Suggest a cable layout of connections between the buildings.

(b) Suggest the most suitable place (i.e., building) to house the server of this organization with a
suitable reason.

(c) Suggest the placement of the following devices with justification:

(i) Internet Connecting Device/Modem (ii) Switch
(d) The organization is planning to link its sale counter situated in various parts of the same city,
which type of network out of LAN, MAN or WAN will be formed? Justify your answer.
Ans. (a) The layout is:
2 Assignment

Raj Fazz
Building Building

Harsh Jazz
Building Building

(b) The most suitable place/block to house the server of this organization would be Raj Building, as
this block contains the maximum number of computers, thus decreasing the cable cost for most
of the computers as well as increasing the efficiency of the maximum computers in the network.
(c) (i) Raj Building
(ii) In both layouts, a hub/switch each would be needed in all the buildings, to interconnect the

o
group of cables from the different computers in each block.

ho
(d) The type of network that shall be formed to link the sale counters situated in various parts of the
same city would be a MAN, because MAN (Metropolitan Area Networks) are the networks that
link computer facilities within a city.
Sa
3. The Great Brain Organization has set up its new Branch at Srinagar for its office and web based
activities. It has 4 Wings of buildings as shown in the diagram:
ta
ee

Wing Z Wing Y
R

Wing X
Wing U

Center to center distance between various blocks

Wing X to Wing Z 50 m
Wing Z to Wing Y 70 m
Wing Y to Wing X 125 m
Wing Y to Wing U 80 m
Wing X to Wing U 175 m
Wing Z to Wing U 90 m
Number of Computers:

Wing X 50
Computer Networking 3

Wing Z 30
Wing Y 150
Wing U 15

(i) Suggest most suitable cable layout of connections between the Wings and topology.
(ii) Suggest the most suitable place (i.e., Wing) to house the server of this organization with a
suitable reason, with justification.
(iii) Suggest the placement of the following devices with justification:
(1) Repeater
(2) Hub/Switch
(iv) The organization is planning to link its head office situated in Delhi with the offices at Srinagar.
Suggest an economic way to connect it; the company is ready to compromise on the speed of
connectivity. Justify your answer.
Ans. (i) The layout option 1 for star topology is:

Wing Z Wing Y

o
ho
Sa
Wing X Wing U
ta

(ii) Wing Y, as it has largest number of computers.

(iii) (1) Repeater. It is used if the distance is higher than 70 m. It regenerates data and voice signals.
ee

(2) Hub/Switch. It is better to place in nearby buildings. The maximum distance covered by an
active hub is about 2000 ft.
R

(iv) The economic way to link between Delhi and Srinagar is Radio Wave or Satellite Link or WAN
because they have reasonably high speed of data transmission and as they are easy to install,
they can travel long distances and penetrate buildings easily.
4. “Learn Together” is an educational NGO. It is setting up its new campus at Jabalpur for its web
based activities. The campus has 4 compounds as shown in the diagram below:

Resource Main

Training Finance

Center to center distance between various Compounds as per architectural drawings (in Metre) is
as follows:

Main Compound to Resource Compound 110 m

4 Assignment

Main Compound to Training Compound 115 m

Main Compound to Finance Compound 35 m
Resource Compound to Training Compound 25 m
Resource Compound to Finance Compound 135 m
Training Compound to Finance Compound 100 m

Expected Number of Computers in each Compound is as follows:

Main Compound 5
Resource Compound 15
Training Compound 150
Finance Compound 20

(a) Suggest a cable layout of connections between the compounds.

(b) Suggest the most suitable place (i.e., compound) to house the server for this NGO. Also, provide
a suitable reason for your suggestion.

o
(c) Suggest the placement of the following devices with justification:
(i) Repeater
(ii) Hub/Switch ho
(d) The NGO is planning to connect its International office in Mumbai, which out of the following
Sa
wired communication links, will you suggest for very high speed connectivity?
(i) Telephone Analog Line
(ii) Optical Fiber
ta

(iii) Ethernet Cable

Ans. (a) The cable network layout is:
ee

Resource Main Resource Main

R

Compound Compound Compound Compound

• • •
Or
• • • •
Training Finance Training Finance
Compound Compound Compound Compound

(b) Training Compound, as it contains maximum number of computers.

(c) (i) A Repeater should be placed when the distance between any two connecting computers
exceeds 70 m.
(ii) Every compound will need one Hub/Switch, to send signals to all of the workstations
connected to it.
(d) (ii) Optical Fiber.
5. Hindustan Connecting World Association is planning to start its offices in four major cities in India
to provide regional IT infrastructure support in the field of Education & Culture. The company has
planned to set up its head office in New Delhi at three locations and has named its New Delhi
offices as “Sales Office”, “Head office” and “Tech Office”. The company’s regional offices are located
Computer Networking 5

at “Coimbatore”, “Kolkata” and “Ahmedabad”. [

A rough layout of the same is as follows:

INDIA New Delhi

Block
SalesB Block
HeadB
Office Office
Tech
Ahmedabad Office
Office Kolkata
Office

Coimbatore
Office

Approximate distance between these offices as per the network survey team is as follows:

o
Place From Place To Distance
Head Office
Head Office
Sales Office
Tech Office ho
10 KM
70 Meter
Sa
Head Office Kolkata Office 1291 KM
Head Office Ahmedabad Office 790 KM
ta

Head Office Coimbatore Office 1952 KM

In continuation of the above, the company experts have planned to install the following number of
ee

computers in each of their offices:

R

Head Office 100

Sales Office 20
Tech Office 50
Kolkata Office 50
Ahmedabad Office 50
Coimbatore Office 50

(i) Suggest network type (out of LAN, MAN, WAN) for connecting each of the following set of their
offices:
• Head Office and Tech Office
• Head Office and Coimbatore Office
(ii) Which device will you suggest to be procured by the company for connecting all the computers
within each of their offices out of the following devices?
• Modem
• Telephone
• Switch/Hub
(iii) Which of the following communication medium, will you suggest to be procured by the company
6 Assignment

for connecting their local offices in New Delhi for very effective and fast communication?
• Ethernet Cable
• Optical Fiber
• Telephone Cable
(iv) Suggest a cable/wiring layout for connecting the company’s local offices located in New Delhi.
Also, suggest an effective method/technology for connecting the company’s regional offices-
“Kolkata”, “Coimbatore” and “Ahmedabad”.
Ans. (i) Head Office and Tech Office. MAN
Head Office and Coimbatore Office. WAN
(ii) Switch/Hub
(iii) Optical Fiber
(iv) Cable/wiring layout is shown in right:

INDIA
New Delhi

o
Block
SalesB
Office
ho Block
HeadB
Office
Sa
Tech
Office
ta

Ahmedabad Kolkata
Office Office
ee

Coimbatore
Office
R

6.Expertia Professional Global (EPG) is an online corporate training provider company for IT related courses.
The company is setting up its new campus in Mumbai. You as a network expert have to study the
physical locations of various buildings and the number of computers to be installed. In the planning
phase, provide the best possible answers for the queries (i) to (iv) raised by them.

Physical Locations of the blocks of RCI

Administrative Building Faculty Recording Block

Finance Building
Building to Building distances (in Mtrs.)
Computer Networking 7

From To Distance
Administrative Building Finance Building 60
Administrative Building Faculty Recording Building 120
Finance Building Faculty Building 70

Expected number of computers to be installed in each Building:

Buildings Computers
Administrative Building 20
Finance Building 40
Faculty Recording Building 120

(i) Suggest the most appropriate building, where EPG should plan to install the server.
(ii) Suggest the most appropriate building to setup cable layout to connect all three buildings for
efficient communication.
(iii) Which type of network out of the following is formed by connecting the computers of these

o
three buildings?
•
•
•
LAN
MAN ho
Sa
WAN
(iv) Which wireless channel out of the following should be opted by EPS to connect the students
from all over the world?
• Infrared
ta

• Microwave
• Satellite
ee

Ans. (i) The most suitable building to house the server of this organization would be Faculty Recording
Building, as this building contains the maximum number of computers.
R

(ii) The most suitable cable layout is :

Administrative
Faculty Recording

Finance Building
(iii) LAN (iv) Satellite
7. Xcelencia Edu Services Ltd. is an educational organization. It is planning to set up its India campus at
Hyderabad with its head office at Delhi. The Hyderabad campus has 4 main buildings – ADMIN,
SCIENCE, BUSINESS and ARTS. You as a network expert have to suggest the best network related
solutions for their problems raised in (i) to (iv), keeping in mind the distances between the buildings
and other given parameters. [AI 2015]
8 Assignment

HYDERABAD Campus DELHI

ADMIN
Head Office
ARTS

SCIENCE
BUSINESS

Shortest distances between various buildings:

ADMIN to SCIENCE 65 m
ADMIN to BUSINESS 100 m
ADMIN to ARTS 60 m
SCIENCE to BUSINESS 75 m
SCIENCE to ARTS 60 m
BUSINESS to ARTS 50 m

o
DELHI Head Office to HYDERABAD Campus 1600 Km

ho
Number of computers installed at various buildings are as follows:
Sa
ADMIN 100
SCIENCE 85
BUSINESS 40
ta

ARTS 12
ee

DELHI Head Office 20

(i) Suggest the most appropriate location of the server inside the HYDERABAD campus (out of the
R

4 buildings), to get the best connectivity for maximum number of computers. Justify your
answers.
(ii) Suggest and draw the cable layout to efficiently connect various buildings within the HYDERABAD
campus for connecting the computers.
(iii) Which hardware device will you suggest to be procured by the company to be installed to
protect and control the internet users within the campus?
(iv) Which of the following will you suggest to establish the online face-to-face communication
between the people in the Admin Office of HYDERABAD campus and DELHI Head Office?
(a) E-mail (b) Text Chat
(c) Video Conferencing (d) Cable TV
Ans. (i) ADMIN building as it contains maximum number of computers
(ii) The cable layout is:
SCIENCE

ADMIN BUSINESS

ARTS
(iii) Firewall or Router. (iv) (c) Video Conferencing
Computer Networking 9

8. Uplifting Skills Hub India is a knowledge and skill community which has as aim to uplift the standard
of knowledge and skills in the society. It is planning to setup its training centers in multiple towns
and villages pan India with its head offices in the nearest cities. They have created a model of their
network with a city, a town and 3 villages as follows.
A_CITY B_HUB

Head Office VILLAGE 3

VILLAGE 2
B_TOWN

VILLAGE 1

As a network consultant, you have to suggest the best network related solutions for their issues/
problems raised in (i) to (iv) keeping in mind the distances between various locations and other
given parameters.
Shortest distances between various locations:

o
VILLAGE 1 to B_TOWN 2 KM

ho
VILLAGE 2 to B_TOWN 1.0 KM
VILLAGE 3 to B_TOWN 1.5 KM
Sa
VILLAGE 1 to VILLAGE 2 3.5 KM
VILLAGE 1 to VILLAGE 3 4.5 KM
VILLAGE 2 to VILLAGE 3 2.5 KM
ta

A_CITY Head Office to B_HUB 25 KM

ee

Number of computers installed at various locations are as follows:

B_TOWN 120
R

VILLAGE 1 15
VILLAGE 2 10
VILLAGE 3 15
A_CITY Head Office 6

Note:
• In Villages, there are community centers, in which one room has been given as training center
to this organization to install computers.
• The organization has got financial support from the government and top IT companies.
(i) Suggest the most appropriate location of the SERVER in the B_HUB (out of the 4 locations), to
get the best and effective connectivity. Justify your answers.
(ii) Suggest the best wired medium and draw the cable layout (location t location) efficiently connect
various locations within the B_HUB.
(iii) Which hardware device will you suggest to connect all the computers within each location of
B_HUB?
(iv) Which server/protocol will be most helpful to conduct live interactions of Experts from Head
Office and people at all locations of B_HUB?
10 Assignment

Ans. (i) The server should be placed in B_TOWN town as it contains maximum number of computers and
closest to all other locations.
(ii) The best wired medium is Optical Fibre cable or CAT6 cable. The cable layout is:
B_HUB

VILLAGE 3

B_TOWN VILLAGE 2

VILLAGE 1

(iii) Switch or HUB.

(iv) Video Conferencing or VoIP.
9. Hi Standard Technologies Ltd. is a Mumbai based organization which is expanding its office set-up
to Chennai. At Chennai office compound, they are planning to have 3 different blocks for Admin,
Training and Accounts related activities. Each block has number of computers, which are required
to be connected in a network for communication, data and resource sharing.

o
As a network consultant, you have to suggest the best network related solutions for them for issues/

ho
problems raised in (i) to (iv), keeping in mind the distances between various blocks/locations and
other given parameters.
Sa
CHENNAI Office MUMBAI

Admin Accounts
Block Block Head Office
ta
ee

Training
Block
R

Shortest distances between various blocks/locations:

Admin Block to Accounts Block 300 metres

Accounts Block to Training Block 150 metres
Admin Block to Training Block 200 metres
MUMBAI Head Office to CHENNAI Office 1300 metres
Number of Computers installed at various blocks are as follows:

Training Block 150

Accounts Block 30
Admin Block 40
(i) Suggest the most appropriate block/location to house the SERVER in the CHENNAI Office (out
of 3 blocks) to get the best and effective connectivity. Justify your answer.
(ii) Suggest the best wired medium and draw the cable layout (Block to Block) efficiently connect
various locations within the CHENNAI office compound.
Computer Networking 11

(iii) Suggest a device/software and its placement that would provide data security for the entire
network of the CHENNAI office?
(iv) Suggest a device and the protocol that shall be needed to provide wireless Internet access to all
smartphone/laptop users in the CHENNAI office.
Ans. (i) The server should be placed in Training Block as it contains maximum number of computers and
closest to all other locations.
(ii) The best wired medium is Optical Fibre cable or CAT6.
The cable layout is: CHENNAI Office

Admin Accounts
Block Block

Training
Block

(iii) Firewall should be placed with the server at the Training block.

o
(iv) Device Name: Wi-Fi Router or WiMax.
Protocol : TCP/IP or VOIP
ho
10. Sanskar University of Himachal Pradesh is setting up a secured network for its campus at Himachal
Pradesh for operating their day-to-day office & web based activities. They are planning to have
Sa
network connectivity between four buildings. Answer the question (i) to (iv) after going through
the building positions in the campus & other details which are given below:
Main
ta

Admin Building
ee

Academic
R

Finance
The distances between various buildings of university are given as:-
Building 1 Building 2 Distance (in mtrs.)
Main Admin 50
Main Finance 100
Main Academic 70
Admin Finance 50
Finance Academic 70
Admin Academic 60
Number of computers:-
Building No. of Computers
Main 150
Admin 75
Finance 50
Academic 60
12 Assignment

As a network expert, you are required to give best possible solutions for the given queries of the
university administration:-
(a) Suggest cable layout for the connections between the various buildings.
(b) Suggest the most suitable building to house the server of the network of the university.
(c) Suggest the placement of following devices with justification:
1. Switch/Hub
2. Repeater
(d) Suggest the technology out of the following for setting-up very fast Internet connectivity among
buildings of the university
1. Optical Fibre
2. Coaxial cable
3. Ethernet Cable
Ans. (a) Star Topology.
The layout is: Main
Building

o
Admin

ho Academic
Sa
Finance
ta

(b) Server should be placed at Main Building as it has the maximum number of computers.
(c) 1. A Switch/Hub each would be needed in all the buildings to interconnect the group of cables
ee

from the different computers in each building.

2. Since the cabling distance between Main building to Finance is quite large, so a repeater
R

would ideally be needed along their path to avoid loss of signals during the course of data
flow in this route.
(d) 1. Optical Fibre

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. Ravya Industries has set up its new centre at Kaka Nagar for its office and web based activities. The
company compound has 4 buildings. The organization is planning to link its sale counter situated in
various parts of the same city. Which type of network out of LAN, MAN or WAN will be formed?
Justify your answer.
2. Raj Kamal International School is planning to connect all computers, each spread over distance within
45 metres. Suggest an economical cable type having high speed data transfer, which can be used to
connect these computers.
3. Ms. Rani Sen, General Manager of Global Nations Corporate, recently discovered that the
communication between her company’s accounts office and HR office is extremely slow and signals
drop quite frequently. These offices are 125 metres away from each other and connected by an
Ethernet cable.
(i) Suggest her a device which can be installed in between the offices for smooth communication.
Computer Networking 13

(ii) What type of network is formed by having this kind of connectivity out of LAN, MAN and WAN?
4. Which wireless communication channel is most appropriate in each of the following
situations?
(i) Communication in a hilly area.
(ii) Very fast communication between two offices in two different countries.
5. Why a switch is called an intelligent hub?
6. Identify the following device:
(i) A device that is used to connect different types of networks. It performs the necessary translation
so that connected networks can communicate properly.
(ii) A device that converts data from digital bit stream into an analog signal and vice versa.
7. Write one advantage and one disadvantage of using optical fiber cable.
8. Workalot Consultants are setting up a secured network for their office campus at Gurgaon for their
day-to-day office and web-based activities. They are planning to have connectivity between 3 buildings
and the head office situated in Mumbai. Answer the questions (i) to (iv) after going through the
buildings positions in the campus and other details, which are given below:
Gurgaon Campus
Head Office

o
“MUMBAI” Building
“GREEN”
ho
Sa
Building Building
“BLUE” “RED”
ta

Distances between various buildings:

ee

Building “GREEN” to Building “RED” 110 m

Building “GREEN” to Building “BLUE” 45 m
R

Building “BLUE” to Building “RED” 65 m

Gurgaon Campus to Head Office 1760 km
Number of Computers:
Building “GREEN” 32
Building “RED” 150
Building “BLUE” 45
Head Office 10
(i) Suggest the most suitable place (i.e. building) to house the server of this organization. Also, give
a reason to justify your suggested location.
(ii) Suggest a cable layout of connections among the buildings inside the campus.
(iii) Suggest the placement of the following devices with justification:
1. Switch
2. Repeater
(iv) The organization is planning to provide a high speed link with its head office situated in MUMBAI
using a wired connection.
14 Assignment

Which of the following cables will be most suitable for this job?
1. Optical Fibre
2. Co-axial Cable
3. Ethernet Cable
9. SunRise Pvt. Ltd. is setting up the network in the Ahmadabad. There are four departments named as
MrktDept, FunDept, LegalDept, SalesDept.

MrktDept FunDept

LegalDept SalesDept

o
Distance between various buildings is given as follows:

ho
MrktDept to FunDept 80 m
MrktDept to LegalDept 180m
Sa
MrktDept to SalesDept 100 m
LegalDept to SalesDept 150 m
LegalDept to FunDept 100 m
ta

FunDept to SalesDept 50 m
Number of Computers in the buildings:
ee

MrktDept 20
LegalDept 10
R

FunDept 08
SalesDept 42
(i)
Suggest a cable layout of connections between the Departments and specify topology.
(ii)
Suggest the most suitable building to place the server with a suitable reason.
(iii)
Suggest the placement of i) modem ii) Hub /Switch in the network.
(iv)
The organization is planning to link its sale counter situated in various part of the same city/
which type of network out of LAN, WAN, MAN will be formed? Justify.
10. Indian School, in Mumbai is starting up the network between its different wings. There are four Buildings
named as SENIOR, JUNIOR, ADMIN and HOSTEL as shown below:

SENIOR

JUNIOR

ADMIN

HOSTEL
Computer Networking 15

The distance between various buildings is as follows:

ADMIN TO SENIOR 200 m

ADMIN TO JUNIOR 150 m
ADMIN TO HOSTEL 50 m
SENIOR TO JUNIOR 250 m
SENIOR TO HOSTEL 350 m
JUNIOR TO HOSTEL 350 m

Number of Computers in Each Building

SENIOR 130
JUNIOR 80
ADMIN 160
HOSTEL 50

(b1) Suggest the cable layout of connections between the buildings.

o
(b2) Suggest the most suitable place (i.e. building) to house the server of this school, provide a
suitable reason.
ho
(b3) Suggest the placement of the following devices with justification.
• Repeater
Sa
• Hub/Switch
(b4) The organization also has Inquiry office in another city about 50-60 Km away in Hilly region.
Suggest the suitable transmission media to interconnect to school and Inquiry office out of
ta

the following .
• Fiber Optic Cable
ee

• Microwave
• Radio Wave
R

11. Ayurveda Training Educational Institute is setting up its centre in Hyderabad with four specialized
departments for Orthopedics, Neurology and Pediatrics along with an administrative office in separate
buildings. The physical distances between these department buildings and the number of computers
to be installed in these departments and administrative office as given as follows. You as a network
expert have to answer the queries as raised by them in (i) to (iv).

Administrative
Block

Orthopaedic
Unit Pediatrics
Unit

Radiology
Unit

Distance between various buildings is given as follows:

16 Assignment

Administrative Office to Orthopaedics Unit 55

Neurology Unit to Administrative Office 30
Orthopaedics Unit to Neurology Unit 70
Pediatrics Unit to Neurology Unit 50
Pediatrics Unit to Administrative Office 40
Pediatrics Unit to Orthopedics Unit 110
Number of Computers installed at the various locations are as follows:
Pediatrics Unit 40
Administrative Office 140
Neurology 50
Orthopaedics Unit 80
(i) Suggest the most suitable location to install the main server of this institution to get efficient
connectivity.
(ii) Suggest the best cable layout for effective network connectivity of the building having server

o
with all the other buildings.

within the building out of the following:

• Gateway
ho
(iii) Suggest the devices to be installed in each of these buildings for connecting computers installed
Sa
• Modem
• Switch
(iv) Suggest the topology of the network and network cable for efficiently connecting each computer
ta

installed in each of the buildings out of the following:

Topologies : Bus topology, Star Topology
ee

Network Cable: Single Pair Telephone Cable, Coaxial Cable, Ethernet Cable
R